Article(id=1284574893446509094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11674/zwyf.2025340, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753718400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756224000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-27, onlineDate=1784196120845, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784196120845, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784196120845, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784196120845, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284574825708503250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, year='2026', volume='32', issue='5', pageStart='965', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784196104695, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784196513220, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284576539283001907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, issueId=1284574825708503250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1054, endPage=1065, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284574893626864167, articleId=1284574893446509094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=EN, title=Increasing straw return promotes macroaggregate formation and coordinates the retention and release of exchangeable potassium in rice-wheat rotation soils, columnId=1284574826530586835, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, columnName=Research paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objectives

This study investigated the effects of long-term straw return on changes in exchangeable potassium (K) content within different fractions of soil macro-aggregates and its coupling mechanism with organic carbon content.

Methods

This study was based on an 18-year long-term experiment of rice-wheat rotation in Qianjiang City, Hubei Province. Four treatments were selected: CK (no chemical fertilizer, no straw return), −S (no straw return), +0.5S (50% straw return), and +S (100% straw return). Soil samples collected in September 2023 were analyzed through aggregate density fractionation, exchangeable potassium content, and organic carbon content analyses. Combined with solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the research revealed the effects of straw return on the distribution characteristics of soil macroaggregates and exchangeable potassium allocation.

Results

1) Compared to CK and −S, long-term straw return significantly increased the proportion of >0.25 mm aggregate fractions. Within macroaggregate fractions, the proportion of M(c)POM under +S treatment increased by 21.9%, while that of M-MOM decreased significantly by 55.4% relative to −S. 2) Under long-term straw incorporation, exchangeable potassium content in >0.25 mm aggregates significantly increased, primarily attributable to elevated levels in the M(c)POM and M-MOM fractions. The exchangeable potassium pool in >0.25 mm aggregates was significantly enhanced. Compared with the −S treatment, the exchangeable potassium pool in >2 mm aggregates increased by 111.1% and 242.4% under +0.5S and +S treatments, respectively, with the augmentation primarily originating from the M(c)POM fraction. 3) Under long-term straw return conditions, compared to the −S treatment, the organic carbon content in the >2 mm aggregate fraction increased by 17.6% and 46.5% under the +0.5S and +S treatments, respectively, while the organic carbon pool increased by 55.4% and 87.8%, respectively. This improvement was primarily attributed to the enhancement of the M(c)POM fraction. Compared to the −S treatment, the +0.5S and +S treatments increased the alkyl carbon content in the M(c)POM fraction of macroaggregates by 38.1% and 34.7%, respectively, while the aromatic carbon content decreased by 22.7% and 18.2%, respectively. The increase in alkyl carbon, a type of active organic carbon, can adsorb more exchangeable potassium, thereby improving soil potassium availability. 4) Correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant positive relationship between organic carbon and exchangeable potassium content in M(c)POM, indicating that straw return synergistically enhanced soil carbon sequestration and potassium supply by promoting M(c)POM accumulation.

Conclusions

Long-term straw incorporation significantly increases the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), as well as their potassium and carbon reserves. The M(c)POM (macro-organic matter within macroaggregates or coarse particulate organic matter) component emerged as a key factor influencing soil potassium availability. Straw incorporation promoted the accumulation of organic carbon in the M(c)POM fraction, regulating potassium retention and release through processes such as “adsorption–complexation−aggregate stabilization”, thereby effectively enhancing the soil’s potassium supply capacity. As the amount of straw incorporated increased, the improvement in soil potassium supply capacity became more pronounced, indicating that the input of organic carbon directly influences the effectiveness of straw incorporation in regulating potassium. Therefore, the amount of straw incorporated can facilitate the formation of soil macroaggregates and coordinate the retention and release of exchangeable potassium in soil.

, authors=Jian ZHANG1, 2, Dan-dan ZHU1, *, Zhi-yi ZHANG1, Fu-lin ZHANG1, Jun LI1, 3, Dun-rong LIU4, Chuan-qin HUANG2, Wen-feng TAN2, Dong-bi LIU2, authorsList=Jian ZHANG, Dan-dan ZHU, Zhi-yi ZHANG, Fu-lin ZHANG, Jun LI, Dun-rong LIU, Chuan-qin HUANG, Wen-feng TAN, Dong-bi LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dan-dan ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of plant nutrition and fertilizer. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284574894759326258, articleId=1284574893446509094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, language=CN, title=提高秸秆还田量促进稻麦轮作土壤大团聚体形成协调土壤交换性钾的固存与释放, columnId=1284574826685776085, journalTitle=植物营养与肥料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨长期秸秆还田对土壤大团聚体分布、大团聚体中交换性钾分配及其与有机碳含量间的耦合机制。

方法

本研究基于湖北省潜江市水稻−小麦轮作18年的长期定位试验,选取CK (不施化肥,秸秆不还田),−S (秸秆不还田),+0.5S (秸秆半量还田),+S (秸秆全量还田) 4个处理,于2023年9月采集土壤样品,通过团聚体密度分级、交换性钾含量及有机碳含量分析,结合固态13C核磁共振技术,揭示秸秆还田对土壤大团聚体分布特征及交换性钾分配的影响。

结果

1)与CK和−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理显著提高了>0.25 mm团聚体组分的比例。在大团聚体组分中,与−S相比,+S处理大团聚体中惰性碳结合组分M(c)POM的比例提高了21.9%,缓性碳结合组分M-MOM比例显著降低了55.4%;2)长期秸秆还田条件下,>0.25 mm团聚体组分交换性钾含量显著提高,主要源于M(c)POM、M-MOM组分中交换性钾含量的提升。>0.25 mm团聚体组分交换性钾库得到显著提高。相较于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理下,>2 mm团聚体交换性钾库分别增加了111.1%和242.4%,且大团聚体钾库的增加主要源于M(c)POM组分钾库的提高;3)长期秸秆还田条件下,相比于−S,+0.5S和+S处理下>2 mm团聚体组分有机碳含量分别增加了17.6%和46.5%,有机碳库分别增加了55.4%和87.8%,且其提升主要源于对M(c)POM组分的提升。相较于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理分别使大团聚体中M(c)POM组分烷基碳含量分别增加了38.1%和34.7%,芳香碳含量分别下降了22.7%和18.2%,烷基碳类活性有机碳的增加,可吸附更多的交换性钾,提高土壤钾素有效性;4) M(c)POM组分中有机碳与交换性钾含量呈极显著正相关,表明秸秆还田通过促进M(c)POM累积,协同提升了土壤碳固存与钾素供应能力。

