Article(id=1307047647630610965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, issueId=1307047621932118339, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.04.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1771603200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789554042966, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789554042966, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789554042966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789554042966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307047621932118339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, year='2026', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='579', pageEnd='776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789554036839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789612094769, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307291134812775258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, issueId=1307047621932118339, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307291134812775259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, issueId=1307047621932118339, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=613, endPage=625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307047647899046422, articleId=1307047647630610965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, language=EN, title=Coordinated Adaptation Mechanism of Hydraulic Safety and Thermal Tolerance in Five Tamarix Species, columnId=1307047624373195125, journalTitle=Bulletin of Botanical Research, columnName=Original Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The increasing frequency of drought and heatwaves due to global climate change poses a severe threat to desert vegetation. However,the mechanisms by which desert shrubs coordinate hydraulic safety and thermal-tolerance to cope with compound drought-heat stress remain unclear. Five sympatric Tamarix species in the arid region of Northwest China were investigated in this study. By combining 24 h field measurements of gas exchange parameters and leaf water potential with the determinations of physiological traits(xylem embolism vulnerability(P50),turgor loss point(Ψtlp),and semi-lethal high temperature(LT50)),we systematically evaluated their adaptive strategies. The results showed that:(1)There was significant interspecific differentiation in drought and heat resistance among the five species. Tamarix hispida exhibited the strongest embolism resistance(P50=-2.20 MPa) and thermal tolerance(LT50=66.5 ℃),while T. hohenackeri showed the highest gas exchange rates but the weakest resistance. (2)Thermal tolerance(LT50) was significantly negatively correlated with embolism resistance(P50) and significantly positively correlated hydraulic safety margins(HSM),confirming a high degree of coordinated adaptation rather than a trade-off between hydraulic safety and thermal tolerance in desert plants. (3)Principal Component Analysis(PC1 explained 92.4%) revealed a continuous spectrum of adaptive strategies:ranging from an “Acquisitive-Cooling” strategy represented by T.hohenackeri,to a “Conservative-Tolerance” strategy represented by T.hispida. This study reveals niche differentiation mechanisms based on hydraulic-thermal coupling and highlights the importance of prioritizing species with “Conservative-Tolerance” strategies for vegetation restoration under future hotter and drier climate scenarios.

, authors=Xiaoke HU1, Chenglin YUAN2, 3, *, Xiaona QIU1, Zhaokang AN2, 3, Na LI2, Fanglin WANG1, authorsList=Xiaoke HU, Chenglin YUAN, Xiaona QIU, Zhaokang AN, Na LI, Fanglin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chenglin YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307047653045457443, articleId=1307047647630610965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, language=CN, title=五种柽柳属植物水力安全与热耐受性的协同适应机制, columnId=1307047624519995767, journalTitle=植物研究, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全球气候变化导致的干旱与热浪频发,严重威胁着荒漠植物的生存。然而,关于荒漠灌木如何协调水力安全与热耐受性以应对水热复合胁迫机制尚不清楚。本研究以中国西北干旱区同域分布的5种柽柳属(Tamarix)植物为对象,采用野外测定与采样方法获取了气体交换参数与叶片水势的日动态;测定了木质部栓塞脆弱性(P50)、膨压丧失点(Ψtlp)、高温半致死温度(LT50),系统评估了不同物种的适应策略。结果表明:(1)5种柽柳在抗旱性与抗热性上表现出显著的种间分化。刚毛柽柳(T. hispida)表现出最强的抗栓塞能力(P50=-2.20 MPa)和热耐受性(LT50=66.5 ℃),而多花柽柳(T. hohenackeri)则表现出最高的气体交换速率和最弱的抗性。(2)LT50与P50呈极显著负相关,与水力安全边界呈极显著正相关。证实了荒漠植物在水力安全与热耐受性上存在高度的协同适应,而非功能权衡。(3)主成分分析(PC1解释度92.4%)揭示了柽柳属植物中存在一个连续的适应策略谱系:从以多花柽柳为代表的“高消耗-避热”策略,到以刚毛柽柳为代表的“高安全-耐受”策略。本研究揭示了基于水力-热力耦合的生态位分化机制,强调了在未来更加干热的气候情景下,应优先选择具备“高安全-耐受”策略的物种进行植被恢复。

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胡小柯(1983—),女,高级工程师,主要从事植物生理生态研究。

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Email:。
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Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2025,227:110091., articleTitle=Multi-dimensional adaptation strategies of a desert shrub seedling to drought gradient:integrated physiological,anatomical and hydraulic adjustments in Reaumuria songarica, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307047653301309988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307047653309698597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, companyId=1307047653301309988, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Gansu Desert Control Research Institute,Lanzhou 730000), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307047653318087206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, companyId=1307047653301309988, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1甘肃省治沙研究所,兰州 730000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307047653393584679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307047653397778984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, companyId=1307047653393584679, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307047653406167593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, companyId=1307047653393584679, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳 110016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307047653481665066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307047653490053675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, companyId=1307047653481665066, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 101408), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307047653498442284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, companyId=1307047653481665066, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 101408)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307047657478836825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Monthly dynamics of air temperature and precipitation in the study area in 2025, figureFileSmall=+PwB6FopjEjGhO213XWlTw==, figureFileBig=3FyFbUbI07O1HzfGI0IMsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047657545945690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2025年研究区气温与降水的月动态, figureFileSmall=+PwB6FopjEjGhO213XWlTw==, figureFileBig=3FyFbUbI07O1HzfGI0IMsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047657722106459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Key hydraulic traits and hydraulic safety margins of five Tamarix species, figureFileSmall=1IvStR+8iu80uBapJ1nyYg==, figureFileBig=Ww4I7K/LL9Q8+t5EUn2U6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047657818575452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=CN, label=图2, caption=5种柽柳属植物的关键水力性状与水力安全边界

