Article(id=1284574850740097610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025345, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1784196110663, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196110663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196110663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196110663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1005, endPage=1018, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574852493316684, articleId=1284574850740097610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Effects of controlled-release urea blending ratios in one-time basal application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of dryland spring maize in central Gansu Province, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

This study investigated the effects of one-time basal application of controlled-release urea (CRU) at different blending ratios on grain yield, dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in spring maize under rainfed conditions in the Longzhong semi-arid region. The aim was to provide theoretical support for high-yielding and green and efficient fertilization practices in dryland spring maize.

Methods

Field experiments were conducted in Baiyin of Gansu Province consecutively in 2023 and 2024, using the high-yielding spring maize cultivar ‘Xianyu 335’. The designed N application amounts included a no-nitrogen control (CK), and three dosages of 180, 225, and 300 kg/hm2. Conventional urea treatments included the three N dosages and were applied in two splits, denoted as N180-U1, N225-U1, and N300-U1, respectively; one-time basal application treatments included two N rates (180 and 225 kg/hm2), with the blended ratios of CRU to conventional urea set at 1∶2 (N180-C1, N225-C1), 1∶1 (N180-C2, N225-C2), and 2∶1 (N180-C3, N225-C3). Plant samples were collected at the six-leaf (V6), ten-leaf (V10), silking (R1), milky (R3), and physiological maturity (R6) stages. The biomass and nitrogen content in various parts were measured to calculate nitrogen use efficiency parameters.

Results

Under the three conventional urea treatments, the maximum grain yield was obtained at N 225 kg/hm2. At the same N input, the two 1∶1 blending ratio treatments (N180-C2, N225-C2) recorded higher kernel numbers per ear and 100-kernel weight, thereby enhancing both yield and economic returns. Over the two years, the average yields under the N180-C2 and N225-C2 treatments were 7.92 and 8.44 t/hm2, which were 4.76% and 8.34% higher than those under N180-U1 and N225-U1, respectively. Compared with N180-C2, the N225-C2 treatment increased yield by 6.57%, and boosted net income and the output/input ratio by 35.71% and 7.09%, respectively. The nitrogen input and blending ratios also significantly affected N content in stems, leaves, grains, bracts, and cobs at harvest, as well as N translocation from stems and leaves. The N225-C2 treatment recorded the highest values. At the 1∶1 blending ratio, the N180-C2 treatment recorded significantly higher nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and partial factor productivity (NPFP) than did N225-C2, with two-year average increases of 11.36% and 17.32%, respectively. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment N225-U1, the N225-C2 treatment increased NAE, NPFP, apparent recovery efficiency, and N uptake efficiency by 14.72%, 7.36%, 34.25%, and 29.49% in 2023, and by 16.37%, 8.94%, 39.89%, and 19.78% in 2024.

Conclusions

In the rainfed agricultural region of central Gansu, applying a blend of conventional urea and controlled-release urea as a single basal dressing at the optimal nitrogen rate (225 kg/hm2) enhanced nitrogen uptake and utilization in spring maize and promoted pre- and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation more effectively than split applications of conventional urea. The 1∶1 blending ratio outperformed the other ratios by improving pre-anthesis nitrogen and dry matter translocation, leading to higher grain yield and nitrogen accumulation, along with a significant increase in apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency. Thus, this fertilization strategy can serve as an effective nitrogen management approach for achieving high yield and high efficiency in spring maize production in the rainfed agricultural area of central Gansu.

, authors=Kai ZHAO1, Zhu-zhu LUO1, 2, *, Peng ZHOU1, *, Ren-yuan HE3, Jia-he LIU1, Shi-qing LI1, authorsList=Kai ZHAO, Zhu-zhu LUO, Peng ZHOU, Ren-yuan HE, Jia-he LIU, Shi-qing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhu-zhu LUO, Peng ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574853789356633, articleId=1284574850740097610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=控释尿素一次性基施比例对陇中旱作春玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究陇中旱农区不同比例控释尿素一次性基施对旱作春玉米干物质和氮(N)素累积量及其运转效率的影响,为旱作春玉米高产高效施肥提供理论支撑。

方法

以高产春玉米品种‘先玉335’为研究对象,于2023—2024年在甘肃省白银市连续开展两年田间试验。设置不施氮肥对照(CK)和施N 180、225和300 kg/hm2 4个处理。其中,3个普通尿素处理作为常规对照(N180-U1、N225-U1和N300-U1);控释尿素和普通尿素一次性基施只采用180和225 kg/hm2两个施氮量,均设置3个控释尿素与普通尿素配施比例,分别为1∶2 (N180-C1和N225-C1)、1∶1 (N180-C2和N225-C2)、2∶1 (N180-C3和N225-C3)。在玉米6叶期(V6)、10叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)、成熟期(R6)采集植株样品,测定不同部位的氮含量和生物量,计算氮素利用效率。

结果

随常规尿素施用量的增加产量呈先增后降的趋势,以N 225 kg/hm2时产量最高。控释尿素与普通尿素1∶1掺混一次性基施处理N180-C2和N225-C2显著增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,两年平均玉米产量分别达7.92和8.44 t/hm2,分别较等量常规氮处理N180-U1和N225-U1增产4.76%和8.34%;N225-C2处理较N180-C2处理增产6.57%,净收益和产投比分别提高了35.71%和7.09%。配施比例显著影响收获期茎、叶、籽粒、苞叶、穗轴氮含量以及茎、叶氮素转移量,以N 225 kg/hm2按1∶1比例掺混处理(N225-C2)的效果最优。掺混比例显著影响氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率,在1∶1掺混比例(N180-C2,N225-C2)下,N180-C2处理的氮肥农学效率和偏生产力显著高于N225-C2处理,两年平均分别高于N225-C2处理11.36%和17.32%。与常规施肥处理N225-U1相比,当施氮量为225 kg/hm2时N225-C2施肥处理的氮肥农学效率、偏生产力、氮素表观回收率和氮素吸收效率分别增加了14.72%、7.36%、34.25%、29.49% (2023年)和16.37%、8.94%、39.89%、19.78% (2024年)。

结论

陇中旱农区适宜施氮量(N 225 kg/hm2)下,普通尿素与控释尿素掺混一次性基施,不仅提高了春玉米的氮素吸收和利用,而且较常规尿素分次施用更有利于花前和花后干物质的积累,且普通尿素与控释尿素1∶1掺混较其他比例可有效地促进花前氮素和干物质的转移,实现春玉米较大产量和氮素累积量,显著提高氮素表观回收率,因此,可作为陇中旱农区春玉米高产高效的氮肥运筹模式。

, authors=赵凯1, 罗珠珠1, 2, *, 周鹏1, *, 何仁元3, 刘家鹤1, 李世清1, authorsList=赵凯, 罗珠珠, 周鹏, 何仁元, 刘家鹤, 李世清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=罗珠珠, 周鹏, authorNote=