结论

长期秸秆还田显著提高土壤>0.25 mm大团聚体比例及其钾储量和碳储量,M(c)POM组分是影响土壤钾素有效性的关键组分,秸秆还田促进M(c)POM组分有机碳累积,通过“吸附—络合—团聚体固持”等过程调控钾素的固存与释放,有效提升了土壤钾素供应能力。随着秸秆还田量的提高,土壤钾素供应能力的提升更为显著,即有机碳的输入量直接影响秸秆还田调控钾的效应。因此,秸秆还田量可通过促进土壤大团聚体形成,协调土壤交换性钾的固存与释放。

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张健 E-mail:

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* 朱丹丹 E-mail:
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注:CK—不施肥,秸秆不还田;−S—秸秆不还田;+0.5S—秸秆半量还田 (3000 kg/hm2);+S—秸秆全量还田 (6000 kg/hm2)。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=FY4a63I0RRk3/to8cfNdgg==, figureFileBig=phEiJEmDPoD8KF2JZg84WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574900102869626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Soil organic C content and organic C pool size in the aggregates as affected by straw return amount, figureFileSmall=PGfLwwBAYC7j0OZTf0C0qw==, figureFileBig=CsSTPeDctR8L7cT7quVt7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574900161589883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同秸秆还田量下土壤团聚体有机碳含量和有机碳库储量

注:CK—不施肥,秸秆不还田;−S—秸秆不还田;+0.5S—秸秆半量还田 (3000 kg/hm2);+S—秸秆全量还田 (6000 kg/hm2)。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=PGfLwwBAYC7j0OZTf0C0qw==, figureFileBig=CsSTPeDctR8L7cT7quVt7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574900228698748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Soil exchangeable K content and exchangeable K pool size in macro-aggregate fractions as affected by long-term straw return amount, figureFileSmall=q4/64/0tZoWb9M8tHp7+rw==, figureFileBig=zS96pJfq+q89em9Hp+5zvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574901864477309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同秸秆还田量下土壤大团聚体各组分的交换性钾含量及交换性钾库储量

注:CK—不施肥,秸秆不还田;−S—秸秆不还田;+0.5S—秸秆半量还田 (3000 kg/hm2);+S—秸秆全量还田 (6000 kg/hm2)。M(c)POM、M(f)POM和mM-POM为缓解性有机碳结合组分,mM-MOM和M-MOM为惰性有机碳结合的组分。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=q4/64/0tZoWb9M8tHp7+rw==, figureFileBig=zS96pJfq+q89em9Hp+5zvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574901960946302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Soil organic C content and organic C pool size in soil macro-aggregates as affected by long-term straw return amount, figureFileSmall=tuUc+Qv3gKWc/rMR4VmSoQ==, figureFileBig=FrF6mr6L6Q6Pav/vnbyjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574902019666559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同秸秆还田量下土壤大团聚体各组分的有机碳含量及有机碳库储量

注:CK—不施肥,秸秆不还田;−S—秸秆不还田;+0.5S—秸秆半量还田 (3000 kg/hm2);+S—秸秆全量还田 (6000 kg/hm2)。M(c)POM、M(f)POM和mM-POM为缓解性有机碳结合组分,mM-MOM和M-MOM为惰性有机碳结合的组分。柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=tuUc+Qv3gKWc/rMR4VmSoQ==, figureFileBig=FrF6mr6L6Q6Pav/vnbyjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574902086775424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Correlation between organic C and exchangeable K contents, figureFileSmall=yEIDmP10kDDpuIhSPhyPBw==, figureFileBig=86NUFjO+HK6L4I8AkNBs4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574902153884289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=图5, caption=有机碳含量与交换性钾含量间的关系

注:M(c)POM、M(f)POM 和 mM-POM 为缓解性有机碳结合组分,mM-MOM 和 M-MOM 为惰性有机碳结合的组分。

, figureFileSmall=yEIDmP10kDDpuIhSPhyPBw==, figureFileBig=86NUFjO+HK6L4I8AkNBs4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284574902212604546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Aggregate distribution under long -term different straw return rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
团聚体分布 Aggregate distribution (%)MWD
(mm)
GMD
(mm)
>2 mm2~0.25 mm0.25~0.053 mm<0.053 mm
CK17.1±1.1 d33.5±1.0 a35.1±3.8 a14.2±2.9 a1.0±0.0 d0.4±0.0 d
−S39.4±3.5 c33.3±0.9 a20.1±0.3 b7.3±1.3 b1.8±0.1 c0.9±0.1 c
+0.5S52.0±2.3 b23.1±1.8 b21.1±1.4 b3.8±0.32 c2.1±0.1 b1.2±0.1 b
+S63.7±4.5 a22.2±3.6 b8.2±1.6 c5.9±0.4 bc2.5±0.1 a1.6±0.1 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574902309073539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

