Article(id=1312006145712161674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250703001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751472000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736241032, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784131200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736241032, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736241032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736241032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312006144101540779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, year='2026', volume='27', issue='7', pageStart='1311', pageEnd='1484', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784131200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790736240648, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739525097, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1324, endPage=1345, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006145926071179, articleId=1312006145712161674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=EN, title=Status, Conservation, and Utilization of Wheat and Its Wild Relatives, columnId=1312006144902652845, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Wheat wild relatives harbour rich genetic variations accumulated through natural evolution and serve as reservoirs of resistance genes against environmental stressors and vital genetic resources for breeding high-yield, high-quality wheat varieties. However, long-term breeding practices prioritizing yield-related traits and technical barriers in distant hybridization make modern wheat cultivars exhibit a narrow genetic base and leave numerous valuable genetic resources in wild relatives underutilized. Meanwhile, threats such as anthropogenic disturbances, habitat degradation and climate change have led to severe population decline or even extinction of some wild relatives, risking permanent loss of their unique genetic resources. Strengthened conservation efforts (especially in situ) are therefore urgently needed. This review systematically examines the taxonomy, geographic distribution of wheat wild relatives, the origin and domestication history of wheat and current genetic diversity; summarizes utilization of wild relatives in genetic improvement; critically analyses conservation status (in situ/ex situ), challenges in preserving these resources and proposes science-based strategies for effective conservation and sustainable utilization. These insights aim to provide theoretical support for driving innovative development in the wheat seed industry and ensuring food security.

, authors=Guoyan JIAN1, 2, Fumin ZHANG1, 2, Chao XU1, Jinbo ZHANG3, Song GE1, 2, Haiqin SUN1, authorsList=Guoyan JIAN, Fumin ZHANG, Chao XU, Jinbo ZHANG, Song GE, Haiqin SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiqin SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006148698506126, articleId=1312006145712161674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=CN, title=小麦及野生近缘种资源的现状、保护和利用, columnId=1312006145041064879, journalTitle=植物遗传资源学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

小麦野生近缘种资源蕴藏着自然界长期进化积累的丰富遗传变异,既含有应对环境变化的抗性基因,也有培育高产、优质小麦品种所需重要基因资源。然而,由于长期育种选择偏重产量等少数性状,加之远缘杂交存在技术障碍,致使现代小麦品种遗传基础狭窄,大量具有重要价值的野生近缘种基因资源尚未得到有效利用。同时,人为干预、栖息地破坏、气候变化等威胁导致野生近缘种生存环境恶化,部分类群急剧减少甚至濒临灭绝,其携带的独特基因资源面临永久丧失的风险,亟须加强保护,尤其是原生境保护。本文系统梳理了小麦野生近缘种属植物的分类和地理分布、小麦的起源以及遗传多样性现状;重点概述了野生近缘种资源在遗传改良中的应用实例;评析了野生近缘种资源保护(包括原生境与异位)的成效与面临的主要挑战,并基于此提出了科学有效保护和可持续利用的策略建议,以期为推动小麦种业创新发展及保障粮食安全提供理论支撑。

, authors=简国燕1, 2, 张富民1, 2, 徐超1, 张金波3, 葛颂1, 2, 孙海芹1, authorsList=简国燕, 张富民, 徐超, 张金波, 葛颂, 孙海芹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙海芹, authorNote=

研究方向为保护生物学,E-mail:

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孙海芹,研究方向为保护生物学和植物进化生态学,E-mail:
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MYA:百万年前;YBP:年前

, figureFileSmall=a3OCJMAZYO8tkG+eDjOwgg==, figureFileBig=5A6yfXCLni2CpIWxdZZpvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006153605841861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145712161674, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification,genome,growth type,and geographic distribution of Triticum species[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分类

Classification

物种名称

Species name

基因组

Genome

生长类型

Growth type

地理分布

Geographic distribution

一粒系

Einkorn

乌拉尔图小麦 Triticum urartu Thum. ex Gandil.A野生地中海东部沿岸、美索不达米亚、外高加索等
野生一粒小麦 T. boeoticum Boiss.A野生土耳其东南部、叙利亚北部
栽培一粒小麦 T. monococcum L.A栽培(带壳)

土耳其、高加索、欧洲、摩洛哥的

孤立边缘土地

二粒系

Emmer

野生二粒小麦 T. dicoccoides(Koern. ex Aschers. et Graeb.)Schweif.A、B野生

新月沃地西部、土耳其东南部中部、

伊拉克东部、伊朗西部的山区

科尔希二粒小麦 T. paleocolchicum MenabdeA、B栽培(带壳)主要分布在高加索地区
伊斯帕汗二粒小麦 T. ispahanicum HeslotA、B栽培(带壳)

伊斯帕罕省法里丹地区瓦扎克坎顿的

几个村庄

栽培二粒小麦 T. dicoccum(Schrank)Schuebl.A、B栽培(带壳)土耳其东南部中部
东方小麦 T. turanicum Jakubz.A、B栽培(裸粒)土耳其、美索不达米亚、伊朗、哈萨克斯坦
圆锥小麦 T. turgidum L.A、B栽培(裸粒)西班牙、法国、意大利、希腊、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯、土耳其、叙利亚
波斯小麦 T. carthlicum Nevski(syn. T. persicum Vav.)A、B栽培(裸粒)主要分布在南高加索地区
硬粒小麦 T. durum Desf.A、B栽培(裸粒)埃塞俄比亚高原、撒哈拉绿洲
波兰小麦 T. polonicum L.A、B栽培(裸粒)欧洲地中海区域
埃塞俄比亚小麦 T. aethiopicum Jakubz.A、B栽培(裸粒)埃塞俄比亚、厄立特里亚

普通系

Dinkel

斯卑尔脱小麦 T. spelta L.A、B、D栽培(带壳)中欧
马卡小麦 T. macha Dekapr. et MenabdeA、B、D栽培(带壳)苏联格鲁吉亚西部
瓦维洛夫小麦 T. vavilovi(Thum.)Jakubz.A、B、D栽培(带壳)亚美尼亚
印度圆粒小麦 T. sphaerococcum Perciv.A、B、D栽培(裸粒)巴基斯坦南部、印度西北部特有
密穗小麦 T. compactum Host.A、B、D栽培(裸粒)

美国太平洋西北部、澳大利亚、欧洲、

土耳其的一些地区

普通小麦 T. aestivum L.A、B、D栽培(裸粒)世界各地均有种植
提莫菲维系Timopheevii阿拉拉特小麦 T. araraticum Jakubz.A、G野生

土耳其东南部、伊朗西部、伊拉克北部、

外高加索一些地区

提莫菲维小麦 T. timopheevii Zhuk.A、G栽培(带壳)外高加索地区
茹科夫斯基系Zhukovskyi茹科夫斯基小麦 T. zhukovskyi Menabde et ErizjanA、A、G栽培(带壳)格鲁吉亚
), ArticleFig(id=1312006153698116550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145712161674, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小麦属植物的分类、基因组、生长类型和地理分布[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分类

Classification

物种名称

Species name

基因组

Genome

生长类型

Growth type

地理分布

Geographic distribution

一粒系

Einkorn

乌拉尔图小麦 Triticum urartu Thum. ex Gandil.A野生地中海东部沿岸、美索不达米亚、外高加索等
野生一粒小麦 T. boeoticum Boiss.A野生土耳其东南部、叙利亚北部
栽培一粒小麦 T. monococcum L.A栽培(带壳)

土耳其、高加索、欧洲、摩洛哥的

孤立边缘土地

二粒系

Emmer

野生二粒小麦 T. dicoccoides(Koern. ex Aschers. et Graeb.)Schweif.A、B野生

新月沃地西部、土耳其东南部中部、

伊拉克东部、伊朗西部的山区

科尔希二粒小麦 T. paleocolchicum MenabdeA、B栽培(带壳)主要分布在高加索地区
伊斯帕汗二粒小麦 T. ispahanicum HeslotA、B栽培(带壳)