赵凯 E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 罗珠珠 E-mail:
周鹏 E-mail:
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Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(20): 3930−3943., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1284574854057792090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574854070375003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, companyId=1284574854057792090, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Resources and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574854078763612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, companyId=1284574854057792090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院,甘肃兰州 730070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574854162649693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574854171038302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, companyId=1284574854162649693, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574854187815519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, companyId=1284574854162649693, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1284574854271701600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574854284284513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, companyId=1284574854271701600, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1284574854292673122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, companyId=1284574854271701600, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3甘肃农业大学林学院,甘肃兰州 730070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1284574858541503124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Precipitation and air temperature at the experimental site in 2023 and 2024, figureFileSmall=+l3X59Ag2NAxbDbx9FvV2A==, figureFileBig=gklzrwBvtfJuq1mRE1aUYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574858612806293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=图1, caption=试验地2023和2024年降水量和气温, figureFileSmall=+l3X59Ag2NAxbDbx9FvV2A==, figureFileBig=gklzrwBvtfJuq1mRE1aUYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574858826715798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Dynamics of dry matter accumulation in spring maize under different nitrogen treatments, figureFileSmall=elyuy87GOQgKwhNQky0zNA==, figureFileBig=ZsBry684NXs02kX1aXZrvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574858910601879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同施肥处理下春玉米干物质积累的变化趋势

注:CK、N180、N225、N300处理总施氮量分别为0、180、225、300 kg/hm2;U1—普通尿素处理(分2次施用);C1、C2、C3分别代表控释尿素与普通尿素的混合比例为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1。方差分析结果中**表示变量效应达到0.01显著水平,ns表示无显著效应。

, figureFileSmall=elyuy87GOQgKwhNQky0zNA==, figureFileBig=ZsBry684NXs02kX1aXZrvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574858981905048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship between grain yield and post-anthesis (PA) dry matter accumulations, figureFileSmall=L3/9NHmeXw2v+cvaGYOgkA==, figureFileBig=hS6RslH/qE6OQeXrS0LNcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859065791129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=图3, caption=籽粒产量与花后干物质累积量的关系

注:图中点的颜色对应颜色标尺上的干物质累积量。红线代表线性拟合结果,R2为拟合优度,**表示回归关系达到0.01水平。

, figureFileSmall=L3/9NHmeXw2v+cvaGYOgkA==, figureFileBig=hS6RslH/qE6OQeXrS0LNcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859141288602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Pre- and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation in spring maize under different fertilization treatments, figureFileSmall=smixdni0W5kHTNXyKr8P7Q==, figureFileBig=BXy4fMqhOHmw/OybB2Lfjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859225174684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同施肥处理下春玉米花前、花后氮素积累量

注:CK、N180、N225、N300处理总施氮量分别为 0、180、225、300 kg/hm2;U1为普通尿素处理 (分2次施用);C1、C2、C3代表控释尿素与普通尿素的混合比例分别为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1。柱上不同小写字母表示相同生育期处理间差异显著 (P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=smixdni0W5kHTNXyKr8P7Q==, figureFileBig=BXy4fMqhOHmw/OybB2Lfjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859296477853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relationship between grain yield and pre- and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation, figureFileSmall=F9ZgvDQAG/M857Pj3Z3ItA==, figureFileBig=WiY6oaT9u5IurNw3DCq3dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859418112670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=图5, caption=籽粒产量与花前和花后氮素累积量的关系

注:点的颜色和深浅对应颜色标尺中氮素的累积量。红线代表线性拟合结果,R2表示拟合优度,**表示回归关系达到0.01水平。

, figureFileSmall=F9ZgvDQAG/M857Pj3Z3ItA==, figureFileBig=WiY6oaT9u5IurNw3DCq3dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859485221535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relationship between grain yield and nitrogen uptake efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, figureFileSmall=2Y4PRKBT50cMjzqlXfwkxg==, figureFileBig=aCHVw11jjoKwYiB8axDgog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859564913312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=图6, caption=产量与氮素吸收效率和氮素表观回收率的关系

注:点的颜色和深浅对应颜色标尺中籽粒产量。红线代表线性拟合结果,R2表示拟合优度,**表示回归关系达到0.01水平。

, figureFileSmall=2Y4PRKBT50cMjzqlXfwkxg==, figureFileBig=aCHVw11jjoKwYiB8axDgog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574859648799393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Nitrogen application rates and method of regular urea and controlled-release urea in different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
施氮量 N input (kg/hm2)氮素比例
(U∶C)
施肥方式
Fertilization method
普通尿素 (U)
Regular urea
控释尿素(C)
Slow-release urea
总量
Total
CK000
N180-U11800180100%U40%基肥,10叶期60%追肥
40% as basal fertilizer, and 60%
topdressing at V10 stage
N225-U12250225
N300-U13000300
N180-C1120601801C∶2U基肥一次施入
Total applied as base fertilizer
N180-C290901801C∶1U
N180-C3601201802C∶1U
N225-C1150752251C∶2U
N225-C2112.5112.52251C∶1U
N225-C3751502252C∶1U
), ArticleFig(id=1284574859757851298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验处理普通尿素和控释尿素氮施用量及方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
施氮量 N input (kg/hm2)氮素比例
(U∶C)
施肥方式
Fertilization method
普通尿素 (U)
Regular urea
控释尿素(C)
Slow-release urea
总量
Total
CK000
N180-U11800180100%U40%基肥,10叶期60%追肥
40% as basal fertilizer, and 60%
topdressing at V10 stage
N225-U12250225
N300-U13000300
N180-C1120601801C∶2U基肥一次施入
Total applied as base fertilizer
N180-C290901801C∶1U
N180-C3601201802C∶1U
N225-C1150752251C∶2U
N225-C2112.5112.52251C∶1U
N225-C3751502252C∶1U
), ArticleFig(id=1284574859824960163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Dates of key growth stages and corresponding days after sowing (DAS) for maize at the experimental site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生育时期 Growth stage日期 Date (mm-dd)播种后天数 Days after sowing
2023202420232024
播种 Sowing05-0405-0300
6叶期 Six-leaf stage (V6)06-0506-043232
10叶期 10-leaf stage (V10)07-0407-016159
吐丝期 Silking stage (R1)08-0207-289086
乳熟期 Milk stage (R3)08-1908-13107102
成熟期 Physiological maturity (R6)09-3009-25149145
收获 Harvest10-0610-03155153
), ArticleFig(id=1284574859921429156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验地供试玉米进入关键生育期的日期及对应的生长天数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生育时期 Growth stage日期 Date (mm-dd)播种后天数 Days after sowing
2023202420232024
播种 Sowing05-0405-0300
6叶期 Six-leaf stage (V6)06-0506-043232
10叶期 10-leaf stage (V10)07-0407-016159
吐丝期 Silking stage (R1)08-0207-289086
乳熟期 Milk stage (R3)08-1908-13107102
成熟期 Physiological maturity (R6)09-3009-25149145
收获 Harvest10-0610-03155153
), ArticleFig(id=1284574860017898149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Effects of different blending ratios of controlled-release urea via single basal application on yield of spring maize

