Article(id=1312006159691767839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260526001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1779724800000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736244365, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784131200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736244365, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736244365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736244365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312006144101540779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, year='2026', volume='27', issue='7', pageStart='1311', pageEnd='1484', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784131200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790736240648, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739525097, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1311, endPage=1323, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006161705033761, articleId=1312006159691767839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Utilization Technologies of Crop Wild Relatives, columnId=1312006144902652845, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Crop wild relatives conserve favorable genetic variation that is rare or absent in cultivated crops, including alleles related to disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality traits and environmental adaptation. Under climate change and increasing food security pressure, their utilization has shifted from germplasm conservation and phenotypic screening to targeted introgression, alien-segment optimization, precise evaluation of complex traits and efficient germplasm development. This review focuses on four major constraints in the use of crop wild relatives, namely difficulties in gene introgression, linkage drag, inaccurate evaluation of complex traits and slow translation from resources to breeding materials. We summarize recent progress in wide hybridization, embryo rescue, ploidy manipulation, chromosome engineering, genetic transformation, genome editing, marker-assisted selection, pangenomics, multi-omics and de novo domestication, and discuss representative cases in rice, wheat, tomato, soybean and potato. The review aims to provide references for efficient utilization of crop wild relatives and modern germplasm innovation.

, authors=Xiaoming ZHENG1, 2, Qian QIAN3, Lihui LI1, 3, authorsList=Xiaoming ZHENG, Qian QIAN, Lihui LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian QIAN, Lihui LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006162678112292, articleId=1312006159691767839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=CN, title=作物野生近缘种利用技术研究进展, columnId=1312006145041064879, journalTitle=植物遗传资源学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作物野生近缘种保存了栽培种中缺乏或低频存在的抗病、抗虫、抗逆、品质和适应性相关的有利变异,是拓宽作物遗传基础和开展种质创新的重要资源。随着气候变化、病虫害变异和农业生产环境复杂化,野生近缘种利用已从资源保存和表型筛选,逐步转向优异基因导入、外源片段优化、复杂性状精准鉴定和高效种质创制。本文围绕野生近缘种利用中“导不进、分不开、看不准、用得慢”等关键问题,综述远缘杂交与胚挽救、倍性操作、染色体工程、遗传转化、基因编辑、分子标记辅助选择、泛基因组、多组学和从头驯化等技术进展,并结合水稻、小麦、番茄、大豆和马铃薯等作物案例,分析其在现代育种中的应用价值与主要限制,以期为作物野生近缘种资源高效利用和种质创新提供参考。

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研究方向为野生作物保护与利用,E-mail:

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李立会,研究方向为小麦种质资源,E-mail:
钱前,研究方向为水稻遗传资源发掘与利用,E-mail:
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作物野生近缘种利用技术研究进展
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郑晓明 1, 2 , 钱前 3 , 李立会 1, 3
植物遗传资源学报 | 综述 2026,27(7): 1311-1323
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植物遗传资源学报 |综述 2026 , 27 (7) : 1311 -1323
作物野生近缘种利用技术研究进展
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郑晓明1, 2 , 钱前3 , 李立会1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081
  • 2中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南 三亚 572024
  • 3崖州湾国家实验室,海南 三亚 572024
通讯作者:
李立会,研究方向为小麦种质资源,E-mail:
钱前,研究方向为水稻遗传资源发掘与利用,E-mail:
作者简介:

研究方向为野生作物保护与利用,E-mail:

Research Progress on Utilization Technologies of Crop Wild Relatives
Xiaoming ZHENG1, 2 , Qian QIAN3 , Lihui LI1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • 2National Nanfan Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan
  • 3Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024, Hainan
出版时间: 2026-07-16 doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260526001
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作物野生近缘种保存了栽培种中缺乏或低频存在的抗病、抗虫、抗逆、品质和适应性相关的有利变异,是拓宽作物遗传基础和开展种质创新的重要资源。随着气候变化、病虫害变异和农业生产环境复杂化,野生近缘种利用已从资源保存和表型筛选,逐步转向优异基因导入、外源片段优化、复杂性状精准鉴定和高效种质创制。本文围绕野生近缘种利用中“导不进、分不开、看不准、用得慢”等关键问题,综述远缘杂交与胚挽救、倍性操作、染色体工程、遗传转化、基因编辑、分子标记辅助选择、泛基因组、多组学和从头驯化等技术进展,并结合水稻、小麦、番茄、大豆和马铃薯等作物案例,分析其在现代育种中的应用价值与主要限制,以期为作物野生近缘种资源高效利用和种质创新提供参考。

作物野生近缘种  /  优异基因  /  外源片段  /  连锁累赘  /  种质创新  /  分子育种

Crop wild relatives conserve favorable genetic variation that is rare or absent in cultivated crops, including alleles related to disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality traits and environmental adaptation. Under climate change and increasing food security pressure, their utilization has shifted from germplasm conservation and phenotypic screening to targeted introgression, alien-segment optimization, precise evaluation of complex traits and efficient germplasm development. This review focuses on four major constraints in the use of crop wild relatives, namely difficulties in gene introgression, linkage drag, inaccurate evaluation of complex traits and slow translation from resources to breeding materials. We summarize recent progress in wide hybridization, embryo rescue, ploidy manipulation, chromosome engineering, genetic transformation, genome editing, marker-assisted selection, pangenomics, multi-omics and de novo domestication, and discuss representative cases in rice, wheat, tomato, soybean and potato. The review aims to provide references for efficient utilization of crop wild relatives and modern germplasm innovation.