长期不同秸秆还田量下土壤团聚体的分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
团聚体分布 Aggregate distribution (%)MWD
(mm)
GMD
(mm)
>2 mm2~0.25 mm0.25~0.053 mm<0.053 mm
CK17.1±1.1 d33.5±1.0 a35.1±3.8 a14.2±2.9 a1.0±0.0 d0.4±0.0 d
−S39.4±3.5 c33.3±0.9 a20.1±0.3 b7.3±1.3 b1.8±0.1 c0.9±0.1 c
+0.5S52.0±2.3 b23.1±1.8 b21.1±1.4 b3.8±0.32 c2.1±0.1 b1.2±0.1 b
+S63.7±4.5 a22.2±3.6 b8.2±1.6 c5.9±0.4 bc2.5±0.1 a1.6±0.1 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574902384571012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Percentages of soil macroaggregate fractions as affected by long-term straw return amounts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
大团聚体分组 Macro-aggregate fraction
M(c)POMM-MOMM(f)POMmM-POMmM-MOM
CK40.7±1.3 c32.0±1.5 a0.1±0.0 a11.3±3.4 a16.0±4.0 ab
−S50.2±5.0 b26.7±4.9 a0.1±0.0 a11.2±0.1 a11.8±0.1 b
+0.5S48.6±3.2 b29.6±2.8 a0.4±0.5 a11.7±0.6 a9.6±1.3 b
+S61.2±1.9 a11.9±2.5 b0.1±0.1 a8.9±2.2 a17.9±0.6 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574902464262789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

长期不同秸秆还田量下土壤大团聚体组分占比(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
大团聚体分组 Macro-aggregate fraction
M(c)POMM-MOMM(f)POMmM-POMmM-MOM
CK40.7±1.3 c32.0±1.5 a0.1±0.0 a11.3±3.4 a16.0±4.0 ab
−S50.2±5.0 b26.7±4.9 a0.1±0.0 a11.2±0.1 a11.8±0.1 b
+0.5S48.6±3.2 b29.6±2.8 a0.4±0.5 a11.7±0.6 a9.6±1.3 b
+S61.2±1.9 a11.9±2.5 b0.1±0.1 a8.9±2.2 a17.9±0.6 a
), ArticleFig(id=1284574902539760262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Relative intensities of chemical shift components of soil aggregates fractions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大团聚体
组分
Aggregate
fraction
处理
Treatment
烷基碳 (%)
Alkyl C
(0~45
μmol/mol,
CH3/CH2)
氧烷基碳 O-alkyl C (%)芳香碳 (%)
Aromatic C
(110~160
μmol/mol,
Aromatic
C=O/Aryl)
羰基碳 (%)
Carbonyl C
(160~220
μmol/mol,
COO/NC=O)
AL/OAAL/AR
45~60
μmol/mol,
OCH3/NCH
60~95
μmol/mol,
Carbohydrate
95~110
μmol/mol,
O—C—O
合计
Total
M(c)POM−S14.79.836.212.258.38.818.10.38.3
+0.5S20.39.235.010.054.26.818.30.411.0
+S19.87.037.311.655.97.217.10.410.6
M-MOM−S49.07.424.48.039.83.18.01.228.6
+0.5S30.26.527.111.545.15.918.70.712.7
+S32.18.06.626.140.87.119.90.712.4
mM-POM−S24.85.233.98.547.65.022.60.514.5
+0.5S25.06.933.49.950.26.518.20.511.5
+S15.97.238.512.147.88.118.20.39.2
mM-MOM−S42.733.133.124.21.3
+0.5S42.534.634.622.91.2
+S40.239.739.720.11.0
), ArticleFig(id=1284574902623646343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土壤团聚体组分化学位移相对强度(%)

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大团聚体
组分
Aggregate
fraction
处理
Treatment
烷基碳 (%)
Alkyl C
(0~45
μmol/mol,
CH3/CH2)
氧烷基碳 O-alkyl C (%)芳香碳 (%)
Aromatic C
(110~160
μmol/mol,
Aromatic
C=O/Aryl)
羰基碳 (%)
Carbonyl C
(160~220
μmol/mol,
COO/NC=O)
AL/OAAL/AR
45~60
μmol/mol,
OCH3/NCH
60~95
μmol/mol,
Carbohydrate
95~110
μmol/mol,
O—C—O
合计
Total
M(c)POM−S14.79.836.212.258.38.818.10.38.3
+0.5S20.39.235.010.054.26.818.30.411.0
+S19.87.037.311.655.97.217.10.410.6
M-MOM−S49.07.424.48.039.83.18.01.228.6
+0.5S30.26.527.111.545.15.918.70.712.7
+S32.18.06.626.140.87.119.90.712.4
mM-POM−S24.85.233.98.547.65.022.60.514.5
+0.5S25.06.933.49.950.26.518.20.511.5
+S15.97.238.512.147.88.118.20.39.2
mM-MOM−S42.733.133.124.21.3
+0.5S42.534.634.622.91.2
+S40.239.739.720.11.0
), ArticleFig(id=1284574902686560904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Correlation between organic carbon and exchangeable potassium contents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大团聚体组分
Macro-aggregate
线性方程
Linear equation
R2P
M(c)POMy=6.4x−49.90.7964<0.001
M-MOMy=−4.2x+172.40.02070.712
M(f)POMy=1.6x+57.70.02870.602
mM-POMy=−1.3x+53.90.06350.542
mM-MOMy=−0.45x+113.70.00340.490
), ArticleFig(id=1284574902749475465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840259964276757, articleId=1284574893446509094, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

有机碳与交换性钾含量间的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
大团聚体组分
Macro-aggregate
线性方程
Linear equation
R2P
M(c)POMy=6.4x−49.90.7964<0.001
M-MOMy=−4.2x+172.40.02070.712
M(f)POMy=1.6x+57.70.02870.602
mM-POMy=−1.3x+53.90.06350.542
mM-MOMy=−0.45x+113.70.00340.490
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提高秸秆还田量促进稻麦轮作土壤大团聚体形成协调土壤交换性钾的固存与释放
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张健 1, 2 , 朱丹丹 1, * , 张志毅 1 , 张富林 1 , 李俊 1, 3 , 刘敦蓉 4 , 黄传琴 2 , 谭文峰 2 , 刘冬碧 2
植物营养与肥料学报 | 研究论文 2026,32(5): 1054-1065
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植物营养与肥料学报 |研究论文 2026 , 32 (5) : 1054 -1065
提高秸秆还田量促进稻麦轮作土壤大团聚体形成协调土壤交换性钾的固存与释放
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张健1, 2 , 朱丹丹1, * , 张志毅1, 张富林1, 李俊1, 3, 刘敦蓉4, 黄传琴2, 谭文峰2, 刘冬碧2
作者信息
  • 1湖北省农业科学院植保土肥研究所,湖北武汉430064
  • 2华中农业大学资源与环境学院,湖北武汉430064
  • 3长江大学农学院,湖北荆州434025
  • 4长江大学生命科学学院,湖北荆州434025
通讯作者:
* 朱丹丹 E-mail:
作者简介:
Increasing straw return promotes macroaggregate formation and coordinates the retention and release of exchangeable potassium in rice-wheat rotation soils
Jian ZHANG1, 2 , Dan-dan ZHU1, * , Zhi-yi ZHANG1, Fu-lin ZHANG1, Jun LI1, 3, Dun-rong LIU4, Chuan-qin HUANG2, Wen-feng TAN2, Dong-bi LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
  • 2College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
  • 3College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
  • 4College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025340
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目的

