Article(id=1321852237140316736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24176, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24176, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732291200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737302400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-20, onlineDate=1793083732161, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793083732161, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793083732161, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793083732161, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321852178331979976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='859', pageEnd='1035', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793083718140, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793083787009, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321852467248223111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321852467252417416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=957, endPage=967, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321852237329060417, articleId=1321852237140316736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Adventitious Bud Induction and Browning Inhibition of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Seed Kernels, columnId=1317485704066748799, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=TECHNIQUES AND METHODS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION: Plant tissue culture technology is characterized by growth that is not restricted by seasons, high efficiency in plant propagation, and high survival rates. It can effectively ensure the quality and quantity of new and superior varieties of Xanthoceras sorbifolium, and is beneficial for the conservation and rapid dissemination of germplasm resources, thus promoting the development of the Xanthoceras industry. Therefore, it is now urgent to solve the browning problem of explants during the tissue culture process of Xanthoceras, in order to lay the foundation for establishing a stable and efficient regeneration system for this species.
RATIONALE: Currently, the growth cycle of somatic embryogenesis culture in X. sorbifolium is relatively long, and the acquisition of embryogenic callus tissue is quite challenging, resulting in poor reproducibility of the regeneration system established through somatic embryogenesis. Some studies have directly induced adventitious buds via organogenesis in X. sorbifolium and found that when cotyledons and stem segments are used as explants to induce adventitious buds, browning of the explants is common, leading to a low proliferation rate of adventitious buds and affecting the growth of the explants. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing the difficulties in inducing adventitious buds during the tissue culture process of X. sorbifolium, explores the most suitable growth conditions for inducing adventitious buds, and discusses the impact of factors such as the type of cytokinin, temperature, light intensity, and the tenderness of the explants on the browning of X. sorbifolium tissue culture, in order to provide a basis for establishing an efficient and stable regeneration system for X. sorbifolium.
RESULTS: The browning issue severely affects the growth condition of X. sorbifolium explants and the efficiency of adventitious bud induction. After identifying the optimal disinfection method and the best medium for adventitious bud induction, we investigated the factors affecting the browning of X. sorbifolium cotyledons one by one. We found that the highest induction rate of adventitious buds was achieved when 2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA was added to the medium, and thus we selected it as the suitable cytokinin for inducing adventitious buds. The cotyledons of X. sorbifolium were cultured under the best conditions of a light intensity of 19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1 and a temperature of 26°C. Although culturing in the dark can inhibit browning, it cannot induce adventitious buds. The tenderness of the explants has an important impact on browning; the more tender the explants are, the lower the degree of browning. When the cotyledons of X. sorbifolium harvested from July 1st to July 8th were used for tissue culture, almost no browning occurred. At this time, the fruit coat is not cracked, the cotyledons are plump and firm, the seed coat is white, and it is easy to remove. These cotyledons are the best experimental materials for the tissue culture of X. sorbifolium.
CONCLUSION: Using the cotyledons of X. sorbifolium as the experimental material, the optimal medium for inducing adventitious buds and the factors influencing explant browning were investigated. The results showed that the best disinfection method for cotyledons was to treat them with 75% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by 0.1% effective chlorine for 10 minutes, resulting in a contamination rate of 29.33% and a mortality rate of 12%. The optimal medium formulation for inducing adventitious buds was MS+2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA+30 g∙L-1 sucrose+6.8 g∙L-1 agar+0.1 g∙L-1 myo-inositol, with an induction rate of 72.22%. Among different types of cytokinins, the addition of 6-BA to the medium resulted in the lowest explant mortality rate (12.50%) and the highest induction rate (73.61%). The optimal culture conditions were 19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1 light intensity at 26°C, with an induction rate of 72.22%. The cotyledons from VI stage seeds collected between July 1st and July 8th were plump and firm, with white seed coats that were easy to remove, making them the best material for inhibiting browning in Xanthoceras tissue culture, with the highest adventitious bud induction rate (97.22%).