crop wild relatives  /  favorable gene  /  alien segment  /  linkage drag  /  germplasm innovation  /  molecular breeding
郑晓明, 钱前, 李立会. 作物野生近缘种利用技术研究进展. 植物遗传资源学报, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1311 -1323 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260526001
Xiaoming ZHENG, Qian QIAN, Lihui LI. Research Progress on Utilization Technologies of Crop Wild Relatives[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1311 -1323 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260526001
在气候变化和粮食安全压力下,作物育种亟需提升品种的环境适应性和稳产能力。现代栽培品种在驯化和长期改良过程中,虽然形成了高产、整齐一致、适合收获和商品化利用等优良性状,但也伴随着遗传基础缩窄,一些与抗病、抗虫、抗逆、品质和环境适应性相关的变异被削弱或丢失。随着病虫害变异加快、极端环境频发和农业生产条件日益复杂,作物育种目标已由单纯追求高产,逐渐转向高产、稳产、抗逆、优质和资源高效利用并重。作物野生近缘种长期处于自然选择环境中,保存了许多栽培种中缺乏或低频存在的有利变异,可为现代育种提供丰富的抗病虫、抗逆境和品质改良基因资源,因而在拓宽作物遗传基础、挖掘优异基因和推动种质创新方面具有重要价值[1-9]。水稻(Oryza sativa)是体现野生近缘种育种价值的典型作物。普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)、长药野生稻(Oryza longistaminata)、药用野生稻(Oryza officinalis)和高秆野生稻(Oryza alta)等稻属资源,在抗病、抗虫、抗逆和产量相关性状改良中均具有重要利用潜力。例如,来源于长药野生稻的白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21具有广谱、高效的抗病能力,已成为水稻抗病育种的重要基因资源[10-11];来源于药用野生稻相关渐渗材料的抗褐飞虱基因Bph14和Bph15,则为提高水稻抗虫性和抗性持久性提供了重要遗传基础[12-14]。除水稻外,其他作物野生近缘种也提供了大量可利用的基因和性状资源。例如,一粒小麦(Triticum monococcum)中的Sr35可赋予小麦对Ug99及相关秆锈病小种的抗性[15],野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides)中的Yr15对小麦(Triticum aestivum)条锈病具有广谱抗性[16];野生潘那利番茄(Solanum pennellii)的渐渗系被用于解析产量、果实品质和糖度等性状,其中Brix9-2-5是影响番茄糖产量的重要QTL[17];野生大豆(Glycine soja)中的qPro19等位变异可提高籽粒蛋白质含量[18];野生马铃薯(Solanum bulbocastanum)中的Rpi-blb1,即RB,是广谱晚疫病抗性基因,可用于马铃薯抗病改良[19]。这些实例表明,野生近缘种不仅是遗传多样性的保存载体,更是作物改良中重要的优异基因、目标性状和育种材料来源。
总体来看,作物野生近缘种的价值不局限于保存遗传多样性,更在于其能够为现代育种提供可定位、可导入、可聚合和可验证的有利遗传变异[1-2, 4]。然而,野生近缘种的利用仍面临“导不进、分不开、看不准、用得慢”等障碍[1, 9](图1)。“导不进”主要源于远缘杂交不亲和及杂种不育,使有利基因难以稳定进入栽培种遗传背景[3, 9, 20];“分不开”是指目标基因或有利片段常与落粒、晚熟、株型松散、籽粒小和品质下降等不良性状共同导入,形成连锁累赘[9, 20-21];“看不准”主要体现在抗旱、耐盐、产量稳定性和品质改良等复杂性状受多基因和环境共同影响,需要多年多点验证[1, 3-4];“用得慢”则是从资源鉴定、基因定位、外源导入、片段优化到品种选育的周期长、环节多[9, 21-22]。因此,野生近缘种利用的关键不仅在于发现优异资源,更在于通过优异基因导入、连锁累赘消除、复杂性状精准评价和高效种质创制,将有利变异转化为遗传背景清楚、目标性状稳定、能够服务育种实践的种质材料[9, 21-22]。基于此,本文围绕作物野生近缘种从资源价值到育种应用的转化过程,重点综述优异基因导入、外源片段优化和精准高效利用等关键技术进展,分析其在克服杂交障碍、降低连锁累赘、提高复杂性状鉴定效率和加快种质创制中的作用,以期为作物野生近缘种资源的高效利用和现代育种中的种质创新提供参考[1-3, 20]。
作物野生近缘种中的有利变异只有进入栽培种遗传背景,或在野生材料自身基础上被定向改造,才能真正转化为育种可利用的种质资源[1-2, 8]。因此,优异基因导入是野生近缘种利用的首要环节,也是解决“导不进”问题的关键。由于栽培种与野生近缘种之间常存在远缘杂交不亲和、杂种不育、倍性差异和染色体配对异常等障碍,单一技术往往难以完成外源基因的有效转移。围绕不同类型的导入障碍,育种研究中逐渐形成了远缘杂交与胚挽救、倍性操作与桥梁材料、染色体工程、遗传转化和基因编辑等技术路径[8-9]。这些方法共同推动野生近缘种中的抗病、抗虫、抗逆和品质相关基因向栽培作物转移[1-9]。