探讨长期秸秆还田对土壤大团聚体分布、大团聚体中交换性钾分配及其与有机碳含量间的耦合机制。

方法

本研究基于湖北省潜江市水稻−小麦轮作18年的长期定位试验,选取CK (不施化肥,秸秆不还田),−S (秸秆不还田),+0.5S (秸秆半量还田),+S (秸秆全量还田) 4个处理,于2023年9月采集土壤样品,通过团聚体密度分级、交换性钾含量及有机碳含量分析,结合固态13C核磁共振技术,揭示秸秆还田对土壤大团聚体分布特征及交换性钾分配的影响。

结果

1)与CK和−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理显著提高了>0.25 mm团聚体组分的比例。在大团聚体组分中,与−S相比,+S处理大团聚体中惰性碳结合组分M(c)POM的比例提高了21.9%,缓性碳结合组分M-MOM比例显著降低了55.4%;2)长期秸秆还田条件下,>0.25 mm团聚体组分交换性钾含量显著提高,主要源于M(c)POM、M-MOM组分中交换性钾含量的提升。>0.25 mm团聚体组分交换性钾库得到显著提高。相较于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理下,>2 mm团聚体交换性钾库分别增加了111.1%和242.4%,且大团聚体钾库的增加主要源于M(c)POM组分钾库的提高;3)长期秸秆还田条件下,相比于−S,+0.5S和+S处理下>2 mm团聚体组分有机碳含量分别增加了17.6%和46.5%,有机碳库分别增加了55.4%和87.8%,且其提升主要源于对M(c)POM组分的提升。相较于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理分别使大团聚体中M(c)POM组分烷基碳含量分别增加了38.1%和34.7%,芳香碳含量分别下降了22.7%和18.2%,烷基碳类活性有机碳的增加,可吸附更多的交换性钾,提高土壤钾素有效性;4) M(c)POM组分中有机碳与交换性钾含量呈极显著正相关,表明秸秆还田通过促进M(c)POM累积,协同提升了土壤碳固存与钾素供应能力。

结论

长期秸秆还田显著提高土壤>0.25 mm大团聚体比例及其钾储量和碳储量,M(c)POM组分是影响土壤钾素有效性的关键组分,秸秆还田促进M(c)POM组分有机碳累积,通过“吸附—络合—团聚体固持”等过程调控钾素的固存与释放,有效提升了土壤钾素供应能力。随着秸秆还田量的提高,土壤钾素供应能力的提升更为显著,即有机碳的输入量直接影响秸秆还田调控钾的效应。因此,秸秆还田量可通过促进土壤大团聚体形成,协调土壤交换性钾的固存与释放。

秸秆还田  /  土壤团聚体  /  密度分级  /  交换性钾  /  有机碳
Objectives

This study investigated the effects of long-term straw return on changes in exchangeable potassium (K) content within different fractions of soil macro-aggregates and its coupling mechanism with organic carbon content.

Methods

This study was based on an 18-year long-term experiment of rice-wheat rotation in Qianjiang City, Hubei Province. Four treatments were selected: CK (no chemical fertilizer, no straw return), −S (no straw return), +0.5S (50% straw return), and +S (100% straw return). Soil samples collected in September 2023 were analyzed through aggregate density fractionation, exchangeable potassium content, and organic carbon content analyses. Combined with solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the research revealed the effects of straw return on the distribution characteristics of soil macroaggregates and exchangeable potassium allocation.

Results

1) Compared to CK and −S, long-term straw return significantly increased the proportion of >0.25 mm aggregate fractions. Within macroaggregate fractions, the proportion of M(c)POM under +S treatment increased by 21.9%, while that of M-MOM decreased significantly by 55.4% relative to −S. 2) Under long-term straw incorporation, exchangeable potassium content in >0.25 mm aggregates significantly increased, primarily attributable to elevated levels in the M(c)POM and M-MOM fractions. The exchangeable potassium pool in >0.25 mm aggregates was significantly enhanced. Compared with the −S treatment, the exchangeable potassium pool in >2 mm aggregates increased by 111.1% and 242.4% under +0.5S and +S treatments, respectively, with the augmentation primarily originating from the M(c)POM fraction. 3) Under long-term straw return conditions, compared to the −S treatment, the organic carbon content in the >2 mm aggregate fraction increased by 17.6% and 46.5% under the +0.5S and +S treatments, respectively, while the organic carbon pool increased by 55.4% and 87.8%, respectively. This improvement was primarily attributed to the enhancement of the M(c)POM fraction. Compared to the −S treatment, the +0.5S and +S treatments increased the alkyl carbon content in the M(c)POM fraction of macroaggregates by 38.1% and 34.7%, respectively, while the aromatic carbon content decreased by 22.7% and 18.2%, respectively. The increase in alkyl carbon, a type of active organic carbon, can adsorb more exchangeable potassium, thereby improving soil potassium availability. 4) Correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant positive relationship between organic carbon and exchangeable potassium content in M(c)POM, indicating that straw return synergistically enhanced soil carbon sequestration and potassium supply by promoting M(c)POM accumulation.