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份
Year
处理
Treatment
产量 (t/hm2)
Yield
百粒重 (g)
100-Grain weight
穗粒数
Kernels per ear
穗数 (×103/hm2)
Spikes
2023CK3.21 g21.25 e434 e37.00 d
N180-U16.13 f23.91 d540 d43.67 c
N180-C16.31 cde24.40 c555 c44.33 c
N180-C26.41 c24.49 c567 b45.33 c
N180-C36.20 ef24.43 c557 c44.67 c
N225-U16.39 cd24.04 d570 b47.33 b
N225-C16.76 ab25.23 b588 a47.67 b
N225-C26.86 a25.47 a591 a48.67 ab
N225-C36.74 b25.21 b587 a47.67 b
N300-U16.28 de23.90 d549 cd49.67 a
2024CK4.17 e25.29 d426 e39.00 d
N180-U18.98 d27.26 c570 d45.33 c
N180-C19.17 c27.45 c606 c46.67 c
N180-C29.42 b27.77 bc612 c47.33 c
N180-C39.28 bc27.74 c609 c46.67 c
N225-U19.19 c28.99 a625 b54.33 b
N225-C19.87 a29.37 a643 a57.33 a
N225-C210.01 a29.63 a650 a59.33 a
N225-C39.85 a29.57 a644 a58.33 a
N300-U19.20 c28.74 ab613 bc53.00 b
方差分析 ANONA
处理 Treatment (T)*******
年份 Year (Y)******
T × Y*******
), ArticleFig(id=1284574860093395622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同比例控释尿素一次性基施对春玉米产量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份
Year
处理
Treatment
产量 (t/hm2)
Yield
百粒重 (g)
100-Grain weight
穗粒数
Kernels per ear
穗数 (×103/hm2)
Spikes
2023CK3.21 g21.25 e434 e37.00 d
N180-U16.13 f23.91 d540 d43.67 c
N180-C16.31 cde24.40 c555 c44.33 c
N180-C26.41 c24.49 c567 b45.33 c
N180-C36.20 ef24.43 c557 c44.67 c
N225-U16.39 cd24.04 d570 b47.33 b
N225-C16.76 ab25.23 b588 a47.67 b
N225-C26.86 a25.47 a591 a48.67 ab
N225-C36.74 b25.21 b587 a47.67 b
N300-U16.28 de23.90 d549 cd49.67 a
2024CK4.17 e25.29 d426 e39.00 d
N180-U18.98 d27.26 c570 d45.33 c
N180-C19.17 c27.45 c606 c46.67 c
N180-C29.42 b27.77 bc612 c47.33 c
N180-C39.28 bc27.74 c609 c46.67 c
N225-U19.19 c28.99 a625 b54.33 b
N225-C19.87 a29.37 a643 a57.33 a
N225-C210.01 a29.63 a650 a59.33 a
N225-C39.85 a29.57 a644 a58.33 a
N300-U19.20 c28.74 ab613 bc53.00 b
方差分析 ANONA
处理 Treatment (T)*******
年份 Year (Y)******
T × Y*******
), ArticleFig(id=1284574861720785575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Economic benefits of spring maize as influenced by different fertilization treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
生产成本 Production cost (yuan/hm2)产值
Output value
(×104 yuan/hm2)
净收益
Net profit
(×104 yuan/hm2)
产投比
Output to
input
氮肥
N fertilizer
人工及机械
Labour & machinery
其他
Others
总投入
Total input
CK011100.03457.014557.00.87−0.590.59
N180-U1743.5312600.03457.016800.531.870.191.12
N180-C1965.2911100.03457.015522.291.940.391.25
N180-C21076.1711100.03457.015633.171.980.421.27
N180-C31187.0411100.03457.015744.041.940.371.23
N225-U1929.3112600.03457.016986.312.000.311.18
N225-C11206.4711100.03457.015763.472.110.541.34
N225-C21345.0611100.03457.015902.062.160.571.36
N225-C31483.6411100.03457.016040.642.120.511.32
N300-U11239.2212600.03457.017296.222.000.271.16
), ArticleFig(id=1284574861825643176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同施肥处理下春玉米生产经济效益

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
生产成本 Production cost (yuan/hm2)产值
Output value
(×104 yuan/hm2)
净收益
Net profit
(×104 yuan/hm2)
产投比
Output to
input
氮肥
N fertilizer
人工及机械
Labour & machinery
其他
Others
总投入
Total input
CK011100.03457.014557.00.87−0.590.59
N180-U1743.5312600.03457.016800.531.870.191.12
N180-C1965.2911100.03457.015522.291.940.391.25
N180-C21076.1711100.03457.015633.171.980.421.27
N180-C31187.0411100.03457.015744.041.940.371.23
N225-U1929.3112600.03457.016986.312.000.311.18
N225-C11206.4711100.03457.015763.472.110.541.34
N225-C21345.0611100.03457.015902.062.160.571.36
N225-C31483.6411100.03457.016040.642.120.511.32
N300-U11239.2212600.03457.017296.222.000.271.16
), ArticleFig(id=1284574861905334953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Effects of one-time basal application of controlled-release urea at different ratios on nitrogen content and nitrogen translocation in spring maize at harvest

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
收获期氮含量 N concentration at harvest (g/kg)氮素转移量 N translocation amount (kg/hm2)
茎 Stem叶 Leaf籽粒 Grain苞叶 Bract穗轴 Cob茎 Stem叶 Leaf
CK2.77 e4.23 g7.13 f5.43 f4.06 f7.02 g17.13 g
N180-U13.57 d10.67 e12.43 e7.69 e4.38 e24.29 f35.27 f
N180-C13.60 d9.93 f13.22 c8.30 de4.73 cd24.61 e38.69 e
N180-C23.97 bc13.03 c13.36 c8.58 d4.72 cd24.66 d39.57 cd
N180-C33.77 cd12.16 d13.26 c8.57 d4.69 d24.64 de39.38 d
N225-U14.33 a12.97 c13.02 d8.37 de4.92 b25.04 c39.73 c
N225-C13.97 bc14.47 b15.72 b10.37 b5.14 a25.98 b47.97 b
N225-C24.43 a15.30 a15.90 a11.93 a5.21 a26.08 a48.63 a
N225-C33.93 bc14.70 ab15.80 ab10.93 b5.18 a26.02 b48.08 b
N300-U14.17 ab12.83 cd12.93 d9.43 c4.84 bc24.31 f35.18 f
), ArticleFig(id=1284574861985026730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同比例控释尿素一次性基施对春玉米收获期氮含量和氮素转运的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
收获期氮含量 N concentration at harvest (g/kg)氮素转移量 N translocation amount (kg/hm2)
茎 Stem叶 Leaf籽粒 Grain苞叶 Bract穗轴 Cob茎 Stem叶 Leaf
CK2.77 e4.23 g7.13 f5.43 f4.06 f7.02 g17.13 g
N180-U13.57 d10.67 e12.43 e7.69 e4.38 e24.29 f35.27 f
N180-C13.60 d9.93 f13.22 c8.30 de4.73 cd24.61 e38.69 e
N180-C23.97 bc13.03 c13.36 c8.58 d4.72 cd24.66 d39.57 cd
N180-C33.77 cd12.16 d13.26 c8.57 d4.69 d24.64 de39.38 d
N225-U14.33 a12.97 c13.02 d8.37 de4.92 b25.04 c39.73 c
N225-C13.97 bc14.47 b15.72 b10.37 b5.14 a25.98 b47.97 b
N225-C24.43 a15.30 a15.90 a11.93 a5.21 a26.08 a48.63 a
N225-C33.93 bc14.70 ab15.80 ab10.93 b5.18 a26.02 b48.08 b
N300-U14.17 ab12.83 cd12.93 d9.43 c4.84 bc24.31 f35.18 f
), ArticleFig(id=1284574862056329899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574850740097610, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Effects of one-time basal application of controlled-release urea at different ratios on nitrogen use efficiency in spring maize

