Article(id=1312006145015902267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772208000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736240866, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784131200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736240866, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736240866, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736240866, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312006144101540779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, year='2026', volume='27', issue='7', pageStart='1311', pageEnd='1484', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784131200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790736240648, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739525097, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1355, endPage=1366, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006145225617468, articleId=1312006145015902267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=EN, title=Domestication and Utilization of Wild Relatives of Foxtail Millet, columnId=1312006144902652845, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important C4 minor cereal crop in northern China, characterized by strong adaptability such as tolerance to drought and infertile soils. Its wild relatives harbor abundant genetic diversity and constitute an important gene pool for broadening the genetic base of cultivated foxtail millet and for breeding new cultivars with improved stress tolerance, high yield, and superior quality. Focusing on the domestication and utilization of foxtail millet and its wild relatives, we integrate archaeological and genetic evidence to summarize the origin and domestication trajectory of foxtail millet in northern China, highlighting the evolution of key domestication-related traits.Integrating recent progress in both traditional morphology and molecular phylogenetics,we elaborate on the classification of genome types within the genus Setaria and its value for resolving phylogenetic relationships among related taxa. Furthermore,we summarize the current conservation and utilization status of germplasm resources for foxtail millet and its wild relatives, noting that China has a distinct advantage in the overall number of conserved accessions,the international coverage of the resources, as well as the representativeness and depth of characterization for wild relatives, still need to be strengthened. Finally, in light of advances in genetic linkage mapping/QTL and GWAS, studies on stress tolerance and quality traits, as well as developments in transformation systems, genome editing, and molecular breeding, we discuss the potential applications of wild relatives of foxtail millet in germplasm innovation and breeding. This review provides a reference for the systematic mining of favorable genes from wild relatives of foxtail millet and their efficient utilization in breeding programs.

, authors=Decheng YIN1, 2, Hailin FU1, 2, Linlin ZHANG1, Hui ZHI1, Guanqing JIA1, Xianmin DIAO1, Sha TANG1, authorsList=Decheng YIN, Hailin FU, Linlin ZHANG, Hui ZHI, Guanqing JIA, Xianmin DIAO, Sha TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xianmin DIAO, Sha TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006146001563711, articleId=1312006145015902267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=CN, title=谷子野生近缘种的驯化与利用, columnId=1312006145041064879, journalTitle=植物遗传资源学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

谷子(Setaria italica)是我国北方重要的C4杂粮作物,具备耐旱、耐瘠等适应性优势,其野生近缘种青狗尾草蕴含丰富的遗传多样性,是拓展栽培谷子遗传基础与培育抗逆、高产、优质新品种的重要基因库。本文围绕谷子野生近缘种的驯化与利用,综合考古学与遗传学证据,梳理谷子在中国北方的起源与驯化脉络,概述驯化过程中的关键性状演化;结合传统形态学与分子系统学研究进展,阐述了狗尾草属基因组类型划分及其对亲缘衍化关系解析的价值。同时总结了谷子及其野生近缘种种质资源的保存现状与利用现状,指出我国谷子资源保存数量虽优势明显,但资源国际覆盖度和野生近缘种代表性与深度鉴定仍需加强。最后,结合遗传连锁图谱/QTL与GWAS解析、抗逆与品质相关研究,以及转化体系、基因组编辑、分子育种等进展,讨论了谷子野生近缘种资源在种质创新与育种中的应用潜力,为基因系统挖掘与育种高效利用提供参考。

, authors=殷得程1, 2, 付海霖1, 2, 张林林1, 智慧1, 贾冠清1, 刁现民1, 汤沙1, authorsList=殷得程, 付海霖, 张林林, 智慧, 贾冠清, 刁现民, 汤沙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刁现民, 汤沙, authorNote=