伊斯帕罕省法里丹地区瓦扎克坎顿的

几个村庄

栽培二粒小麦 T. dicoccum(Schrank)Schuebl.A、B栽培(带壳)土耳其东南部中部
东方小麦 T. turanicum Jakubz.A、B栽培(裸粒)土耳其、美索不达米亚、伊朗、哈萨克斯坦
圆锥小麦 T. turgidum L.A、B栽培(裸粒)西班牙、法国、意大利、希腊、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、突尼斯、土耳其、叙利亚
波斯小麦 T. carthlicum Nevski(syn. T. persicum Vav.)A、B栽培(裸粒)主要分布在南高加索地区
硬粒小麦 T. durum Desf.A、B栽培(裸粒)埃塞俄比亚高原、撒哈拉绿洲
波兰小麦 T. polonicum L.A、B栽培(裸粒)欧洲地中海区域
埃塞俄比亚小麦 T. aethiopicum Jakubz.A、B栽培(裸粒)埃塞俄比亚、厄立特里亚

普通系

Dinkel

斯卑尔脱小麦 T. spelta L.A、B、D栽培(带壳)中欧
马卡小麦 T. macha Dekapr. et MenabdeA、B、D栽培(带壳)苏联格鲁吉亚西部
瓦维洛夫小麦 T. vavilovi(Thum.)Jakubz.A、B、D栽培(带壳)亚美尼亚
印度圆粒小麦 T. sphaerococcum Perciv.A、B、D栽培(裸粒)巴基斯坦南部、印度西北部特有
密穗小麦 T. compactum Host.A、B、D栽培(裸粒)

美国太平洋西北部、澳大利亚、欧洲、

土耳其的一些地区

普通小麦 T. aestivum L.A、B、D栽培(裸粒)世界各地均有种植
提莫菲维系Timopheevii阿拉拉特小麦 T. araraticum Jakubz.A、G野生

土耳其东南部、伊朗西部、伊拉克北部、

外高加索一些地区

提莫菲维小麦 T. timopheevii Zhuk.A、G栽培(带壳)外高加索地区
茹科夫斯基系Zhukovskyi茹科夫斯基小麦 T. zhukovskyi Menabde et ErizjanA、A、G栽培(带壳)格鲁吉亚
), ArticleFig(id=1312006153777808327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145712161674, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Three gene pools of wheat including species and genus of Triticeae[50]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

小麦基因源类型

Type of wheat gene pool

种或亚种

Species or subspecies

一级基因源

Primary gene pool

斯卑尔脱小麦 T. spelta(AABBDD)
马卡小麦 T. macha(AABBDD)
印度圆粒小麦 T. sphaerococcum(AABBDD)
瓦维洛夫小麦 T. vavilovii(AABBDD)
印度矮秆小麦 T. compactum(AABBDD)
云南铁壳麦 T. yunnanese King(AABBDD)
西藏半野生小麦 T. tibetanum Shao(AABBDD)
新疆稻麦子 T. petropavlovskyi (AABBDD)
普通小麦 T. aestivum(AABBDD)

二级基因源

Secondary gene pool

乌拉尔图小麦 T. urartu(AA)
一粒小麦 T. monococcum(AA)
二粒小麦 T. dicoccoides(AABB)
东方小麦 T. turanicum(AABB)
圆锥小麦 T. turgidum(AABB)
波斯小麦 T. persicum(AABB)

二级基因源

Secondary gene pool

硬粒小麦 T. durum(AABB)
波兰小麦 T. polonicum(AABB)
埃塞俄比亚小麦 T. aethiopicum(AABB)
科尔稀二粒小麦 T. paleocolchicum(AABB)
伊斯帕汗二粒小麦 T. ispahanicum(AABB)
提莫菲维小麦 T. timopheevii(AAGG)
阿拉拉特小麦 T. araraticum(AAGG)
茹科夫斯基小麦 T. zhukovskyi(AAAAGG)
带S组的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草 Ae. speltoides(B)
带D组的节节麦 Ae. tauschii(D)

三级基因源

Tertiary gene pool

山羊草属 Aegilops(除了含S或D基因组的种)
冰草属 Agropyron(P)
偃麦草属 Elytrigia(E, ESt)
黑麦属 Secale(R)
簇毛麦属 Dasypyrum(V)
披碱草属 Elymus(StH, StYH)
赖草属 Leymus(NsXm)
亨氏草属 Henrardia(O)
旱麦草属 Eremopyrum(F, Xe)
异型花属 Heteranthelium(Q)
带芒草属 Taeniatherum(Ta)
鹅观草属 Roegneria(StY)
大麦属 Hordeum(H, I)
南麦属 Australopyrum(W)
拟鹅观草属 Pseudoroegneria(St)
新麦草属 Psathyrostachys(Ns)等
), ArticleFig(id=1312006153865888712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145712161674, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

小麦的三级基因源及其所包含的小麦族属种[50]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

小麦基因源类型

Type of wheat gene pool

种或亚种

Species or subspecies

一级基因源

Primary gene pool

斯卑尔脱小麦 T. spelta(AABBDD)
马卡小麦 T. macha(AABBDD)
印度圆粒小麦 T. sphaerococcum(AABBDD)
瓦维洛夫小麦 T. vavilovii(AABBDD)
印度矮秆小麦 T. compactum(AABBDD)
云南铁壳麦 T. yunnanese King(AABBDD)
西藏半野生小麦 T. tibetanum Shao(AABBDD)
新疆稻麦子 T. petropavlovskyi (AABBDD)
普通小麦 T. aestivum(AABBDD)

二级基因源

Secondary gene pool

乌拉尔图小麦 T. urartu(AA)
一粒小麦 T. monococcum(AA)
二粒小麦 T. dicoccoides(AABB)
东方小麦 T. turanicum(AABB)
圆锥小麦 T. turgidum(AABB)
波斯小麦 T. persicum(AABB)

二级基因源

Secondary gene pool

硬粒小麦 T. durum(AABB)
波兰小麦 T. polonicum(AABB)
埃塞俄比亚小麦 T. aethiopicum(AABB)
科尔稀二粒小麦 T. paleocolchicum(AABB)
伊斯帕汗二粒小麦 T. ispahanicum(AABB)
提莫菲维小麦 T. timopheevii(AAGG)
阿拉拉特小麦 T. araraticum(AAGG)
茹科夫斯基小麦 T. zhukovskyi(AAAAGG)
带S组的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草 Ae. speltoides(B)
带D组的节节麦 Ae. tauschii(D)

三级基因源

Tertiary gene pool

山羊草属 Aegilops(除了含S或D基因组的种)
冰草属 Agropyron(P)
偃麦草属 Elytrigia(E, ESt)
黑麦属 Secale(R)
簇毛麦属 Dasypyrum(V)
披碱草属 Elymus(StH, StYH)
赖草属 Leymus(NsXm)
亨氏草属 Henrardia(O)
旱麦草属 Eremopyrum(F, Xe)
异型花属 Heteranthelium(Q)
带芒草属 Taeniatherum(Ta)
鹅观草属 Roegneria(StY)
大麦属 Hordeum(H, I)
南麦属 Australopyrum(W)
拟鹅观草属 Pseudoroegneria(St)
新麦草属 Psathyrostachys(Ns)等
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小麦及野生近缘种资源的现状、保护和利用
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简国燕 1, 2 , 张富民 1, 2 , 徐超 1 , 张金波 3 , 葛颂 1, 2 , 孙海芹 1
植物遗传资源学报 | 综述 2026,27(7): 1324-1345
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植物遗传资源学报 |综述 2026 , 27 (7) : 1324 -1345
小麦及野生近缘种资源的现状、保护和利用
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简国燕1, 2 , 张富民1, 2, 徐超1, 张金波3, 葛颂1, 2, 孙海芹1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院植物研究所,北京 100093
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,乌鲁木齐 830011
通讯作者:
孙海芹,研究方向为保护生物学和植物进化生态学,E-mail:
作者简介:

研究方向为保护生物学,E-mail:

Status, Conservation, and Utilization of Wheat and Its Wild Relatives
Guoyan JIAN1, 2 , Fumin ZHANG1, 2, Chao XU1, Jinbo ZHANG3, Song GE1, 2, Haiqin SUN1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
  • 3Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011
出版时间: 2026-07-16 doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250703001
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小麦野生近缘种资源蕴藏着自然界长期进化积累的丰富遗传变异,既含有应对环境变化的抗性基因,也有培育高产、优质小麦品种所需重要基因资源。然而,由于长期育种选择偏重产量等少数性状,加之远缘杂交存在技术障碍,致使现代小麦品种遗传基础狭窄,大量具有重要价值的野生近缘种基因资源尚未得到有效利用。同时,人为干预、栖息地破坏、气候变化等威胁导致野生近缘种生存环境恶化,部分类群急剧减少甚至濒临灭绝,其携带的独特基因资源面临永久丧失的风险,亟须加强保护,尤其是原生境保护。本文系统梳理了小麦野生近缘种属植物的分类和地理分布、小麦的起源以及遗传多样性现状;重点概述了野生近缘种资源在遗传改良中的应用实例;评析了野生近缘种资源保护(包括原生境与异位)的成效与面临的主要挑战,并基于此提出了科学有效保护和可持续利用的策略建议,以期为推动小麦种业创新发展及保障粮食安全提供理论支撑。

小麦野生近缘种  /  遗传资源保护  /  遗传多样性  /  作物驯化  /  远缘杂交

Wheat wild relatives harbour rich genetic variations accumulated through natural evolution and serve as reservoirs of resistance genes against environmental stressors and vital genetic resources for breeding high-yield, high-quality wheat varieties. However, long-term breeding practices prioritizing yield-related traits and technical barriers in distant hybridization make modern wheat cultivars exhibit a narrow genetic base and leave numerous valuable genetic resources in wild relatives underutilized. Meanwhile, threats such as anthropogenic disturbances, habitat degradation and climate change have led to severe population decline or even extinction of some wild relatives, risking permanent loss of their unique genetic resources. Strengthened conservation efforts (especially in situ) are therefore urgently needed. This review systematically examines the taxonomy, geographic distribution of wheat wild relatives, the origin and domestication history of wheat and current genetic diversity; summarizes utilization of wild relatives in genetic improvement; critically analyses conservation status (in situ/ex situ), challenges in preserving these resources and proposes science-based strategies for effective conservation and sustainable utilization. These insights aim to provide theoretical support for driving innovative development in the wheat seed industry and ensuring food security.