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份
Year
处理
Treatment
农学效率 (kg/kg)
Agronomic efficiency
偏生产力 (kg/kg)
Partial factor productivity
表观回收率 (%)
Apparent recovery rate
吸收效率 (kg/kg)
Uptake efficiency
2023N180-U116.20 bc34.06 b46.07 d0.89 f
N180-C117.23 a35.08 a52.09 c0.99 bc
N180-C217.78 a35.64 a53.84 bc1.05 a
N180-C316.58 b34.44 b51.92 c0.97 cd
N225-U114.13 d28.41 d44.62 d0.78 g
N225-C115.77 c30.05 c57.72 ab0.93 de
N225-C216.21 bc30.50 c59.90 a1.01 b
N225-C315.68 c29.96 c56.74 ab0.92 ef
N300-U110.21 e20.92 e36.58 e0.56 h
2024N180-U126.73 c49.90 c47.4 d0.97 c
N180-C127.73 b50.91 b54.06 c1.04 b
N180-C229.17 a52.34 a56.10 bc1.12 a
N180-C328.42 ab51.59 b54.89 c1.05 b
N225-U122.30 e40.84 e44.39 d0.91 d
N225-C125.35 d43.89 d59.25 a1.03 b
N225-C225.95 cd44.49 d62.10 a1.09 a
N225-C325.26 d43.80 d59.17 ab1.04 b
N300-U116.76 f30.66 f36.91 e0.64 e
方差分析 ANOVA
处理 Treatment (T)********
年份 Year (Y)********
T×Ynsnsnsns
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不同比例控释尿素一次性基施对春玉米氮肥利用效率的影响

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年份
Year
处理
Treatment
农学效率 (kg/kg)
Agronomic efficiency
偏生产力 (kg/kg)
Partial factor productivity
表观回收率 (%)
Apparent recovery rate
吸收效率 (kg/kg)
Uptake efficiency
2023N180-U116.20 bc34.06 b46.07 d0.89 f
N180-C117.23 a35.08 a52.09 c0.99 bc
N180-C217.78 a35.64 a53.84 bc1.05 a
N180-C316.58 b34.44 b51.92 c0.97 cd
N225-U114.13 d28.41 d44.62 d0.78 g
N225-C115.77 c30.05 c57.72 ab0.93 de
N225-C216.21 bc30.50 c59.90 a1.01 b
N225-C315.68 c29.96 c56.74 ab0.92 ef
N300-U110.21 e20.92 e36.58 e0.56 h
2024N180-U126.73 c49.90 c47.4 d0.97 c
N180-C127.73 b50.91 b54.06 c1.04 b
N180-C229.17 a52.34 a56.10 bc1.12 a
N180-C328.42 ab51.59 b54.89 c1.05 b
N225-U122.30 e40.84 e44.39 d0.91 d
N225-C125.35 d43.89 d59.25 a1.03 b
N225-C225.95 cd44.49 d62.10 a1.09 a
N225-C325.26 d43.80 d59.17 ab1.04 b
N300-U116.76 f30.66 f36.91 e0.64 e
方差分析 ANOVA
处理 Treatment (T)********
年份 Year (Y)********
T×Ynsnsnsns
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控释尿素一次性基施比例对陇中旱作春玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响
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赵凯 1 , 罗珠珠 1, 2, * , 周鹏 1, * , 何仁元 3 , 刘家鹤 1 , 李世清 1
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1005-1018
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 1005 -1018
控释尿素一次性基施比例对陇中旱作春玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响
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赵凯1 , 罗珠珠1, 2, * , 周鹏1, * , 何仁元3, 刘家鹤1, 李世清1
作者信息
  • 1甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院,甘肃兰州 730070
  • 2干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730070
  • 3甘肃农业大学林学院,甘肃兰州 730070
通讯作者:
* 罗珠珠 E-mail:
周鹏 E-mail:
作者简介:

赵凯 E-mail:

Effects of controlled-release urea blending ratios in one-time basal application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of dryland spring maize in central Gansu Province
Kai ZHAO1 , Zhu-zhu LUO1, 2, * , Peng ZHOU1, * , Ren-yuan HE3, Jia-he LIU1, Shi-qing LI1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resources and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
  • 3College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025345
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目的

研究陇中旱农区不同比例控释尿素一次性基施对旱作春玉米干物质和氮(N)素累积量及其运转效率的影响,为旱作春玉米高产高效施肥提供理论支撑。

方法

以高产春玉米品种‘先玉335’为研究对象,于2023—2024年在甘肃省白银市连续开展两年田间试验。设置不施氮肥对照(CK)和施N 180、225和300 kg/hm2 4个处理。其中,3个普通尿素处理作为常规对照(N180-U1、N225-U1和N300-U1);控释尿素和普通尿素一次性基施只采用180和225 kg/hm2两个施氮量,均设置3个控释尿素与普通尿素配施比例,分别为1∶2 (N180-C1和N225-C1)、1∶1 (N180-C2和N225-C2)、2∶1 (N180-C3和N225-C3)。在玉米6叶期(V6)、10叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)、成熟期(R6)采集植株样品,测定不同部位的氮含量和生物量,计算氮素利用效率。

结果

随常规尿素施用量的增加产量呈先增后降的趋势,以N 225 kg/hm2时产量最高。控释尿素与普通尿素1∶1掺混一次性基施处理N180-C2和N225-C2显著增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,两年平均玉米产量分别达7.92和8.44 t/hm2,分别较等量常规氮处理N180-U1和N225-U1增产4.76%和8.34%;N225-C2处理较N180-C2处理增产6.57%,净收益和产投比分别提高了35.71%和7.09%。配施比例显著影响收获期茎、叶、籽粒、苞叶、穗轴氮含量以及茎、叶氮素转移量,以N 225 kg/hm2按1∶1比例掺混处理(N225-C2)的效果最优。掺混比例显著影响氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率,在1∶1掺混比例(N180-C2,N225-C2)下,N180-C2处理的氮肥农学效率和偏生产力显著高于N225-C2处理,两年平均分别高于N225-C2处理11.36%和17.32%。与常规施肥处理N225-U1相比,当施氮量为225 kg/hm2时N225-C2施肥处理的氮肥农学效率、偏生产力、氮素表观回收率和氮素吸收效率分别增加了14.72%、7.36%、34.25%、29.49% (2023年)和16.37%、8.94%、39.89%、19.78% (2024年)。