研究方向为谷子驯化基因功能,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
汤沙,研究方向为谷子基因挖掘和生物育种,E-mail:
刁现民,研究方向为谷子种质资源及育种学,E-mail:
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Plant Growth Regulation, 2024, 104(3): 1629-1641, articleTitle=Identification of SiEUL gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and the drought tolerance function of SiEULS3, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006162875248841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=138, issue=9, pageStart=213, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=74, authorNames=Chai S H, Guo Y, Ma Z X, Wu Y J, Li Y J, Wang C X, Li Y J, Gao J F, Chen H Q, Song H, Feng B L, Yang P, journalName=Theoretical and Applied Genetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chai S H, Guo Y, Ma Z X, Wu Y J, Li Y J, Wang C X, Li Y J, Gao J F, Chen H Q, Song H, Feng B L, Yang P. Phenotypic characterization and genetic factor identification of starch content-related traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2025, 138(9): 213, articleTitle=Phenotypic characterization and genetic factor identification of starch content-related traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006162946552010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=133, pageStart=337, pageEnd=345, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=75, authorNames=Li K H, Zhang T Z, Sui Z Q, Narayanamoorthy S, Jin C, Li S G, Corke H, journalName=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li K H, Zhang T Z, Sui Z Q, Narayanamoorthy S, Jin C, Li S G, Corke H. Genetic variation in starch physicochemical properties of Chinese foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 133: 337-345, articleTitle=Genetic variation in starch physicochemical properties of Chinese foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163030438091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=24, issue=23, pageStart=4323, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=76, authorNames=Yin S Y, Kuo S M, Chen Y R, Tsai Y C, Wu Y P, Lin Y R, journalName=Molecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yin S Y, Kuo S M, Chen Y R, Tsai Y C, Wu Y P, Lin Y R. Genetic variation of physicochemical properties and digestibility of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan. Molecules, 2019, 24(23): 4323, articleTitle=Genetic variation of physicochemical properties and digestibility of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) landraces of Taiwan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163101741260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=137, issue=8, pageStart=186, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=77, authorNames=Liu H X, Zhang X, Shang Y P, Zhao S X, Li Y J, Zhou X T, Huo X Y, Qiao P F, Wang X, Dai K L, Li H X, Guo J, Shi W P, journalName=Theoretical and Applied Genetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu H X, Zhang X, Shang Y P, Zhao S X, Li Y J, Zhou X T, Huo X Y, Qiao P F, Wang X, Dai K L, Li H X, Guo J, Shi W P. Genome-wide association study reveals genetic loci for ten trace elements in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2024, 137(8): 186, articleTitle=Genome-wide association study reveals genetic loci for ten trace elements in foxtail millet (Setaria italica), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163177238733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=1, pageStart=6, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=78, authorNames=Jaiswal V, Bandyopadhyay T, Singh R K, Gahlaut V, Muthamilarasan M, Prasad M, journalName=Plant Cell Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jaiswal V, Bandyopadhyay T, Singh R K, Gahlaut V, Muthamilarasan M, Prasad M. Multi-environment GWAS identifies genomic regions underlying grain nutrient traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Plant Cell Reports, 2024, 43(1): 6, articleTitle=Multi-environment GWAS identifies genomic regions underlying grain nutrient traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163256930510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=310, issue=null, pageStart=109344, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=69, rfOrder=79, authorNames=Zhao X W, Cao Y H, Shao L T, Zhang J, Cui J, Shu J, Wang J L, Huang M J, Gao J H, Wang X C, Li X K, Xing G F, Hou S Y, Jiang Y W, Han Y H, journalName=Field Crops Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao X W, Cao Y H, Shao L T, Zhang J, Cui J, Shu J, Wang J L, Huang M J, Gao J H, Wang X C, Li X K, Xing G F, Hou S Y, Jiang Y W, Han Y H. Integration of genome-wide association and genomic prediction for dissecting seed protein and amino acid in foxtail millet. Field Crops Research, 2024, 310: 109344, articleTitle=Integration of genome-wide association and genomic prediction for dissecting seed protein and amino acid in foxtail millet, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163332427983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=23, issue=5, pageStart=1413, pageEnd=1415, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=80, authorNames=Zhang H, Liang H K, Zhi H, Yuan D, Yao Q, Zhang R L, Xing L H, Yang B L, Sang L M, Zhao L R, Tang S, Wang L W, Wang H L, Ren Y S, Zhang H, Zhang Y Y, Wang E B, Man X Y, Xu G J, Zhang L L, He Q, Diao X M, Jia G Q, journalName=Plant Biotechnology Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang H, Liang H K, Zhi H, Yuan D, Yao Q, Zhang R L, Xing L H, Yang B L, Sang L M, Zhao L R, Tang S, Wang L W, Wang H L, Ren Y S, Zhang H, Zhang Y Y, Wang E B, Man X Y, Xu G J, Zhang L L, He Q, Diao X M, Jia G Q. An efficient target-mutant screening platform of model variety Ci846 facilitates genetic studies of Setaria. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2025, 23(5): 1413-1415, articleTitle=An efficient target-mutant screening platform of model variety Ci846 facilitates genetic studies of Setaria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163407925456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=1, issue=5, pageStart=e127, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=81, authorNames=Finley T, Chappell H, Veena V, journalName=Current Protocols, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Finley T, Chappell H, Veena V. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Setaria viridis, a model system for cereals and bioenergy crops. Current Protocols, 2021, 1(5): e127, articleTitle=Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Setaria viridis, a model system for cereals and bioenergy crops, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163496005841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=10, issue=10, pageStart=3467, pageEnd=3478, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=82, authorNames=Thielen P M, Pendleton A L, Player R A, Bowden K V, Lawton T J, Wisecaver J H, journalName=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Thielen P M, Pendleton A L, Player R A, Bowden K V, Lawton T J, Wisecaver J H. Reference genome for the highly transformable Setaria viridis ME034V. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 2020, 10(10): 3467-3478, articleTitle=Reference genome for the highly transformable Setaria viridis ME034V, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163600863442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=5, issue=1, pageStart=100735, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=83, authorNames=Liang Y P, Han Y H, journalName=Plant Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liang Y P, Han Y H. Pan-genome brings opportunities to revitalize the ancient crop foxtail millet. Plant Communications, 2024, 5(1): 100735, articleTitle=Pan-genome brings opportunities to revitalize the ancient crop foxtail millet, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006163667972307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=15, issue=8, pageStart=1367, pageEnd=1383, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=84, authorNames=Li X K, Gao J H, Song J Y, Guo K, Hou S Y, Wang X C, He Q, Zhang Y Y, Zhang Y K, Yang Y L, Tang J Y, Wang H L, Persson S, Huang M Q, Xu L S, Zhong L L, Li D Q, Liu Y M, Wu H, Diao X M, Chen P, Wang X W, Han Y H, journalName=Molecular Plant, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X K, Gao J H, Song J Y, Guo K, Hou S Y, Wang X C, He Q, Zhang Y Y, Zhang Y K, Yang Y L, Tang J Y, Wang H L, Persson S, Huang M Q, Xu L S, Zhong L L, Li D Q, Liu Y M, Wu H, Diao X M, Chen P, Wang X W, Han Y H. Multi-omics analyses of 398 foxtail millet accessions reveal genomic regions associated with domestication, metabolite traits, and anti-inflammatory effects. Molecular Plant, 2022, 15(8): 1367-1383, articleTitle=Multi-omics analyses of 398 foxtail millet accessions reveal genomic regions associated with domestication, metabolite traits, and anti-inflammatory effects, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312006146274193472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006146282582081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, companyId=1312006146274193472, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006146290970690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, companyId=1312006146274193472, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种全国重点实验室,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312006147842863171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006147851251780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, companyId=1312006147842863171, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Nanfan Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006147863834693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, companyId=1312006147842863171, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南 三亚 572024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312006152288825463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Domestication from green foxtail (Setaria viridis) to foxtail millet (Setaria italica), figureFileSmall=lKFTAFyLTjbizvY3BC2J5Q==, figureFileBig=kMtSzAUFlmN7LJzYrbJpWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006152368517240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=CN, label=图1, caption=青狗尾草到谷子的驯化, figureFileSmall=lKFTAFyLTjbizvY3BC2J5Q==, figureFileBig=kMtSzAUFlmN7LJzYrbJpWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312006152599203961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Key domestication-related traits in foxtail millet[27-29]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Traits

野生近缘种(S. viridis)

Wild relative (S. viridis)

栽培谷子(S. italica)

Cultivated foxtail millet (S. italica)

落粒性 Seed shattering成熟后易落粒或籽粒自然脱落落粒性显著降低,便于收获
穗部形态特征 Panicle architecture穗较小,籽粒数较少穗更大,籽粒数增多
籽粒大小与千粒重 Grain size and 1000-grain weight籽粒较小,千粒重较低籽粒更大更饱满,千粒重提高
株型 Plant architecture株型松散,分蘖或分枝较多,主茎不明显株型更整齐,分蘖、分枝减少,主茎明显
株高整齐度 Plant height uniformity株高偏低,参差不齐株高更整齐,适于田间管理

抽穗期与光周期敏感性

Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity

抽穗期变异幅度大,多具有较强光周期敏感性抽穗期更稳定,光周期敏感性降低
种子休眠性 Seed dormancy休眠性较强,有利于野外存活休眠性减弱,出苗更整齐
), ArticleFig(id=1312006152695672954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

谷子驯化相关关键性状[27-29]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Traits

野生近缘种(S. viridis)

Wild relative (S. viridis)