wheat wild relatives  /  genetic resources conservation  /  genetic diversity  /  crop domestication  /  distant hybridization
简国燕, 张富民, 徐超, 张金波, 葛颂, 孙海芹. 小麦及野生近缘种资源的现状、保护和利用. 植物遗传资源学报, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1324 -1345 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250703001
Guoyan JIAN, Fumin ZHANG, Chao XU, Jinbo ZHANG, Song GE, Haiqin SUN. Status, Conservation, and Utilization of Wheat and Its Wild Relatives[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1324 -1345 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250703001
作物野生近缘种(CWR, crop wild relatives)在长期适应自然环境的过程中积累了丰富的遗传变异,其中包括许多可供育种利用的优良变异,如广泛的环境适应性、良好的抗病性等,是作物遗传改良的重要物质基础[1]。当前农业生产中存在人工培育品种进展缓慢的问题,这主要源于遗传多样性狭窄,而作物野生近缘种资源的搜集、研究和利用不足也严重制约了作物遗传改良和育种工作的发展[2]。因此,挖掘和利用作物野生近缘植物的遗传变异和优异基因资源,对保障国家粮食安全和国民营养健康等方面具有战略意义[2-4]。然而,在人为干扰、生境破坏和全球气候变化等因素的影响下,大量珍稀、特有的作物野生近缘种资源正急剧减少甚至濒临灭绝,其保护与可持续利用研究日益紧迫,已受到各国高度重视[2, 3-5]。
粮食安全是提高人类生活质量、维护社会稳定的基石。三大粮食作物(小麦、水稻和玉米)为人类提供了42%的热量消耗,其中小麦提供了20%,且是蛋白质、维生素和矿物质的重要来源[6]。在当前主栽品种中,普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、硬粒小麦(T. durum Desf.)占主导地位[7-8],而其他栽培小麦如栽培一粒小麦(T. monococcum L.)、提莫菲维小麦(T. timopheevii Zhuk.)和茹科夫斯基小麦(T. zhukovskyi Menabde et Erizjan)仅在局部地区或植物园里少量种植。硬粒小麦主要分布于地中海盆地、北美北部平原、美国西南部和墨西哥北部沙漠地区,产量仅占栽培小麦的5%[9]。普通小麦种植面积最广,其产量占全球栽培小麦产量的95%,适应性强、分布范围广,从平原到海拔4000多米的高原(如西藏)均有栽培。
据联合国粮农组织统计数据库(FAOSTAT)统计数据(https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL)显示,2023年全球小麦种植面积为2.2×108 hm2,比2022年上升0.63%,总产量达到7.99亿 t,但同比2022年下降1.53%。随着全球人口的持续增长,预计到2050年全球小麦产量需提高50%以上才能满足需求,因此全球小麦供给形势依然十分严峻[10]。小麦世界主产区包括温带和俄罗斯南部、美国中部平原、加拿大南部、地中海盆地、中国中北部、印度、阿根廷、澳大利亚西南部[7-8]。中国作为全球最大的小麦生产国,2023年小麦种植面积为2363万 hm2,比2022年上升了0.4%,产量达13659万 t,同比2022年下降0.8%[11]。
全球范围内小麦的增产不仅得益于化肥、农药和灌溉等农业技术的应用,也源于高产且多抗新品种的培育[10]。将野生近缘种属的优良基因引入小麦是遗传改良、培育新品种的关键途径[12]。因此,阐明小麦野生近缘种的地理分布、小麦的起源和遗传多样性,评析小麦野生近缘种的育种应用与保护现状,对其保护与利用具有重要意义。
小麦族(Triticeae)隶属禾本科早熟禾亚科,其不同属间形态变异显著且存在天然杂交现象,导致属级分类困难,也使得国内外学者关于该族的范畴、分属界限和属的数目等问题仍存在分歧[13]。早在1754年,林奈首次概述了部分属的特征及其地理分布[14]。此后,不同学者基于不同的分类学依据,如不同的形态特征(小穗的数目和结构、植株营养器官和生殖器官)[15]、“种系发生”[16]和染色体组进行划分。目前普遍采用染色体组分类法[17-18],Dewey[17]主要基于北美地区多年生小麦族物种的染色体组分析与杂交亲和性将其划分为9属(含Thinopyrum);Löve[19]利用26个染色体组(E、H、P、St等)将该族分为4亚族37属;Wang等[20]结合分子生物学证据修正为18属;最新全球禾本科分类将小麦族划分为28属[21];颜济等[22]结合经典分类、细胞遗传学将现存已知世界范围内的小麦族划分为30属2亚属464种9亚种186变种。综上可见,关于小麦族的属和种数量,学术界因分类标准和研究方法的不同,存在多个观点。目前没有绝对统一的数字,但可以确定的是,小麦族包含约20~30个属,超过460个种。随着细胞遗传学、分子生物学等现代技术的发展,研究者对其属种界限和演化关系的认识会愈发清晰。
自1737年林奈确立小麦属(Triticum)以来[22],分类系统主要分为两类:(1)形态分类系统:依据形态特征的一致性和独特性以及地理分布,Körnicke[23]将小麦属划分为26种,但有的种之间常仅存1~2个形态差异,鉴定困难;(2)染色体组分类系统:Schulz[24]首次按染色体数目将小麦属分为三大系,包括一粒系(具有14条染色体)、二粒系(具有28条染色体)和普通系(具有42条染色体)。随后,Linlienfeld等[25]通过染色体配对试验验证了异源多倍体假说。Bowden[26]基于遗传同源将小麦多倍体(四倍体和六倍体)与山羊草属(Aegilops)合并。Mac Key[27]按染色体组类型将小麦属划分为5种,但未充分反映形态多样性,例如将含AB染色体组的野生二粒小麦与栽培一粒小麦归为同种。我国学者金善宝[28]结合两种方法将小麦属分为5系22种(表1),包括A、B、D、G 4个染色体组及其倍性组合,该体系已被广泛接受[28-30]。
按照金善宝[28]的分类系统,小麦属包含5个系(表1),具体如下。
一粒系(Einkorn) 含AA染色体组的二倍体,包括2个野生种(野生一粒小麦T. boeoticum、乌拉尔图小麦T. urartu)和1个栽培种(栽培一粒小麦T. monococcum)[31]。该栽培种约公元前7500年由土耳其东南部的野生一粒小麦驯化而来,随后传播至中东、巴尔干、高加索、土库曼斯坦、中欧、地中海地区和北非,最后传播到西欧和北欧,是新月沃地最早驯化的作物之一[32]。其籽粒富含类胡萝卜素、生育酚和多酚等营养物质,现为孑遗作物,仅在地中海地区和欧洲局部地区种植[33]。
二粒系(Emmer) 含有AABB染色体组的四倍体。野生二粒小麦(T. dicoccoides)起源于新月沃地西部,由乌拉尔图小麦(父本,AA)与可能已灭绝的拟斯卑尔脱山羊草(Aegilops speltoides)近缘种(母本)杂交形成[28, 34]。约公元前8000年在土耳其卡拉卡达格山脉驯化,产生栽培二粒小麦(T. dicoccum)和硬粒小麦(T. durum,也称硬质小麦或面食小麦),衍生出圆锥小麦(T. turgidum)、波兰小麦(T. polonicum)和东方小麦(T. turanicum)等[35-37]。
普通系(Dinkel) 含AABBDD染色体组的六倍体。普通小麦(T. aestivum,俗称面包小麦)的A、B、D基因组分别来自乌拉尔图小麦、拟斯卑尔脱山羊草和节节麦(Ae. tauschii)[30, 38]。其演化经历两个阶段,第一阶段(约5.5万年前):乌拉尔图小麦(AA)与未知拟斯卑尔脱谱系物种(BB)杂交形成野生二粒小麦;第二阶段(约8500年前):栽培二粒小麦与节节麦(DD)杂交形成六倍体普通小麦[39]。考古证据表明,普通小麦从新月沃地传播至欧亚大陆,距今约7000年抵达欧洲,6000年到达南亚,5000年入东亚[30, 36]。传入中国有3条路径:南喜马拉雅路线(经巴基斯坦-印度-缅甸-中国云南)、河西走廊路线(经中亚绿洲-河西走廊)和草原路线(经欧亚草原-蒙古草原)[30]。中国驯化培育普通小麦品种数以万计,1949年后育成3000余个新品种[40]。
提莫菲维系(Timopheevii) 含AAGG染色体组的四倍体。提莫菲维小麦(T. timopheevii)由野生的阿拉拉特小麦(T. araraticum)驯化而来,其A、G基因组供体分别为乌拉尔图小麦和拟斯卑尔脱山羊草[41-42],但基因组测序证实拟斯卑尔脱山羊草并非G基因组的直接祖先[34]。