Adventitious bud induction (A) and browning inhibition (B) of Xanthoceras sorbifolium. When establishing a regeneration system for X. sorbifolium through tissue culture methods, severe browning poses a significant challenge. Therefore, through the process of inducing adventitious buds, explant materials that can alleviate the browning of cotyledon tissue culture have been identified. (A) Bar=5 mm; (B) Bar=2 cm

, authors=Liru Zhou1, 2, 3, Yan Ao1, 2, 3, *, Jing Zhong1, 2, 3, authorsList=Liru Zhou, Yan Ao, Jing Zhong, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan Ao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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以文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)种仁为实验材料, 筛选诱导不定芽的最佳培养基并探究外植体褐化的影响因素。结果表明, 种仁消毒最佳方法为用75%乙醇消毒30秒, 再用0.1%有效氯消毒10分钟, 污染率为29.33%, 死亡率为12%。不定芽诱导最佳培养基为MS+2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA+30 g∙L-1 蔗糖+6.8 g∙L-1琼脂+0.1 g∙L-1肌醇, 诱导率为72.22%; 在不同细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂中, 添加6-BA时, 外植体死亡率最低, 为12.50%, 诱导率最高, 为73.61%。温度26°C和光照强度19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1为最佳培养条件, 诱导率最高, 为72.22%。VI时期(7月1日至8日采种)的种仁饱满坚实, 种皮呈白色, 易剥离, 为抑制文冠果组培褐化的最佳培养材料, 不定芽诱导率最高, 为97.22%。

, authors=周立茹1, 2, 3, 敖妍1, 2, 3, *, 仲静1, 2, 3, authorsList=周立茹, 敖妍, 仲静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=敖妍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 敖妍, 北京林业大学林学院教授。其团队致力于文冠果花果发育、树体管理和产量调控等生理生态学机制及花和果实发育过程中糖代谢与油脂积累分子机理研究, 并开发高效组培、嫁接等良种繁育技术体系、生物燃油原料林标准化高效培育技术及新品种选育和良种繁育技术。发表文冠果相关文章60余篇, 以第一作者或通讯作者发表SCI收录期刊论文20余篇, 主编文冠果专著3部。获批文冠果新品种9个。E-mail:
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Ind Crops Prod 212, 118289., articleTitle=Integration of miRNA and ARF gene analysis provides a reference for the pistil abortion mechanism in Xanthoceras sorbifolium, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321852246472643209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, awardId=2022YFD2200402, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2200402), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321852246564917898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, awardId=32071738, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32071738), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321852240546091599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852240558674512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, companyId=1321852240546091599, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources (Beijing Forest University), Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852240575451729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, companyId=1321852240546091599, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 林木资源高效生产全国重点实验室(北京林业大学), 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321852240646754898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852240655143507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, companyId=1321852240646754898, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of Minister of Education, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852240667726420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, companyId=1321852240646754898, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321852240734835285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852240747418198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, companyId=1321852240734835285, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852240755806807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, companyId=1321852240734835285, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 国家能源非粮生物质原料研发中心, 北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321852244438405749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Different treatments of plant growth regulators on the induction of adventitious bud development for Xanthoceras sorbifolium

(A)-(E) The growth of seed kernels in medium for 6, 15, 21, 28, and 35 days, respectively (bars=5 mm); (F) Browning of seed kernels inoculated into the medium for 21 days (bar=2 cm)

, figureFileSmall=UV8ZmyxDjDuYbLcfI4xxVA==, figureFileBig=BQcNA+6sB5XqFWIF3LMFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852244522291830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同植物生长调节剂处理诱导文冠果不定芽生长

(A)-(E) 种仁接入培养基后6、15、21、28及35天的生长情况(bars=5 mm); (F) 种仁接入培养基后21天的褐化情况(bar=2 cm)

, figureFileSmall=UV8ZmyxDjDuYbLcfI4xxVA==, figureFileBig=BQcNA+6sB5XqFWIF3LMFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852244748784247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Browning of adventitious buds of Xanthoceras sorbifolium induced by different types of cytokinins

(A)-(D) Seed kernels were grown for 20 days in medium supplemented with 2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA, 2.5 mg∙L-1 KT, 2.5 mg∙L-1 ZT, and 2.5 mg∙L-1 TDZ, respectively. Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=jSSMK0RFK2i9Jxjy0p7GPQ==, figureFileBig=dEoX4Y9F4gboy/2lXgSCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852244849447544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同类型细胞分裂素诱导文冠果不定芽的褐化情况

(A)-(D) 种仁在分别添加2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA、2.5 mg∙L-1 KT、2.5 mg∙L-1 ZT和2.5 mg∙L-1 TDZ的培养基中生长20天的状况。Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=jSSMK0RFK2i9Jxjy0p7GPQ==, figureFileBig=dEoX4Y9F4gboy/2lXgSCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852244929139321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of temperature and light on browning of Xanthoceras sorbifolium explants