Conclusions

Long-term straw incorporation significantly increases the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), as well as their potassium and carbon reserves. The M(c)POM (macro-organic matter within macroaggregates or coarse particulate organic matter) component emerged as a key factor influencing soil potassium availability. Straw incorporation promoted the accumulation of organic carbon in the M(c)POM fraction, regulating potassium retention and release through processes such as “adsorption–complexation−aggregate stabilization”, thereby effectively enhancing the soil’s potassium supply capacity. As the amount of straw incorporated increased, the improvement in soil potassium supply capacity became more pronounced, indicating that the input of organic carbon directly influences the effectiveness of straw incorporation in regulating potassium. Therefore, the amount of straw incorporated can facilitate the formation of soil macroaggregates and coordinate the retention and release of exchangeable potassium in soil.

straw incorporation  /  soil aggregate  /  density fractionation  /  exchangeable potassium  /  organic carbon
张健, 朱丹丹, 张志毅, 张富林, 李俊, 刘敦蓉, 黄传琴, 谭文峰, 刘冬碧. 提高秸秆还田量促进稻麦轮作土壤大团聚体形成协调土壤交换性钾的固存与释放. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1054 -1065 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025340
Jian ZHANG, Dan-dan ZHU, Zhi-yi ZHANG, Fu-lin ZHANG, Jun LI, Dun-rong LIU, Chuan-qin HUANG, Wen-feng TAN, Dong-bi LIU. Increasing straw return promotes macroaggregate formation and coordinates the retention and release of exchangeable potassium in rice-wheat rotation soils[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2026 , 32 (5) : 1054 -1065 . DOI: 10.11674/zwyf.2025340
土壤团聚体作为土壤结构的基本单元[1],其组成与稳定性不仅直接影响土壤的通气性、透水性和保水性等物理性质,对土壤肥力的保持和养分循环也起着关键的调控作用,是评价土壤质量的重要指标[2]。交换性钾作为土壤中速效钾的主要存在形式,其在团聚体中的分配与转化,决定了钾素的有效性和生物可利用性。而有机碳作为土壤肥力的重要组成部分,深刻影响了土壤养分的转化、储存和供应,进而对土壤钾素有效性产生深远影响[3]
稻麦轮作是我国重要的粮食生产模式,在保障区域粮食供给中发挥着不可替代的作用[4]。然而长期高强度的集约化耕作导致土壤养分库持续消耗,养分失衡问题日益凸显[5]。在长江中下游典型稻麦轮作区,雨热同季、干湿交替进一步削弱了土壤的钾素供应潜力[6]。前人[7]研究表明,该地区土壤有机碳含量约为12.4 g/kg,土壤速效钾含量平均为135 mg/kg,分别约76.5%和37.4%的土壤处于有机碳和钾素亏缺状态。在稻麦轮作系统中,补充有机碳与钾素养分,是提升作物产量、维持土壤生产力的关键。
秸秆还田作为一种兼具生态效益与经济效益的可持续农业管理技术,可通过增加土壤有机碳输入量,显著改善土壤团聚体结构稳定性,并促进土壤−作物系统内的养分循环过程[813]。作物秸秆本身是优质的钾素储备资源,其还田后可有效提升土壤钾素储量及有效供应能力。研究表明,我国2015年主要农作物秸秆资源量为71878.5万t,所含的钾(K2O)养分资源总量可达1159.5万t[14]。且秸秆还田后,水稻和小麦秸秆钾的当季释放率分别可达85.0%和90.0%[15]
已有研究表明,秸秆还田可以有效提高>0.25 mm团聚体比例及其有机碳含量,提升土壤供钾能力。有机碳对于土壤养分的转化供应具有深刻意义。明确土壤有机碳对秸秆还田的响应及其促进团聚体交换性钾增加的化学机制,对深入理解秸秆还田条件下土壤肥力的提升具有重要意义。本研究借助长期定位试验,聚焦秸秆还田后土壤团聚体钾的分配,通过团聚体−密度联合分组法探讨不同团聚体交换性钾含量的差异,结合不同粒径团聚体中有机碳的含量和结构分析,揭示秸秆还田后土壤不同粒级团聚体的供钾特征及大团聚体中有机碳与交换性钾含量间的关系,为稻麦种植区秸秆循环利用提供科学指导和理论依据。
试验区位于湖北省潜江市浩口镇柳州村(30°22′55.1″N,112°37′15.4″E)。该区域属江汉平原,北亚热带季风湿润气候区,年均降雨量1100 mm,年均气温16.1℃,无霜期246天,土壤类型为冲积物发育而成的潮土性水稻土(均壤质潮泥田)。试验开始时(2005年) 0—20 cm土层基本理化性状为:pH 7.1、有机碳11.9 g/kg、全氮1.5 g/kg、有效磷19.2 mg/kg、速效钾80.8 mg/kg、碱解氮121 mg/kg、容重1.2 g/cm3