茹科夫斯基系(Zhukovskyi) 该系仅有六倍体茹科夫斯基小麦(T. zhukovskyi)一个种,发现于格鲁吉亚[43],由提莫菲维小麦与栽培一粒小麦杂交后染色体加倍而成,染色体组成为AAAAGG[41]。
各谱系进化历程见图1[29, 36, 44]。
关于中国普通小麦的起源和演化,董玉琛等[45]基于中国的证据支持,完善了普通小麦多中心起源的理论,即普通小麦可能不仅在近东地区起源,也在中亚(包括中国西部)独立或半独立起源。董玉琛和郑殿升系统梳理与整合了中国的小麦遗传资源,详细记录了中国地方小麦品种(农家种)所蕴含的极其丰富的形态变异,例如在芒性、穗色(白、红、黑)、穗形、籽粒颜色、冬春性等方面的多样性。这种丰富的变异程度暗示了一个漫长且独立的演化历史,而非全部由外部引入。同时重点介绍了在中国发现的、在世界上其他地区罕见或没有的特殊小麦类型,其中最著名的是云南小麦(T. aestivum ssp. yunnanense)和西藏半野生小麦(T aestivum ssp. tibeticum Shao)。这些特有类型被认为是普通小麦在中国境内独立演化的“活化石”证据。
普通小麦的起源已比较清晰,但B基因组的直接祖先仍未知,推测为拟山羊草组Sitopsis的未知成员[30]。拟斯卑尔脱山羊草是B亚基因组近缘种,但非直接祖先[38]。虽然小麦属与山羊草属的系统发生关系[46-47]、现代小麦基因库的种群结构[39, 48]及历史基因流动[46, 49]均已有研究,但普通小麦及其近缘种的种群历史仍需深入解析。
小麦野生近缘植物资源是指小麦族中除栽培小麦、大麦和黑麦以外的所有野生物种,包括小麦属野生种及其他小麦族野生种[50]。全球约有325个分类单元(种、亚种和变种),主要分布于欧亚温带和温寒带,我国主要分布于北方温凉地区。
根据亲缘关系远近,小麦基因源划分为三级(表2)[50]。一级基因源为含普通小麦品种、品系及同基因组(AABBDD)的亚种、半野生种等;与小麦杂交可育,基因转移相对容易。二级基因源为与多倍体小麦部分基因组相同的物种;其杂交后代部分可育,基因转移难度中等。三级基因源为染色体组异于栽培小麦的物种;其杂交较难,杂种育性较差或完全不育。
小麦野生近缘种涵盖三级基因源,具有多维价值和应用潜力[51]。具体表现为:(1)极端生境适应性,从海岸至海拔5000 m的高山,广泛分布于森林、沼泽、荒漠等生态系统。(2)模式系统独特性,囊括了植物界几乎所有的生活型(一年生/多年生)、遗传系统(二倍体/多倍体)、交配系统(自花/异花授粉)及特殊现象(基因组自然加倍、雄性不育、无融合生殖),为研究小麦起源、演化与遗传机制提供不可替代的平台。(3)生态工程应用潜力,冰草属、赖草属和新麦草属的物种凭借强抗旱、抗寒和发达的根系,在俄罗斯西伯利亚等风沙区成功应用于固沙。(4)品质改良物质基础,其茎叶富含粗蛋白质、粗脂肪等成分,籽粒高蛋白特性可直接用于育种改良。这些特性为小麦的遗传改良和育种提供了丰富的物质基础和应用方向。
遗传多样性作为生物多样性的核心基础,其本质是物种内群体或个体间遗传变异的总和,深刻影响生物多样性的形成和发展轨迹[52]。针对小麦遗传多样性的研究,在解析作物起源、完善分类体系、指导亲本选配、优化种质保存及资源利用策略等方面具有不可替代的科学价值[53]。
早期遗传多样性研究主要依赖形态学、细胞学(染色体)与生化标记。形态学研究成果揭示了埃塞俄比亚不同区域四倍体小麦在株高、抽穗期、穗长、穗密度和籽粒颜色等农艺性状上的丰富遗传变异[54]。细胞学分析则发现我国甘肃、青海地区的圆锥小麦地方品种与普通小麦在A、B染色体组带型间存在显著的多态性[55]。基于酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE, acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)的醇溶蛋白分析进一步证实,河西地区小麦种质资源具有广泛的遗传基础[56]。然而,上述3种方法受限于时空与环境因素,分子标记技术因直接作用于遗传物质、突破环境与基因表达的限制,成为当前遗传多样性鉴定的理想手段。该技术发展经历3个阶段:第一代以Southern杂交为基础的RFLP标记;第二代基于PCR扩增的RAPD、SSR、AFLP标记;第三代通过芯片杂交实现的SNP标记[52]。
在不同发展阶段,小麦遗传多样性的研究结果有所不同。总体来说,多倍体化与驯化瓶颈显著降低了小麦遗传多样性。分子证据表明普通小麦及栽培品种的遗传多样性普遍低于其野生近缘种[57-58],而栽培品种之间则表现出较高的遗传相似性[59-60]。这一现象凸显了原始供体种的关键作用,它们仍是丰富现代栽培小麦遗传多样性的核心资源库[61]。
尽管在驯化与育种过程中遗传多样性会降低,但A、B、D基因组仍呈现不均衡的多样性分布。综合各类分子标记分析发现,B基因组的遗传多样性最高,D基因组最低,A基因组居中[46]。具体表现为四倍体小麦与节节麦的杂交后代中,49.4%的等位变异仅存在于亲本中[59]。利用SSR标记对206份材料的分析显示,节节麦D基因组的遗传多样性(有效等位基因4.6123,多态信息含量0.8736,Shannon′s信息指数1.3839)显著高于普通小麦D基因组(有效等位基因2.2211,多态信息含量0.2869,Shannon′s信息指数0.4634)[62]。全基因组测序揭示,普通小麦和野生四倍体小麦的A和B基因组的核苷酸多样性θπ和基于分离位点数的核苷酸多态性估计值θw相似,均高于普通小麦的D基因组[63]。基于103份春小麦的SNP分析发现,B基因组SNP占比高达41%,D基因组仅占19%[64],该结果与Pont等[36]和Cheng等[48]的研究结果一致。
遗传结构分析揭示了小麦种间亲缘关系的复杂性。栽培一粒小麦与野生小麦的亲缘关系(遗传相似性GS=0.84)显著高于其与乌拉尔图小麦的亲缘关系(GS=0.46)[65],与Mousavifard等[66]的结论一致。对普通小麦进化4个关键阶段的类群(野生、驯化、栽培硬粒小麦和普通小麦)研究进一步发现,基于A、B基因组重建的系统发育树可将其分为I组和II组,STRUCTURE分析与正Tajima′s D(D=0.48357,P=0.041)支持普通小麦至少是双系起源,由遗传上不同的四倍体祖先(AABB基因组)演化而来,但总体符合单一驯化事件[57]。
总之,小麦野生近缘种在形态、细胞(染色体)、生理生化及分子水平均展现出丰富遗传多样性。相关研究不仅深化了对多样性形成机制与分布规律的认识,为育种创新提供理论基石,更凸显了保护与利用野生种质资源的战略紧迫性。
驯化过程会导致“驯化综合征”,包括种子传播模式改变、植株结构变化、籽粒增大、休眠丧失和养分含量变化等,部分基因永久丢失[67]。野生小麦及其异源多倍体的DNA比亲代少2%~10%,表明演化过程中部分DNA被消除[68]。二战后集约化育种聚焦高产,加剧了遗传侵蚀。利用野生资源是小麦改良的关键策略。近期,Tian等[69]系统总结了利用野生近缘种进行小麦遗传改良的研究进展,重点探讨了利用染色体工程、基因组学和表型组学技术挖掘野生资源中抗病及非生物胁迫耐受基因的策略。下文简述小麦野生近缘植物的优良基因及其在小麦育种和遗传改良中的利用。
野生一粒小麦(T. boeoticum,AA) 栽培一粒小麦的野生祖先(图1),广泛分布于东地中海地区,具有突出的耐旱性(优于野生二粒小麦和普通小麦)[70],是抗病性、抗逆性及营养品质改良的重要基因库[71-72]。柳欣等[73]将野生一粒小麦G52中的蓝粒基因导入普通小麦,形成4Aᵇ(4B)二体代换系。
乌拉尔图小麦(T. urartu,AA) 四倍体和六倍体小麦中A亚基因组的供体,分布于新月沃地[74]。种群具高表型可塑性(株型、抽穗日期和粒径等)[75],携带抗生物和非生物胁迫等优异基因[76],这可能与自然选择和适应中东不同栖息地有关[77],其抗白粉病[78]和秆锈病[79]基因以及与淀粉合成[80]和种子储存蛋白相关的基因[81-82]已被引入栽培小麦。邱永春等[83]已将二倍体乌拉尔图的抗白粉病基因PmU通过回交转育和分子标记辅助选择导入普通小麦,获得稳定品系。
阿拉拉特小麦(T. araraticum,AAGG) 分布于土耳其东南部、外高加索等地(表1),具有雄性不育恢复基因以及抗麦秆蝇、秆锈病、叶锈病和白粉病基因[84]。尽管阿拉拉特小麦与普通小麦之间存在一定的杂交障碍,齐莉莉等[85]通过一系列精细的杂交试验,成功将其主效抗白粉病基因Pm2导入普通小麦中。除了对白粉病的抗性外,阿拉拉特小麦还携带针对秆锈病的有效抗性基因,研究表明,通过一系列回交手段,可以将苗期抗小麦秆锈菌(Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici)的部分显性基因(Sr40)从阿拉拉特小麦的两个品系(PGR 6126和PGR 6195)导入六倍体小麦,该基因对小麦秆锈菌的绝大多数小种均有中等水平的抗性[86]。
