Article(id=1312006144747463596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260508001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1778169600000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790736240803, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784131200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790736240803, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790736240803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790736240803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312006144101540779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, year='2026', volume='27', issue='7', pageStart='1311', pageEnd='1484', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784131200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790736240648, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739525097, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019920167203356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, issueId=1312006144101540779, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1346, endPage=1354, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312006144965567406, articleId=1312006144747463596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=EN, title=Conservation and Utilization of Germplasm Resources of Maize Wild Relatives: Current Status and Prospects, columnId=1312006144902652845, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Maize has the closest genetic relationship with other subspecies of teosintes that belong to the same species as maize (i.e., Zea mays), among which two subspecies are associated with the origin of modern maize. Slightly more distantly related to maize are other teosinte species within the same genus as Zea mays. Even more distantly related are species of the genus Tripsacum. All of these serve as important sources of gene resources for maize breeding. Based on an overview of the classification and geographical distribution of maize wild relatives, this article describes the status of in situ and ex situ conservation of global germplasm resources of maize wild relatives, evaluates their utilization value in maize breeding, and reviews the history and current status of germplasm enhancement and breeding use based on these wild relatives. Finally, key directions and technical approaches are proposed for future utilization in maize breeding.

, authors=Yu LI, Chunhui LI, Dengfeng ZHANG, Yongxiang LI, authorsList=Yu LI, Chunhui LI, Dengfeng ZHANG, Yongxiang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312006145418552240, articleId=1312006144747463596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, language=CN, title=玉米野生近缘植物种质资源保护与利用:进展与展望, columnId=1312006145041064879, journalTitle=植物遗传资源学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

与玉米遗传关系最近的野生近缘植物为与其同属一个物种(即玉蜀黍种)的其他大刍草亚种,其中两个亚种与现代玉米起源相关,与玉米亲缘关系稍远的是与玉蜀黍种同一个属的其他大刍草物种,与玉米亲缘关系更远的是摩擦禾属下的物种,它们都是玉米育种的重要基因资源来源。本文在概述玉米野生近缘植物分类和地理分布的基础上,介绍了全球玉米野生近缘植物种质资源原生境保护和异生境保存状况,评估了野生近缘植物在玉米育种中的利用价值,回顾了基于玉米野生近缘植物种质资源的改良和利用历史和现状,并提出了未来创新利用的重点方向与技术途径。

, authors=黎裕, 李春辉, 张登峰, 李永祥, authorsList=黎裕, 李春辉, 张登峰, 李永祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

研究方向为作物种质资源鉴定评价与挖掘利用,E-mail:

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研究方向为作物种质资源鉴定评价与挖掘利用,E-mail:

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研究方向为作物种质资源鉴定评价与挖掘利用,E-mail:

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Biology Bulletin, 2007, 42(5): 1-3, articleTitle=Genetic research of maize relatives and their utilization in maize improvement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006158584471574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=1109, pageEnd=1116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=64, authorNames=陈景堂, 张芳, 黄亚群, 祝丽英, 赵永锋, 李盼, journalName=中国农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈景堂,张芳,黄亚群,祝丽英,赵永锋,李盼. 玉米近缘种大刍草(Zea luxurians)光周期敏感性与育种利用. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(6): 1109-1116, articleTitle=玉米近缘种大刍草(Zea luxurians)光周期敏感性与育种利用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006158647386135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=1109, pageEnd=1116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=65, authorNames=Chen J T, Zhang F, Huang Y Q, Zhu L Y, Zhao Y F, Li P, journalName=Scientia Agricultura Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen J T, Zhang F, Huang Y Q, Zhu L Y, Zhao Y F, Li P. Flower induction and utilization of Zea luxurians in maize breeding. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(6): 1109-1116, articleTitle=Flower induction and utilization of Zea luxurians in maize breeding, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006158714495000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=35, issue=1, pageStart=7, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=66, authorNames=荣廷昭, 唐祈林, journalName=贵州农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=荣廷昭,唐祈林. 优质高产新型饲草玉米SAUMZ 1号的选育与利用. 贵州农业科学, 2007, 35(1):7-8, articleTitle=优质高产新型饲草玉米SAUMZ 1号的选育与利用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006158785798169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=35, issue=1, pageStart=7, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=67, authorNames=Rong T Z, Tang Q L, journalName=Guizhou Agricultural Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rong T Z, Tang Q L. Breeding and utilization of SAUMZ1, a new forage maize variety with good quality and higher yield. Guizhou Agricultural Science, 2007, 35(1): 7-8, articleTitle=Breeding and utilization of SAUMZ1, a new forage maize variety with good quality and higher yield, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006158865489946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=177, issue=3, pageStart=1915, pageEnd=1928, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=68, authorNames=Briggs W H, McMullen M D, Gaut B S, Doebley J, journalName=Genetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Briggs W H, McMullen M D, Gaut B S, Doebley J. Linkage mapping of domestication loci in a large maize teosinte backcross resource. Genetics, 2007, 177(3): 1915-1928, articleTitle=Linkage mapping of domestication loci in a large maize teosinte backcross resource, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312006158932598811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=69, authorNames=Liu Z, Cook J, Melia-Hancock S, Guill K, Bottoms C, Garcia A, Ott O, Nelson R, Recker J, Balint-Kurti P, Larsson S, Lepak N, Buckler E, Trimble L, Tracy W, McMullen M D, Flint-Garcia S A, journalName=The Plant Genome, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Z, Cook J, Melia-Hancock S, Guill K, Bottoms C, Garcia A, Ott O, Nelson R, Recker J, Balint-Kurti P, Larsson S, Lepak N, Buckler E, Trimble L, Tracy W, McMullen M D, Flint-Garcia S A. Expanding maize genetic resources with pre-domestication alleles: Maize-teosinte introgression populations. 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Genome Biology, 2022, 23(1): 178, articleTitle=A pan-Zea genome map for enhancing maize improvement, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312006145670210481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006145682793394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, companyId=1312006145670210481, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312006145695376307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, companyId=1312006145670210481, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种全国重点实验室,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312006149784822741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geographic distribution and other main characteristics of maize wild relatives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

种类

Taxa

染色体数

Number of chromosomes

生长习性

Growth habit

地理分布

Geographic distribution

玉米

Zea mays ssp. mays

2n=2X=20一年生全球分布

小颖大刍草

Z. mays ssp. parviglumis

2n=2X=20一年生墨西哥西南部的低中海拔中生环境区域

墨西哥大刍草

Z. mays ssp. mexicana

2n=2X=20一年生墨西哥中部高原的高海拔冷凉地区

韦韦特南戈大刍草

Z. mays ssp. huehuetenangensis

2n=2X=20一年生危地马拉西部海拔900~1650 m地区

繁茂大刍草

Z. luxurians

2n=2X=20一年生危地马拉东南部、尼加拉瓜太平洋沿岸地区、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多和墨西哥南部海拔1100 m附近地区

尼加拉瓜大刍草

Z. nicaraguensis

2n=2X=20一年生尼加拉瓜低海拔地区

韦斯佩蒂利奥大刍草

Z. vespertilio

2n=2X=20一年生哥斯达黎加3个省低海拔地区

二倍体多年生大刍草

Z. diploperennis

2n=2X=20多年生墨西哥西部山坡地带狭窄区域

四倍体多年生大刍草

Z. perennis

2n=4X=40多年生墨西哥高寒潮湿地区

摩擦禾

Tripsacum spp.

n=18(倍性2~6)多年生美国和墨西哥到南美等广大区域
), ArticleFig(id=1312006149881291734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385948879159419, articleId=1312006144747463596, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

玉米野生近缘植物的地理分布和其他主要特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

种类

Taxa

染色体数

Number of chromosomes

生长习性

Growth habit

地理分布

Geographic distribution

玉米

Zea mays ssp. mays

2n=2X=20一年生全球分布

小颖大刍草

Z. mays ssp. parviglumis

2n=2X=20一年生墨西哥西南部的低中海拔中生环境区域

墨西哥大刍草

Z. mays ssp. mexicana

2n=2X=20一年生墨西哥中部高原的高海拔冷凉地区

韦韦特南戈大刍草

Z. mays ssp. huehuetenangensis

2n=2X=20一年生危地马拉西部海拔900~1650 m地区

繁茂大刍草

Z. luxurians

2n=2X=20一年生危地马拉东南部、尼加拉瓜太平洋沿岸地区、洪都拉斯、萨尔瓦多和墨西哥南部海拔1100 m附近地区

尼加拉瓜大刍草

Z. nicaraguensis

2n=2X=20一年生尼加拉瓜低海拔地区

韦斯佩蒂利奥大刍草

Z. vespertilio

2n=2X=20一年生哥斯达黎加3个省低海拔地区

二倍体多年生大刍草

Z. diploperennis

2n=2X=20多年生墨西哥西部山坡地带狭窄区域

四倍体多年生大刍草

Z. perennis

2n=4X=40多年生墨西哥高寒潮湿地区

摩擦禾

Tripsacum spp.