(A) Growing seed kernels under light (19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1) at normal temperature (26°C); (B) Growing seed kernels under darkness (0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1) at normal temperature (26°C); (C) Growing seed kernels under light (19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1) at low temperature (20°C); (D) Growing seed kernels under darkness (0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1) at low temperature (20°C). Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=+6rLNrZhbJ4Ii2fKP5AZKg==, figureFileBig=JoJOevWO2IihED/z+oTFYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852245029802618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=图3, caption=温度与光照对文冠果外植体褐化的影响

(A) 光照(19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+常温(26°C)时种仁生长情况; (B) 黑暗(0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+常温(26°C)时种仁生长情况; (C) 光照(19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+低温(20°C)时种仁生长情况; (D) 黑暗(0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+低温(20°C)时种仁生长情况。Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=+6rLNrZhbJ4Ii2fKP5AZKg==, figureFileBig=JoJOevWO2IihED/z+oTFYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852245117883003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The growth of the I-IX stages of Xanthoceras sorbi- folium seeds

(A1)-(I1) The changes in seed kernel growth process; (A2)-(I2) The changes in seed growth process; (A3)-(I3) The changes in fruit growth process. (A1)-(D1) Bars=5 mm; (E1)-(I3) Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=SSrK9+il7uWrIHoZpkgXDQ==, figureFileBig=miVYzOp58ukspWYASGq+6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852245205963388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=图4, caption=文冠果种子I-IX期生长过程

(A1)-(I1) 种仁生长过程变化; (A2)-(I2) 种子生长过程变化; (A3)-(I3) 果实生长过程变化。(A1)-(D1) Bars=5 mm; (E1)-(I3) Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=SSrK9+il7uWrIHoZpkgXDQ==, figureFileBig=miVYzOp58ukspWYASGq+6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852245365346941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Induction and growth of adventitious bud in different development stages of Xanthoceras sorbifolium seed kernels

(A)-(D) The growth status of the seed kernels at stage V after 7, 14, 21, and 30 days of inoculation; (E)-(H) The growth status of the seed kernels at stages VI, VII, VIII, and IX after 30 days of inoculation. Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=CZC6o3ZFQqhwKicJV6wepA==, figureFileBig=kQJBCsf73Qi0HynvimwMNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852245440844414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同发育时期文冠果种仁不定芽的诱导与生长

(A)-(D) 第V期种仁接种7、14、21及30天后的生长状况; (E)-(H) 第VI、VII、VIII和IX期种仁接种30天后的生长状况。Bars=2 cm