野生二粒小麦(T. dicoccoides,AABB) 起源于新月沃地西部(表1)[34],约公元前8000年驯化为栽培二粒小麦和硬粒小麦(图1)[36]。野生二粒小麦在小麦史上处于核心地位,在进化过程中积累了丰富的遗传多样性和广泛的基因型变异,携带了许多普通小麦在长期驯化过程中丢失的优异基因,这些基因涉及农艺性状[87]、品质性状(蛋白质含量[88]、氨基酸组成[89]、微量营养素[90])、抗病性状(抗白粉病[91]、镰刀菌枯萎病[92]、叶锈病、茎锈病、条锈病[93]等)。随着2017年野生二粒小麦全基因组的成功破译[94],研究者对其遗传背景和基因组结构有了更深入的理解,为发掘和利用野生二粒小麦中的优异基因提供了重要基础。通过远缘杂交和渐渗系构建技术,能够将野生二粒小麦中的优异基因导入普通小麦,从而拓宽普通小麦的遗传基础,培育具有改良性状的新品种。研究表明,野生二粒小麦的基因渗入可以显著提高普通小麦的蛋白质含量[95]、白粉病抗性[96]和氮素利用效率[97],改善普通小麦的加工品质[98]等。此外,全基因组关联分析的应用能够快速鉴定与重要农艺性状相关的遗传位点和候选基因,将加速野生二粒小麦优异基因在育种中的利用[99]。
小麦族中小麦的近缘种除栽培小麦、栽培大麦和栽培黑麦外,均为野生种,包括山羊草属(Aegilops)、冰草属(Agropyrum)、偃麦草属(Elytrigia)、黑麦属(Secale)、簇毛麦属(Dasypyrum)、新麦草属(Psathyrostachys)、赖草属(Leymus)等17个属[100]。以下近缘植物常被用于小麦遗传改良。
山羊草属 山羊草属是与小麦亲缘关系最近的野生植物[101],节节麦是普通小麦D基因组的提供者。该属主要为一年生草本植物,约有25种,多数分布于地中海沿岸和中亚地区[102]。我国陕西、河南等地有节节麦的分布记录,这可能是一个伴随小麦种植引入的物种,在我国西北地区也发现了其自然生长[103]。山羊草属植物被称为小麦遗传改良的“宝贵基因库”,蕴藏着许多抗病、抗逆、优质高产等重要基因[102]。这些基因通过远缘杂交技术,以异附加系、异代换系或异易位系等形式导入普通小麦的遗传背景中,从而培育出具有优良性状的新种质或新品种。例如董玉琛等[100]利用四倍体小麦与节节麦、顶芒山羊草等杂交,合成22个抗白粉病的小麦-山羊草双二倍体(Am1~Am22)。圆锥小麦、硬粒小麦和波斯小麦等与节节麦杂交,创制抗叶锈病和抗秆锈病的人工合成小麦[104-105]。山羊草属野生近缘植物携带多种抗病基因,如拟斯卑尔脱山羊草拥有抗条锈病基因Yr19[106]、抗叶锈病基因Lr28、Lr35、Lr36、Lr47、Lr51、Lr66、抗秆锈病基因Sr32、Sr39、Sr47[107-108]及抗白粉病基因Pm12、Pm32、Pm53[109-111];高大山羊草(Ae. longissima)3Sl染色体带有抗白粉病基因Pm13,已应用于育种并完成克隆[112]。
偃麦草属 该属主要为多年生草本植物,约有40种,分布于两半球的寒温带[113]。偃麦草属植物通常耐寒、耐旱、耐盐碱,能够适应相对恶劣的环境条件。例如,长穗偃麦草(E. elongata)就以其抗逆(抗寒、抗旱、耐盐)特性而著称[114]。偃麦草属作为小麦的三级基因源,是小麦遗传改良中外源优异基因的重要来源[114-115]。通过远缘杂交、染色体工程(如创建异附加系、异代换系、易位系)和分子标记辅助选择等技术,已将偃麦草属的许多优良基因导入普通小麦中[114-116]。成功案例包括李振声等[117-118]利用长穗偃麦草与普通小麦杂交育成八倍体小偃麦(小偃7430、小偃7631、小偃784等)以及异附加系(小偃759和小偃7231),并育成小偃6号等系列优良品种。偃麦草属也携带抗病基因,如彭提卡偃麦草(E. ponticum)携带Lr24(抗叶锈)、中间偃麦草(E. intermedium)携带Yr50(抗条锈)和pm40/pm43(抗白粉)、长穗偃麦草携带Lr19(抗叶锈)、Sr25(抗秆锈)、Fhb7(抗赤霉)以及黄色素基因等[119]。李红霞等[120]将中间偃麦草的抗条锈病基因导入普通小麦,创制代换系。张树伟等[121]总结了中间偃麦草在小麦遗传改良中的应用。吕伟东等[116]对偃麦草属种质资源在普通小麦抗病、抗逆和改良品质育种中的应用做了较为全面的总结。程舒唯等[122]对小偃麦的创制及应用做了阶段性综述。近期,山东农业大学孔令让团队成功克隆了长穗偃麦草的抗赤霉病主效基因Fhb7[123],并成功应用于小麦育种。
黑麦属 该属主要为一年或越年生草本植物,约有5种,分布于欧亚大陆温带地区[124]。作为小麦的三级基因源,黑麦属植物的核心特点是具有强大的抗逆性(抗寒、耐旱、耐贫瘠)、独特的形态特征和较高的遗传多样性[125]。利用远缘杂交和染色体工程技术,育种家们成功将黑麦的许多优良基因导入了普通小麦,其中1RS·1BL易位系是最著名的案例[126],该易位系不仅同时携带了Yr9、Pm8、Lr26、Sr31等多个抗病基因[127],还表现出良好的丰产性和适应性(如较高的千粒重),使其成为现代小麦育种中应用最广泛的外源染色体片段之一[124]。以此育成的山前麦、高加索、无芒一号和洛夫林13等品种,在全球小麦产区广泛应用。据估算,2000年后全世界约有30%[128]、中国约有27%~50%小麦品种含该易位系[129-130](如矮孟牛Ⅱ型与Ⅳ~Ⅶ型、周麦22、周8425B和石4185等[127, 131])。除了1RS·1BL易位系,国外育种家们还培育出含1RS·1AL易位系的Amigo等品种,并以此为骨干亲本,培育出了含该易位系的Zhytnytsa、Rastavitsa、TAM107、TAM303、TAM305、AG Robust、Fannin、N96L9970和Helami-105等小麦新品种(系),并在美国、墨西哥和欧洲等国家推广应用[132]。另外,还有1RS·1DL、1RS·3BL、5DS-4RS·4RL和7BS·7RL等易位系应用于小麦育种中,育成的RT14-245、CCR等品种在欧美和中国推广[133-136]。小黑麦是小麦与黑麦杂交育成的属间杂种作物,也是人工选育属间杂种最成功的范例。小黑麦包括六倍体(AABBRR)和八倍体(AABBDDRR)两种倍性类型,均对多种病害免疫或高抗[135],且生物产量高[137]、营养品质优良[138]。在小黑麦的培育与生产应用方面,国内早期以鲍文奎[139]为代表在国际上首次成功将异源八倍体小黑麦应用于生产,育成了小黑麦2号、小黑麦3号及中矮秆品种劲松5号和黔中1号等品种,在贵州等高寒山区推广。近期,我国饲用小黑麦育种发展迅速,例如河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所选育的冀饲系列品种(如冀饲3号、4号、5号)已成为黄淮海、西北、西南地区的冷季型饲草优势品种,在全国年推广面积超百万亩,其与青贮玉米等的复种模式显著提升了经济效益和资源利用效率[140]。此外,中国农业科学院新疆喀什综合试验基地的中饲1048小黑麦在盐碱地治理方面表现出色[141]。国外小黑麦育种在波兰、加拿大等国也较为突出,侧重粮饲兼用型品种选育[142]。随着中国栽培品种威宁黑麦和欧洲品种Lo7的高质量参考基因组图谱的完成[124, 142-143],黑麦优异性状将加速精准定位与适应性评价,推动优异基因资源在小麦育种中的深度应用。
簇毛麦属 该属主要包括二倍体一年生簇毛麦(D. villosum)和四倍体多年生簇毛麦(D. breviaristatum)两个物种[144]。二倍体簇毛麦因其丰富的抗病性、抗逆性、优良农艺和品质性状,以及含抗白粉病基因Pm21、Pm55和Pm62、抗秆锈病Sr52等优异基因[127],成为小麦遗传改良中不可或缺的重要基因资源。对簇毛麦属植物的系统研究与利用始于20世纪中期的远缘杂交探索。国际上,美国科学家率先成功实现了普通小麦与簇毛麦的属间杂交,并开创性地通过幼胚拯救和染色体加倍技术,成功创制了小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体以及一系列小麦-簇毛麦异附加系等非整倍体材料[145]。在国内,南京农业大学刘大钧团队自20世纪70年代起,系统性地开展了小麦与簇毛麦的远缘杂交研究[145],将这一领域推向了新的高度。该团队在引进和利用国外材料与方法的基础上,独立地创制了更完整的小麦-簇毛麦二体异附加系、代换系和易位系(小簇麦非整倍体)全套新种质,并综合利用染色体分带、非整倍体分析、同工酶、原位杂交与分子标记等综合技术,首次完成了对簇毛麦不同染色体及其臂性的准确鉴定,明确了其与小麦部分同源群的关系[146]。尤为重要的是,通过对这些非整倍体材料的抗性鉴定,成功将位于簇毛麦6V染色体短臂(6VS)上的高效抗白粉病基因Pm21定位并导入小麦,创制出著名的抗白粉病普通小麦-簇毛麦T6VS·6AL易位系[147-148]。Pm21基因对我国乃至全球白粉菌系表现出了广谱、高抗且持久的优异特性,以其为核心抗源,我国育种家相继培育出南农9918、扬麦18、石麦14、山农20等一系列大面积推广的主栽品种[149],为小麦安全生产作出了巨大贡献。近期,南京农业大学王秀娥团队构建了染色体水平簇毛麦参考基因组[150],将为小麦遗传改良和广谱抗病性研究提供重要遗传资源。