n=18(倍性2~6)多年生美国和墨西哥到南美等广大区域
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玉米野生近缘植物种质资源保护与利用:进展与展望
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黎裕 , 李春辉 , 张登峰 , 李永祥
植物遗传资源学报 | 综述 2026,27(7): 1346-1354
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植物遗传资源学报 |综述 2026 , 27 (7) : 1346 -1354
玉米野生近缘植物种质资源保护与利用:进展与展望
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黎裕 , 李春辉, 张登峰, 李永祥
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种全国重点实验室,北京 100081
作者简介:

研究方向为作物种质资源鉴定评价与挖掘利用,E-mail:

Conservation and Utilization of Germplasm Resources of Maize Wild Relatives: Current Status and Prospects
Yu LI , Chunhui LI, Dengfeng ZHANG, Yongxiang LI
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Beijing 100081
出版时间: 2026-07-16 doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260508001
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与玉米遗传关系最近的野生近缘植物为与其同属一个物种(即玉蜀黍种)的其他大刍草亚种,其中两个亚种与现代玉米起源相关,与玉米亲缘关系稍远的是与玉蜀黍种同一个属的其他大刍草物种,与玉米亲缘关系更远的是摩擦禾属下的物种,它们都是玉米育种的重要基因资源来源。本文在概述玉米野生近缘植物分类和地理分布的基础上,介绍了全球玉米野生近缘植物种质资源原生境保护和异生境保存状况,评估了野生近缘植物在玉米育种中的利用价值,回顾了基于玉米野生近缘植物种质资源的改良和利用历史和现状,并提出了未来创新利用的重点方向与技术途径。

玉米  /  野生近缘植物  /  保护  /  利用  /  评述

Maize has the closest genetic relationship with other subspecies of teosintes that belong to the same species as maize (i.e., Zea mays), among which two subspecies are associated with the origin of modern maize. Slightly more distantly related to maize are other teosinte species within the same genus as Zea mays. Even more distantly related are species of the genus Tripsacum. All of these serve as important sources of gene resources for maize breeding. Based on an overview of the classification and geographical distribution of maize wild relatives, this article describes the status of in situ and ex situ conservation of global germplasm resources of maize wild relatives, evaluates their utilization value in maize breeding, and reviews the history and current status of germplasm enhancement and breeding use based on these wild relatives. Finally, key directions and technical approaches are proposed for future utilization in maize breeding.