A.导水率丧失50%水势(P50);B.水力安全边界(HSM);C.饱和渗透势(Ψsat);D.膨压丧失点(Ψtlp)。数据均为平均值±标准误(n=6);不同小写字母表示物种间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=1IvStR+8iu80uBapJ1nyYg==, figureFileBig=Ww4I7K/LL9Q8+t5EUn2U6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047657885684317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Thermal tolerance,transpiration cooling capacity,and gas exchange parameters of five Tamarix species, figureFileSmall=JoS7BnqREwtGnBLSA/6ilw==, figureFileBig=AMXAMDXwmlWspUqKvpN7KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047657961181790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=CN, label=图3, caption=5种柽柳属植物的热耐受性、蒸腾降温能力及气体交换参数

A.高温半致死温度(LT50);B.最大净光合速率(Pn,max);C.最大气孔导度(Gs,max);D.最大蒸腾速率(Tr,max);E.最大蒸腾降温效果(∆Tmax)。除最大蒸腾降温效果外,数据均为平均值±标准误(n = 6);不同小写字母表示物种间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=JoS7BnqREwtGnBLSA/6ilw==, figureFileBig=AMXAMDXwmlWspUqKvpN7KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047658036679263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Diurnal dynamics of leaf gas exchange,water potential,and temperature traits in five Tamarix species, figureFileSmall=l/VbxHjItNQ+jxeHYsZniA==, figureFileBig=hOZBQWng54P/sVDQecMsFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047658095399520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=CN, label=图4, caption=典型晴天5种柽柳属植物叶片气体交换、水势及温度的日动态

A.气孔导度(Gs);B.叶水势(Ψleaf);C.叶片温度(Tleaf);D.叶温与大气温度差值(∆T);数据点代表6个生物学重复的平均值。

, figureFileSmall=l/VbxHjItNQ+jxeHYsZniA==, figureFileBig=hOZBQWng54P/sVDQecMsFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047658175091297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relationships between thermal tolerance and hydr-aulic traits across five Tamarix species, figureFileSmall=E27F80uto5ddhGOPSkrMWA==, figureFileBig=OGdGe3HZ7ikEcLnTgEdwDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047658250588770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=CN, label=图5, caption=5种柽柳属植物热耐受性与关键水力性状的相互关系

A.高温半致死温度(LT50)与导水率丧失50%水势(P50)线性回归;B.高温半致死温度与膨压丧失点(Ψtlp)的线性回归;C.高温半致死温度与水力安全边界(HSM)的线性回归。不同颜色的散点代表不同的柽柳物种,阴影区域代表95%置信区间。

, figureFileSmall=E27F80uto5ddhGOPSkrMWA==, figureFileBig=OGdGe3HZ7ikEcLnTgEdwDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047658317697635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Principal component analysis of physiological adaptive strategies in five Tamarix species based on hydraulic and thermal traits, figureFileSmall=oIP5g4TXd4pwNkX7uV2ARw==, figureFileBig=urW0ySYOS+WGT6BQAoHVUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047658389000804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于水力与热力性状的5种柽柳属植物生理适应策略主成分分析

箭头表示各生理指标的载荷方向与大小;不同颜色的散点代表不同柽柳物种。PC1和PC2分别解释了92.4%和4.9%的变异。

, figureFileSmall=oIP5g4TXd4pwNkX7uV2ARw==, figureFileBig=urW0ySYOS+WGT6BQAoHVUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307047658464498277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274139830583386, articleId=1307047647630610965, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Population characteristics of five Tamarix species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种
Species
株数
Plants
冠幅(东西向)
Crown width
(E-W)/m
冠幅(南北向)
Crown width
(N-S)/m
株高
Height/m
基径
Basal diameter/cm
枯枝率
Dead branch rate/%
死亡率
Mortality rate/%
多花柽柳
T.hohenackeri
151.78±0.02a1.50±0.04a1.71±0.03a3.30±0.03a45.97±0.89a20.00
长穗柽柳
T.elongata
131.70±0.03a1.37±0.03ab1.69±0.01ab3.08±0.03b39.79±0.56b15.38
多枝柽柳
T.ramosissima
131.57±0.03b1.45±0.04ab1.60±0.01c2.81±0.02c32.49±0.51c7.69
短穗柽柳
T.laxa
121.38±0.03c1.34±0.03b1.42±0.02d2.62±0.05d25.86±0.65d0
刚毛柽柳
T.hispida
121.43±0.03c1.34±0.02b1.61±0.02bc2.45±0.05e15.29±0.92e0
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五种柽柳的种群概况

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物种
Species
株数
Plants
冠幅(东西向)
Crown width
(E-W)/m
冠幅(南北向)
Crown width
(N-S)/m
株高
Height/m
基径
Basal diameter/cm
枯枝率
Dead branch rate/%
死亡率
Mortality rate/%
多花柽柳
T.hohenackeri
151.78±0.02a1.50±0.04a1.71±0.03a3.30±0.03a45.97±0.89a20.00
长穗柽柳
T.elongata
131.70±0.03a1.37±0.03ab1.69±0.01ab3.08±0.03b39.79±0.56b15.38
多枝柽柳
T.ramosissima
131.57±0.03b1.45±0.04ab1.60±0.01c2.81±0.02c32.49±0.51c7.69
短穗柽柳
T.laxa
121.38±0.03c1.34±0.03b1.42±0.02d2.62±0.05d25.86±0.65d0
刚毛柽柳
T.hispida
121.43±0.03c1.34±0.02b1.61±0.02bc2.45±0.05e15.29±0.92e0
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五种柽柳属植物水力安全与热耐受性的协同适应机制
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胡小柯 1 , 原成林 2, 3, * , 邱晓娜 1 , 安兆康 2, 3 , 李娜 2 , 王方琳 1
植物研究 | 研究论文 2026,46(4): 613-625
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植物研究 |研究论文 2026 , 46 (4) : 613 -625
五种柽柳属植物水力安全与热耐受性的协同适应机制
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胡小柯1, 原成林2, 3, * , 邱晓娜1, 安兆康2, 3, 李娜2, 王方琳1
作者信息
  • 1甘肃省治沙研究所,兰州 730000
  • 2中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳 110016
  • 3中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 101408
通讯作者:
作者简介:

胡小柯(1983—),女,高级工程师,主要从事植物生理生态研究。

Coordinated Adaptation Mechanism of Hydraulic Safety and Thermal Tolerance in Five Tamarix Species
Xiaoke HU1, Chenglin YUAN2, 3, * , Xiaona QIU1, Zhaokang AN2, 3, Na LI2, Fanglin WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Gansu Desert Control Research Institute,Lanzhou 730000
  • 2Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016
  • 3College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 101408
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.04.004
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全球气候变化导致的干旱与热浪频发,严重威胁着荒漠植物的生存。然而,关于荒漠灌木如何协调水力安全与热耐受性以应对水热复合胁迫机制尚不清楚。本研究以中国西北干旱区同域分布的5种柽柳属(Tamarix)植物为对象,采用野外测定与采样方法获取了气体交换参数与叶片水势的日动态;测定了木质部栓塞脆弱性(P50)、膨压丧失点(Ψtlp)、高温半致死温度(LT50),系统评估了不同物种的适应策略。结果表明:(1)5种柽柳在抗旱性与抗热性上表现出显著的种间分化。刚毛柽柳(T. hispida)表现出最强的抗栓塞能力(P50=-2.20 MPa)和热耐受性(LT50=66.5 ℃),而多花柽柳(T. hohenackeri)则表现出最高的气体交换速率和最弱的抗性。(2)LT50与P50呈极显著负相关,与水力安全边界呈极显著正相关。证实了荒漠植物在水力安全与热耐受性上存在高度的协同适应,而非功能权衡。(3)主成分分析(PC1解释度92.4%)揭示了柽柳属植物中存在一个连续的适应策略谱系:从以多花柽柳为代表的“高消耗-避热”策略,到以刚毛柽柳为代表的“高安全-耐受”策略。本研究揭示了基于水力-热力耦合的生态位分化机制,强调了在未来更加干热的气候情景下,应优先选择具备“高安全-耐受”策略的物种进行植被恢复。

柽柳属  /  水力安全边界  /  高温耐受性  /  木质部栓塞  /  协同适应  /  水热复合胁迫

The increasing frequency of drought and heatwaves due to global climate change poses a severe threat to desert vegetation. However,the mechanisms by which desert shrubs coordinate hydraulic safety and thermal-tolerance to cope with compound drought-heat stress remain unclear. Five sympatric Tamarix species in the arid region of Northwest China were investigated in this study. By combining 24 h field measurements of gas exchange parameters and leaf water potential with the determinations of physiological traits(xylem embolism vulnerability(P50),turgor loss point(Ψtlp),and semi-lethal high temperature(LT50)),we systematically evaluated their adaptive strategies. The results showed that:(1)There was significant interspecific differentiation in drought and heat resistance among the five species. Tamarix hispida exhibited the strongest embolism resistance(P50=-2.20 MPa) and thermal tolerance(LT50=66.5 ℃),while T. hohenackeri showed the highest gas exchange rates but the weakest resistance. (2)Thermal tolerance(LT50) was significantly negatively correlated with embolism resistance(P50) and significantly positively correlated hydraulic safety margins(HSM),confirming a high degree of coordinated adaptation rather than a trade-off between hydraulic safety and thermal tolerance in desert plants. (3)Principal Component Analysis(PC1 explained 92.4%) revealed a continuous spectrum of adaptive strategies:ranging from an “Acquisitive-Cooling” strategy represented by T.hohenackeri,to a “Conservative-Tolerance” strategy represented by T.hispida. This study reveals niche differentiation mechanisms based on hydraulic-thermal coupling and highlights the importance of prioritizing species with “Conservative-Tolerance” strategies for vegetation restoration under future hotter and drier climate scenarios.