栽培谷子(S. italica)

Cultivated foxtail millet (S. italica)

落粒性 Seed shattering成熟后易落粒或籽粒自然脱落落粒性显著降低,便于收获
穗部形态特征 Panicle architecture穗较小,籽粒数较少穗更大,籽粒数增多
籽粒大小与千粒重 Grain size and 1000-grain weight籽粒较小,千粒重较低籽粒更大更饱满,千粒重提高
株型 Plant architecture株型松散,分蘖或分枝较多,主茎不明显株型更整齐,分蘖、分枝减少,主茎明显
株高整齐度 Plant height uniformity株高偏低,参差不齐株高更整齐,适于田间管理

抽穗期与光周期敏感性

Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity

抽穗期变异幅度大,多具有较强光周期敏感性抽穗期更稳定,光周期敏感性降低
种子休眠性 Seed dormancy休眠性较强,有利于野外存活休眠性减弱,出苗更整齐
), ArticleFig(id=1312006152926359675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Genome-type classification of major species in the genus Setaria[25-26]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因组型

Genome type

代表物种

Representative species

染色体倍性

Chromosome ploidy

与栽培谷子关系

Relationship to cultivated foxtail millet

A基因组 A genomeS. italica二倍体(2n=2x=18)本身
S. viridis二倍体(2n=2x=18)野生祖先
B基因组 B genomeS. adhaerans二倍体(2n=2x=18)与A基因组(谷子)具有相对近的亲缘关系
C基因组 C genomeS. grisebachii二倍体(2n=2x=18)与A基因组(谷子)具有相对近的亲缘关系
AB基因组 AB genomeS. verticillata和S. faberii四倍体(2n=4x=36, AABB)含有A基因组的近缘野生种,亲缘关系仅次于青狗尾草
D基因组 D genomeS. glauca和S. pumila四倍体/六倍体/八倍体(2n=36, 54, 72)亲缘关系较远,基因组完全不同于A、B、C基因组
E基因组 E genomeS.plicata和S.palmifolia四倍体/六倍体(2n=36, 54)亲缘关系较远,独立进化的分支
F基因组 F genomeS. arenaria六倍体(2n=6x=54)亲缘关系最远,处于狗尾草属的基部类群
), ArticleFig(id=1312006153022828668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

狗尾草属(Setaria)主要物种的基因组型分类[25-26]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因组型

Genome type

代表物种

Representative species

染色体倍性

Chromosome ploidy

与栽培谷子关系

Relationship to cultivated foxtail millet

A基因组 A genomeS. italica二倍体(2n=2x=18)本身
S. viridis二倍体(2n=2x=18)野生祖先
B基因组 B genomeS. adhaerans二倍体(2n=2x=18)与A基因组(谷子)具有相对近的亲缘关系
C基因组 C genomeS. grisebachii二倍体(2n=2x=18)与A基因组(谷子)具有相对近的亲缘关系
AB基因组 AB genomeS. verticillata和S. faberii四倍体(2n=4x=36, AABB)含有A基因组的近缘野生种,亲缘关系仅次于青狗尾草
D基因组 D genomeS. glauca和S. pumila四倍体/六倍体/八倍体(2n=36, 54, 72)亲缘关系较远,基因组完全不同于A、B、C基因组
E基因组 E genomeS.plicata和S.palmifolia四倍体/六倍体(2n=36, 54)亲缘关系较远,独立进化的分支
F基因组 F genomeS. arenaria六倍体(2n=6x=54)亲缘关系最远,处于狗尾草属的基部类群
), ArticleFig(id=1312006153102520445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cloning and functional validation of important genes in foxtail millet and its wild relatives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Traits

基因

Gene

注释/类别

Annotation/

Category

性状或用途

Trait or application

关键变异/来源

Key variant/Origin

鉴定与验证手段

Identification and validation methods

参考文献

References

落粒性

Seed shattering

sh1YABBY转录因子落粒性(驯化关键性状)

转座子插入导致

锌指结构域部分缺失/截断

关联分析+功能验证[29]
SvLes1MYB转录因子落粒性(驯化关键性状)在栽培谷子中对应的驯化“减落粒”等位为SiLes1-TE:逆转座子插入导致基因失活

GWAS/关联分析定位落粒位点+CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑

功能验证

[30]

籽粒/产量性状

Grain/Yield-related traits

SiGW3产量候选基因

粒重/粒宽/产量

相关

上游调控序列/启动子区域(距基因约7.2 kb)的366 bp PAV

图基因组/泛基因组GWAS+变异-

表型关联

[27]

籽粒/产量性状

Grain/Yield-related traits

SiUBC39泛素结合酶E2

多效性(产量+

抗逆权衡)

驯化选择位点主要在启动子:TATA-box

A→G变异

单倍型-性状关联+

启动子活性验证+ CRISPR/Cas9

功能验证

[33]
SiAUX1(spp1同源)

AUX1生长素

内流载体

穗分枝/穗型

(稀穗),产量相关

spp1表型由AUX1功能

突变导致(青狗尾草中

定位到SvAUX1,并在

玉米同源基因中得到

印证),谷子中对应同

源基因为SiAUX1

连锁/BSA定位+突变体表型+互补/CRISPR/Cas9功能验证[52-53]
SGD1

RING型E3

泛素连接酶

调控籽粒大小/

粒重与产量

驯化/育种相关单倍型;

候选位点主要体现

为调控区差异

(启动子/上游区变异)

突变体定位克隆+转基因互补/过表达+蛋白互作与泛素化

功能验证

[54]

抗逆性状

Stress tolerance traits

SiARDP

DREB-like

转录因子

抗旱/耐盐

(ABA响应)

基因克隆与

过表达材料

酵母单杂交等结合位点验证+转基因

功能分析

[55]
SiASR4ASR蛋白

抗旱/耐盐

(ABA依赖途径)

SiARDP下游靶基因

SiARDP结合DRE元件验证+过表达

提升耐受性

[56]
SiCBL5CBL钙感受蛋白耐盐(Na+稳态)基因过表达/敲低材料

过表达增强耐盐;

与SiCIPK24互作等

[57]

抗除草剂

Herbicide resistance

psbA(D1)叶绿体编码D1蛋白用于三嗪类除草剂(如莠去津)抗性育种/抗性改良Ser264→Gly点突变远缘杂交回交导入抗性+叶绿体基因测序/表型验证[44-46]
SiACC1ACCase/ACC1抗ACCase抑制剂类除草剂Ile1781→Leu点突变除草剂剂量反应+目标位点测序/标记检测+转基因/编辑验证[45]