maize  /  wild relative  /  conservation  /  utilization  /  review
黎裕, 李春辉, 张登峰, 李永祥. 玉米野生近缘植物种质资源保护与利用:进展与展望. 植物遗传资源学报, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1346 -1354 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260508001
Yu LI, Chunhui LI, Dengfeng ZHANG, Yongxiang LI. Conservation and Utilization of Germplasm Resources of Maize Wild Relatives: Current Status and Prospects[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2026 , 27 (7) : 1346 -1354 . DOI: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260508001
玉米(Zea mays L. ssp. mays)是距今9000多年前在墨西哥南部巴尔萨斯河流域由小颖大刍草(Z. mays ssp. parviglumis H. H. Iltis and Doebley)驯化而来[1],当形成的原始地方品种传播到墨西哥高原后,与墨西哥大刍草(Z. mays ssp. mexicana (Schrad.) H. H. Iltis and Doebley)杂交发生基因渐渗,从而形成了现代玉米[2-3]。玉米的野生近缘植物不仅对玉米的形成和传播起到了直接的重要作用,而且对玉米遗传改良起到了间接的关键作用,并将对未来的玉米品种培育产生重要影响。
根据禾本科系统发育工作组(Grass Phylogeny Working Group)[4]的最新分类,禾本科(Poaceae)黍亚科(Panicoideae)高粱族(Andropogoneae)摩擦禾亚族(Tripsacinae)下有两个属,其中一个属为玉蜀黍属(Zea),玉米是该属中唯一的栽培作物,属下其他野生植物均被称为大刍草。玉蜀黍属中的6个种可分为两个组(Sections),即玉蜀黍组(Zea)和繁茂组(Luxuriantes)。玉蜀黍组只包含1个种,即玉蜀黍种(Zea mays),种下分4个亚种,包括只含栽培玉米的玉米亚种(ssp. mays)、玉米的直接祖先小颖大刍草亚种(ssp. parviglumis)、对现代玉米有重要基因组贡献的墨西哥大刍草亚种(ssp. mexicana)和韦韦特南戈亚种(ssp. huehuetenangensis (Ilti and Doebley) Doebley),各亚种与玉米杂交较为容易。繁茂组包括5个种,即二倍体多年生大刍草种(Z. diploperennis Iltis, Doebley Guzman)、四倍体多年生大刍草种(Z. perennis (Hitchc.) Reeves Mangelsd.)、繁茂大刍草种(Z. luxurians (Durieu Asch.) Bird)、尼加拉瓜大刍草种(Z. nicaraguensis Iltis Benz)、韦斯佩蒂利奥大刍草种(Z. vespertilio Gomez-Laur),它们与玉米杂交相对困难。此外,Sanchez等[5]还报道了在繁茂组下的3个新大刍草种。
摩擦禾亚族下的另一个属为与玉蜀黍属同起源于西半球的摩擦禾属(Tripsacum),该属包括16个多年生种(但仅依赖形态学进行的植物学分类可能不是完全可靠)。该属下各个种的染色体基数为n=18,但倍性变异很大,包括有性生殖的二倍体如指状摩擦禾(T. dactyloides),还有兼性的二倍体孢子型和假配生殖型无融合生殖的三倍体、四倍体、五倍体、六倍体[6]。该属与玉米杂交很难。
尽管玉蜀黍属下的各个种存在植株形态学性状差异,但在遗传上很相似;玉米和二倍体大刍草均可杂交获得可育杂种,但和四倍体多年生大刍草的杂种育性和种子活力很低[7]。因此,从玉米育种利用的角度,根据与玉米杂交及基因渐渗的容易程度,把玉米亚种作为一级基因源(Primary genepool)、大刍草作为二级基因源(Secondary genepool)和摩擦禾作为三级基因源(Tertiary genepool)[8]。