Tamarix  /  hydraulic safety margin  /  thermal tolerance  /  xylem embolism  /  coordinated adaptation  /  compound drought-heat stress
胡小柯, 原成林, 邱晓娜, 安兆康, 李娜, 王方琳. 五种柽柳属植物水力安全与热耐受性的协同适应机制. 植物研究, 2026 , 46 (4) : 613 -625 . DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.04.004
Xiaoke HU, Chenglin YUAN, Xiaona QIU, Zhaokang AN, Na LI, Fanglin WANG. Coordinated Adaptation Mechanism of Hydraulic Safety and Thermal Tolerance in Five Tamarix Species[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2026 , 46 (4) : 613 -625 . DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.04.004
全球气候变化导致极端天气事件变得更加频繁,强度不断加剧,特别是干旱与高温热浪的并发,已成为威胁全球陆地生态系统稳定性的主要因素[1-2]。在干旱区,水分匮乏通常伴随着极端高温,这种“水热双重胁迫”对植物的生理功能和生存极限构成了严峻挑战[3-6]。荒漠植物作为生态系统的关键组分,其应对极端环境的适应策略不仅决定了自身的存亡,也直接影响着区域生态系统的结构与功能[7]。因此,深入揭示荒漠植物在水热复合胁迫下的生理适应机制,是预测未来气候情景下植被动态及指导生态修复的关键。
水分传输系统的安全性是限制植物在干旱生境中生存的首要因子。根据内聚力-张力理论(cohesion-tension theory),土壤干旱会导致植物木质部张力增加。当负压超过临界阈值时,气泡会进入导管引起空穴化和栓塞(embolism),阻断水分运输,最终导致植物因水力失效(hydraulic failure)而死亡[8-9]。导水率丧失50%时的水势(water potential at 50% loss of conductivity,P50)被公认为评价植物抗栓塞能力的核心指标。此外,植物在自然生境中的实际水势与木质部发生栓塞的水势阈值(P50)之间的差值,即水力安全边界(hydraulic safety margin,HSM),更能准确反映植物在特定环境下的水力风险程度。水力安全边界可根据研究目的,采用植物实际运行水势与不同关键生理阈值之间的距离进行表征。本研究关注植物实际正午水势距离膨压丧失阈值的安全程度,因此采用基于膨压丧失点的水力安全边界进行评价[10]。然而,传统的抗旱研究往往侧重于单一的水分维度,而忽视了高温在加速水力失效中的催化作用。在高温环境下,植物面临着蒸腾降温与水分保持之间的生理权衡[11-12]。叶片气孔的开放虽然能维持光合作用并通过蒸腾带走热量,从而避免叶片过热灼伤,但这会加速植物体内水分消耗,增加木质部栓塞的风险[13]。反之,如果植物为了保水而关闭气孔,虽然降低了水力风险,但叶温会迅速升高并可能超过细胞膜热稳定性的阈值——高温半致死温度(semi-lethal high temperature,LT50),导致光合机构受损甚至叶片坏死[14]。因此,植物必须在维持水力安全和避免热损伤之间寻求某种平衡[15]。
目前,关于植物抗旱性与耐热性在进化上是否存在协同或权衡关系,学界尚无明确的定论。一些研究[12,15-16]表明,适应干旱环境的性状可能同时赋予植物更高的热耐受性。例如,Mitchell等[12]对3个温带生物群落(荒漠、森林和灌木林)的21种木本植物研究发现,叶片膨压丧失点与热耐受性显著相关;Wang等[15]在对比强烈的水热生境(干热河谷与湿润常绿阔叶林)中,对58种木本植物(涵盖常绿与落叶物种)的研究也证实,叶片经济性状与植物的抗旱、耐热能力紧密相关。而另一些观点[16-17]则认为,为了维持高蒸腾降温,植物可能需要牺牲一定的水力安全性,采取更加冒险的水分利用策略。近年来,针对干旱区灌木的最新研究进一步指出,植物的蒸腾降温能力与热耐受性在不同的气孔调节谱系上存在显著差异[17],且在极端热浪下,部分荒漠植物会优先保障水力完整性而放弃蒸腾降温[18]。尽管如此,目前关于植物水力与热力性状关系的研究多聚焦于跨气候带或跨功能群的广域比较,而对于极端干旱生境下同域分布的近缘物种如何通过微进化层面的水热耦合性状分化来实现共存,仍是一个亟待填补的知识空白。
柽柳属(Tamarix)植物是欧亚大陆荒漠广泛分布的优势灌木或小乔木,具有极强的耐旱、耐盐和耐高温特性,是干旱区生态修复的先锋物种[19-21]。在自然生境中,同域分布的柽柳物种往往占据不同的微生境,这暗示它们可能进化出了差异化的生理适应策略[22-23]。然而,现有研究多关注其单一的抗旱[19-20]、耐热[22-23]或抗盐[21]机制,缺乏从“水力-热力耦合”的视角,系统解析不同柽柳物种如何协调木质部抗栓塞能力、气孔调节行为与叶片热耐受性,以实现同域共存。鉴于此,本研究旨在揭示荒漠木本植物应对水热复合胁迫的综合适应机制,为全球变化背景下干旱区植被的保护与恢复提供理论依据。