结论

陇中旱农区适宜施氮量(N 225 kg/hm2)下,普通尿素与控释尿素掺混一次性基施,不仅提高了春玉米的氮素吸收和利用,而且较常规尿素分次施用更有利于花前和花后干物质的积累,且普通尿素与控释尿素1∶1掺混较其他比例可有效地促进花前氮素和干物质的转移,实现春玉米较大产量和氮素累积量,显著提高氮素表观回收率,因此,可作为陇中旱农区春玉米高产高效的氮肥运筹模式。

陇中地区  /  旱作春玉米  /  一次性基施  /  控释尿素混合比例  /  施氮量  /  产量  /  氮素利用效率
Objectives

This study investigated the effects of one-time basal application of controlled-release urea (CRU) at different blending ratios on grain yield, dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in spring maize under rainfed conditions in the Longzhong semi-arid region. The aim was to provide theoretical support for high-yielding and green and efficient fertilization practices in dryland spring maize.

Methods

Field experiments were conducted in Baiyin of Gansu Province consecutively in 2023 and 2024, using the high-yielding spring maize cultivar ‘Xianyu 335’. The designed N application amounts included a no-nitrogen control (CK), and three dosages of 180, 225, and 300 kg/hm2. Conventional urea treatments included the three N dosages and were applied in two splits, denoted as N180-U1, N225-U1, and N300-U1, respectively; one-time basal application treatments included two N rates (180 and 225 kg/hm2), with the blended ratios of CRU to conventional urea set at 1∶2 (N180-C1, N225-C1), 1∶1 (N180-C2, N225-C2), and 2∶1 (N180-C3, N225-C3). Plant samples were collected at the six-leaf (V6), ten-leaf (V10), silking (R1), milky (R3), and physiological maturity (R6) stages. The biomass and nitrogen content in various parts were measured to calculate nitrogen use efficiency parameters.

Results

Under the three conventional urea treatments, the maximum grain yield was obtained at N 225 kg/hm2. At the same N input, the two 1∶1 blending ratio treatments (N180-C2, N225-C2) recorded higher kernel numbers per ear and 100-kernel weight, thereby enhancing both yield and economic returns. Over the two years, the average yields under the N180-C2 and N225-C2 treatments were 7.92 and 8.44 t/hm2, which were 4.76% and 8.34% higher than those under N180-U1 and N225-U1, respectively. Compared with N180-C2, the N225-C2 treatment increased yield by 6.57%, and boosted net income and the output/input ratio by 35.71% and 7.09%, respectively. The nitrogen input and blending ratios also significantly affected N content in stems, leaves, grains, bracts, and cobs at harvest, as well as N translocation from stems and leaves. The N225-C2 treatment recorded the highest values. At the 1∶1 blending ratio, the N180-C2 treatment recorded significantly higher nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and partial factor productivity (NPFP) than did N225-C2, with two-year average increases of 11.36% and 17.32%, respectively. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment N225-U1, the N225-C2 treatment increased NAE, NPFP, apparent recovery efficiency, and N uptake efficiency by 14.72%, 7.36%, 34.25%, and 29.49% in 2023, and by 16.37%, 8.94%, 39.89%, and 19.78% in 2024.

Conclusions

In the rainfed agricultural region of central Gansu, applying a blend of conventional urea and controlled-release urea as a single basal dressing at the optimal nitrogen rate (225 kg/hm2) enhanced nitrogen uptake and utilization in spring maize and promoted pre- and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation more effectively than split applications of conventional urea. The 1∶1 blending ratio outperformed the other ratios by improving pre-anthesis nitrogen and dry matter translocation, leading to higher grain yield and nitrogen accumulation, along with a significant increase in apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency. Thus, this fertilization strategy can serve as an effective nitrogen management approach for achieving high yield and high efficiency in spring maize production in the rainfed agricultural area of central Gansu.