玉蜀黍属中的大刍草生长于墨西哥、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加等地,但主要分布于墨西哥中部,在中美洲和墨西哥北部为零星分布[7]。其中墨西哥大刍草和小颖大刍草分布较广、多样性较高,其他大刍草分布区域均较窄(表1)。
摩擦禾属的生境远比玉蜀黍属(除玉米外)广泛,从美国东部和中部到巴拉圭的广大区域,在温带到热带亚热带森林、热带稀树草原、草地、干旱灌丛地,从海平面到海拔2700 m的地区均有分布,其多样性中心位于墨西哥和危地马拉[6]。指状摩擦禾的耐冷能力使其能在美国东部和中部(美国康涅狄格西部到内布拉斯加以及德克萨斯到佛罗里达)生长,主要生境是河岸与洪泛区,但二倍体类型由于其抗旱性突出主要生长在密西西比河以西的北美草原。
玉蜀黍属的染色体基数为n=10,玉米和除四倍体多年生大刍草外的大刍草均为二倍体,染色体数目为20条。从基因组大小上看,玉米和小颖大刍草、墨西哥大刍草、二倍体多年生大刍草的基因组相当,在2.3 Gb~2.9 Gb之间;繁茂大刍草约4.4 Gb、四倍体多年生大刍草约5.2 Gb、二倍体摩擦禾约3.8 Gb[9]。目前已针对少数玉米野生近缘植物如墨西哥大刍草[10]、小颖大刍草[11-12]构建了参考基因组,尽管质量相对较差,但为挖掘玉米野生近缘植物中的基因资源奠定了基础。
摩擦禾的染色体基数为n=18,但摩擦禾的倍性变化很大,甚至指状摩擦禾内都有多种倍性。玉米和摩擦禾基因组之间存在显著的共线性现象[13],大量转座子的扩张可能是二倍体摩擦禾基因组是玉米近1.5倍的原因[14]。在玉蜀黍属和摩擦禾属分开之前,曾发生过全基因组加倍[14];在玉蜀黍属和摩擦禾属分开之后,重复基因的分馏(Fractionation)在两个谱系中持续进行,导致玉米中留下来一些在摩擦禾中已丢失的基因,而摩擦禾中保留下来一些玉米基因组中丢失的基因[15],因此摩擦禾也是玉米育种的重要基因资源来源。
20世纪60年代,墨西哥和危地马拉的大刍草自然生境面积曾达上千平方公里,但最近50多年来,由于遗传侵蚀、人口增加、过度放牧、作物替代等原因,小颖大刍草和墨西哥大刍草的自然生境已变得支离破碎,其他大刍草种/亚种也逐渐成为“珍稀”或“脆弱”物种[16]。
在此期间,各国也曾努力保护玉米野生近缘植物,如1985年危地马拉政府就开始禁止在该国收集和出境大刍草资源。20世纪80年代中期,国际玉米小麦改良中心、墨西哥国立林业与农牧业研究所、危地马拉国立农业科学技术研究所协作开展大刍草群落的长期定位监测。然而,迄今为止,在美洲各国还没有建立专门针对玉米野生近缘植物的原生境保护国家体系。
但在墨西哥和美国等地建立的自然保护区内存在玉米野生近缘植物,如墨西哥马南特兰山脉生物圈保护区原生境保护了二倍体多年生大刍草,尼加拉瓜阿帕昆卡遗传资源保护区原生境保护了尼加拉瓜大刍草[7],美国的多个自然保护区内原生境保护了摩擦禾[16]。
据Cruz-Cardenas等[16]统计,截至2017年11月,全球主要在4个种质库异生境保存了约1700份大刍草种质资源,其中有相当一部分存在重复保存的现象。这4个种质库中,3个位于墨西哥,分别在国际玉米小麦改良中心(保存份数272份)、墨西哥国立林业与农牧业研究所(保存份数497份)、墨西哥瓜达拉哈拉大学(保存份数511份);另一个种质库在美国农业部中北部植物引种站,保存了434份大刍草种质资源;除瓜达拉哈拉大学外的3个种质库为长期保存设施。从资源种类上看,保存的墨西哥大刍草最多(938份),小颖大刍草次之(609份),其他种的大刍草均不到40份。在最近的年份中,在这些种质库中保存份数没有明显变化,并且其他长期保存大刍草种质资源的种质库很少。此外,墨西哥查平戈自治大学、危地马拉农业科学技术研究所、尼加拉瓜农牧业技术研究所等研究机构也保存了数量不等的大刍草资源,但不是长期保存。
摩擦禾种质资源主要保存在国际玉米小麦改良中心、美国农业部俄克拉荷马州Woodward试验站和佛罗里达迈阿密试验站,以及墨西哥国立林业与农牧业研究所种质圃中。美国农业部种质库保存有少量摩擦禾种质资源的种子。
大刍草和摩擦禾等玉米野生近缘植物携带有大量玉米驯化和改良过程中丢失的耐逆、抗病虫等有利等位变异,是玉米遗传改良中可利用的基因资源宝库[9]。