研究区位于巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘(38°34′N,102°59′E,海拔1 376 m)甘肃省武威市民勤沙漠—绿洲区域,属温带大陆性干旱气候区,其特征是降水稀少(年均降水量113.2 mm)、蒸发强烈(年均蒸发量2 604.3 mm)且气候干燥。年均气温为7.7 ℃,年日照时间为2 799.4 h。本研究开展期间的气温与降水月动态如图1所示。2025年夏季(6—8月)气温较高,且降水分配不均;冬季盛行西北风,主要出现在2—5月,平均风速为2.5 m·s-1,该地区是中国沙尘暴的重要策源地之一。现有植被包括天然植被和人工植被,优势灌木种类有梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)及多枝柽柳(T.ramosissima)等。土壤类型主要为灰棕漠土、盐渍土、草甸土和风沙土,地貌类型以固定和半固定沙丘为主。
在研究区域内,选取地势平坦、生境均一且5种柽柳同域共存的典型地段,设置一个30 m×30 m的固定样地。本研究选择多花柽柳(T. hohenackeri)、长穗柽柳(T. elongata)、多枝柽柳、短穗柽柳(T. laxa)、刚毛柽柳(T. hispida)这5种同属植物作为研究对象,主要基于其在极端干旱区呈现难得的同域混生状态。这种特性使得该样地可被视为一个“天然同质园”,从而严格剔除土壤理化性质、降水等生境异质性对种间生理比较的干扰。通过这种试验设计,可以精准揭示近缘物种在相同水热复合胁迫下,由其内在遗传特性决定的生理生态位分化。在植物生长旺季的8月,针对5种柽柳,分别选取株距大于5 m、生长健康、无病虫害且地径与冠幅相近的6株成年个体作为标准样树,用于后续各项生理生态指标的测定。
记录多花柽柳、长穗柽柳、多枝柽柳、短穗柽柳、刚毛柽柳总株数(total plant number,NTP)和死亡株数(dead plant number,NDP),以计算死亡率(mortality rate,RM=NDP/NTP)。死亡植株的判定标准为地上部分枝条完全干枯、韧皮部严重脱水干缩,且折断枝条断面无绿色生命迹象。在调查过程中,仔细检查了死亡个体的外部形态,未发现明显的病虫害侵袭迹象(如虫孔、虫瘿、霉斑等)或人为砍伐痕迹。死亡植株均表现出整株枯萎、树皮开裂剥落等典型的水分亏缺导致的水力失效症状。结合研究区降水稀少、蒸发强烈的气候背景,推测长期的干旱胁迫及热浪冲击是导致样地内柽柳死亡的主要驱动力。从选取的植株中,使用卷尺(精确度0.1 m)测量地径、株高、冠幅、总枝数(total branch number,NTB)和枯枝数(dead branch number,NDB)(表1)。计算枯枝率(dead branch rate,RDB=NDB/NTB)。
于2025年8月中旬(8月15—20日)的典型晴天上午09:00—11:30,在每个物种6株个体上选择受光方向一致、健康且新鲜的叶片进行测定。若叶片表面有灰尘,则在原位测量前用干纸巾轻轻擦去表面沙尘。使用便携式光合作用系统(Li-6400XT,Li-Cor,美国)和2 cm×3 cm透明叶室获取上午生理活性峰值期的光饱和气体交换参数。在本研究中,为行文与图表表述简明,将该时段内测得的值定义为该典型晴天的最大净光合速率(maximum net photosynthetic rate,Pn,max)、最大蒸腾速率(maximum transpiration rate,Tr,max)和最大气孔导度(maximum stomatal conductance,Gs,max)。测定在典型晴朗无云的自然光照下进行,均选取树冠外围充分受光的向阳叶片。测定期间的自然光合有效辐射(PAR)通常在1 500 μmol∙m-2∙s-1左右,确保被测叶片处于光饱和状态。测定时气体流速为500 μmol∙s-1,CO2体积分数维持在380~400 μL·L-1,叶室温度维持在(28.0±1.5) ℃,叶室内饱和水汽压差(VPD)为1.52~3.52 kPa。
采用干燥法构建叶片的压力-容积(P-V)曲线,并计算叶片饱和渗透势(Ψsat)和膨压丧失点(Ψtlp)。于2025年8月中旬(8月17—18日)04:30—05:30,在每个物种的6株标准样树上各采集1个当年生健壮末端枝条。采集后立即将枝条基部切口浸入盛有清水的便携式水桶中,并用黑色塑料袋罩住枝条以避光并减少蒸腾,迅速带回实验室。在测定P-V曲线之前,在水中重新剪去枝条基部约2 cm以去除可能发生气栓的导管,随后将枝条继续插在水桶中复水2 h,上端用喷有水的黑色塑料袋包裹住,使其叶片充分复水达到饱和状态。在饱和的枝条末端剪下约10 cm长的小枝,用干纸巾将小枝上的水珠擦干,测定初始鲜质量。然后将其放在实验台上使其缓慢干燥失水,每隔一段时间用压力室水势仪(PMS 1000,PMS Instrument Company,美国)和分析天平(CPA225D,Sartorius Inc.,德国)测定小枝的水势和质量,直至叶片萎蔫。将样品置于烘箱中70 ℃干燥48 h后称其干质量,精确至0.000 1 g。根据各阶段测定的质量数据计算叶片的相对含水量(RWC)。随后,以叶片水势的倒数(1/Ψ)为纵坐标、以相对水分亏缺(relative water deficit,RWD;即水分饱和亏缺,RWD=1-RWC)为横坐标绘制P-V曲线。选取曲线末端的直线部分(代表细胞膨压降为零的阶段)进行线性回归拟合,该回归直线向y轴(即1-RWC=0时)外推截距的倒数即为Ψsat;而曲线前端的非线性部分与该直线的切点(即偏离点)所对应的水势即为Ψtlp[24-25]。
采用离心机法构建枝条水力脆弱性曲线[26]。每个物种从6个不同个体上各选取1个长度超过1 m的阳生枝条,并截取长为27.4 cm的枝条茎段。随后,将茎段固定到配备定制“Sperry”转子的高速离心机(Model 20 K,Cence,中国)上。通过逐渐增加离心机的转速,模拟枝条木质部所承受的不同张力,每个物种的旋转张力梯度为0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2、1.5、1.8、2.1、2.4、2.7、3.0 MPa。在每个转速下离心3 min后,取出枝条茎段并在水下平衡5~10 min,然后测定该负压下的导水率(Kh)。其中,将0 MPa张力下测得的导水率定义为初始最大导水率(Kh,max)。木质部栓塞程度用导水率损失百分比(percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity,PLC)来表示,其计算公式为:
PLC=100×(Kh,max-Kh)/Kh,max
式中:Kh,max为枝条在0 MPa张力下的初始最大导水率;Kh为枝条在特定离心转速产生的负压张力下的导水率。随后将枝条再次放入离心机中进行下一转速下的离心。利用SigmaPlot软件中的sigmoidal模型拟合脆弱性曲线,计算出木质部导水率损失50%时对应的水势值(P50,MPa)。由于“气穴化疲劳”现象的存在[27],通过冲洗法恢复水分传导功能的导管再次经历干旱时其气穴化抵抗力下降。为了避免“气穴化疲劳”对水力脆弱性测定的干扰,未对枝条进行冲洗处理,即水力脆弱性的测定只针对自然状态下未气穴化的导管。
采用叶片电解质渗漏法测定植物耐热性。于2025年8月中旬(8月15—20日)18:30—20:00,在每个物种选定的6个植株上采集新鲜叶片约6 g;单株精准称取1 g叶片样品装入50 mL的离心管中,向离心管中加入 35 mL蒸馏水,然后使用真空泵抽滤15 min后静置过夜。高温导致细胞膜结构破坏,细胞质中的电解质渗漏会使叶片溶液的电导率升高;因此,在特定温度下测定叶片溶液的电导率可以推测叶片电解质的渗漏程度,进而推测叶片的耐热性。首先,在室温下,使用便携式电导率仪(DDS-308A,雷磁,中国)测定试管中溶液的电导率(EC,initial)。随后,将离心管依次放入30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75 ℃水浴中各加热20 min,每完成一个温度处理后,均将离心管冷却至室温并轻轻摇匀,再测定相应温度下的溶液电导率(EC,i)分别测定不同温度下的叶片溶液电导率;最后将叶片放入沸水浴中加热20 min,冷却至室温后测定电解质完全渗漏时的叶片溶液电导率(EC,100)。每个温度下的电解质渗漏率(electrolyte leakage,EL)为
EL,i=(EC,i-EC,initial)/(EC,100-EC,initial)×100%
式中:EC,initial为室温下叶片溶液的电导率;EC,i为特定温度下叶片溶液的电导率;EC,100为电解质完全渗漏后叶片溶液的电导率;EL,i为特定温度下的电解质渗漏率。利用温度梯度和每个温度下的电导率渗漏率绘制散点图,使用三参数S形曲线拟合散点,计算电解质渗漏50%时所对应的温度以代表植物叶片的耐热性,即LT50(℃)。
为准确捕捉5种柽柳属植物从夜间水分恢复到日间光合耗水的全过程生理节律,本研究于2025年8月19日(盛夏生长旺盛期)开展24 h全天候连续观测。选取该测定日是基于以下考虑:首先,8月中下旬为该地区气温最高、大气水汽压差最大的时期,且8月19日为典型晴朗无云日,气象条件具有极强的代表性,能够有效激发植物应对极端高温与干旱的生理潜能;其次,5种柽柳于同一典型晴天进行同步监测,能够最大程度消除因气象波动产生的系统误差,确保种间生理策略对比结果的可靠性。监测时段设定为当日00:00—23:00,采样频率为每小时整点测定1次。在每个测定时间点,分别选取每个物种的6株标准样树作为重复,在树冠外围选取受光方向一致、生长健壮的当年生小枝,利用便携式光合作用测定系统(Li-6400XT,Li-Cor,美国)原位测定气孔导度(Gs)、叶温(Tleaf)及大气温度(Tair);同步采集相邻小枝,迅速置于压力室水势仪(PMS instrument,Model 1505D,美国)中测定叶片水势(Ψleaf)。基于24 h连续观测数据,分别提取05:00和12:00时刻的叶片水势。其中,将05:00测得的叶片水势记为凌晨水势(predawn water potential,Ψpd),用于表征植株经过夜间水分恢复后的水分状态;将12:00测得的叶片水势记为正午水势(midday water potential,Ψmd),用于表征日间辐射和蒸腾需求增强条件下植株的水分亏缺程度。Ψpd和Ψmd用于后续主成分分析。最大蒸腾降温幅度(∆Tmax)是基于24 h连续观测数据计算得出的。首先计算每个观测时间点(每小时1次)的大气温度与叶片温度之差(Tair-Tleaf),然后从全天的温差数据集中选取数值最大的那一项,以此代表该物种在该典型晴天的最大蒸腾降温幅度。夜间测定期间全程使用低亮度头灯辅助照明,并严格控制操作时间,以最大程度减少人为光源对植物气孔开闭及生理节律的潜在干扰。基于膨压丧失点的水力安全边界(hydraulic safety margin,HSM)按下式计算:
HSM=Ψmd-Ψtlp
式中:Ψmd为正午叶水势;Ψtlp为膨压丧失点水势;HSM为正表示正午叶水势尚未达到膨压丧失阈值,数值越大表明安全边界越宽;HSM为负表示正午叶水势已低于膨压丧失阈值。
试验数据采用Microsoft Excel 2019完成初步整理,计算各生理指标的平均值与标准误(Mean±SE)。所有统计分析及绘图采用R 4.3.1软件完成。采用stats程序包进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并结合agricolae程序包中的LSD法(least significant difference)检验5种柽柳在木质部P50、Ψtlp、HSM、LT50及气体交换参数等关键性状上的种间差异,显著性水平设定为α=0.05。利用一般线性模型(lm函数)分析热耐受性与水力性状之间的回归关系。为综合解析不同物种在水力-热力耦合维度上的适应策略分化,使用prcomp函数对标准化(Z-score)后的关键生理性状进行主成分分析(PCA)。数据可视化主要通过ggplot2程序包完成。