远缘杂交是野生近缘种优异基因导入栽培作物的基础途径[23-24]。通过栽培种与野生近缘种杂交,可以将野生资源中的有利基因或染色体片段引入栽培种遗传背景,再经过连续回交和选择,获得携带目标性状的导入材料。许多抗病、抗虫和抗逆基因的利用都依赖这一途径。例如,来源于长药野生稻的白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21,经杂交、回交和自交导入栽培稻背景后,形成携带Xa21的近等基因系IRBB21,并被进一步用于白叶枯病抗性改良[10-11];抗褐飞虱基因Bph14和Bph15也与药用野生稻渐渗导入材料有关,二者聚合后可增强水稻对褐飞虱的抗性稳定性[12-14]。
然而,远缘杂交常受到生殖隔离限制。栽培种与野生近缘种之间亲缘关系越远,越容易出现花粉萌发受阻、花粉管生长异常、受精失败、胚乳发育不良和杂种胚败育等问题[9, 23]。即使获得杂种植株,也可能因染色体配对异常、基因组不协调或核质互作不平衡而表现出杂种弱势、花粉败育和结实率低。这些问题直接降低了外源基因导入效率[3, 9, 23]。
胚挽救是突破远缘杂交障碍的重要辅助手段[25]。该技术通常在杂种胚败育前将其取出,在人工培养基上进行离体培养,使其继续发育成完整植株。通过胚挽救,可以绕过胚乳发育异常和胚胎早期败育等障碍,提高远缘杂种获得率。该技术在小麦、稻属、番茄、马铃薯等作物与其野生近缘种杂交中具有重要作用,尤其适用于杂交后胚胎能够形成但难以正常成熟的组合。需要指出的是,胚挽救主要解决“能否获得杂种植株”的问题,但并不能直接克服杂种不育或连锁累赘等后续障碍。因此,获得远缘杂种后,仍需结合染色体加倍、回交转育、分子标记选择和外源片段优化等方法,才能进一步形成稳定材料[9, 26]。
倍性差异和基因组不协调是野生近缘种优异基因导入中的另一类重要障碍[20, 27]。许多栽培作物与其野生近缘种在染色体倍性和基因组组成上存在差异,直接杂交后容易出现染色体配对异常[20, 27-28]、减数分裂紊乱、杂种不育和后代遗传不稳定等问题。倍性操作通过染色体加倍、人工合成多倍体和桥梁材料构建,可以缓解不同基因组之间的不协调,提高远缘基因转移的可行性[20, 27-29]。
小麦是倍性操作应用较为典型的作物。普通小麦为六倍体,基因组组成复杂,而其野生近缘种中包括大量二倍体和四倍体资源[28]。通过四倍体小麦与二倍体粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii)等近缘种杂交,并进行染色体加倍,可人工合成六倍体小麦,使野生近缘种中的有利变异进入与普通小麦更相容的遗传背景。人工合成六倍体小麦已被用于拓宽普通小麦遗传基础,促进来自二倍体粗山羊草等野生近缘种的抗病、抗逆和农艺性状相关变异向普通小麦转移[20, 27, 29]。CIMMYT等机构长期利用人工合成六倍体小麦作为桥梁资源,将野生近缘种中的遗传变异引入春小麦育种体系,说明桥梁材料不仅具有研究价值,也具有实际育种应用价值[20, 27]。
桥梁材料的作用在于为亲缘关系较远或直接杂交困难的材料建立中间通道。对于部分野生种,如果其与栽培种直接杂交难以成功,可以先与亲缘关系较近或倍性较合适的中间材料杂交,形成具有一定可育性和遗传稳定性的桥梁亲本,再将目标基因转入栽培种遗传背景。该策略在多倍体作物和远缘资源利用中具有重要意义。但倍性操作和桥梁材料通常周期较长,导入的外源片段也可能较大,后续仍需通过分子标记辅助选择和背景选择进一步筛选目标片段并恢复栽培种遗传背景[20, 27]。
染色体工程是实现野生近缘种外源染色体或染色体片段稳定导入的重要技术。与普通杂交回交相比,染色体工程更加关注外源遗传物质在栽培种基因组中的存在形式和遗传稳定性。通过构建异附加系、异代换系和易位系,可以将野生近缘种的整条染色体、染色体臂或特定染色体片段导入栽培种,从而为目标基因定位、功能分析和育种利用提供材料基础[30-31]。
异附加系是在栽培种染色体组基础上附加一条或一对野生近缘种染色体,常用于判断外源染色体是否携带目标性状基因[30]。异代换系则是用野生近缘种染色体替换栽培种中相应或部分同源染色体,可用于分析外源染色体对抗病、抗逆、品质和农艺性状的影响[30]。在此基础上,通过染色体易位或部分同源重组,可将外源遗传物质由整条染色体进一步缩小为较小片段,提高其在育种中的应用价值[31-32]。
染色体工程在小麦近缘种资源利用中应用尤为广泛[30-31, 33]。典型案例是黑麦1RS染色体臂向小麦的导入。小麦—黑麦1RS·1BL和1RS·1AL易位系已在世界小麦育种中广泛应用[34],1RS片段可带来抗病、抗虫和抗旱等有利效应,其中1RS上携带的抗病基因对小麦白粉病、条锈病、叶锈病和秆锈病抗性改良具有重要贡献[30, 33-34]。另一个例子是来源于长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrum ponticum)的Lr19 [35],该基因位于外源染色体片段上,可赋予小麦叶锈病抗性,但其应用曾受到与黄色素相关不良性状紧密连锁的限制,后续通过遗传定位和转位系创制,推动了目标抗性片段的进一步利用。