驯化可能相关基因

Candidate domestication genes

Hd1同源基因

光周期相关

调控基因

驯化综合性状:生育期/适应性改变(生长期延长等)[27]

TGW6

同源基因

粒重/产量相关基因

驯化综合性状:

产量提升相关

[27]
SBE2食味/蒸煮品质基因

驯化综合性状:

食味/加工品质改良

[27]
), ArticleFig(id=1312006153211572350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006145015902267, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

谷子及其野生近缘种中重要功能基因克隆与验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Traits

基因

Gene

注释/类别

Annotation/

Category

性状或用途

Trait or application

关键变异/来源

Key variant/Origin

鉴定与验证手段

Identification and validation methods

参考文献

References

落粒性

Seed shattering

sh1YABBY转录因子落粒性(驯化关键性状)

转座子插入导致

锌指结构域部分缺失/截断

关联分析+功能验证[29]
SvLes1MYB转录因子落粒性(驯化关键性状)在栽培谷子中对应的驯化“减落粒”等位为SiLes1-TE:逆转座子插入导致基因失活

GWAS/关联分析定位落粒位点+CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑

功能验证

[30]

籽粒/产量性状

Grain/Yield-related traits

SiGW3产量候选基因

粒重/粒宽/产量

相关

上游调控序列/启动子区域(距基因约7.2 kb)的366 bp PAV

图基因组/泛基因组GWAS+变异-

表型关联

[27]

籽粒/产量性状

Grain/Yield-related traits

SiUBC39泛素结合酶E2

多效性(产量+

抗逆权衡)

驯化选择位点主要在启动子:TATA-box

A→G变异

单倍型-性状关联+

启动子活性验证+ CRISPR/Cas9

功能验证

[33]
SiAUX1(spp1同源)

AUX1生长素

内流载体

穗分枝/穗型

(稀穗),产量相关

spp1表型由AUX1功能

突变导致(青狗尾草中

定位到SvAUX1,并在

玉米同源基因中得到

印证),谷子中对应同

源基因为SiAUX1

连锁/BSA定位+突变体表型+互补/CRISPR/Cas9功能验证[52-53]
SGD1

RING型E3

泛素连接酶

调控籽粒大小/

粒重与产量

驯化/育种相关单倍型;

候选位点主要体现

为调控区差异

(启动子/上游区变异)

突变体定位克隆+转基因互补/过表达+蛋白互作与泛素化

功能验证

[54]

抗逆性状

Stress tolerance traits

SiARDP

DREB-like

转录因子

抗旱/耐盐

(ABA响应)

基因克隆与

过表达材料

酵母单杂交等结合位点验证+转基因

功能分析

[55]
SiASR4ASR蛋白

抗旱/耐盐

(ABA依赖途径)

SiARDP下游靶基因

SiARDP结合DRE元件验证+过表达

提升耐受性

[56]
SiCBL5CBL钙感受蛋白耐盐(Na+稳态)基因过表达/敲低材料

过表达增强耐盐;

与SiCIPK24互作等

[57]

抗除草剂

Herbicide resistance

psbA(D1)叶绿体编码D1蛋白用于三嗪类除草剂(如莠去津)抗性育种/抗性改良Ser264→Gly点突变远缘杂交回交导入抗性+叶绿体基因测序/表型验证[44-46]
SiACC1ACCase/ACC1抗ACCase抑制剂类除草剂Ile1781→Leu点突变除草剂剂量反应+目标位点测序/标记检测+转基因/编辑验证[45]

驯化可能相关基因

Candidate domestication genes

Hd1同源基因

光周期相关

调控基因

驯化综合性状:生育期/适应性改变(生长期延长等)[27]

TGW6

同源基因

粒重/产量相关基因

驯化综合性状:

产量提升相关

[27]
SBE2食味/蒸煮品质基因

驯化综合性状:

食味/加工品质改良

[27]
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谷子野生近缘种的驯化与利用
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殷得程 1, 2 , 付海霖 1, 2 , 张林林 1 , 智慧 1 , 贾冠清 1 , 刁现民 1 , 汤沙 1
植物遗传资源学报 | 综述 2026,27(7): 1355-1366
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谷子野生近缘种的驯化与利用
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研究方向为谷子驯化基因功能,E-mail:

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殷得程1, 2 , 付海霖1, 2, 张林林1, 智慧1, 贾冠清1, 刁现民1 , 汤沙1
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种全国重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 2中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南 三亚 572024
通讯作者:
汤沙,研究方向为谷子基因挖掘和生物育种,E-mail:
刁现民,研究方向为谷子种质资源及育种学,E-mail:
作者简介:

研究方向为谷子驯化基因功能,E-mail:

Domestication and Utilization of Wild Relatives of Foxtail Millet
Decheng YIN1, 2 , Hailin FU1, 2, Linlin ZHANG1, Hui ZHI1, Guanqing JIA1, Xianmin DIAO1 , Sha TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Beijing 100081
  • 2National Nanfan Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan
出版时间: 2026-07-16 doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228005
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谷子(Setaria italica)是我国北方重要的C4杂粮作物,具备耐旱、耐瘠等适应性优势,其野生近缘种青狗尾草蕴含丰富的遗传多样性,是拓展栽培谷子遗传基础与培育抗逆、高产、优质新品种的重要基因库。本文围绕谷子野生近缘种的驯化与利用,综合考古学与遗传学证据,梳理谷子在中国北方的起源与驯化脉络,概述驯化过程中的关键性状演化;结合传统形态学与分子系统学研究进展,阐述了狗尾草属基因组类型划分及其对亲缘衍化关系解析的价值。同时总结了谷子及其野生近缘种种质资源的保存现状与利用现状,指出我国谷子资源保存数量虽优势明显,但资源国际覆盖度和野生近缘种代表性与深度鉴定仍需加强。最后,结合遗传连锁图谱/QTL与GWAS解析、抗逆与品质相关研究,以及转化体系、基因组编辑、分子育种等进展,讨论了谷子野生近缘种资源在种质创新与育种中的应用潜力,为基因系统挖掘与育种高效利用提供参考。