, figureFileSmall=CZC6o3ZFQqhwKicJV6wepA==, figureFileBig=kQJBCsf73Qi0HynvimwMNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852245524730495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different disinfection treatments on the mature seed kernels of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Chorine disinfection time (min) Effective chorine concentration (%) Browning rate (%) Death rate (%) Contamination rate (%)
A1 10 0.1 22.67±3.53 d 12.00±2.31 e 29.33±3.53 a
A2 10 0.5 42.67±3.53 c 12.00±2.31 e 28.00±2.31 a
A3 10 1.0 62.60±1.33 b 34.67±3.53 c 21.33±3.53 ab
A4 10 5.0 42.67±3.53 c 25.33±1.33 d 9.33±3.53 cd
A5 20 0.1 60.00±6.93 b 18.67±3.53 de 21.33±3.53 ab
A6 20 0.5 61.33±3.53 b 52.00±4.62 b 16.00±2.31 bc
A7 20 1.0 62.67±4.81 b 45.33±3.53 b 4.00±2.31 d
A8 20 5.0 80.00±4.62 a 66.67±1.33 a 1.33±1.33 d
), ArticleFig(id=1321852245617005184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同消毒处理对文冠果成熟种仁消毒效果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Chorine disinfection time (min) Effective chorine concentration (%) Browning rate (%) Death rate (%) Contamination rate (%)
A1 10 0.1 22.67±3.53 d 12.00±2.31 e 29.33±3.53 a
A2 10 0.5 42.67±3.53 c 12.00±2.31 e 28.00±2.31 a
A3 10 1.0 62.60±1.33 b 34.67±3.53 c 21.33±3.53 ab
A4 10 5.0 42.67±3.53 c 25.33±1.33 d 9.33±3.53 cd
A5 20 0.1 60.00±6.93 b 18.67±3.53 de 21.33±3.53 ab
A6 20 0.5 61.33±3.53 b 52.00±4.62 b 16.00±2.31 bc
A7 20 1.0 62.67±4.81 b 45.33±3.53 b 4.00±2.31 d
A8 20 5.0 80.00±4.62 a 66.67±1.33 a 1.33±1.33 d
), ArticleFig(id=1321852245696696961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different plant growth regulators and their concentrations on adventitious bud induction of Xanthoceras sorbifolium mature seed kernels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group 6-BA (mg∙L-1) NAA (mg∙L-1) Germination rate (%) Adventitious bud coefficient Adventitious bud growth trend
B1 0.5 0.1 8.33±2.40 g 2.56±0.44 b +
B2 0.5 1.0 25.00±2.40 fg 2.51±0.25 b +
B3 0.5 1.5 51.38±3.67 bc 2.02±0.22 b ++
B4 1.5 0.1 31.94±3.67 ef 2.26±0.20 b +
B5 1.5 1.0 19.45±5.01 g 2.35±0.53 b +
B6 1.5 1.5 40.27±2.78 de 4.65±0.48 a ++
B7 2.5 0.1 43.06±3.67 cd 3.75±0.47 a
B8 2.5 1.0 72.22±3.68 a 4.04±0.22 a
+
B9 2.5 1.5 59.72±3.68 b 2.55±0.17 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321852245793165954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同植物生长调节剂种类和浓度对文冠果成熟种仁不定芽诱导的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group 6-BA (mg∙L-1) NAA (mg∙L-1) Germination rate (%) Adventitious bud coefficient Adventitious bud growth trend
B1 0.5 0.1 8.33±2.40 g 2.56±0.44 b +
B2 0.5 1.0 25.00±2.40 fg 2.51±0.25 b +
B3 0.5 1.5 51.38±3.67 bc 2.02±0.22 b ++
B4 1.5 0.1 31.94±3.67 ef 2.26±0.20 b +
B5 1.5 1.0 19.45±5.01 g 2.35±0.53 b +
B6 1.5 1.5 40.27±2.78 de 4.65±0.48 a ++
B7 2.5 0.1 43.06±3.67 cd 3.75±0.47 a
B8 2.5 1.0 72.22±3.68 a 4.04±0.22 a
+
B9 2.5 1.5 59.72±3.68 b 2.55±0.17 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321852245889634947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different types of cytokinins on browning of seed kernel explants of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Plant growth regulator types and concentrations (2.5 mg∙L-1) Germination rate (%) Adventitious
bud coefficient
Death rate (%) Browning condition
C1 6-BA 73.61±3.67 a 7.09±0.33 a 12.50±2.41 d ↑↑↑
C2 KT 13.89±3.67 c 2.97±0.32 b 38.89±1.39 a ↑
C3 ZT 23.61±3.67 bc 0.84±0.10 d 22.22±1.39 c ↑↑↑↑
C4 TDZ 27.70±2.79 b 1.90±0.05 c 30.56±3.67 b ↑↑↑
), ArticleFig(id=1321852245965132420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类型细胞分裂素对文冠果种仁外植体褐化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Plant growth regulator types and concentrations (2.5 mg∙L-1) Germination rate (%) Adventitious
bud coefficient
Death rate (%) Browning condition
C1 6-BA 73.61±3.67 a 7.09±0.33 a 12.50±2.41 d ↑↑↑
C2 KT 13.89±3.67 c 2.97±0.32 b 38.89±1.39 a ↑
C3 ZT 23.61±3.67 bc 0.84±0.10 d 22.22±1.39 c ↑↑↑↑
C4 TDZ 27.70±2.79 b 1.90±0.05 c 30.56±3.67 b ↑↑↑
), ArticleFig(id=1321852246069990021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of light and temperature on browning of Xanthoceras sorbifolium explants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Light and temperature combinations Germination rate (%) Browning rate (%) Death rate (%)
D1 Light (19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+normal temperature (26°C) 72.22±3.68 a 100.00±0.00 a 18.05±1.39 b
D2 Darkness (0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+normal temperature (26°C) 26.39±1.39 c 51.39±3.67 c 30.55±2.78 a
D3 Light (19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+low temperature (20°C) 38.89±3.67 b 65.28±2.77 b 26.39±3.67 a
D4 Darkness (0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+low temperature (20°C) 26.39±2.78 c 47.22±3.67 c 30.56±1.38 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321852246149681798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