然而,染色体工程导入的片段往往较大,目标基因附近可能同时携带不良性状基因,容易产生连锁累赘[30-31]。因此,染色体工程通常是外源基因导入和定位的重要中间环节,而不是最终材料创制的终点[31, 33]。后续仍需要通过重组筛选、分子标记辅助选择和背景恢复进一步缩小外源片段。
对于亲缘关系过远、杂交障碍严重或目标基因已经明确的野生近缘种资源,遗传转化和基因编辑提供了更加定向的利用方式[36]。遗传转化可通过农杆菌介导转化、基因枪转化等方法,将已克隆的目标基因直接导入栽培种背景,从而绕过部分有性杂交障碍。与远缘杂交相比,遗传转化不需要导入大段野生来源染色体片段,因此在一定程度上可减少连锁累赘问题。野生马铃薯中的广谱晚疫病抗性基因Rpi-blb1/RB是这类利用方式的典型代表[19]。由于野生马铃薯与栽培马铃薯之间常存在杂交不亲和及倍性差异,遗传转化为其抗病基因利用提供了重要途径[36];已有研究将RB/Rpi-blb1转入栽培马铃薯或育种材料中,用于提高晚疫病抗性[37]。
基因编辑进一步拓展了野生近缘种优异基因导入和利用的方式[38-41]。一方面,基因编辑可以在栽培作物中定向改造目标基因或调控元件,模拟野生近缘种中的有利等位变异;另一方面,也可以直接在野生近缘种中编辑驯化相关基因,改良其落粒、株型、果实或籽粒大小、成熟期等不利性状,从而实现从头驯化。例如,异源四倍体高秆野生稻的从头驯化研究以异源四倍体野生稻材料PPR1作为起始材料,建立组织培养、遗传转化和基因组编辑体系,为直接改造野生稻、创制新型水稻种质提供了技术路径[38]。野生醋栗番茄(Solanum pimpinellifolium)的从头驯化研究则通过多靶点CRISPR/Cas9编辑产量和品质相关基因,在保留野生材料抗逆优势的同时改善果实大小、数量和营养价值[39, 41]。
遗传转化和基因编辑的优势在于定向性强、目标明确,适用于目标基因已被克隆或功能较清楚的情况。但其应用仍受转化效率、组织培养和再生体系、基因功能注释准确性以及生物安全管理等因素限制。对于许多野生近缘种而言,稳定高效的转化和编辑体系尚不完善,仍需与基因组学、表型鉴定和常规育种方法结合使用[38-43]。
总体而言,野生近缘种优异基因导入技术的选择应依据亲缘关系、杂交难度、倍性差异、目标基因是否明确以及育种目标而定。远缘杂交与胚挽救适合解决杂种获得问题,倍性操作与桥梁材料适合缓解基因组不协调和杂种不育,染色体工程适合实现外源染色体或片段的稳定导入,遗传转化和基因编辑则适合目标基因明确或常规杂交难以实现的情况。需要强调的是,导入成功只是野生近缘种利用的第一步。外源基因进入栽培种遗传背景后,仍需进一步开展片段优化、连锁累赘消除和多环境评价,才能最终形成背景清楚、性状稳定、具有育种应用价值的种质材料。
野生近缘种优异基因导入栽培种后,并不意味着已经形成可直接利用的育种材料。由于外源片段往往较大,目标基因或有利QTL周围常同时携带不良农艺性状基因,导致材料在获得抗病、抗虫或抗逆性的同时,出现落粒、晚熟、株型松散、籽粒小、品质下降或产量降低等问题。这种目标性状与不良性状共同导入的现象即为连锁累赘,是野生近缘种利用中“分不开”的核心问题。因此,外源片段优化的关键任务,是在保留目标基因的同时,尽可能缩小野生来源片段、恢复栽培种遗传背景,并形成性状稳定、农艺表现良好的种质材料[22, 44]。
连锁累赘主要源于目标基因与邻近不良基因之间的紧密连锁[44]。野生近缘种长期适应自然环境,其许多性状有利于生存和繁殖,但不适合农业生产。例如,野生稻常具有落粒性强、成熟不一致、株型松散和籽粒较小等特征;野生番茄可能具有果实小、商品性差等问题;部分野生马铃薯和小麦近缘种也可能携带不利于产量、品质或适应性的片段。在回交转育过程中,为了保留抗病、抗虫或抗逆基因,目标基因周围较大的野生来源片段也会被共同保留,从而形成连锁累赘。
小麦叶锈病抗性基因Lr19是说明连锁累赘的典型案例。Lr19来源于长穗偃麦草,可赋予小麦较强的叶锈病抗性,但其应用长期受到与黄色素相关性状紧密连锁的限制,即外源片段虽然带来了抗病基因,但同时也可能带入影响品质或商品性的非目标性状。后续研究将通过遗传定位和转位系创制,筛选携带较短外源片段的材料,以期打破Lr19与黄色素相关基因之间的连锁关系,提高其育种利用价值[35]。
连锁累赘的严重程度与目标基因所在区域的重组频率、外源片段大小、群体规模和分子标记密度密切相关。如果目标基因附近处于低重组区域,或该区域存在倒位、易位等结构变异,即使经过多代回交,也难以将目标基因与不良性状分离。因此,连锁累赘不是简单的表型问题,而是外源片段过大、重组不足和遗传背景复杂共同造成的育种障碍[44]。它直接影响导入材料的实际利用价值,也是野生近缘种从“基因资源”转化为“育种材料”必须解决的关键环节。
分子标记辅助回交是降低连锁累赘、提高导入效率的重要方法[22]。在传统回交育种中,选择主要依赖表型,难以准确判断目标基因是否存在,也难以确定导入片段大小和遗传背景恢复程度。分子标记技术可在基因型水平追踪目标片段和非目标区域,从而提高选择准确性[22]。
在外源片段优化过程中,通常需要同时进行前景选择和背景选择[22]。前景选择用于确认目标基因或与其紧密连锁的标记是否被保留,保证目标抗性、抗逆或品质性状不丢失;背景选择则用于检测非目标区域的遗传背景,尽可能提高栽培种基因组比例,减少不必要的野生来源片段。例如,在水稻白叶枯病抗性改良中,通过分子标记辅助回交将Xa21、xa13和xa5等抗病基因导入优良籼稻品种Samba Mahsuri,在提高白叶枯病抗性的同时保持了受体品种原有的优良农艺性状[45]。类似地,Bph14和Bph15最初来源于药用野生稻衍生的渐渗材料B5,后续通过分子标记辅助选择被导入不同恢复系或杂交稻背景,用于提高褐飞虱抗性[12-14]。