冰草属 该属为多年生草本植物,主要分布于欧亚大陆温寒带的干燥草地及沙地地区,全球约15种,我国现知有5种、4变种及1变型[151]。冰草作为小麦的野生近缘种,因其携带多花多实、抗旱、抗寒以及对多种小麦病害高度免疫等众多优异基因,被国际视为小麦遗传改良的宝贵基因库。然而,由于严重的杂交不亲和性、杂种不育和后代的稳定性差、易分离等世界性难题,自20世纪30年代起,多国科学家尝试将冰草优异基因导入小麦均未获成功,以致一度被认为是一条“死胡同”[152]。中国农业科学院作物科学研究所李立会团队自20世纪80年代起,历时30余年潜心研究,最终攻克了小麦与冰草属间远缘杂交的所有技术瓶颈,该团队通过创建包括幼龄授粉、幼胚拯救、幼穗体细胞培养、高频率诱导异源易位以及开发特异分子标记等一整套高效的小麦远缘杂交新技术体系,在国际上首次成功实现了小麦与冰草的属间杂交,突破了利用冰草属物种改良小麦的世界难题[153-158]。在基础材料创制方面,该团队成功培育了小麦-冰草双二倍体、附加系(如7P附加系)、缺失系和易位系(如T7PL·7AL整臂易位系)等一系列遗传材料,其中,研究发现附加冰草6P、7P染色体可显著提高小麦千粒重和增强抗旱能力[159-160]。在育种应用方面,该团队创制的普冰系列创新种质已被免费发放给全国多家育种单位利用,极大地拓宽了我国小麦育种的遗传基础。利用这些种质,已培育出15个审定的新品种(包括国审品种)、39个参加国家和省级区域试验的新品系。这些品种普遍比主栽品种增产超过10%,且兼具优质强筋特性,标志着我国小麦育种在产量、抗性和品质协同改良方面取得了重大突破,为保障国家粮食安全提供了强有力的种源支撑[152]。
新麦草属 该属植物为多年生草本,约有10种,主要分布于中亚地区。我国产4种,多为山地草原及山地半荒漠带常见牧草[161]。该属植物尤其是华山新麦草(Psa. huashanica)兼具抗条锈病、全蚀病和白粉病等优良性状[162-163],是提升小麦抗病抗逆性和生产潜力的重要种质资源[164]。目前通过远缘杂交、回交、胚拯救技术已培育出大量优质杂种后代,并成功选育了系列普通小麦易位系、代换系和附加系[165]。西北农林科技大学作为国内利用华山新麦草进行小麦遗传改良的核心研究单位,长期致力于将华山新麦草的优异基因导入小麦[166-167],已培育出18个国审的新品种[168]。利用基因组学等手段,深入挖掘华山新麦草中尚未被充分利用的优异基因将是未来研究的方向和重点。
赖草属 该属植物为多年生草本植物,约有30种,分布于北半球寒温带,主产于中亚,在欧洲和北美也有分布,我国产9种,多数种为重要牧草[169]。赖草属植物在长期的进化过程中,形成了一系列对抗逆境的优良特性,使其成为遗传改良的宝贵资源[170-171]。大赖草(L. racemosus)具有抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱特性,且对秆锈病、条锈病、叶锈病、赤霉病、黄矮病及根腐病等生物胁迫具有显著抗性[172-173],是小麦育种的珍贵基因源。南京农业大学自1983年系统开展大赖草有益基因导入小麦研究,获得多个异附加系,其中AddLr.2、AddLr.7和AddLr.14系表现出良好的赤霉病抗性[174],后续研究持续推动了大赖草抗病抗逆性状在小麦遗传改良中的应用深化[175-177]。滨麦草(L. mollis)具有抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱、茎秆粗壮、大穗多花等优良性状,同时对小麦条锈病、白粉病和秆锈病等多种真菌病害表现出高抗或近免疫性,是小麦遗传育种的重要三级基因源[178]。然而,由于滨麦草与普通小麦之间存在严重的杂交不亲和性和杂种不育性,直接将滨麦草的优良性状导入小麦面临巨大挑战。为了克服这些障碍,我国科学家尤其是原中国科学院西北植物研究所(后合并至西北农林科技大学)的李振声团队及后续的吉万全团队通过远缘杂交技术,辅以胚胎拯救、染色体工程等手段,成功创制了小麦-滨麦草的双二倍体和非整倍体一系列重要桥梁材料,并成功将其优异基因导入小麦品种,实现了从基础研究到育种应用的跨越。这些材料包括对条锈病和赤霉病抗性表现优异的八倍体小滨麦(双二倍体)M47、多重异附加系(非整倍体)M42和二体异附加系(如Lm#1Ns、Lm#2Ns、Lm#3Ns)等[178-182]。我国科学家在小麦-滨麦草远缘杂交研究领域开展了系统性、开创性的工作,未来利用这些丰富的材料,克隆来自滨麦草的重要抗病、抗逆基因,并解析其功能,将进一步推动这些宝贵的滨麦草衍生系在国内外小麦育种项目中的共享与应用,进一步发挥其价值。
综上所述,小麦野生近缘物种作为重要的遗传资源,因其对多种病害表现出广谱抗性以及较强的非生物胁迫耐受能力,已成为小麦遗传改良中不可或缺的材料。通过远缘杂交,这些物种中的优良基因可被成功导入普通小麦,从而创制出在产量、品质、抗逆性和抗病性等方面显著增强的新种质。目前,部分近缘种属已在育种中得以应用,但仍存在大量遗传资源尚未充分发掘与利用,未来研究应继续拓展其在小麦抗性与综合性状提升方面的应用潜力。
小麦野生近缘植物为小麦育种及品种改良提供关键种质与基因资源。随着生态环境的恶化与生物/非生物胁迫的加剧,其栖息地持续受损,多样性丧失严重,各国高度重视其保护工作。苏联农业学家Vavilov[183]自1920年起通过全球考察、收集数万份小麦原种、品种和其他作物基因资源,提出了八大作物起源中心。当前全球基因库累计保存种质资源610万份,其中约10%为作物野生近缘种,其保护和利用日益受到重视。多国已建立原生境保护点,如以色列加利利地区Ammiad野生小麦保护点、土耳其东南Ceylanpinar山羊草属保护点等[184]。
中国是小麦的重要传播与演化中心以及小麦野生近缘种资源的重要分布区与多样性中心之一[185-186]。自20世纪80年代启动资源调查,建成了全球最大的国家多年生小麦野生近缘植物种质资源圃(廊坊),现保存17属220种2036份材料。研究表明,中国野生近缘种主要分布于西北高原干旱山区、草原和荒漠草地,呈现物种丰富多样且特有种多、遗传多样性广泛两大特征[51]。2007年,新疆启动全球环境基金(GEF, Global Environment Facility)项目,设立乌鲁木齐保护示范点。
世界各国均已认识到小麦野生种质资源的战略地位,高度重视其收集、保存工作[187]。在19世纪初期,苏联和美国就已经开始小麦种质资源的收集、保存和研究。我国从20世纪30年代开始注意此项工作,而大规模的收集、保存和研究始于20世纪50年代[188]。目前全球小麦种质资源保护体系日趋完善,全世界约有1750个种子库和基因库,国际玉米小麦改良中心、美国国家种质储藏实验室、澳大利亚小麦收集站等都收藏着规模不等但种类丰富的小麦种质资源[187, 189]。我国国家作物种质库(简称国家种质库,1986年10月建成)是全国作物种质资源长期保存与研究中心,截至2000年,收集保存小麦遗传资源4.1万余份(包括15属,231种),其中小麦野生近缘植物为2505份(14属,207种)[190]。截至2012年,由农业部1999年立项批准建设、2002年落成投入使用的国家农作物种质保存中心收集保存小麦种质资源达4.5万余份,居世界第二[191]。至2021年底,在国家多年生小麦野生近缘植物种质资源圃保存的小麦野生近缘植物种质资源为1757份[192]。四川农业大学小麦研究所建立的全球性小麦族种质资源库,全面收集了青藏高原、横断山区、新疆等国内核心产地及北美洲、中亚、中东、欧洲等全球资源,该资源库现保存30属300余种4000余份多年生种质材料,其中国家一级重点保护农业资源植物华山新麦草9份、国家二级重点保护植物蒙古冰草(A. mongolicum)6份,配套标本馆藏有全球小麦族30余属450余种6000余份标本,成为亚洲地区小麦族植物属种保存最完备的标本库(https://xms.sicau.edu.cn/info/1041/2847.htm)。北京市农作物种质资源库(2021年启用)保存近6500份麦类种质资源,其中小麦种质资源6300余份[187]。中国小麦种质资源储备持续增长,2000年保存37398份(国内23623份,引进13775份),2022年逾5万份,且数量还在递增[187]。
原生境保护面临着严峻的挑战,但也有积极进展。我国西部和北部作为小麦族牧草分化中心,因环境变化、过度开发和盲目引种导致遗传多样性逐渐降低,严重威胁野生近缘种的繁衍[193]。原生境保护的国际范例是以色列野生小麦保护点、我国陕西华山新麦草保护区(仅保护华山新麦草)和青海海晏保护区(保护赖草、鹅观草、冰草和大颖草)。截至2017年底,我国通过物理隔离和主流化保护建成261个原生境保护点,分布在27个省,保护52个物种,其中新疆7个保护点之一是保护小麦野生近缘植物大赖草[193]。
总体而言,通过原生境保护和异生境保护等综合措施,全球及我国在小麦野生近缘种资源保护与利用方面成效显著,我国对小麦及其近缘野生植物资源的收集体系日趋完善。