玉米野生近缘植物中含有大量玉米中没有的非生物抗性基因。例如,Zeng等[17]克隆到可提高玉米耐冷性的bHLH转录因子基因COOL1,对该基因在42份小颖大刍草和17份墨西哥大刍草中的启动子进行测序,发现60%的小颖大刍草材料和47%的墨西哥大刍草材料中均携带有耐冷的COOL1Hap1单倍型。Li等[18]克隆到负调控玉米耐冷性的bZIP转录因子基因ZmbZIP68,发现该基因在驯化过程中受到强烈选择,玉米中启动子区域358 bp的插入变异导致该基因表达水平升高,进而使耐冷性降低,携带小颖/墨西哥大刍草等位基因的近等基因系比携带玉米等位基因的近等基因系或杂合系耐冷性强。Feng等[19]发现墨西哥大刍草比玉米自交系B73具有更强的耐旱能力,其原因在于大刍草DRO1基因对干旱/脱落酸(ABA,abscisic acid)的应答更灵敏,干旱条件下其根系可更好地分布到深层土壤从而多吸收水分。
Li等[20]利用属间杂交的方法创制出四倍体多年生大刍草、指状摩擦禾和玉米的导入系IL76,挖掘出控制耐盐性的基因ZmSC (Zm00001eb244520,编码1个囊泡分选蛋白),其有利等位变异来自四倍体多年生大刍草。Zhang等[21]克隆到调控玉米地上部Na+含量的基因ZmNC3,该基因编码定位于质膜的HKT家族离子转运蛋白ZmHKT1;2,第一个外显子上的SNP947位点为G时Na+转运活性显著增强,该优异等位变异源于大刍草,且仅有6.1%的现代玉米种质携带该等位变异;通过杂交回交将该优异等位变异导入郑58和昌7-2后,盐胁迫下地上部Na+含量减少了50%~90%,耐盐性显著增强。
繁茂大刍草、尼加拉瓜大刍草和韦韦特南戈大刍草生长在降雨量很大的地区,具有良好的根系通气组织,因此耐涝性和耐渍性均很强[22]。指状摩擦禾则携带有抗旱、耐盐、耐酸铝、耐涝等优良性状[23]。
大刍草中存在优良抗虫等位变异[24]。例如,de la Paz-Gutierrez等[25]发现与玉米相比,大刍草的抗虫性更强。对大刍草和玉米种质资源进行精准鉴定后发现,小颖大刍草对草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)[26]、黏虫(Mythimna separata)[27]、仓储害虫赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum)[28]等均有较好的抗性;墨西哥大刍草抗条螟(Chilo partellus)[29]。摩擦禾较抗玉米根虫,在玉米抗虫育种中可能有重大价值[30]。
大刍草中也存在优良抗病等位变异。例如,Lennon等[31]利用小颖大刍草与B73构建的含693份BC4S2的近等基因系群体,发现大刍草中携带有新的灰斑病抗性基因。二倍体和四倍体多年生大刍草对玉米矮花叶病毒、玉米褪绿矮缩病毒、玉米褪绿斑驳病毒、玉米条纹病毒等多种病毒具有抗性[32-33]。二倍体多年生大刍草也抗大斑病、小斑病等多种叶斑病[34]。Feng等[35]利用玉米与小颖大刍草和二倍体多年生大刍草分别构建的BC2F8群体,鉴定出来自大刍草的拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病抗性位点。Wang等[36]利用墨西哥大刍草和玉米自交系Mo17杂交回交构建的BC2F7群体,克隆到来自墨西哥大刍草的抗病基因ZmMM1,该基因编码一个含MYB-DNA结合域的转录抑制因子,对玉米大斑病、灰斑病和南方锈病均有广谱抗性。
指状摩擦禾也携带有玉米遗传改良中可利用的优良性状,如抗杂草独脚金(Striga hermonthica)、抗锈病、抗大斑病等[23]。
大刍草中存在一些可在玉米营养品质改良中利用的优良性状,如高蛋氨酸和高蛋白含量[37]。Flint-Garcia等[38]发现小颖大刍草的种子蛋白质含量是玉米地方品种和自交系的2倍以上,而且含有多种新的醇溶蛋白。Huang等[12]从小颖大刍草中克隆到首个控制玉米高蛋白含量的主效基因THP9,该基因编码天冬酰胺合成酶4 (ASN4,asparagine synthetase 4),发现大刍草优良等位变异Thp9-T显著高表达,而玉米自交系中等位变异Thp9-B导致ASN4的表达量较低;Thp9-T导入玉米自交系B73后,使种子蛋白质含量增加约35%,根中氮含量增加约54%,茎中氮含量增加约94%,叶片中氮含量增加约18%,且生物量也显著增加。