谷子  /  野生近缘种  /  驯化  /  系统分类  /  种质资源  /  育种利用

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important C4 minor cereal crop in northern China, characterized by strong adaptability such as tolerance to drought and infertile soils. Its wild relatives harbor abundant genetic diversity and constitute an important gene pool for broadening the genetic base of cultivated foxtail millet and for breeding new cultivars with improved stress tolerance, high yield, and superior quality. Focusing on the domestication and utilization of foxtail millet and its wild relatives, we integrate archaeological and genetic evidence to summarize the origin and domestication trajectory of foxtail millet in northern China, highlighting the evolution of key domestication-related traits.Integrating recent progress in both traditional morphology and molecular phylogenetics,we elaborate on the classification of genome types within the genus Setaria and its value for resolving phylogenetic relationships among related taxa. Furthermore,we summarize the current conservation and utilization status of germplasm resources for foxtail millet and its wild relatives, noting that China has a distinct advantage in the overall number of conserved accessions,the international coverage of the resources, as well as the representativeness and depth of characterization for wild relatives, still need to be strengthened. Finally, in light of advances in genetic linkage mapping/QTL and GWAS, studies on stress tolerance and quality traits, as well as developments in transformation systems, genome editing, and molecular breeding, we discuss the potential applications of wild relatives of foxtail millet in germplasm innovation and breeding. This review provides a reference for the systematic mining of favorable genes from wild relatives of foxtail millet and their efficient utilization in breeding programs.