由此可见,分子标记辅助回交的核心作用,是在“保留目标基因”和“减少外源背景”之间取得平衡。对于目标基因明确、标记可靠的抗病虫性状,该方法能够显著提高导入效率,并为后续基因聚合和稳定材料创制提供基础。
随着SNP、InDel标记、基因芯片和重测序技术的发展,外源片段检测已从少量标记追踪逐步转向高密度、全基因组水平的精细分析。高密度标记可以更准确地判断外源片段的边界、长度和来源,识别目标基因周围是否仍保留较大的野生来源区段,从而为进一步片段缩小和重组筛选提供依据[35, 46]。
外源片段精细追踪的意义在于,它能避免只知道“目标基因已经导入”,却不知道“同时导入了多少野生片段”。例如,Lr19的精细定位研究将该基因定位到较小遗传区间,并筛选出携带较短长穗偃麦草外源片段的转位材料,其中部分材料打破了Lr19与黄色素相关性状之间的连锁关系[35]。这类研究说明,高密度标记不仅能用于目标基因定位,也能用于外源片段边界分析和连锁累赘消除。
对于野生近缘种导入材料而言,目标片段之外的非目标区段往往是影响农艺性状的重要来源。如果缺乏高密度标记或基因组水平检测,导入材料可能在表型上表现出目标抗性,却携带较多隐性的遗传负担。通过全基因组标记分析,可以筛选出目标基因保留、外源背景较少、受体基因组恢复较好的个体,提高后续材料创制效率[46-47]。
渐渗系库和近等基因系是分解野生近缘种复杂遗传背景、评价外源片段效应的重要材料平台[46, 48]。渐渗系通常通过连续回交和分子标记选择,将野生近缘种基因组中的不同片段分别导入同一栽培种背景中。每个渐渗系一般携带一个或少数几个野生来源片段,整套材料则可覆盖野生供体基因组的较大范围[48]。
野生潘那利番茄渐渗系是该类材料的经典案例。研究者利用野生潘那利番茄与栽培番茄构建渐渗系群体,将野生潘那利番茄基因组分解为不同染色体片段,用于解析果实大小、糖度、代谢物积累和抗逆相关性状[42, 48]。其中,Brix9-2-5是来源于野生潘那利番茄的重要糖产量QTL,相关研究将其定位到细胞壁转化酶基因LIN5附近,说明渐渗系不仅可用于发现有利QTL,也可进一步支持候选基因定位和功能解析[17, 42]。
近等基因系则是在相似遗传背景下,仅目标基因或目标片段区域存在差异,适合用于验证单个片段的真实效应、判断其是否存在连锁累赘,并为精细定位和基因克隆提供基础[46]。例如,水稻抗褐飞虱研究中,携带Bph14、Bph15或Bph14/Bph15聚合片段的近等基因系被用于比较不同抗性基因及其组合对褐飞虱取食响应的影响,有助于评价单基因和基因聚合材料的抗性效应[14]。
外源片段优化的最终目标是将目标基因或有利QTL从较大的野生来源片段中分离出来,形成背景清楚、性状稳定、连锁累赘较小的育种材料。实现这一目标通常需要扩大分离群体,利用目标区域两侧和内部的分子标记筛选重组单株,逐步缩小目标片段范围[44]。如果目标区域重组频率较高,可通过常规回交群体和精细标记筛选获得小片段导入系;如果目标区域重组受限,则需要增加群体规模,或结合染色体工程、重组调控和基因编辑等方法提高分离效率[35, 44]。
稳定材料创制不仅要求目标片段缩小,还要求材料在农艺背景和目标性状上具有可靠表现[22]。例如,在水稻抗虫育种中,Bph14和Bph15经分子标记辅助选择导入恢复系和杂交稻背景后,需要同时进行抗虫鉴定和农艺性状选择,才能获得携带抗性基因且农艺表现稳定的导入系。已有研究表明,Bph14与Bph15聚合材料通常比单基因材料表现出更强或更稳定的褐飞虱抗性,这说明外源片段优化和基因聚合需要与田间表型评价结合,才能真正形成育种可用材料[14]。
片段缩小后,还需对材料进行多代稳定性鉴定和多环境农艺性状评价[22, 44]。只有在目标性状稳定表达、受体背景恢复充分、产量和品质等综合性状不受明显影响的情况下,导入材料才具有进一步育种利用价值。因此,外源片段优化不是单纯的分子标记筛选,而是基因型选择、表型鉴定和育种评价的综合过程。其核心目标是把野生近缘种中的有利变异从复杂背景中分离出来,并转化为可用于杂交组配、基因聚合和品种改良的稳定种质材料。
总体而言,“分不开”是野生近缘种利用中最容易影响实际应用价值的问题。远缘导入解决了目标基因能否进入栽培种遗传背景,而外源片段优化决定了导入材料能否真正用于育种。通过前景选择、背景选择、高密度标记追踪、渐渗系和近等基因系构建以及重组筛选,可以逐步降低连锁累赘,使野生近缘种中的有利基因从资源状态转化为育种可用状态。
作物野生近缘种中许多有利性状并非由单一主效基因控制,而是受多基因、遗传背景和环境条件共同影响。抗旱、耐盐、耐高温、养分高效利用、产量稳定性和品质改良等性状,往往具有明显的数量性状特征,单次表型鉴定难以准确判断其真实育种价值。因此,野生近缘种利用不仅要解决“导不进”和“分不开”的问题,还要解决复杂性状“看不准”的问题。通过多环境表型鉴定、泛基因组、结构变异分析、多组学解析和人工智能辅助预测,可以提高优异等位基因挖掘和材料筛选的准确性[49-54]。
多环境表型鉴定是判断野生近缘种有利性状能否用于育种的基础。许多抗逆和产量相关性状受环境影响明显[51-52],一个材料在某一地点或某一年份表现出较强抗旱、耐盐或高产潜力,并不一定说明其在不同生态区、不同栽培背景和不同管理条件下都具有稳定效果。因此,对于野生近缘种中的复杂性状,需要开展多年、多点、多生态条件下的表型评价,重点分析性状表现的稳定性、重复性和遗传背景依赖性[51]。