Longzhong region  /  dryland spring maize  /  one-time basal application  /  controlled-release urea mixing ratio  /  nitrogen application rate  /  yield  /  nitrogen use efficiency
赵凯, 罗珠珠, 周鹏, 何仁元, 刘家鹤, 李世清. 控释尿素一次性基施比例对陇中旱作春玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1005 -1018 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025345
Kai ZHAO, Zhu-zhu LUO, Peng ZHOU, Ren-yuan HE, Jia-he LIU, Shi-qing LI. Effects of controlled-release urea blending ratios in one-time basal application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of dryland spring maize in central Gansu Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1005 -1018 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025345
黄土高原旱地水资源紧缺,“全膜双垄沟播”技术是当前玉米生产的常规保墒增产栽培措施[1]。受到“收多收少在于肥”的传统观念影响,在黄土高原旱地覆膜春玉米生产中不合理的氮肥施用问题普遍存在[2]。覆膜不利于后期追肥,追肥还增加劳动成本,降低经济效益[34],因此施肥多以“一炮轰”为主。由于尿素养分释放快,一次性施用早期氮素养分释放过多,而后期脱肥[5],导致玉米吐丝后叶片早衰,产量减少10%~15%[68]。在干旱地区,一次施入大量化肥,盐分积累在耕层,易引发土壤次生盐渍化,导致根系发育受阻,吸收能力下降,陷入“越施越多、越多越板”的恶性循环[9]。控释肥料是一种不同于常规肥料的新型包膜肥料,有养分释放慢、周期长的优点[10]。因此,采用控释尿素调节氮素养分的供应强度和时长,是实现目前旱作覆膜农田化肥减量增效的重要措施[11]
玉米对氮素的吸收持续整个生育期,拔节至大喇叭口期和抽雄吐丝至灌浆期是两个关键氮吸收高峰期[12]。在旱农区,季节性干旱和降雨分配不均等环境胁迫可能影响控释尿素养分的释放,导致玉米需肥关键期养分供应不足,影响其增产效果[11],加之控释肥成本较高,限制了其大面积推广[13]。为解决这一矛盾,将控释尿素和普通尿素按适宜比例混合施用,既可保证养分供应与作物需求相匹配,又可降低肥料的投入成本[14]。如张建军等[8]在陇东旱塬地区将控释尿素与普通尿素按7∶3掺混基施,保持玉米整个生育期0—20 cm土层较高的硝态氮含量,减少了硝态氮向20—40 cm土层淋失;张磊等[15]研究证实,在东北黑土区将控释尿素与普通尿素按3∶2掺混基施效果最佳。由于不同地区气候特点、作物品种、种植模式、产量水平均影响玉米的养分需求规律,控释尿素与普通尿素的掺混比例需要依据具体条件而定。因此,我们研究了陇中黄土丘陵区控释尿素与普通尿素的掺混施用比例。
本研究通过2年田间试验,系统比较了不同比例普通尿素与控释尿素掺混一次性基施对玉米产量、干物质累积量和运转的影响,旨在提出当地玉米丰产控释尿素与普通尿素的最佳配施比例和施氮量,并为该施肥措施提供理论依据。
田间试验于2023—2024年在甘肃省白银市会宁县老君坡镇阳赵村(35°47′N,105°18′E)进行。该地平均海拔1850 m,无霜期130天,年均日照时数1975.7 h,年均气温5℃,年均降水量360 mm,降水年内分配不均,主要集中在7、8、9月,年均蒸发量1720 mm,属中温带半干旱区,为典型的雨养农业区。试验地土壤类型为黄绵土,土质疏松,土层深厚,质地均匀。试验初始耕层(0—20 cm)土壤基本理化性质如下:有机碳6.2 g/kg,全氮1.2 g/kg,全磷0.67 g/kg,速效磷15.2 mg/kg,速效钾169 mg/kg,pH 8.8。2023年玉米生育期总降水量为325.5 mm,主要集中在7、9和10月,但生育前期持续干旱;2024年生育期总降水量为267.9 mm,主要集中在5—7月,6叶期(V6)至吐丝期(R1)降雨充足(图1)。
供试品种为高产玉米‘先玉335’。控释尿素选用安徽茂施新型肥料有限公司生产的树脂包膜尿素(N 44%,释放期>90天)。
试验采用随机区组设计,设置10个处理:不施氮肥对照(CK);N180-U1、N225-U1和N300-U1均为常规施氮对照(普通尿素分次施用),即施氮量分别为N 180、N 225和N 300 kg/hm2,基肥40%,10叶期(V10)追肥60%。控释尿素和普通尿素一次性基施分为N 180和N 225 kg/hm2两个施氮量,配施比例分别为1/3控释尿素氮+2/3普通尿素氮,1/2控释尿素氮+1/2普通尿素氮,2/3控释尿素氮+1/3普通尿素氮。小区面积为45 m2 (10 m×4.5 m),每个处理3次重复。各处理磷(过磷酸钙,P2O5 12%)、钾(硫酸钾,K2O 51%)肥施用量相同,分别为P2O5 120 kg/hm2 和 K2O 45 kg/hm2,均于播种前作基肥一次性施入。见表1
采用“宽窄行双垄沟全膜覆盖”种植模式:宽行60 cm,窄行40 cm,株距为30.3 cm,垄高6 cm,垄沟深3 cm,种植密度为60000株/hm2,生育期内全覆膜无灌水。
分别于2023年5月4日和2024年5月3日玉米播种前,采集0—20 cm耕层土壤样品。将所取鲜土剔除植物残体等杂物后进行分装,分为两部分,一部分新鲜土样用于测定土壤硝态氮和铵态氮,另一部分风干、磨碎,分别过1mm和0.15 mm筛,用于测定土壤理化指标。
植株样品分别于2023和2024年玉米6叶期(V6)、10叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)和成熟期(R6)采集。这些时期分别代表玉米营养生长旺盛期(V6)、生殖生长启动与穗分化期(V10)、源库关系建立期(R1)、籽粒灌浆高峰期(R3)以及最终产量形成期(R6)[16],关键生育期的日期和对应的生长天数见表2。每小区采集5株长势均一的植株,分为不同部位样品,在105℃下杀青30 min后,75℃下烘干至恒重,称取干重后粉碎过0.15 mm筛,用于氮含量测定。生育期干重差异即为阶段干物质积累量。
收获时,每个小区选10 m2的面积,调查株数、穗数、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、含水量、籽粒重量,籽粒重量去除13%的水分即为产量[16]
植株含氮量采用杜马斯燃烧法,全自动氮碳分析仪测定[17]
烘干法测定土壤水分[17];电位法测定pH[17];H2SO4消煮—凯氏定氮法测定全氮(TN)[17];全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)分别采用H2SO4−HClO4消煮法和0.5 mol/L NaHCO3提取,钼锑抗比色法测定[17];速效钾(AK)采用NH4OAc浸提—火焰光度法测定[17];土壤有机碳采用外加热−重铬酸钾氧化法测定[17]
氮素累积量(kg/hm2)=干物质质量×氮素含量[4]
花后氮素累积量(kg/hm2)=成熟期氮素累积量−吐丝期氮素累积量[4]
氮素转移量(kg/hm2)=吐丝期营养体氮素累积量−成熟期营养体氮素累积量[4]
氮素吸收效率(kg/kg)=植株氮素积累量/施氮量[4]
氮肥农学效率(kg/kg)=(施氮区籽粒产量−不施氮区籽粒产量)/施氮量[18]
氮肥偏生产力(kg/kg)=施氮区籽粒产量/施氮量[18]
氮素表观回收率(%)=(施氮区玉米氮素累积量−不施氮区玉米氮素累积量)/施氮量×100[4]
采用 Microsoft Excel 2016 软件对数据进行统计,采用 SPSS 26.0 进行方差齐性检验、单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和多重比较(LSD法,P=0.05),采用Origin Pro 2024b作图,用AI (Adobe Illustrator 2024)软件进行图形修饰。