田间定位试验始于2005年,种植制度为水稻−小麦轮作,包括4个处理,分别为:1) 不施肥,秸秆不还田(CK);2) 秸秆不还田,只施化肥,N−P2O5−K2O水稻150−90−90,小麦120−75−60 kg/hm2 (−S);3) 秸秆半量还田,NPK用量同−S (+0.5S);4) 秸秆全量还田,NPK用量同−S (+S)。每个处理3次重复,每个小区面积为20 m2。水稻、小麦两季均为氮肥60%做基肥,40%做追肥,磷肥、钾肥均作为底肥一次施用。供试小麦品种为‘郑麦9023’,水稻品种为‘广两优香5’。肥料品种氮肥为尿素(N 46%),磷肥为过磷酸钙(P2O5 12%),钾肥为氯化钾(K2O 60%)。半量和全量秸秆还田量分别为3000和6000 kg/hm2。还田秸秆的有机碳含量平均值为42.3%,秸秆钾含量平均值为1.8%。
于2023年9月采集0—20 cm原状土壤样品,每个小区随机采集5个点约1 kg原状土壤样品,挑出肉眼可见的根系后风干,用于团聚体分级。
土壤团聚体分级采用干−湿筛法进行[16]。详细过程如下:2、0.25和0.053 mm套筛叠在一起,将一定质量风干土样通过套筛,分别称重并计算出各级干筛团聚体占土壤总量百分比,并按干筛的比例配成一定量的风干土样。随后,将100 g按比例配置的干土置于套筛上,在去离子水中浸泡5 min后,利用团聚体结构分析仪在垂直方向上振荡10 min,振荡频率为10 次/min。随后,分别收集>2、2~0.25、0.25~0.053和<0.053 mm粒级团聚体,将其转移到表面皿中,50℃烘干后测定其质量。通过评估不同粒级组分的权重来衡量团聚体的分布。所有粒级团聚体磨碎过2和0.149 mm筛用作其他测试分析。
平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)用下列公式计算[1718]
$ {\mathrm{MWD}}=\sum_{{i}=1}^{{{n}}}({{W_i}}\times {{X_i}})/\left({\sum_{{{i}}=1}^{{{n}}}{{W_i}}}\right) $
$ {\mathrm{GMD}}=\exp \left[\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{{{i}}=1}^{{{n}}}{{W_i}}\times \ln \left({{X_i}}\right)}{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{{{i}}=1}^{{n}}{{W_i}}}\right] $
式中:MWD表示土壤平均重量直径(mm),GMD表示土壤几何平均直径(mm),Xi表示第i级团聚体组分中上下筛子的平均孔径(mm),Wi表示第i级团聚体组分的比例(%),n表示团聚体分级级数,i表示第几级团聚体。
团聚体不同活性有机碳分组[1921]:大团聚体在水中浸泡10 min后,转移至孔径为0.25和0.053 mm的往复式振动筛振荡(186 次/min)。在恒定流量的水中过0.25 mm筛后,残留在0.25和0.053 mm筛子上的物质分别是“大团聚体内微团聚体外的粗颗粒”[M(c)POM]和“大团聚体内的微团聚体”(mM),冲洗水中的物质是“大团聚体内的粉黏粒”(M-MOM)。将大团聚体内的微团聚体(mM)倒入1.7 g/cm3的NaI溶液中,离心分离到的轻组物质是“大团聚体内微团聚体外的细颗粒”[M(f)POM],将重组物质放在0.5 mol/L的六偏磷酸钠溶液中分散,然后过0.053 mm筛,留在筛子上的物质是“大团聚体内微团聚体内的粗颗粒”(mM-POM),冲洗水中的物质是“大团聚体内微团聚体内的细颗粒”(mM-MOM)。
土壤交换性钾含量采用1 mol/L的中性醋酸铵浸提,火焰光度法测定。土壤有机碳含量利用元素分析仪测定。土壤团聚体钾库(aggregate K pools)和碳库(aggregate C pools)用下列公式[22]计算:
$ \text{aggregate K pools (mg/kg)}=Wi\times Ki $
$ \text{aggregate C pools (g/kg)}=Wi\times Ci $
式中:Wi表示第i级团聚体组分的比例(%),Ki表示第i级团聚体组分交换性钾含量,Ci表示第i级团聚体组分有机碳含量。
采用固态13C核磁共振技术分析土壤有机碳的组成[22]。根据团聚体质量比,将>0.25 mm团聚体制成混合样,测定了>0.25、0.25~0.053和<0.053 mm土壤团聚体碳组成。土样预处理如下:称取3 g土样,加入30 mL、10%的氢氟酸(HF)溶液。在25℃下以120 r/min振荡1 h,随后离心去除上清液,该步骤重复4次。随后,再加入30 mL、10% HF溶液,在25℃下以120 r/min分别振荡12和24 h,离心后丢弃上清液。残渣用去离子水洗涤8次后冷冻干燥,磨细后用于NMR分析。固态13C核磁共振频率为100.4 MHz,转子附加频率为6.0 kHz。采用放大振幅交叉偏振脉冲序列获得光谱,采集时间为10 ms,循环延迟为0.5 s,接触时间为1 ms。根据不同化学位移区域的相对比例确定不同组分碳的相对含量。
团聚体13C核磁共振图谱的位移表征了有机碳的不同官能团[2325]。其中0~45 μmol/mol位移的区域是烷基碳,包含CH3和CH2,45~110 μmol/mol位移区域是氧烷基碳,包含OCH3和NCH (45~60 μmol/mol)、碳水化合物(60~95 μmol/mol)和O—C—O (95~110 μmol/mol),110~160和160~220 μmol/mol位移区域分别为芳香碳和羰基碳。
采用AL/OA和AL/AR来评估土壤有机碳的稳定性[AL/OA = alkyl C/O-alkyl C ratio; AL/AR = (alkyl C+O-alkyl C)/aromatic C ratio],AL/OA的比率通常用作指示原始植物的分解程度或有机碳的腐殖化程度,比值越高,说明有机碳越容易分解或腐殖化[26]
采用Microsoft Excel 2016软件对数据进行处理,用SPSS 27.0进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)检验处理间差异显著性(P<0.05为显著),采用Origin 2021进行制图。