影响玉米种子含油量和油酸含量的QTL qHO6编码催化油脂合成最后一步的酰基辅酶A:二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT1-2,acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyl-transferase),其第469位的苯丙氨酸插入(F469)是含油量和油酸含量增加的原因;所有参试的大刍草材料均含有F469,而大多数玉米自交系中不携带F469[39]。
在产量相关性状方面,Wang等[40]用玉米自交系RP125和郑58分别与尼加拉瓜大刍草和小颖大刍草杂交构建BC2重组自交系群体,并分别用SCML1950和昌7-2测交,检测出多个由大刍草贡献的,且与穗长、行粒数和株穗数相关的正向遗传位点。
通过改变株型提高耐密性是玉米育种的重要方向。Tian等[41]利用一套以玉米自交系W22与小颖大刍草为亲本杂交衍生得到的BC2S3群体,克隆到两个叶夹角基因brd1和UPA2,发现UPA2减小叶夹角的等位基因仅存在于大刍草中,在栽培玉米中已经完全丢失;UPA2的大刍草近等基因系在密植条件下具有显著的增产效应。
当把大刍草作为母本进行杂交时,与玉米杂交困难是一个普遍的现象,其关键原因是在玉蜀黍属中存在3个杂交不亲和遗传位点,即在大刍草中发现的Tcb1-s、在玉米和大刍草中均存在的Ga1-s和Ga2-s[42-43];这些位点均编码果胶甲酯酶(Pectin methylesterase),最古老的Ga2重复后形成Ga1,Tcb1是Ga1的重复产生的,Ga1最常见的等位基因为含有3个果胶甲酯酶全长基因的单倍型,且与24碱基小干扰RNA的产生有关[44]。另一方面,由于绝大多数玉米野生近缘植物源于热带地区,光周期敏感性是其利用中的一个瓶颈。在针对玉米野生近缘植物的种质改良中,需要克服杂交不亲和现象和光周期敏感性,经过多代剔除遗传累赘,并聚合多个优良等位变异。因此,尽管已开展了把野生近缘植物中的有利遗传变异转移到玉米遗传背景中的大量研究,但迄今为止在玉米的商业化育种中还很少有成功的案例报道。
墨西哥大刍草对现代玉米的形成曾有重要历史贡献,所携带的优良性状近年来也通过现代基因渐渗等方法转移到玉米中。如Wang等[37]用玉米自交系掖515与墨西哥大刍草杂交,创制出一系列导入系,部分导入系的籽粒蛋白质、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量均显著提高;利用少数导入系组配的杂交种的产量比对照品种也有提高[45]。尼加拉瓜大刍草携带有多个可在玉米育种中利用的性状,如把其第4染色体上的耐涝性主效数量性状位点转移到玉米中,创制出耐水淹的导入系[46]。二倍体多年生大刍草抗杂草独脚金,通过基因渐渗方法将其转移到玉米中,创新种质对独脚金具有显著抗性[47-49]。
玉米和四倍体多年生大刍草的杂交后代育性很低,获得的籽粒几乎没有活力。但唐祈林等[50]采取玉米-四倍体多年生大刍草代换系和附加系作为中间桥梁的策略,创制出的代换系MZI202(068)与四倍体多年生大刍草的杂交结实率可达80%以上。Tang等[51]利用此方法,在BC1F3世代用四倍体多年生大刍草的3条染色体代替了玉米的3条染色体,从而把多个期望性状转移到玉米中。
由于存在胚囊不亲和现象,自然状态下摩擦禾和玉米杂交成功率低,但可通过人工重复授粉结合胚拯救方法获得杂种。在1973年就报道过把指状摩擦禾染色体成功转移到玉米中获得附加系,并且发现摩擦禾的显性位点可以互补玉米隐性突变体[52]。Yan等[53]在获得玉米-四倍体指状摩擦禾杂种(2n=4X=56)后,再和四倍体多年生大刍草进行杂交,利用单向2n胚子无融合生殖方法,创制出2n=74的多年生玉米-大刍草-摩擦禾异源六倍体MTP,尽管其雄性不育,但雌性部分可育,可与玉米杂交和回交产生可育后代,且具有耐冷和耐盐等优良性状。利用MTP做桥梁材料,用5个玉米自交系做轮回亲本,通过杂交并回交和自交,对BC3S4进行鉴定,创制出系列矮秆自交系,其中自交系d024致矮源于摩擦禾CYP90D1基因的一个插入缺失[54]。此外,Shavrukov等[55]获得的玉米和指状摩擦禾杂种比玉米和高粱的耐盐性强,也说明野生近缘植物利用是玉米育种拓宽遗传基础的一条重要途径。