foxtail millet  /  wild relatives  /  domestication  /  systematics and taxonomy  /  germplasm resources  /  breeding utilization
殷得程, 付海霖, 张林林, 智慧, 贾冠清, 刁现民, 汤沙. 谷子野生近缘种的驯化与利用. 植物遗传资源学报, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1355 -1366 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228005
Decheng YIN, Hailin FU, Linlin ZHANG, Hui ZHI, Guanqing JIA, Xianmin DIAO, Sha TANG. Domestication and Utilization of Wild Relatives of Foxtail Millet[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1355 -1366 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228005
作物驯化是农业发展的重要里程碑之一,它推动着人类社会从狩猎和采集时期过渡到农业时期,同时也被喻为人类文明进程中最重要的技术创新之一[1-2]。驯化是一个十分复杂的过程,人类通过长期对野生植物的利用,使其形态和生理性状逐渐发生变化,从而将野生祖先与驯化类群区分开来[2]。20世纪以来,“绿色革命”大幅度提升了全球粮食供给能力[3]。然而,随着生态环境的变化,如全球气候变暖、极端天气频发、部分地区干旱加剧或降水增多,作物产量与品质正面临严重威胁[4-5],因此,需要利用多样化的基因资源来支撑作物的抗逆育种。此外,在作物驯化过程中,往往伴随遗传多样性降低、杂交障碍、连锁累赘等问题,导致驯化后物种的遗传基础日益狭窄[6-7]。由此,在未来作物育种中,充分挖掘遗传多样性丰富的野生近缘种的潜在育种价值,变得愈发重要[8]。为了充分释放作物野生近缘种的育种潜力,培育能够适应未来挑战的抗逆、高产、优质作物品种,开展作物野生近缘种的驯化历史追溯与基因资源挖掘工作,并进一步了解作物驯化的遗传结构和驯化物种的选择性质十分必要[9-10]。
谷子[Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.],古称粟,亦有记载称稷,禾本科(Poaceae)狗尾草属(Setaria),是我国重要的杂粮作物之一[11]。因其抗旱、耐贫瘠、适应性强等特点,在我国北方地区广泛种植[12]。谷子脱壳后的小米具有多种氨基酸、微量元素及丰富的矿物质等,其营养均衡,在提升居民膳食结构方面起着重要作用[13-14]。随着种植业结构的调整,我国谷子产区的种植面积稳定在约133.33万 hm2/年(2000万亩/年),是旱作生态农业的主栽作物,说明谷子在杂粮作物中具有重要地位。
谷子野生近缘种主要来自狗尾草属,该属包含一百余个物种,广泛分布于亚洲、非洲及南北美洲等地[15]。其中,青狗尾草(S. viridis)被认为是栽培谷子的野生祖先,并逐渐成为国际认可的C4禾草类植物的模式材料[16]。栽培谷子和青狗尾草参考基因组在2012年同时组装完成,并明确了SNP差异、转座子分布及染色体结构变异分布等[17],为近缘野生种等位基因挖掘提供了基础数据框架。
为加深对谷子遗传背景和进化历程的理解,也为谷子种质资源保护、种质创新、优良基因挖掘及可持续利用和育种研究等提供重要的理论依据,本文系统梳理了谷子的起源与驯化历程,整理并分析了谷子及其野生近缘种在植物学上的系统分类地位,全面总结了谷子及其野生近缘种种质资源的全球保存现状,深入探讨了这些种质资源在研究与利用方面的最新进展,并在此基础上提出了未来谷子野生近缘种的研究方向与针对性建议。
谷子的起源与驯化历史悠久,考古学证据表明其驯化栽培历史可追溯至万年前。北京门头沟东胡林遗址出土了距今约11000~9500年的炭化谷子[18-19],是继谷子加工石器发现后,首次出土的完整驯化栽培的谷粒,也是目前中国境内发现的最早的栽培谷子遗存。山东省张马屯遗址发现了距今9000~8500年的炭化谷粒[20];河北省南部武安市磁山文化遗址中发现的炭化谷粒,其栽培历史可追溯到距今约8700年[21];内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗东部兴隆沟聚落遗址发现的1500余粒炭化黍粒和谷粒,距今约有8000年[22]。在距今约4000年前,青海喇家遗址出土了小米制作的面条[23],经分析推断当时人们已经开始食用谷子脱壳后的小米加工农产品。上述一系列谷子考古学发现证明了谷子在中国北方的起源是有迹可循的,也进一步揭示了谷子在中华农耕文明中的重要地位。
遗传学分析表明,青狗尾草是谷子的野生祖先[24]。利用基因组原位杂交(GISH, genomic in situ hybridization)技术和分子标记,研究确认谷子和青狗尾草均属于A基因组型,两者亲缘关系最为密切,栽培谷子与其野生种青狗尾草拥有相同的染色体数(2n=18),且二者杂交可产生正常可育的杂种[25-26],以上证据强烈支持栽培谷子是由青狗尾草驯化而来的观点。对1844份谷子及野生种青狗尾草进行全基因组重测序发现,青狗尾草W1亚群(含所有中国青狗尾草)与谷子亲缘关系最近,据此确认W1亚群是谷子的直接野生祖先,同时证实中国为谷子的驯化中心[27]。这些研究发现不仅在基因组层面进一步揭示了谷子的驯化历史,还为解析谷子驯化过程中的遗传变异和选择提供了重要的理论依据,进一步证明了中国是谷子的起源驯化中心。
青狗尾草表现出易落粒、多分蘖、矮秆、开花早、生育期短、休眠期长、穗小、籽粒小而细长、整体生物量低等特征;而相比于青狗尾草,栽培谷子则表现出不易落粒、少分蘖或无分蘖、株高较高、开花晚、种子休眠时间短、穗大、籽粒大而饱满、生物量高等特征(图1,表1)。研究发现,从青狗尾草到谷子驯化过程中,一些关键的农艺性状受到了明显的驯化选择,如落粒性减弱、营养分枝减少、株高增加、籽粒变大、抽穗期延迟与光周期敏感性降低等[28],这些性状的改变是自然选择和人工选择共同作用的结果。有研究发现,在驯化过程中,谷子野生近缘种青狗尾草的落粒性由sh1基因控制,该基因由于转座子插入导致锌指结构域丢失,从而抑制离层区域与木质素合成相关基因的转录,最终导致落粒性丧失[29]。此外,MYB转录因子SvLes1也是调控青狗尾草落粒性的重要基因之一,其G→T(R84S)变异与落粒性降低相关;SvLes1经CRISPR敲除造成的移码突变可产生不落粒表型,而栽培谷子中同源基因SiLes1插入了一个约6.5 kb copia38转座子,即SiLes1-TE,该转座子的插入可导致SiLes1丧失功能,从而降低谷子落粒性[30]。籽粒产量显著提高是青狗尾草驯化为栽培谷子过程中的重要特征之一,研究发现SiGW3是一个影响千粒重和粒宽的产量性状驯化基因,相比于野生近缘种青狗尾草,谷子育成种在SiGW3启动子区存在结构变异,导致该基因的表达量显著降低,从而增加栽培谷子的籽粒产量[27]。研究表明,谷子驯化过程中有多个抽穗期调控基因受到了明显的驯化选择,这些基因在驯化过程中对延长谷子抽穗期起到了至关重要的作用[31-33]。SiPHYC是一个在谷子驯化过程中受到选择的抽穗期抑制因子,控制谷子短日照开花特性;SiPHYC编码区在野生种青狗尾草中具有较高的核苷酸多样性(π, nucleotide diversity,π≈0.00093),而在谷子育成种中完全固定(π=0),表明SiPHYC经历了强烈的驯化选择;研究发现SiphyC突变体失去了对短日照的响应,表现为在长日照条件下更早抽穗,在短日照条件下延迟抽穗,揭示了SiPHYC作为短日照植物的关键调控因子,通过抑制开花时间决定谷子作为短日照植物的生态适应性[31]。Wang等[32]通过对680份谷子栽培种的GWAS分析,定位到一个稳定的主效QTL位点Hd2,并确认其候选基因为SiPRR37,单倍型分析发现该基因第一个内含子中存在一个Tc1-Mariner转座子插入,且该转座子插入事件受到了明显的驯化选择,主要单倍型Hap1(含Tc1-Mariner转座子)表达量急剧降低,并与早花表型相关,研究人员进一步通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统证实SiPRR37在长日照条件下抑制开花,在短日照条件下促进开花的双重调控功能。Zhou等[33]基于1844份谷子及其青狗尾草的重测序数据,通过核苷酸多样性(π)、群体分化固定指数(Fst, fixation index)和跨群体复合似然比(XP-CLR, cross-population composite likelihood ratio)分析,发现SiUBC39所在的基因组区域表现出显著的驯化选择信号,其启动子区域存在一个关键A→G突变,位于TATA-box核心顺式作用元件,该突变形成两个主要单倍型:H001(G型,育成种优势型)和H002(A型,野生种优势型),H001在育成种中固定(99%),而H002在野生种中占主导地位(94.25%),表明该位点经历了强烈的驯化选择。荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR)和双荧光素酶报告基因检测(Dual-luciferase reporter assay)结果证实H001单倍型显著增强SiUBC39的启动子活性,且与晚花表型显著相关,SiUBC39敲除突变体表现出与野生种类似的表型,如早花、矮秆、穗小、粒小,进一步证实SiUBC39是谷子驯化过程中正向选择的关键基因。