5种柽柳属植物在关键水力性状及叶片水分参数上表现出显著的种间差异(图2,P<0.05)。刚毛柽柳的P50((-2.20±0.03) MPa)、Ψtlp((-5.18±0.04) MPa)及Ψsat((-5.05±0.03) MPa)在5种柽柳中均为最低,其HSM最大,为3.26 MPa。相反,多花柽柳的各项水力参数测定值均相对最高(P50=(-1.16±0.02) MPa,Ψtlp=(-2.48±0.18) MPa,Ψsat(-2.29±0.22) MPa),HSM最小且呈负值,为-3.08 MPa。长穗柽柳、多枝柽柳和短穗柽柳的各项水力指标均介于刚毛柽柳与多花柽柳之间。
各物种叶片的高温半致死温度(LT50)、最大净光合速率(Pn,max)、最大气孔导度(Gs,max)、最大蒸腾速率(Tr,max)与最大蒸腾降温效果(∆Tmax)均呈现显著的种间差异(图3,P<0.05)。刚毛柽柳的LT50最高((66.53±0.76) ℃),但其气体交换能力在5种植物中均为最低,其Pn,max仅为(12.07±0.21) μmol∙m-2∙s-1,Gs,max与Tr,max在5种植物中均为最低(Tr,max=(2.45±0.13) mmol∙m-2∙s-1),对应的∆Tmax仅为2.00 ℃。相反,多花柽柳的LT50最低((53.92±2.30) ℃),但其Pn,max达到最高(21.57±0.27) μmol∙m-2∙s-1,Gs,max与Tr,max均达到最高,其中Tr,max达(8.11±0.19) mmol∙m-2∙s-1,为刚毛柽柳的3倍以上,其∆Tmax为4.70 ℃;多枝柽柳的∆Tmax达到最高5.72 ℃。长穗柽柳和短穗柽柳的热耐受性与气体交换参数均介于刚毛柽柳与多花柽柳之间。
在典型夏季晴天,5种柽柳的气孔导度(Gs)、叶水势(Ψleaf)、叶温(Tleaf)及叶片与空气温差(∆T)随时间发生变化(图4)。所有物种的Gs均在10:00—11:00达到日峰值,随后Ψleaf在13:00—14:00降至全天最低值。在日间观测时段(10:00—18:00),多花柽柳和多枝柽柳的Gs维持较高水平(>0.20 mol∙m-2∙s-1);在正午高温(大气温度约39 ℃)时,多花柽柳的Tleaf较气温低4.7 ℃,其同步记录的正午Ψleaf降至(-5.56±0.04) MPa。相比之下,刚毛柽柳在正午后的Gs显著下降(<0.15 mol∙m-2∙s-1),其正午Ψleaf维持在(-1.92±0.03) MPa,Tleaf较大气温度仅低2 ℃。长穗柽柳和短穗柽柳的各项生理指标日变化均介于多花柽柳与刚毛柽柳之间。
线性回归分析显示,LT50与多个水力性状之间存在显著的线性相关关系(图5)。LT50与P50呈极显著负相关(R2=0.52,P<0.000 1),即P50越低,LT50越高。LT50与Ψtlp呈显著负相关(R2=0.53,P<0.000 1),即Ψtlp越低,LT50越高。此外,LT50与HSM呈显著正相关(R2=0.52,P<0.000 1),HSM越大的物种,其LT50也越高。
主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,前2个主成分累计解释了总变异的97.3%(图6)。第1主成分(PC1)解释了92.4%的变异,第2主成分(PC2)解释了4.9%的变异。从变量载荷矩阵来看,HSM、P50、Ψtlp及最大气体交换参数(Gs,max与Tr,max)主要在PC1轴上具有较高的载荷;其中HSM位于PC1正轴,而气体交换参数与P50等位于PC1负轴。值得注意的是,LT50主要在PC2轴上具有较高的载荷(载荷绝对值为0.958),表明其变异具有一定的独立性。在排序图中,刚毛柽柳分布于PC1轴的最正端,对应高LT50和高HSM,多花柽柳分布于PC1轴的最负端(对应高Gs,max和高Tr,max),长穗柽柳、多枝柽柳和短穗柽柳分布于两者之间。
植物在极端生境下的存活率是其生理策略适应性的最终体现。本研究发现,5种柽柳属植物在相同的干热生境下展现出显著的存活差异:多花柽柳表现出最高的死亡率(20%),而刚毛柽柳和短穗柽柳在观测期内维持100%的存活率(表1)。这种存活表现的差异与其内在的水力安全与热耐受性配置密切相关。高死亡率的多花柽柳偏向于“高耗水-低安全”的避热策略,而高存活率的刚毛柽柳则采取了严格的“高安全-高耐热”保守策略,这深刻体现了荒漠植物在面临极端胁迫时的生存权衡。
本研究证实了柽柳属植物在水力安全与热耐受性上存在高度的协同适应,主成分分析(PC1解释度92.4%)及相关性分析(显著相关)均有力支持了这一观点。这种显著的线性相关性表明,水力安全与热耐受性并非随机组合的独立性状,而是植物在应对干旱与高温复合胁迫时表现出高度的生理耦合。这种耦合关系本质上反映了二者共享着同一套生理基础,即细胞的渗透调节能力。从细胞生理角度来看,膨压维持能力很可能是连接抗旱与抗热的关键枢纽。研究发现,刚毛柽柳具有极低的膨压丧失点(Ψtlp=-5.18 MPa),这意味着其细胞液具有极低的渗透势(即极高的渗透质浓度)[22]。根据Bartlett等[16]的全球综合分析,低Ψtlp是植物耐旱性的核心指标。它允许细胞在严重脱水条件下仍能维持细胞体积和细胞膜的物理张力。这种通过渗透调节维持的细胞水合状态,对于热耐受性同样至关重要。高温伤害的本质之一是细胞膜结构的物理相变和解体。如果细胞能够通过降低Ψtlp来强力锁住水分,就能在高温下维持更稳定的细胞内环境,减少因脱水导致的膜脂双分子层紊乱[28],从而赋予了刚毛柽柳极高的热耐受极限(LT50达66.53 ℃)。相反,表现出最高死亡率(20%)的多花柽柳则采取了截然不同的生理演化路径。多花柽柳并未在细胞耐受性上进行过多投资(其LT50在5种植物中最低),而是依赖极高的气孔导度和蒸腾速率来实现显著的物理降温效果,并借此维持了极高的最大光合速率。然而,这种典型的“获取-避热”策略具有极高的风险。当遭遇极端高温且伴随严重土壤干旱时,多花柽柳较小的HSM使其无法持续维持高耗水的蒸腾散热;一旦气孔被迫关闭以防止灾难性的木质部栓塞,植株将瞬间丧失降温保护,导致叶温急剧攀升并突破其较低的热耐受底线,最终引发水力与热力的双重崩溃。由此可见,柽柳属植物在极端生境下的存活,高度依赖于“高安全-高耐热”与“高耗水-高获利”之间的权衡分配。