我国政府高度重视对农作物种质资源的保护和利用工作,已建立较为完善的政策法规体系。根据《种子法》的相关规定,农业农村部制定了《农作物种质资源管理办法》(2022年修订)[194],明确了农作物种质资源的保护、管理、利用和交流等方面的规定。该办法定义了农作物种质资源的概念,即“选育农作物新品种的基础材料,包括农作物的栽培种、野生种和濒危稀有种的繁殖材料,以及利用上述繁殖材料人工创造的各种遗传材料”。国家设立农作物种质资源委员会,研究提出国家农作物种质资源发展战略和方针政策,协调全国农作物种质资源管理工作。在行动计划方面,由全球环境基金(GEF)资助、联合国开发计划署(UNDP, United Nations Development Programme)执行、中国农业部实施的“作物野生近缘植物保护与可持续利用”项目(2007-2013年),通过采用“与农业生产相结合”的方式开展作物野生近缘植物保护工作(https://www.moa.gov.cn/xw/zwdt/201309/t20130916_3607375.htm)。该项目在云南、海南、广西、宁夏、河南、吉林、黑龙江、新疆8个省(自治区)开展了小麦、水稻、大豆的示范性保护工作,通过开展激励机制建设、完善法律法规、加强能力建设以及提高保护意识等一系列活动,使得保护点作物野生近缘植物面积未减少,显著降低(80%)示范点内对野生近缘植物生存构成威胁的因素及其根源。
此外,我国政府还于1992年签署了《生物多样性公约》,并采取了一系列履约行动。农业部自20世纪50年代就开始了作物野生近缘植物的保护工作,先后制订了《中华人民共和国野生植物保护条例》[195]、《国家重点保护野生植物名录》[196]和《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》[197]等一系列规章和行动计划,对野生物种特别是对主要作物的野生近缘物种的保护提出了切实可行的方针和具体行动措施。“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目“主要粮油作物珍稀濒危种质资源的抢救性保护”系统调查了小麦野生近缘植物、疣粒野生稻和多年生野生大豆等珍稀濒危种质资源的分布范围、群体数量和濒危状况,抢救性收集种质资源2500多份,建立了各目标物种异位保存圃和原生境保护点相结合的保护技术体系。
尽管我国在小麦野生近缘植物资源保护方面取得了显著成效,但仍存在一些亟待解决的问题。
(1)保护体系不完善,原生境保护滞后是一个突出问题。虽然国家已发布了一系列有关农作物种质资源的法律法规,但由于宣传不广泛、守法意识差、执法不力等原因,野生近缘种生物资源流失现象严重(https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/zj/wj/200910/t20091022_172479.htm)。目前农作物种质资源保护工作主要侧重于异位保存[184],而原生境保护直到21世纪初才开始启动。由于原生境保护工作滞后,使得许多重要的作物野生近缘植物原生境遭到严重破坏,原生境保护点的建设速度远远落后于破坏速度。即使是在已建立的保护点,如宁夏贺兰山小麦近缘种保护点,目标物种沙生冰草、冰草、赖草、阿拉善鹅观草等仍受到春旱、采矿及旅游等因素的严重威胁[198]。在乌鲁木齐县的保护点,由于当地牧民的传统放牧生产方式以及对小麦野生近缘植物认识的局限性,超载放牧现象严重,小麦野生近缘植物的正常生长和繁殖受到威胁[199]。另外,当前纳入原生境保护的物种数量很少,且缺乏科学化、规范化的长效管理机制[193]。
(2)资源鉴定评价滞后,基因挖掘不足。目前对小麦野生近缘植物的研究多集中于资源调查和收集,而对其遗传背景和优异基因的挖掘仍显不足[127],拥有自主知识产权的功能基因资源很少。尽管已经发现了一些重要基因,如抗病基因Yr15、Sr60等,但相对于野生近缘种中蕴含的丰富遗传多样性,现有研究仍只是“冰山一角”,非生物胁迫相关基因的挖掘尤其滞后于抗病基因研究[69]。
(3)技术创新不足,利用效率低下。远缘杂交存在杂交不亲和性、连锁累赘和基因沉默三大技术障碍[69],严重限制了小麦野生近缘植物优异基因的开发利用。虽然分子标记辅助选择技术有所应用,染色体工程等技术也取得了一定突破,但基因编辑等新技术的应用仍不够广泛,野生资源利用效率偏低。
(4)监测手段落后,动态评估缺失。目前对小麦野生近缘植物种群动态的监测主要依靠传统人工调查[200],缺乏高效、精准的监测技术体系。对于种群数量、分布范围及受威胁程度的评估往往滞后,难以及时发现种群衰退现象并采取保护措施[198]。
(5)政策支持力度不足,资金保障不稳定。尽管有《农作物种质资源管理办法》等法规,但专门针对小麦野生近缘植物保护的政策仍不完善,资金投入不足且不稳定(多为短期项目),导致保护工作缺乏连续性和系统性。特别是在地方层面,保护经费往往难以得到有效保障。
针对上述问题,本文提出以下保护与发展建议。
(1)完善保护体系,加强原生境保护。构建以原生境保护为主、异位保存为辅的综合保护网络。在重要小麦野生近缘植物分布区建立更加完善的自然保护区或保护点,重点加强对新疆乌鲁木齐县、宁夏贺兰山等关键区域的保护力度,保持野生近缘植物的自然演化进程。应减少保护点周边采矿和旅游活动的干扰,建立生态补偿机制,促进社区共管保护模式的实施。另外,应加强对已建立保护区的管理,完善保护设施,提高保护能力。强化法律法规执行力度,加大对破坏农作物野生近缘植物资源行为的处罚力度,提高公众守法和保护意识。
(2)加强资源评价,深化基因挖掘。应充分利用多组学技术(基因组学、表型组学等)对已保存的小麦野生近缘植物资源进行系统鉴定和功能基因挖掘,深度挖掘抗逆、优质等相关基因。重点开展小麦野生近缘种非生物胁迫基因的挖掘与利用研究,为应对气候变化提供基因资源。推广“一石二鸟”策略,同时克隆多个有益基因,提高育种效率。另外,建议建立产学研结合的种质创新体系,促进科研机构、高校和企业合作,加快优异种质的开发利用。
(3)技术创新突破,提高利用效率。重点突破远缘杂交的技术瓶颈,大力发展染色体工程,积极应用基因编辑(如CRISPR-Cas9)等现代生物技术,提高小麦野生近缘植物优异基因的利用效率。建议推广“优异染色体区块”概念,通过精准编辑特定基因组区域,打破连锁累赘,提高育种效率
(4)建立监测预警系统,实现动态管理。利用遥感、地理信息系统和分子标记等现代技术,建立小麦野生近缘植物动态监测预警系统,定期评估种群状况和受威胁程度,实现保护措施的及时调整和优化。特别是在气候变化背景下,应加强对种群适应性演变的监测与研究。
(5)完善政策支持,保障资金投入。建议增加长期性、稳定性的项目支持,将小麦野生近缘植物保护纳入国家生物多样性保护战略和行动计划。同时,鼓励社会资本参与,形成多元化的投入格局。此外,建议加强与联合国开发计划署、全球环境基金等国际组织的合作,实施更多保护项目,推动我国作物尤其是小麦野生近缘植物保护工作的可持续发展。
21世纪人口-环境-粮食的复杂互馈关系对小麦野生近缘种资源保护和研究提出新的挑战:一方面,人口膨胀与耕地萎缩要求作物单产持续提升;另一方面,气候变化与极端天气频发严重威胁野生近缘种的生存[201-202]。在此背景下,未来研究需聚焦三大转型:(1)资源利用范式亟待创新。突破以现有品种改良为主的局限,通过拓宽野生近缘种引种渠道和利用途径,实现资源价值的深度开发。(2)研究重心需向纵深转移。推动工作从资源收集与保护转向种质创新、精准评价与核心种质库的构建,释放资源潜在价值。(3)前沿技术需驱动基因挖掘革命。整合生物信息学和分子生物学技术,系统解析小麦野生近缘种遗传多样性的形成规律和演化机制,高通量挖掘其蕴含的抗生物/非生物胁迫、营养高效、优质高产的关键基因,创制突破性新种质,最终为小麦育种提供多元化遗传基础,支撑粮食生产的可持续性和高质量发展。

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doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20250703001
  • 接收时间:2025-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03
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    1中国科学院植物研究所,北京 100093
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,乌鲁木齐 830011

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孙海芹,研究方向为保护生物学和植物进化生态学,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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