尽管野生近缘植物在玉米育种中的典型利用案例不多,但我国在该领域做了多方探索,并走在国际前列。如中国农业科学院利用二倍体多年生大刍草育成14个优良玉米自交系[56]、山东农业大学利用二倍体多年生大刍草育成杂交种山农993[57]、中国科学院利用二倍体多年生大刍草选育自交系540,组配的杂交种遗单6号表现良好[58]、河北农业大学利用繁茂大刍草育成NX3153等玉米自交系[59]等。
四川农业大学荣廷昭和唐祈林团队用玉米-四倍体多年生大刍草代换系068作母本,不同类型的大刍草作父本,育成饲草玉米新品种4个,其中以四倍体多年生大刍草作父本育成玉草1号、以墨西哥大刍草为父本育成玉草2号、以繁茂大刍草为父本育成玉草3号、以尼加拉瓜大刍草为父本育成耐涝饲草玉米玉草4号[9]。玉草1号为育成的首个多年生饲草玉米新品种,该品种为异源三倍体(2n=30),具有产量高、品质优及多抗广适等特点[60]。
指状摩擦禾又称为东部伽马草,为广泛种植的多年生暖季型牧草,由于其适口性好、消化率高(孕穗期和开花期全株粗蛋白质含量超12.5%),在美国有“牧草皇后”“冰淇淋草”之誉;危地马拉草(Tripsacum andersonii/laxum)也被广泛用作动物饲草。指状摩擦禾和佛罗里达摩擦禾(Tripsacum floridanum)在美国佛罗里达南部也用于节水型景观设计。在摩擦禾的育种利用上,四川农业大学以多年生异源六倍体MTP为核心亲本,通过染色体工程技术选育出系列生物量杂种优势明显的玉草5号、玉草6号等多年生饲草玉米新品种[9]。
相比水稻、小麦等重要农作物来说,玉米野生近缘植物的育种利用还很薄弱,其主要原因在于以下几方面。一是野生近缘植物大多数和玉米之间不易杂交,且杂交当代容易倒伏、受光周期影响、优异性状选择群体规模较大;二是目标性状基因存在显著的连锁累赘,在导入有利等位变异的同时也导入了大量有害变异,选择有利等位基因和剔除连锁累赘周期长,育种家不愿费时费力进行种质改良;三是栽培玉米是一种在遗传上高度多样化的作物,携带有丰富的等位变异,育种家更愿意直接利用玉米中的自然变异。
然而,鉴于野生近缘植物中携带有不少玉米中所没有的优良性状及其关键基因等位变异,有必要从源头对其改良,通过创制“桥梁种质”加快其育种利用。关键技术途径之一是先创制导入系、染色体片段代换系或近等基因系[61-62],这些遗传材料为鉴定野生近缘植物中的优良等位变异提供了便利,如鉴定出开花期、穗行数、粒重等基因资源[63],也为育种家利用提供了基础种质。
因此,深入开展玉米野生近缘植物基础研究有助于发掘玉米育种中可用的基因资源。Chen等[64]利用玉蜀黍属7个野生亚种/种共计237份材料和507份现代玉米自交系材料,构建了玉蜀黍属的遗传变异图谱,揭示了玉蜀黍属适应性进化的遗传机制,发现在不同玉蜀黍属物种间存在着大量的基因渐渗,进化过程中积累了大量特有的遗传变异;鉴定出在墨西哥大刍草中受到选择的基因ZmPRR7在玉米开花过程中发挥了重要作用。Gui等[65]则进一步整合了721份玉蜀黍属材料(包括507份现代玉米材料、31份玉米地方品种材料以及183份大刍草材料)的全基因组测序数据,构建超级泛基因组,共鉴定到接近27.5万个结构变异,发现部分结构变异与抗旱性等重要性状有关。属间遗传变异图谱和泛基因组的构建为摸清玉米野生近缘植物种质资源的遗传多样性家底铺平了道路,下一步将通过不同的遗传群体尽快找到控制重要性状的基因,挖掘出关键基因的优良等位变异,并利用分子设计等方法快速把优良等位变异用于玉米育种中。

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doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20260508001
  • 接收时间:2026-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-16
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-08
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    1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/作物基因资源与育种全国重点实验室,北京 100081
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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