在具体评价中,应避免只用单一指标判断材料优劣。例如,抗旱性不仅包括干旱条件下的存活率,还涉及根系深度、根系角度、抽穗期、灌浆能力、叶片失水速率和产量保持能力等多个方面[52, 55]。水稻DRO1是复杂性状精准鉴定的典型例子。DRO1控制根生长角度,可促进根系向深层土壤生长,从而提高水稻对干旱环境的适应能力,该基因的利用价值并不是通过简单的幼苗存活率判断,而是需要结合根系构型、干旱条件下的生长表现和产量保持能力综合评价[55]。类似地,耐盐性也不仅表现为幼苗存活,还涉及离子稳态、渗透调节、生物量维持和产量损失程度[56]。通过多指标和多环境联合评价,可以更准确地区分真正具有育种价值的稳定性状与偶然环境效应[56-57]。
传统遗传分析常依赖单一参考基因组,但野生近缘种遗传多样性丰富,许多有利变异可能并不存在于栽培种参考基因组中。泛基因组通过整合同一作物及其近缘种资源中的多个基因组,可以更全面地揭示核心基因、可变基因、存在/缺失变异和野生特异基因,为优异等位基因挖掘提供更完整的参考框架[49, 58]。
结构变异是野生近缘种中重要但容易被忽略的变异类型,包括大片段插入、缺失、倒位、复制和易位等。与单核苷酸变异相比,结构变异往往对基因功能、表达调控和性状差异产生更大影响,也可能解释部分栽培种中缺乏的抗病、抗逆和品质相关变异[59]。番茄泛基因组研究是较典型的案例。研究者通过整合栽培番茄和多个野生番茄基因组,发现单一参考基因组遗漏了大量基因,其中包括与抗病和风味相关的重要基因[49];后续研究进一步结合多个番茄基因组资源和代谢组数据,揭示了与风味和代谢物积累相关的重要变异[60]。这说明,泛基因组和结构变异分析能够突破参考基因组限制,更充分地挖掘野生近缘种中的隐藏变异。
复杂性状通常涉及多个调控层次,仅依赖基因组变异很难直接确定候选基因[60-61]。多组学联合分析可将基因组、转录组、代谢组、表型组和环境数据结合起来,从遗传变异、基因表达、代谢积累和表型表现等多个层面解析性状形成机制。基因组数据用于定位候选区间,转录组数据可筛选在特定组织、发育时期或胁迫条件下差异表达的基因,代谢组数据能够连接基因功能与品质、抗逆或营养相关表型,表型组数据则为大规模材料评价提供定量基础[62]。
野生潘那利番茄的Brix9-2-5是多层次解析复杂性状的代表案例。研究者利用含有野生潘那利番茄染色体片段的渐渗系,发现Brix9-2-5能够提高番茄糖产量,并将其定位到细胞壁转化酶基因LIN5附近。进一步研究揭示了从QTL到候选基因、酶活性再到果实糖积累的分子机制,而代谢组学研究则进一步表明番茄驯化和改良过程中存在广泛的代谢网络重塑[17, 62]。野生大豆qPro19也是类似例子,该QTL通过近等基因系验证,可提高籽粒蛋白质含量而不明显降低油分含量,说明候选位点的育种价值需要在明确遗传背景下进一步验证[18]。
在耐盐、抗旱和品质改良研究中,可先通过QTL定位或关联分析确定候选区域,再结合胁迫处理下的转录组数据筛选响应基因,并进一步利用代谢组和表型数据判断其是否与目标性状变化一致[62]。多组学联合解析的优势在于能够缩小候选基因范围,提高功能验证效率,避免单纯依赖统计关联导致候选基因过多或解释不足的问题。
人工智能和机器学习可用于提高野生近缘种资源筛选和优异等位基因预测效率,但不宜将其理解为替代田间鉴定和功能验证的工具。其主要作用在于整合基因型、表型、环境和育种记录等多源数据,对大量野生近缘种资源进行优先排序,帮助研究者从庞大的种质资源中筛选更可能具有应用价值的材料。
在基因挖掘方面,机器学习模型可用于预测遗传变异与表型之间的关系,辅助识别抗病、抗逆、品质和产量稳定性相关候选位点[50, 63]。在育种利用方面,AI可用于预测不同导入片段或基因组合的潜在效果,为基因聚合和分子设计育种提供参考[63-64]。例如,作物基因型到表型预测研究已经开始整合遗传标记、环境数据和影像表型等信息,用于复杂性状预测;近年来的深度学习模型也被用于多个作物的基因组预测和表型预测,显示出提高筛选效率的潜力。但对于野生近缘种利用而言,这类预测结果仍必须通过遗传群体、近等基因系和多环境试验进行验证。总体而言,AI的价值在于提高筛选效率和缩小验证范围,而不是替代传统遗传分析和田间评价[50, 63, 65]。
综上,复杂性状精准鉴定与优异等位基因挖掘的核心,是将野生近缘种中“表现较好”的资源进一步解析为“稳定有效”的基因、片段和材料。多环境表型鉴定解决性状稳定性问题,泛基因组和结构变异分析拓展遗传变异发现范围,多组学联合解析提高候选基因识别准确性,AI辅助预测则有助于提高资源筛选和组合设计效率。这些技术共同服务于“看不准”问题的解决,为野生近缘种有利变异的精准利用奠定基础。
野生近缘种利用最终要服务于种质创新和品种改良。前述导入技术、片段优化和复杂性状鉴定,分别解决了“导不进”“分不开”和“看不准”等问题,但野生近缘种从资源发现到育种应用仍然周期较长。要解决“用得慢”的问题,需要将分子标记辅助选择、快速回交、单倍体诱导、基因编辑、从头驯化、多基因聚合和分子设计育种等技术结合起来,加快有利变异的固定与聚合,创制背景清楚、性状稳定且具有育种应用价值的种质材料。
分子标记辅助选择是加快野生近缘种有利基因利用的重要手段。在传统回交育种中,目标性状和遗传背景的选择主要依赖表型,周期长、效率低,且容易受环境影响。分子标记辅助选择可在幼苗期或非目标环境下直接检测目标基因或目标片段,提高选择准确性。对于野生近缘种导入材料而言,分子标记不仅可用于前景选择,确保目标抗病、抗虫、抗逆或品质相关基因被保留,也可用于背景选择,尽快恢复受体品种遗传背景,减少不必要的野生来源片段[22]。