综上所述,由青狗尾草驯化到谷子的过程中,经人类的选择,谷子舍弃其祖先青狗尾草易落粒、多分蘖、早开花、产量低等不利的农艺性状,促使谷子向产量增加、品质提升的方向发展,但驯化选择同时降低了谷子基因组多样性(野生资源全基因组核酸多样性约为0.0036,而育成种约为0.0018),而驯化过程造成的多样性降低也给谷子未来功能研究和育种应用带来了全新的挑战。
谷子的系统分类主要依据形态学、细胞学及分子生物学的证据。在经典植物分类学中,1812年Beauvois将谷子归入狗尾草属[25]。目前,谷子隶属于禾本科黍亚科(Panicoideae)黍族(Paniceae)狗尾草属[34-35]。全世界约有125种狗尾草属物种,包括杂草种、野生种和栽培种,各物种具有不同的生命周期、繁殖系统及倍性水平,广泛分布于世界温带及热带地区等多种生境[36-38]。
谷子及其野生祖先青狗尾草在分类学上关系极为密切。在植物分类中,当两个群体的关系非常密切,同时又存在一些稳定区别时,分类学家有时会将它们处理为同一个物种下的不同亚种,因此通常将青狗尾草称为Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.,而栽培谷子则为Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.,这也同时体现了谷子的驯化起源关系。随着分子系统学的发展,谷子的分类框架更为精确。利用各种基因功能和SSR等分子标记的研究,不仅证实了青狗尾草是谷子的直接野生祖先,还揭示了谷子与高粱、玉米等禾谷类作物的系统发育关系[17, 39],为谷子的种质资源鉴定、遗传育种等研究奠定了坚实的理论基础。
谷子作为C4禾本科植物,因其基因组小、生命周期短、遗传转化相对简单等特点,已逐渐成为禾本科基因组学研究的模式植物[16]。谷子的基因组分型已从传统的形态学分类,发展到现在基于全基因组测序和分子标记的精准遗传分类。
狗尾草属至少含有6个基因组型,为基因组A~F,每个基因组型对应的物种以及亲缘关系为:A基因组由S. italica和S. viridis共享,B基因组为S. adhaerans基因组,C基因组为S. grisebachii基因组;D~F基因组与谷子亲缘关系较远,其中D基因组为S. glauca和S. pumila基因组,E基因组为S. plicata和S. palmifolia基因组,F基因组为S. arenaria基因组[26](表2)。
经过多次全国系统性收集,截至2022年,我国保存谷子种质资源的数量为28000余份,是全球拥有谷子种质资源数量最多的国家[40]。我国谷子种质资源主要保存在国家作物种质资源库、国家农作物种质资源复份库以及各个地方库,其中依托中国农业科学院作物科学研究所建设的国家作物种质资源库保存有最为丰富的谷子种质资源,约占全国谷子种质资源保有量的97%;地方库中保存数量最多的为山西省农作物种质资源库,该库保存的谷子及其野生近缘种种质资源总量约1.1万份。此外,我国种质库中还保存谷子的野生近缘种青狗尾草,据不完全统计,我国保存和引进的青狗尾草种质资源约600份[30]。尽管我国谷子种质资源保存数量居世界首位,但对绝大多数种质资源的表型和基因型信息解析深度不足,高效利用程度不高,资源研究正处于从“保存”向“挖掘”转型的关键阶段,因此未来谷子种质资源的工作重点应从搜集转向深度鉴定与利用,并借助基因组学技术挖掘核心种质的优异基因。
全球谷子及其野生近缘种种质资源保存现状呈现“高度集中”与“亟待深度挖掘”两大特点。“高度集中”表现在全球的谷子及其野生近缘种种质资源绝大多数保存在中国、印度和俄罗斯等少数国家;“亟待深度挖掘”表现在全球缺乏对谷子及其野生近缘种种质资源的深度研究,而此类研究对应对全球粮食安全和气候变化等挑战具有重要意义。据Bramel等[41]对数据库信息的汇总统计,全球保存的谷子种质资源总量为46000余份,报告中还指出在受调查的种质保存体系中,谷子的野生近缘种所占比例高于多数作物,但保存野生资源的总体数量仍偏低,野生近缘种资源只占谷子资源的约10%,显著低于栽培谷子的保存量。从全球保存现状看,谷子种质资源的保存呈现“集中—分散”的格局:全球谷子保存总量约46000份,其中中国保存量超过26000份,占全球保存数量的50%以上;印度超过4600份[41-42];除上述大型收藏机构外,其他国家也保存有一定数量的谷子材料,同时多家保存单位已将部分材料送至斯瓦尔巴全球种质库进行安全复制备份。由于谷子在驯化过程中可能丢失抗逆、抗病等有益性状基因,未来进一步加强谷子野生近缘种种质资源的收集和解析至关重要,同时谷子野生近缘种种质资源的大量收集保存,可为狗尾草属遗传资源的全球分布、狗尾草属作物从头驯化以及相关资源保护策略制定等提供坚实的信息基础。
青狗尾草与栽培谷子同属二倍体(A基因组),且二者具有极高的杂交亲和性,使得青狗尾草成为谷子遗传改良与优异等位变异导入的核心野生基因供体[25]。在漫长的自然演化过程中,青狗尾草积累了较高水平的遗传变异,相比之下,栽培谷子在人工驯化过程中经历了遗传瓶颈,导致遗传多样性降低并丢失部分等位基因[24, 39]。群体遗传学研究为青狗尾草丰富的自然变异进一步提供了证据,Huang等[43]利用基因分型测序(GBS, genotyping-by-sequencing)对全球217份青狗尾草与谷子材料进行分析,获得39416个高质量SNP,识别到青狗尾草的两个主要遗传类群以及一个与栽培谷子相近的第三类群,并在群体间观察到混合个体,尽管该物种以自花授粉为主,但仍可在群体分化显著的背景下发生基因交流与重组。基于核基因序列与SSR等分子标记的研究表明,青狗尾草保持着极高水平的遗传多样性,其群体演化呈现出两个关键特征:一方面其群体结构与地理来源高度一致,呈现显著的生态地理分化,对中国青狗尾草材料的系统解析发现,北方生态区的野生群体展现出最高的遗传多态性,这不仅证实了中国北方是谷子起源中心的观点,也进一步反映了不同生境对野生种群的定向选择[39];另一方面,亚群间存在显著基因频率差异,基于青狗尾草(A10.1)高质量染色体水平参考基因组(395.1 Mb),以及对598份材料深度重测序与组装构建的包含51323个基因的泛基因组(核心基因39950个),研究人员通过SNP与基因存在/缺失变异(PAV, presence/absence variation)的群体结构分析,将材料划分为4个亚群,这些亚群在北美与欧亚大陆均有分布[30]。青狗尾草在遗传多样性、群体分化以及基因交流等方面展现出的综合优势,为谷子品种改良与种质创新中的高效利用提供了坚实的材料与理论基础。
在谷子远缘杂交与野生资源优异基因挖掘中,抗除草剂特性的研究与利用是最早且最成功的范例之一[25]。谷子在苗期与田间杂草形态极为相近,导致传统的田间除草难度极大。在具体性状中,抗除草剂特性相关基因是谷子近缘野生种中最早被系统解析和广泛应用的功能基因。在抗除草剂利用上,野生近缘种青狗尾草自然突变产生的拿捕净(稀禾定)抗性可通过与谷子的种间杂交导入栽培谷子,并且配合选择仅需2代回交即可基本消除杂草性状;其分子基础之一是乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)ACC1基因上Ile1781→Leu的变异[44-45]。育种实践中,通过与近缘野生种杂交/回交或者搭配使用AFLP/SSR等标记,已成功将野生来源的抗性基因导入栽培谷子,培育出抗除草剂的新品系[46-48]。与此同时,通过CRISPR/Cas9与碱基编辑体系,已在栽培谷子中建立并获得稳定的抗除草剂突变体[49],例如草铵膦(Glufosinate-ammonium)抗性可通过CRISPR/Cas9介导的碱基编辑在栽培谷子Ci846中对细胞质谷氨酰胺合成酶基因SiGS1进行定点改造获得,其分子基础之一是SiGS1蛋白S59G-T60A替换(CRISPR介导)可直接赋予谷子草铵膦抗性,且在正常生长条件下未见显著生长抑制[50]。这些也为近缘种中的天然突变信息与定向编辑策略结合提供了有力工具。