不同试验处理间土壤团聚体的组成及比例具有显著差异(表1)。长期秸秆还田显著提高了土壤大团聚体(>2 mm)比例及土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),而<2 mm土壤团聚体组分比例显著降低。+0.5S和+S处理下>2 mm土壤团聚体组分的比例显著高于−S处理,而2~0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例则显著降低。与−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理>2 mm土壤团聚体组分比例分别提高了32.0%和61.7%,2~0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例分别降低了30.4%和33.1%。同时,相较于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理下MWD分别显著增加了18.5%和39.9%,GMD分别显著增加了28.9%和75.6%。
长期秸秆还田显著提高了土壤各级团聚体中的交换性钾含量(图1)。其中,+S处理下土壤交换性钾含量显著高于其他处理。相较于−S处理,+0.5S处理下>2、2~0.25、0.25~0.053以及<0.053 mm团聚体组分中的交换性钾含量分别提高了60.1%、35.5%、30.5%以及15.0%;+S处理下>2、2~0.25、0.25~0.053 以及<0.053 mm团聚体组分中交换性钾含量分别提高了112.0%、77.3%、59.6%和17.0%。
>0.25 mm团聚体交换性钾库占比最大,且在长期秸秆还田后>0.25 mm团聚体组分交换性钾库得到显著提高。相较于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理,>2 mm团聚体交换性钾库分别增加了111.1%和242.4%。而0.25~0.053和<0.053 mm团聚体组分的交换性钾库则有所下降。
长期秸秆还田显著提高了>2和0.25~0.053 mm团聚体组分中有机碳含量(图2)。与−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理下土壤有机碳含量在>2 mm团聚体分别增加了17.6%和46.5%,在0.25~0.053 mm团聚体分别增加了16.8%和20.4%,而2~0.25和<0.053 mm团聚体有机碳含量则相对较为稳定。总体来看,秸秆投入增加的碳优先聚集在>2 mm团聚体中。秸秆还田显著影响了土壤有机碳库,CK、−S、+0.5S和+S处理下土壤有机碳库分别为16.9、18.0、21.3和22.7 g/kg。各级团聚体中,不同处理条件之间>2 mm团聚体有机碳库表现出显著差异。相比于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理下>2 mm团聚体有机碳库分别增加了55.4%和87.8%。
通过团聚体密度联合分组法进一步对>0.25 mm团聚体组分进行分级,区分出与缓解性有机碳结合的组分M(c)POM、M(f)POM和mM-POM以及与惰性有机碳结合的组分mM-MOM和M-MOM,各组分占比见表2。长期秸秆还田显著影响了土壤大团聚体分布,提高了土壤中M(c)POM组分比例,减少了M-MOM组分比例,即缓解性有机碳组分比例增加,惰性有机碳组分比例降低。与−S相比,+S条件下M(c)POM组分提高了21.9%,M-MOM组分比例减少了55.4%。
长期秸秆还田显著提高了M(c)POM、M-MOM和M(f)POM组分中交换性钾含量(图3)。与−S处理相比,+0.5S处理下M(c)POM和M(f)POM组分中交换性钾含量分别增加了71.9%和16.6%;+S处理下M(c)POM、M-MOM和M(f)POM组分中交换性钾含量分别增加了105.9%、65.7%和77.7%。
大团聚体钾库随着秸秆还田量的增加显著增加。与−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理下大团聚体交换性钾库分别增加了38.0%和72.2%。且其增加主要源于M(c)POM组分交换性钾库的提高。具体来看,相较于−S,+0.5S和+S处理下M(c)POM组分交换性钾库分别增加了68.6%和153.3%。
长期秸秆还田显著提高了M(c)POM组分有机碳含量(图4)。与−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理下M(c)POM组分有机碳含量分别增加了33.7%和47.7%,其余各组分有机碳含量无显著差异。同时,相比于CK和−S,全量秸秆还田显著增加了M(c)POM组分有机碳库,减少了M-MOM组分有机碳库。与−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理下M(c)POM组分有机碳库分别增加了29.0%和79.0%。
通过对核磁共振图谱进行半定量分析(表3),发现不同功能性碳组分中氧烷基碳是最主要的组分,在M(c)POM、M-MOM、mM-POM和mM-MOM组分中占比分别为54.2%~58.3%、39.8%~45.1%、47.6%~57.8%和33.1%~39.7%,其次是烷基碳,芳香碳和羰基碳占比最低,仅占11.1%~27.6%。与−S处理相比,+0.5S和+S处理下M(c)POM组分中的烷基碳含量分别增加了38.1%和34.7%,若香碳含量分别下降了22.7%和18.2%,而M-MOM组分的烷基碳含量出现大幅下降。氧烷基碳的变化趋势与其相反。长期秸秆还田条件下,M-MOM组分的氧烷基碳含量有所增加,其中,以O—C—O (95~110 μmol/mol)的变化最为剧烈,相较于−S处理,+0.5S和+S处理下氧烷基碳含量分别增加了43.8%和226.2%。由此可见,长期秸秆还田条件下,M(c)POM组分中以烷基碳为代表的活性有机碳含量增加,而M-MOM和mM-POM组分中活性有机碳含量则有所下降。
数据结果表明在M(c)POM组分中,秸秆还田增加了AL/OA的比值,有机碳腐解程度更高,而在M-MOM、mM-POM和mM-MOM组分中秸秆还田降低了AL/OA的比值,表明秸秆还田下有机碳分解更缓慢。AL/AR用于预测有机碳化学组成的复杂性,一般而言,AL/AR比值越高,表明芳香族结构较少,缩合程度更低,分子结构更简单。在M(c)POM组分中,秸秆还田后有机碳分子结构趋于简单,而在M-MOM和mM-POM组分中,有机碳分子结构则趋于复杂。
图5可见,在5个大团聚体组分中的有机碳含量与交换性钾含量间存在线性相关关系。表4列出了5个组分的有机碳含量与交换性钾含量间的线性方程,M(c)POM组分的有机碳含量与交换性钾含量之间呈现显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其他几种组分的有机碳含量与交换性钾含量间无显著相关性。这表明,秸秆还田可以通过促进M(c)POM累积,协同提升土壤碳固存与钾素供应能力。