快速回交则是在分子标记辅助选择基础上,通过缩短世代周期、早期选择和连续回交,加快目标基因向优良品种背景中的转移。该策略尤其适用于主效抗病虫基因的导入和聚合。例如,水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21来源于长药野生稻[10-11],在导入优良栽培稻背景时,可通过分子标记辅助回交追踪目标基因并恢复受体品种农艺背景;抗褐飞虱基因Bph14和Bph15与药用野生稻渐渗材料有关,也可借助分子标记选择加快导入和聚合[12-14]。类似地,小麦近缘种来源的抗锈病基因,如Sr35和Yr15,在育种利用中也需要依靠紧密连锁标记或功能标记进行快速筛选[15-16]。对于目标基因明确、标记可靠的性状,分子标记辅助选择和快速回交仍是目前最实用、最容易与常规育种结合的技术路径。
单倍体诱导和双单倍体技术可显著缩短材料纯合和稳定评价所需时间。传统导入育种通常需要多代自交才能获得稳定纯合材料,而单倍体诱导可从杂交或回交后代中获得单倍体植株,再经染色体加倍形成双单倍体材料,使基因型在较短时间内实现纯合。这一技术能够减少分离世代,加快目标片段固定和表型评价,对提高野生近缘种导入材料的创制效率具有重要意义[27]。
在野生近缘种利用中,单倍体诱导可用于加快回交后代、渐渗材料和基因聚合材料的稳定。以小麦和玉米(Zea mays)育种为例,双单倍体技术已被广泛用于快速固定重组基因型和缩短育种周期[66]。对于携带野生近缘种外源片段的后代群体,若先利用分子标记筛选出含有目标片段、背景恢复较好的个体,再结合单倍体诱导获得纯合导入系,可显著提高后续外源片段效应鉴定和多环境评价效率[66]。对于水稻、小麦、玉米等单倍体或双单倍体技术基础较好的作物,该策略可作为野生近缘种导入材料快速稳定的重要配套方法[66-67]。然而,不同作物的单倍体诱导效率、染色体加倍率和植株再生能力差异较大,因此该技术更适合作为加快材料固定的辅助环节,而不是独立完成野生近缘种利用的完整路径。
基因编辑为野生近缘种高效利用提供了新的技术方向。一方面,基因编辑可在栽培种中定向改造目标基因或调控元件,模拟野生近缘种中的有利等位变异,减少大段外源片段导入带来的连锁累赘[38-39];另一方面,也可直接在野生近缘种背景中编辑驯化相关基因,使其在保留抗病、抗逆和生态适应性优势的同时,改善不符合栽培需求的不良性状[38-41]。
从头驯化是基因编辑应用于野生近缘种利用的代表性方向。传统路线通常是将野生近缘种中的有利基因导入栽培种,再通过多代回交去除不良背景;从头驯化则是直接以野生近缘种为遗传基础,编辑落粒、株型、果实或籽粒大小、开花期、成熟期等驯化相关基因,使其逐步具备栽培利用潜力[38-40]。例如,异源四倍体野生稻的从头驯化研究以PPR1材料为基础,建立组织培养、遗传转化和基因组编辑体系,并对落粒性、芒长、株高、粒长、茎秆粗度和抽穗期等性状相关基因进行定向改造,显示了直接改造野生稻、创制新型水稻种质的可能性[38]。野生番茄从头驯化研究也表明,通过多靶点基因编辑,可在保留野生番茄耐盐、抗病和环境适应性优势的同时,改善果实大小、株型和品质等农艺性状[39, 41]。该策略为野生近缘种利用提供了不同于常规渐渗育种的新路线,但仍受制于遗传转化效率、再生体系、基因功能解析准确性和田间稳定性评价等因素。
野生近缘种的利用不应停留在单个基因导入层面。许多重要育种目标,如持久抗病、稳定抗虫、抗逆稳产和品质提升,往往需要多个基因或多个有利等位变异协同作用[68-69]。多基因聚合通过分子标记辅助选择、基因编辑或杂交组配,将不同来源的抗病、抗虫、抗逆和品质相关基因组合到同一遗传背景中,以提高性状稳定性和综合改良效果[64, 68]。
在抗病、抗虫育种中,多基因聚合尤为重要。单一抗性基因容易因病原菌小种或害虫种群变化而失效,而将不同作用机制的抗性基因组合利用,有助于提高抗性的广谱性和持久性。例如,水稻中可将野生稻来源的抗褐飞虱基因Bph14、Bph15与其他抗虫基因聚合,以提高褐飞虱抗性的稳定性[12-14];白叶枯病抗性基因Xa21也可与xa5、xa13等其他抗性基因组合利用,以增强白叶枯病抗性的广谱性和持久性[10-11, 45]。小麦抗锈病育种中,也可将野生近缘种来源的Sr35、Yr15等基因与其他抗锈病基因进行组合,提高抗性稳定性[15-16]。分子设计育种则是在明确基因功能、等位变异效应和遗传背景互作的基础上,对目标基因组合进行预先设计和定向选择,使野生近缘种有利变异从“单点利用”转向“组合利用”[64, 68-69]。
野生近缘种高效利用需要形成从资源保存到育种材料创制的完整路径。首先,应加强野生近缘种资源的收集、保存和精准评价,明确其抗病、抗虫、抗逆、品质和适应性等目标性状;其次,通过基因组学、QTL定位、关联分析和多组学方法挖掘目标基因或有利片段;随后利用远缘杂交、胚挽救、桥梁材料、染色体工程、遗传转化或基因编辑等方式实现有利变异导入;在此基础上,通过分子标记辅助选择、背景选择、高密度标记追踪、渐渗系和近等基因系构建,缩小外源片段并降低连锁累赘;最后经过多环境评价和综合农艺性状鉴定,将优异片段转化为稳定的育种中间材料或新品种。
这一应用路径在多个作物中已有体现。例如,野生稻来源的Xa21从资源鉴定、基因克隆、导入栽培稻背景到抗病材料创制,体现了“野生资源—目标基因—分子标记辅助导入—育种材料”的利用模式[10-11, 45];野生潘那利番茄渐渗系的应用,是“野生资源—渐渗群体—QTL定位—候选基因解析—品质改良”这一路径的成功实践[17];野生马铃薯中Rpi-blb1/RB的利用,则代表了“野生资源—抗病基因克隆—遗传转化—抗病材料创制”的模式[19]。这些案例说明,野生近缘种利用并不存在统一的技术路线,而应根据作物特性、目标性状和技术条件构建适宜的利用模式。