随着谷子泛基因组[27]、高质量参考基因组(Yugu1-T2T)的发表及Setaria-db等数据库的建立[51],谷子重要性状的遗传解析由单一基因向全基因组水平推进,为功能基因挖掘和育种利用提供了坚实基础(表3)。研究者利用重测序构建的高密度遗传连锁图谱,在不同群体中定位到数十个株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状QTL,并在多环境试验中验证了其稳定性[58-61]。
近年来,谷子籽粒大小与穗发育相关基因的解析不断加速。穗发育方面,在青狗尾草诱变群体中筛到稀穗突变体spp1,并通过BSA定位、基因功能解析等证明其由生长素内流载体SvAUX1的功能突变引起,该调控机制在玉米等禾本科作物中保守,是谷子野生资源挖掘的经典案例[52]。在栽培谷子中,SiAUX1(SvAUX1直系同源基因)丧失功能的材料出现同样的穗部发育缺陷,提示AUX1通路在穗结构形成中具有保守作用[53]。在籽粒大小方面,本团队研究克隆到一个受到驯化选择的RING型E3泛素连接酶SGD1及其E2结合蛋白SiUBC32,并揭示其通过对BR受体BRI1的泛素化调控影响生长与籽粒大小[54]。此外,谷子泛素E2基因家族的多组学研究鉴定验证了SiUBC39与株高、开花期及产量/抗逆/驯化相关的关键位点,为通过蛋白质稳态调控途径开展穗部育种改良提供了新的靶标[33]。
在逆境适应方面,转录组和多组学的研究揭示了谷子对盐胁迫、干旱及盐碱胁迫的关键响应通路和核心调控因子,如WRKY、AP2/ERF、MYB等转录因子家族在耐盐材料中被显著诱导[55, 62]。许多功能基因经遗传转化得到验证,例如SiASR4、SiCBL5与SiEULS3的过表达均能显著提高拟南芥或谷子对干旱、盐分及渗透胁迫的耐受性,通过调节活性氧清除、渗透调节物质积累和ABA信号转导等途径增强植株适应力[56-57, 62-63]。以上结果为培育高抗逆谷子品种提供了明确的基因靶标。
近年来针对谷子籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和矿质元素等性状的遗传解析明显加快。利用RIL群体在多环境下对淀粉总量、直链淀粉与支链淀粉含量进行QTL定位,鉴定到多个与淀粉组成及理化特性显著相关的位点,为后续克隆调控淀粉结构的重要基因奠定了基础[64-66]。针对籽粒营养元素(如Fe、Zn等)和蛋白质及17种氨基酸含量的多环境GWAS,多项研究合计鉴定出超过百个与营养品质相关的位点[67-69],为“高营养”种质创制提供了有力分子依据。
经过数十年的不断摸索与优化,谷子及其野生近缘种的遗传转化与生物技术应用取得了突破性进展,打破了长期以来制约其基因功能解析和遗传改良的技术瓶颈。在转基因研究体系方面,以谷子Ci846为模式品种的稳定遗传转化体系已成功建立并高度成熟[70];此外,以野生近缘种青狗尾草ME034v为模式品种的转基因体系也已实现标准化与高效化[71-72]。这两个转化体系的建立,为谷子及其近缘种的分子生物学研究提供了坚实的技术平台,目前已被广泛应用于大量重要农艺性状的基因功能验证中。
在基因组编辑领域,谷子的CRISPR/Cas9精准编辑体系已成功构建,并在此基础上进一步开发和拓展了单碱基编辑等更精细的前沿编辑系统。这些新型编辑工具在谷子中的广泛应用,不仅实现了对目标基因的高效敲除与单碱基精准替换/修饰,也为快速创制抗除草剂等新种质提供了强大的技术支撑[49-50]。
在现代育种技术应用方面,随着高通量测序技术的发展和多组学数据的海量积累,谷子的分子标记辅助育种及全基因组选择育种体系也相继建立并投入应用[27, 73-74]。从精准基因操作到高效基因组选择,现代生物技术的全面发展与深度融合,正以前所未有的速度推动着谷子种质资源的创新利用与现代分子育种进程。
谷子野生近缘种,特别是其直接祖先青狗尾草,蕴含着丰富的遗传多样性,是应对未来气候变化、培育突破性谷子新品种的重要基因资源。尽管我国在谷子种质资源保存数量上居世界首位,但对谷子野生近缘种的系统性收集、深度评价与有效利用仍显不足。为充分挖掘谷子野生资源的潜力,未来研究应重点关注以下四个方面。
首先,应进一步强化野生近缘种种质资源的广泛收集与精准评价。目前,全球范围内狗尾草属野生近缘种的保存数量远低于栽培种,且存在地域盲区。未来应加强对中国及全球关键生态区(如起源中心、多样性中心及极端生境)狗尾草属野生资源的系统性考察与收集,特别是针对四倍体及其他远缘基因组型(如D、E、F基因组)的物种。在此基础上,建立标准化、高通量的表型组鉴定平台,对收集到的野生资源开展全生育期、多环境的精准表型鉴定,重点筛选抗逆(抗旱、耐盐、耐贫瘠、耐寒)、抗病、高效营养利用及特有优异品质性状的种质。同时,结合基因组学技术,构建野生近缘种的“基因型-表型-环境型”综合数据库,为后续挖掘和利用谷子野生资源基因奠定坚实基础。
其次,急需深化驯化遗传机理与研究野生优异基因挖掘。未来研究中亟需对覆盖全球生态型的狗尾草属野生种质进行泛基因组构建,结合深度重测序构建高精度的图基因组和结构变异图谱。通过群体遗传学分析,系统鉴定驯化过程中受选择的关键区域和基因,阐明落粒性、株型、穗型、休眠性等驯化综合征的分子调控网络。更重要的是,需要系统解析“野生资源的特有优异基因”,利用GWAS分析、选择性清除扫描及共表达网络分析等手段,深入挖掘野生资源中蕴含的抗逆、高光效及特殊品质相关优异等位变异,并对其功能进行验证,为栽培谷子的遗传改良提供全新的基因资源。
再次,应推进野生优异基因的种间渐渗与从头驯化策略。针对谷子与青狗尾草杂交亲和性高的特点,建立高效的回交渐渗与分子标记辅助选择体系,有目的性地将野生种中的优异抗逆、抗病基因导入栽培谷子背景中,同时利用全基因组选择技术加速连锁累赘的消除,创制兼具高产与广适性的新种质。此外,借鉴“从头驯化”的前沿理念,以具有优异性状但农艺性状原始的优良青狗尾草种质为直接底盘,利用现代基因编辑技术(CRISPR/Cas9及其衍生系统),对其落粒性、株高、分蘖数、穗型等关键驯化基因进行精准改良,以期在短时间内直接创制出适应未来极端环境的新型作物。
最后,应进一步开发高效精准的谷子野生资源利用技术体系。继续优化以谷子品种Ci846和青狗尾草种质ME034v为代表的高效遗传转化和基因编辑体系,降低基因型依赖性,提高转化效率,实现野生优异基因在栽培背景中的快速功能验证与聚合。同时,整合基因组选择、单倍型育种及转基因/基因编辑等生物技术,建立“野生资源-基因挖掘-种质创新-品种培育”的分子育种全链条技术平台,加速从野生资源到栽培品种的应用进程。
谷子野生近缘种是应对未来粮食安全挑战的宝贵财富,未来研究应从资源保存的基础工作转向遗传解析与育种利用的深度整合,通过多学科交叉与技术集成,实现野生资源的高效利用,为培育突破性的谷子新品种提供具有育种潜力的新种质及基因资源。

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doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260228005
  • 接收时间:2026-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-16
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    1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种全国重点实验室,北京 100081
    2中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南 三亚 572024

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汤沙,研究方向为谷子基因挖掘和生物育种,E-mail:
刁现民,研究方向为谷子种质资源及育种学,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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