表3可见,年份、肥料混合比例和施氮量对春玉米籽粒产量和单位面积穗数影响显著(P<0.05),对百粒重和穗粒数影响极显著(P<0.01)。控释尿素与普通尿素1∶1掺混(N180-C2,N225-C2)模式显著增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,两年平均产量分别达7.92和8.44 t/hm2,分别较常规施氮处理(N180-U1,N225-U1)增产4.76%和8.34%,N225-C2处理较N180-C2处理增产6.57%。4个施氮量225 kg/hm2处理(N225-U1、N225-C1、N225-C2和N225-C3)玉米籽粒产量、百粒重和穗粒数均显著高于其他施氮水平(P<0.05),同一施氮处理两年间产量差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。施氮量225 kg/hm2水平下,N225-C1、N225-C2和N225-C3处理的玉米籽粒产量、百粒重和穗粒数均显著高于N225-U1处理,且以N225-C2处理效果最优,2023年N225-C2处理玉米籽粒产量、百粒重和穗粒数较N225-U1处理分别提高了7.28%、5.95%、3.68%,2024年分别提升了8.98%、2.21%、4.00%。然而,两年产量差异较大,这主要是因为2023年降雨时空分布不均(图1),特别是在玉米生长前中期(V6—V10阶段)出现了持续干旱,最终影响了玉米产量。
图2可知,除了年份对V10期无显著影响外,处理和年份对春玉米各生育期的干物质累积量影响极显著(P<0.01),且对V6、V10和R1期的干物质积累量有极显著交互作用 (P<0.01)。在吐丝期(R1)前各生育时期,以常规施肥处理N225-U1和N300-U1干物质累积量显著高于其他处理 (P<0.05);而在玉米成熟期(R6),以225 kg/hm2施氮水平下的各处理干物质累积量最多,且显著高于其他施氮水平(P<0.05)。
进一步分析花后干物质积累量与籽粒产量的关系(图3)表明,玉米花后干物质累积量与籽粒产量呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.01),回归方程为y=2.95x−10.59 (调整后的 R2=0.843)。
玉米种植的经济效益高低,主要由市场价格、单位面积产量及前期生产成本三大核心因素决定。不同比例控释尿素一次性基施可有效提高陇中黄土丘陵区春玉米生产的经济效益(表4)。在相同施氮量下,玉米产值、净收益以及产投比均以常规尿素与控释尿素按1∶1掺混一次性基施效果最佳。与N225-U1处理相比,N225-C1、N225-C2、N225-C3处理的氮肥成本分别增加了31.90%、44.70%、59.70%,净收益分别增加了74.19%、83.87%、64.52%,产投比分别增加了13.56%、15.25%、11.86%。与N180-C2处理相比,N225-C2处理的净收益和产投比分别增加了35.71%和7.09%。因此,在225 kg/hm2施氮水平下控释尿素与普通尿素按1∶1掺混一次性基施可获得较好的纯收益和产投比。
不同处理间春玉米花前、花后氮素积累量和氮素总累积量差异显著(P<0.05,图4),N225-C2处理的积累量最高,分别为144.49、82.55、227.04 kg/hm2 (2023年)和165.86、79.31、245.17 kg/hm2 (2024年),N225-C2处理两年平均总氮积累量236.11 kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。常规施肥处理下,春玉米花前、花后和氮素总累积量表现为N225-U1>N300-U1>N180-U1;同一肥料比例下,花前、花后和氮素总累积量以施氮量225 kg/hm2处理显著高于180 kg/hm2处理(P<0.05)。在施氮量为225 kg/hm2时,花前和花后氮素积累量及氮素总累积量以N225-C2处理最高,显著高于N225-C1和N225-C3处理(P<0.05),而N225-C1和N225-C3处理春玉米花前、花后氮素积累量及氮素总累积量无明显差异。
相关性分析表明,玉米花前和花后氮素累积量均与籽粒产量呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.01),回归方程分别为y=53.69x−245.87,y=31.08x−151.93,调整后的R2分别为0.904和0.968 (图5),该模型分别解释了90.4%和96.8%的产量变异。
施氮量和肥料比例显著影响收获期玉米各部位氮含量以及茎、叶氮素的转移量(P<0.05,表5)。施氮量为225 kg/hm2时,常规施肥和不同比例肥料处理的玉米茎、叶、籽粒、苞叶、穗轴氮含量以及茎、叶氮素转移量均较高;N225-U1处理的茎、叶、籽粒、穗轴氮含量以及茎、叶氮素转移量显著高于N180-U1处理,与N300-U1处理无显著差异,而N300-U1处理的茎、叶氮素转移量与N180-U1处理无显著差异;N225-C2处理的茎、叶、籽粒、穗轴氮含量均显著高于N225-C1,茎、叶氮素转移量显著高于N225-C1和N225-C3处理,而N225-C1和N225-C3处理的茎叶转移量无显著差异。N225-C2处理玉米的茎、叶氮素转移量分别较CK增加271.51%和183.89%,较N225-U1处理增加4.15%和22.4%。
两年试验结果表明,不同处理氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素表观回收率和氮素吸收效率存在显著差异(P<0.05,表6),氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和氮素吸收效率均随施氮量的增加显著降低,而氮素表观回收率则相反。在控释尿素与普通尿素1∶1掺混(N180-C2,N225-C2)模式下,N180-C2处理氮肥农学效率和偏生产力显著高于N225-C2处理,两年平均较N225-C2处理增加了11.36%和17.32%。在施氮225 kg/hm2下,N225-C2处理的春玉米氮肥农学效率、偏生产力、氮素表观回收率和氮素吸收效率分别较常规施肥处理N225-U1增加了14.72%、7.36%、34.25%、29.49% (2023年)和16.37%、8.94%、39.89%、19.78% (2024年)。
对两年试验结果进一步进行相关性分析,结果(图6)表明,氮素吸收效率和氮肥表观回收率均与玉米籽粒产量呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.01),调整后的R2分别为0.814和0.805,该结果为选择既高产又高效的氮肥施用技术提供了理论依据。
本研究表明,不论是普通尿素分次施用还是控释尿素与普通尿素按不同比例掺混一次性基施,均以施氮量225 kg/hm2的春玉米籽粒产量、百粒重、穗粒数以及经济效益较高,在该施氮量下,普通尿素与控释尿素1∶1掺混(N225-C2)的效果又显著优于常规尿素分次施用(N225-U1处理)。产生这一结果的原因是N225-C2处理不仅获得了较高的花前和花后干物质和氮素积累量,还获得了最优的茎叶干物质和氮素转移量(表5)。这表明,在适宜氮素用量下,普通尿素与控释尿素以1∶1混合一次性基施较普通尿素分次施用更好地匹配了玉米全生育期的需氮规律,有利于早期营养生长和后期养分的转移。对花前和花后氮素吸收量与产量的回归分析结果证明,二者均呈显著正相关(图5)。尤其是在吐丝期至乳熟期(R1—R3)的氮素需求高峰[10],避免了基施普通尿素导致的早期氮素流失和后期供应不足[14]。而施用1/3控释尿素时,可能因为普通尿素比例过高,导致玉米生育前期土壤氮素释放过量,玉米叶片过度生长,降低了株间通风透光性及光能利用率[12]。同时,旺盛的呼吸作用增加了光合产物的消耗,最终因消耗大于合成而减产[12, 15]。而当施用2/3控释尿素时,其比例过高可能会导致“氮肥后移”,生育前期氮素供应不足,抑制玉米生长[2]。适宜比例掺混处理通过稳定氮素供应,促进光合产物的积累与转运[1920],从而增加穗粒数和百粒重,进而提高了籽粒产量。在0~225 kg/hm2施氮量范围内,产量随施氮量增加而显著提升,但过量施氮(300 kg/hm2)并未进一步增产,反而降低了氮肥利用效率。同时,亦有玉米控释尿素施用比例的相关研究报道,如张建军等[8]提出,黑垆土区控释尿素与普通尿素按7∶3掺混基施效果最优;而张杰等[4]在山西的研究则认为,普通尿素与控释尿素按2∶1的比例掺混施用效果最佳。此外,研究区土壤类型的不同、水肥条件的供应差异[34, 6],控释尿素的种类及田间管理措施等综合作用都可能导致上述结果差异。