因此,野生近缘种的高效利用并非依赖单一技术,而是涉及资源评价、基因挖掘、导入转育、片段优化、快速固定、性状聚合和育种验证的系统过程。未来应进一步推动种质资源数据库、基因组信息、表型评价、分子育种和田间验证的深度结合,构建目标性状明确、技术路线清晰、材料评价充分的应用体系,从而缩短野生近缘种从资源保存到育种利用的转化周期,提高其在现代种质创新中的实际贡献。
作物野生近缘种是拓宽栽培作物遗传基础、应对气候变化和提升粮食安全保障能力的重要资源[1, 3-4, 8]。随着基因组学、分子育种和基因编辑等技术的发展,野生近缘种利用已经从传统的资源收集和表型筛选,逐步转向基因定位、精准导入、片段优化和高效种质创制[5, 8-9]。然而,从当前应用情况看,野生近缘种资源的潜力尚未充分释放[1-2, 8]。大量资源仍停留在保存和初步鉴定阶段,能够真正转化为稳定育种材料和新品种的比例仍然有限。未来研究需要从单一资源评价转向全流程利用体系建设,推动野生近缘种由“资源储备”向“育种材料”和“品种改良基因源”转变。
首先,应加强野生近缘种资源的系统评价和数据整合。现有种质资源保存数量较大,但许多材料缺乏精准表型数据、基因型数据和环境适应性评价,限制了优异资源的快速筛选。未来应围绕抗病、抗虫、耐旱、耐盐、耐高温、养分高效利用和品质改良等重要育种目标,建立标准化、多环境、可重复的表型评价体系,并结合高质量基因组、泛基因组、重测序和结构变异数据,构建基因型—表型—环境关联数据库[9, 70]。只有明确哪些资源具有稳定性状、哪些变异具有明确效应,野生近缘种利用才能从经验筛选转向精准发掘。
其次,应提高优异基因导入和外源片段优化效率。远缘杂交不亲和、杂种不育和连锁累赘仍是制约野生近缘种利用的关键障碍[9]。未来需要进一步优化胚挽救、桥梁材料、染色体工程、遗传转化和基因编辑等技术体系,提高外源有利基因进入栽培背景的效率[9, 33]。同时,应加强分子标记辅助选择、背景选择、高密度标记追踪和重组筛选[22, 44],将大段外源片段逐步缩小为携带目标基因的小片段,减少落粒、晚熟、株型不良、品质下降等不利性状共同导入。对于水稻、小麦、番茄、马铃薯等已有较好研究基础的作物,应进一步推动从基因发现到稳定导入材料创制的连续化研究[33, 70]。
再次,应重视复杂性状的稳定性评价和多基因协同利用。野生近缘种中大量有价值性状,如抗旱、耐盐、产量稳定性、品质提升和资源利用效率,往往受多基因和环境共同影响,单点鉴定难以准确反映其育种价值[9]。未来需要结合多年多点试验、高通量表型、多组学解析和统计模型分析,明确目标片段在不同遗传背景和生态环境中的稳定性。同时,对于抗病、抗虫等容易发生抗性失效的性状,应加强多基因聚合和分子设计育种,将不同来源、不同作用机制的有利基因进行组合利用,提高抗性的广谱性和持久性。
此外,基因编辑和从头驯化将为野生近缘种利用提供新的发展方向[38-41]。传统野生近缘种利用主要依赖将有利基因导入栽培种,再通过回交和选择消除不良背景[70];而基因编辑可以在栽培种中精准改造目标基因,也可以直接在野生近缘种中编辑驯化相关基因,改善落粒、株型、成熟期、果实或籽粒大小等不良性状[38-41]。野生稻和野生番茄从头驯化的研究表明,部分野生近缘种不仅可以作为基因供体,也可能成为新型作物或新型种质创制的底盘[38-39, 41]。未来应在完善遗传转化和再生体系的基础上,加强驯化基因功能解析、多基因编辑策略和田间适应性评价,推动从头驯化从概念验证走向材料创制。
总体而言,作物野生近缘种利用的未来方向应从“保存资源”转向“用好资源”,从“发现单个基因”转向“创制稳定材料”,从“技术分散应用”转向“全流程系统集成”。通过资源精准评价、优异基因挖掘、外源片段优化、复杂性状稳定性鉴定、基因编辑和分子设计育种的协同推进,野生近缘种中的有利变异有望更高效地转化为背景清楚、性状稳定、适应生产需求的种质材料,为作物遗传改良和现代农业可持续发展提供持续支撑。

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doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260526001
  • 接收时间:2026-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-16
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-26
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    1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081
    2中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南 三亚 572024
    3崖州湾国家实验室,海南 三亚 572024

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李立会,研究方向为小麦种质资源,E-mail:
钱前,研究方向为水稻遗传资源发掘与利用,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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