因此,本研究观察到的LT50与Ψtlp负相关,说明细胞保水能力能够直接保障细胞膜热稳定性。二者在生物物理层面是紧密耦合的,共同构成了植物抵御极端生境的生理基础。因此,柽柳属植物的高水力安全性与高热稳定性并非独立进化,而是通过共享的生理代谢网络实现了高度整合。
不同柽柳物种在应对高温时展现了截然不同的热调节策略,这反映了植物在“水力风险”与“热损伤风险”之间的权衡[29]。多花柽柳采取了典型的“高消耗-避热”策略。这在叶片经济谱中属于“快速投入-产出”型,依赖高资源周转维持生存[30]。其拥有较高的Gs,max和Tr,max,通过强烈的蒸腾冷却效应将叶温维持在显著低于气温的水平。这种策略在水分充足时极具优势,能最大化碳同化效率。然而,这也使其面临巨大的水力风险:其较窄的HSM和较高的P50意味着一旦土壤供水不足,气孔被迫关闭,叶温将迅速升高并可能超过其较低的致死阈值,导致生理崩溃[9,31-32]。相反,刚毛柽柳采取了“保守-耐受”策略。其较低的气孔导度限制了蒸腾降温能力,导致正午叶温接近气温。为了应对这种被动受热,该物种进化出了极高的生理热耐受性。这种极高的耐热极限使其成功“解耦”了对蒸腾降温的依赖[29-30,33]。即使在极端干旱迫使气孔完全关闭的情况下,其叶片细胞依然能忍受高温而不破裂。这种策略虽然以牺牲光合速率为代价,但极大地提升了其在极端恶劣生境中的生存概率。
相比之下,长穗柽柳、多枝柽柳和短穗柽柳并未在“蒸腾避热”与“耐受高温”的权衡两极中走向极端,而是采取了一种“折中型”的协同适应策略[34]。这3种柽柳的Tr,max与LT50均处于5种植物的中等水平。这种不过度偏倚的策略赋予了它们更强的生理弹性[35-36]:在微生境水分相对可用时,它们能够维持中等强度的气孔导度以获取一定的蒸腾降温效益;而在水分逐渐受限时,它们也能及时限制水分散失,并凭借自身中等偏上的组织耐热性来抵御热力损伤。这种“保守与冒险相平衡”的中间态策略,有效分散了单一极端策略带来的生存风险,可能是支撑这些物种在复杂多变的干旱区生境中维持稳定种群的重要生理生态基础[37]。
前文所述的水热策略权衡主要揭示了单一柽柳物种应对极端生境的内部生理适应机制;而在群落水平上,这些存在显著种间差异的生理策略进一步转化为物种间的功能生态位分化,这是解释5种近缘柽柳植物能够长期同域共存的核心前提[38]。根据竞争排斥原理,生态位完全重叠的物种无法稳定共存。本研究中,5种同域分布的柽柳在水力安全、气体交换速率及热耐受性等关键功能性状上展现出的连续梯度(图5~6),表明它们在利用有限水分和规避热胁迫的时间与空间维度上实现了有效的功能错位[39]。
研究发现,不同柽柳物种沿“水力安全-效率”权衡轴发生了显著分化[40]:多花柽柳占据了典型的“获取型”生态位,表现为较高的气孔导度和蒸腾速率。该策略使其在水分适宜期能最大化碳同化效率,但其较高的P50(即较弱的抗栓塞能力)意味着它在干旱胁迫下是通过承担较高的水力失效风险来换取生长优势。相反,刚毛柽柳占据了“保守-耐受”策略的生态位,通过显著降低的P50(极强的抗栓塞能力)与较高的LT50(极高的热耐受性)协同作用,构建了应对极端水热胁迫的坚固生理屏障。这种同域物种在水热资源利用策略上的功能性状分化,有效缓解了物种间对有限资源的直接竞争,最终通过功能生态位的互补机制维持了荒漠植物群落的多样性与稳定性[41-42]。
本研究通过多维度生理指标的综合分析,揭示了荒漠柽柳属植物应对水热复合胁迫的独特机制。5种柽柳并未在抗旱与抗热之间进行简单的功能权衡,而是进化出了显著的协同适应策略:即抗栓塞能力越强的物种,其细胞膜热稳定性也越高。这种双重耐受机制使得适应性强的物种能够摆脱对蒸腾降温的过度依赖,从而在气孔关闭保水的状态下依然能够抵御高温伤害。研究结果强调,在评估气候变化对荒漠植被的影响时,不能仅关注单一的水分因子,还必须考虑水力与热力性状的耦合作用。这为未来干旱区植被恢复工程提供了重要的生理学理论支撑,建议依据本研究揭示的物种适应策略谱系进行科学选种,例如在预期遭受严重干旱或热浪冲击的生境中,应优先选用具备“高安全-耐受”策略的物种以确保群落的长期稳定性。

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2026年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2026.04.004
  • 接收时间:2026-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-21
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    1甘肃省治沙研究所,兰州 730000
    2中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳 110016
    3中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 101408

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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