土壤团聚体对土壤肥力的保持和养分循环起着关键的调控作用,是评价土壤质量的重要指标。研究结果表明,长期秸秆还田能够显著改变土壤团聚体分布,其中>2 mm团聚体组分比例、MWD和GMD相较于不施肥和秸秆不还田均有显著提高,2~0.25 mm团聚体组分比例则显著下降。土壤MWD和GMD常用来衡量土壤团聚体结构的稳定性[27]。MWD和GMD的显著提高说明土壤团聚体结构得到显著改善,通过优化孔隙分布,改善了水分、养分、空气的协调运输[2829]。作物秸秆还田后,外源有机碳的输入提高了土壤有机碳含量,增加了土壤中的胶结物质,有利于促进大团聚体的形成[30]。同时,秸秆还田为土壤微生物提供了更多的营养物质,增强了微生物的活性,促进微生物菌丝的形成,进而促进大团聚体形成[31]。这与前人[3132]的研究结果一致。在大团聚体组分中,M(c)POM组分比例的提高最为显著。对大团聚体各组分进行固态13C核磁共振图谱分析,结果发现在长期秸秆还田条件下,M(c)POM组分中AL/OA的比值有所提高,表明有机质腐解程度提高[26];而M-MOM、mM-POM和mM-MOM组分中AL/OA的比值有所下降,表明有机质腐解速度降低。一方面,有机质腐解过程中产生的胶结物质有利于微团聚体胶结成大团聚体;另一方面,有机质腐解产生的营养物质促进了微生物的活性,进而促进大团聚体的形成。
交换性钾作为植物可直接吸收的钾形态,对作物正常生长、产量形成和抗逆性至关重要,是评价土壤供钾能力的核心指标。长期秸秆还田条件下,各粒级土壤团聚体中交换性钾含量均有显著提升。作物秸秆中含有大量的钾素养分,秸秆钾约占秸秆干物质量的1.5%[33],秸秆钾的投入直接增加了土壤中的钾含量。此外,秸秆腐解过程中产生的腐殖质为钾离子提供更多的吸附点位,加强了土壤对钾离子的吸持,进而导致土壤中交换性钾的增加[22]。同时,秸秆还田后土壤大团聚体的比例增加,稳定性增强,土壤的结构有所改善,减少了团聚体各组分中的钾素淋溶[34]。进一步研究发现,在土壤大团聚体中,M(c)POM、M-MOM和M(f)POM组分中交换性钾含量显著提高,其中,又以M(c)POM组分中的交换性钾含量提高效果最为显著。由于团聚体结构的改善,土壤大团聚体钾库也得到了显著提高,且其增加也主要源于M(c)POM组分钾库的提高。因此,我们推测,在大团聚体中,秸秆还田主要是通过增加M(c)POM组分中的交换性钾含量来提高钾素有效性。
有机碳作为土壤肥力的重要组成部分,对土壤养分的转化、储存和供应具有深刻影响。长期秸秆还田条件下,>2 mm团聚体组分有机碳含量和有机碳库显著增加,且秸秆全量还田的提升效果相较于半量还田要更为显著,即碳投入量的增加会促进大团聚体组分中有机碳含量的增加。已有研究表明,秸秆还田增加了土壤及各团聚体中有机碳及其组分含量,进一步提高了土壤腐殖化程度,且随着秸秆还田量的增加,提升幅度增大[35]。秸秆还田后,土壤大团聚体比例增加。团聚体发育模型理论中提到,大团聚体结构能够对有机碳起到更好的物理保护作用[36]。同时,大团聚体形成的闭蓄态环境在一定程度上隔离了营养富集区与微生物聚集区,从而能够减少有机碳的矿化[37]。在大团聚体组分中,以M(c)POM组分中有机碳含量和碳库的提升最为显著。结合固态13C核磁共振图谱分析,我们发现在M(c)POM组分,秸秆还田使其烷基碳含量增加,芳香碳含量下降。烷基碳在土壤有机碳中为相对稳定的存在,能够减缓水解酶对有机质中活性物质的降解,从而提高土壤有机碳的稳定性[38]。这可能是M(c)POM组分中有机碳含量和碳库的提升最为显著的原因之一。除此之外,AL/OA和AL/AR比值的增加,表明M(c)POM组分中的有机碳结构变得更为简单,且腐殖化程度更高[26],这也有利于加速该组分有机碳的循环与周转。
相关分析表明,M(c)POM组分的有机碳含量与交换性钾含量之间存在极显著的正相关关系(表4),这说明秸秆还田通过促进M(c)POM累积,协同提升土壤碳固存与钾素供应能力。其原因是外源加入的有机碳可以促进土壤中类芽孢杆菌、纤维菌等解钾微生物的活性[39],促进矿物态钾和非交换性钾向交换性钾的转换[40],同时有机碳对土壤中钾离子的吸附与络合减少钾素的淋溶损失[30]。固态13C核磁共振图谱结果表明,M(c)POM组分氧烷基碳占比最高,烷基碳其次。以烷基碳和氧烷基碳为代表的活性有机碳周转速率快,能够直接参与土壤中的生化转化过程,可以有效驱动土壤养分循环[4142]。秸秆还田增加了M(c)POM组分中烷基碳的积累,更有利于吸附保持K+等带正电荷的养分离子[43],而且活性有机碳作为优秀的胶结物质,更有利于团聚体的形成,提高土壤的保肥能力[44]。因此,在稻麦轮作种植区,适当提高秸秆还田量不仅可以直接提升土壤供钾能力,还可以提高土壤活性有机碳输入量,协同促进钾素的供应。然而,本研究主要聚焦于团聚体中交换性钾的变化,未来应该进一步加强对非交换性钾、矿物钾等其他形态钾的转化机制的研究,探究秸秆还田如何影响不同形态钾的释放。
长期秸秆还田能够显著提高土壤中>2 mm团聚体的占比,提升>2 mm和0.25~0.053 mm团聚体组分中有机碳含量,提升各粒级团聚体中交换性钾含量、交换性钾库和有机碳库。在大团聚体各组分中,M(c)POM组分是影响土壤钾素有效性的关键组分,其中以烷基碳和氧烷基碳为主的活性碳通过“吸附—络合—团聚体固持”调控钾素的固持与释放,提升了土壤钾素供应能力。随着秸秆还田量的提高,土壤钾素供应能力的提升更为显著,即有机碳的输入量直接影响着秸秆还田调控钾的效应,因此,秸秆还田量可通过促进土壤大团聚体形成,协调土壤交换性钾的固存与释放。

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2026年第32卷第5期
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doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2025340
  • 接收时间:2025-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-29
  • 录用日期:2025-08-27
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    1湖北省农业科学院植保土肥研究所,湖北武汉430064
    2华中农业大学资源与环境学院,湖北武汉430064
    3长江大学农学院,湖北荆州434025
    4长江大学生命科学学院,湖北荆州434025

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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