干物质积累是光合产物同化与分配的最终体现,其累积量与产量密切相关[21]。本研究结果表明,当施氮量为225 kg/hm2时干物质累积量较大,但年际间存在一定差异,造成该差异的主要原因是在作物关键生育期内有效的降雨量以及气温的不同。此外,该施氮量下适宜的施肥方式也能提升干物质累积。本研究中,吐丝期至乳熟期(R1—R3)是玉米干物质快速积累的关键阶段,N225-C2处理在此阶段的干物质累积速率较常规分次施肥处理(N225-U1)显著提高。产生该现象的原因可能是控释尿素的缓释特性与玉米生育中后期的氮素需求高度匹配,保证了后期叶片功能期持久,形成了强大的“源”来充实“库”[2223],也避免了普通尿素一次性基施导致的早期氮素流失和后期供应不足[14]。本研究重点分析了花后干物质与氮素积累与产量的关系(图3图5),因其更能直接反映控释尿素处理通过供应后期养分、延缓叶片衰老所起到的关键作用。结果表明,花后氮素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关,这印证了“花后源”是现代高产玉米产量形成的决定性物质来源[4]。这一结果与Liu等[24]的研究结论一致。与此同时,我们也注意到花前干物质/氮素积累的重要性(图2图4)。花前储备为生殖器官的分化和发育提供了初始动能,是决定穗粒数的基础。然而,与花后积累相比,各处理间花前积累量的变异相对较小。这表明,在本试验条件下,造成产量差异的主要原因并非花前储备的差异,而是花后土壤持续供氮能力的差异。
玉米籽粒最高产量(N225-C2处理)在两年的田间试验间存在较大差异(2023年6.86 t/hm2 VS. 2024年10.01 t/hm2),这可能主要与生育期降水分布不均有关。2023年10叶期至吐丝期遭遇持续干旱(图1),降水量仅130.4 mm,不足同生育期玉米需水临界值的60%[1],无法满足生育期正常需水量,导致籽粒减产;而2024年同期降水充足,满足玉米生殖生长期的水分需求,为玉米灌浆提供了良好的水分条件。同时,这种水分胁迫条件很可能延缓了包膜尿素的释放速率[11],导致在玉米需肥的关键时期出现了暂时的养分供应不足。虽然后期降雨后养分加速释放,但已错过了产量形成的最关键时期,最终影响了穗粒数和产量。研究启示:气候条件是肥料效益表达的“基础平台”,而多年多点重复试验是准确评估农艺措施效果的唯一可靠途径。单一年份的结果可能完全被气候效应所主导或扭曲。Wang等[1]的研究表明,吐丝期水分亏缺会使玉米产量降低40%以上,这与本研究中2023年减产现象一致,表明水分是旱作区玉米产量形成的关键限制因子,尤其是在吐丝期至乳熟期(R1—R3),水分亏缺会显著降低籽粒灌浆速率和最终产量[22]。可见,“全膜双垄沟播”技术的应用在一定程度上缓解了水分胁迫的影响[6],但旱地春玉米关键生育期降水量不足会显著影响产量稳定性。
适宜的施氮量与施肥方式既调控玉米干物质积累,又影响器官间氮素含量及转运分配特性[25]。本研究结果显示,N225-C2处理玉米的茎、叶氮素转移量分别较CK增加271.51%和183.89%,较N225-U1处理增加4.15%和22.4%。这一优化效应可能源于控释尿素的持续供氮,延长了营养器官的氮素“库容”时期[26],使吐丝期(R1)茎、叶的氮含量达到峰值。侯云鹏等[27]在东北地区玉米的研究同样发现,缓释氮肥处理使茎叶氮素转移效率提高15%~20%,与本研究的271.51% (茎)和183.89% (叶)增幅趋势相符,但具体数值差异可能源于陇中旱区水分限制导致的氮代谢强度差异[1]。然而,过量施氮(N300-U1)导致干物质累积速率下降,证明了玉米生产中存在“氮抑制效应”[28]
施肥模式显著调控玉米干物质累积及各器官氮含量与吸收转移。党翼等[29]研究表明,控释尿素与普通尿素配施可有效促进玉米吐丝后氮素积累与转运。本研究进一步证实,在施氮量225 kg/hm2 下,控释尿素与普通尿素按1∶1掺混一次性基施,能显著提升植株氮素积累量,N225-C2处理两年平均总氮积累量236.11 kg/hm2,这可能是因为控释氮肥的控释特性,保证了作物整个生长周期的稳定供氮,促进了作物氮素吸收量[3031],从而提高了氮素利用率。这一结论表明,在陇中旱作雨养农业区控释尿素与普通尿素(1∶1)掺混一次性基施在保证玉米各器官养分需求的同时,增加了茎叶氮素向籽粒转运,最终显著提高了氮素吸收效率和氮肥表观回收率。这一研究结果与郭萍等[32]研究结果相吻合,即控释尿素与普通尿素按50%~75%掺混一次性基施可提高氮肥利用率[8]。而施氮量180 kg/hm2时,虽未达到较高的产量、干物质累积量和氮素累积量,但其氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力却显著高于施氮量225 kg/hm2的处理,这可能是因为土壤贫瘠,本底供氮能力较低,即使施入少量氮肥,作物吸收的总氮量可能并不高,但带来的相对增产幅度会较大。因此,施氮量180 kg/hm2的处理氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力偏高。
控释尿素与普通尿素的合理配施、适宜施氮量的确定以及二者协同优化氮素供应与作物吸收的时空匹配提高了氮素利用效率。本研究中不同比例控释尿素一次性基施氮肥利用效率优于常规施肥(普通尿素分次施用),普通尿素能在生育前期为作物生长发育提供必需的氮素供应[14],而控释尿素的养分释放缓慢、周期长[15],能够满足玉米关键生育期的养分需求,促进作物对氮素的吸收[33],从而提高了氮素利用效率。N225-C2处理的氮素表观回收率两年平均达61.00%,较N225-U1处理提高37.07%,这可能是普通尿素与控释尿素1∶1掺混比例通过调控根区氮素空间分布,促进了根系对氮素的截获[34],同时也避免了单施控释尿素作物苗期氮素供应不足的问题[13]。Guo等[35]通过15N标记证实了树脂包膜控释尿素能减少氨挥发损失,郭金金等[36]通过15N示踪技术发现,掺混处理使玉米根系在20—40 cm土层的氮吸收量增加22%,这与本研究中N225-C2处理花后氮素吸收量显著提高的结果相互印证。本研究结果还表明,施氮量超过225 kg/hm2后,氮肥农学效率与偏生产力均出现显著降低(表6),说明在此区域土壤及气候背景下,225 kg/hm2为氮肥施用的较优水平;过量施氮易造成土壤氮素超出作物实际需求与吸收能力[35],进而引起氮肥利用效率下降。
陇中旱农区适宜施氮量(N 225 kg/hm2)下,普通尿素与控释尿素掺混一次性基施,不仅提高了春玉米的氮素吸收和利用,而且较常规尿素分次施用更有利于花前和花后干物质的积累,且普通尿素与控释尿素1∶1掺混较其他比例可有效促进花前氮素和干物质的转移,实现春玉米较大产量和氮素累积量,显著提高氮素表观回收率,因此,是实现旱区玉米覆膜栽培体系下可行的氮素运筹策略。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
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    1甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院,甘肃兰州 730070
    2干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州 730070
    3甘肃农业大学林学院,甘肃兰州 730070

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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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