温度与光照对文冠果外植体褐化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Light and temperature combinations Germination rate (%) Browning rate (%) Death rate (%)
D1 Light (19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+normal temperature (26°C) 72.22±3.68 a 100.00±0.00 a 18.05±1.39 b
D2 Darkness (0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+normal temperature (26°C) 26.39±1.39 c 51.39±3.67 c 30.55±2.78 a
D3 Light (19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+low temperature (20°C) 38.89±3.67 b 65.28±2.77 b 26.39±3.67 a
D4 Darkness (0 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)+low temperature (20°C) 26.39±2.78 c 47.22±3.67 c 30.56±1.38 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321852246233567879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of explant tenderness on tissue culture browning in Xanthoceras sorbifolium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Seed development stage Germination rate (%) Adventitious bud coefficient Browning condition
E1 V 94.44±5.55 a 3.68±0.13 c ↑
E2 VI 97.22±2.78 a 5.72±0.24 a ↑
E3 VII 83.33±4.81 a 4.29±0.15 b ↑↑
E4 VIII 66.67±4.81 b 4.37±0.46 b ↑↑
E5 IX 44.45±2.78 c 3.38±0.12 c ↑↑↑↑
), ArticleFig(id=1321852246330036872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852237140316736, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

文冠果外植体幼嫩程度对组培褐化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Seed development stage Germination rate (%) Adventitious bud coefficient Browning condition
E1 V 94.44±5.55 a 3.68±0.13 c ↑
E2 VI 97.22±2.78 a 5.72±0.24 a ↑
E3 VII 83.33±4.81 a 4.29±0.15 b ↑↑
E4 VIII 66.67±4.81 b 4.37±0.46 b ↑↑
E5 IX 44.45±2.78 c 3.38±0.12 c ↑↑↑↑
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周立茹 1, 2, 3 , 敖妍 1, 2, 3, * , 仲静 1, 2, 3
植物学报 | 技术方法 2025,60(6): 957-967
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文冠果种仁不定芽诱导及褐化抑制
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2 Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of Minister of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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周立茹1, 2, 3, 敖妍1, 2, 3, * , 仲静1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 林木资源高效生产全国重点实验室(北京林业大学), 北京 100083
  • 2 省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 3 国家能源非粮生物质原料研发中心, 北京 100083
通讯作者:
* 敖妍, 北京林业大学林学院教授。其团队致力于文冠果花果发育、树体管理和产量调控等生理生态学机制及花和果实发育过程中糖代谢与油脂积累分子机理研究, 并开发高效组培、嫁接等良种繁育技术体系、生物燃油原料林标准化高效培育技术及新品种选育和良种繁育技术。发表文冠果相关文章60余篇, 以第一作者或通讯作者发表SCI收录期刊论文20余篇, 主编文冠果专著3部。获批文冠果新品种9个。E-mail:
Adventitious Bud Induction and Browning Inhibition of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Seed Kernels
Liru Zhou1, 2, 3, Yan Ao1, 2, 3, * , Jing Zhong1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources (Beijing Forest University), Beijing 100083, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of Minister of Education, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3 National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Beijing 100083, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24176
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以文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)种仁为实验材料, 筛选诱导不定芽的最佳培养基并探究外植体褐化的影响因素。结果表明, 种仁消毒最佳方法为用75%乙醇消毒30秒, 再用0.1%有效氯消毒10分钟, 污染率为29.33%, 死亡率为12%。不定芽诱导最佳培养基为MS+2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA+30 g∙L-1 蔗糖+6.8 g∙L-1琼脂+0.1 g∙L-1肌醇, 诱导率为72.22%; 在不同细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂中, 添加6-BA时, 外植体死亡率最低, 为12.50%, 诱导率最高, 为73.61%。温度26°C和光照强度19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1为最佳培养条件, 诱导率最高, 为72.22%。VI时期(7月1日至8日采种)的种仁饱满坚实, 种皮呈白色, 易剥离, 为抑制文冠果组培褐化的最佳培养材料, 不定芽诱导率最高, 为97.22%。

褐化  /  种仁  /  组织培养  /  文冠果

INTRODUCTION: Plant tissue culture technology is characterized by growth that is not restricted by seasons, high efficiency in plant propagation, and high survival rates. It can effectively ensure the quality and quantity of new and superior varieties of Xanthoceras sorbifolium, and is beneficial for the conservation and rapid dissemination of germplasm resources, thus promoting the development of the Xanthoceras industry. Therefore, it is now urgent to solve the browning problem of explants during the tissue culture process of Xanthoceras, in order to lay the foundation for establishing a stable and efficient regeneration system for this species.
RATIONALE: Currently, the growth cycle of somatic embryogenesis culture in X. sorbifolium is relatively long, and the acquisition of embryogenic callus tissue is quite challenging, resulting in poor reproducibility of the regeneration system established through somatic embryogenesis. Some studies have directly induced adventitious buds via organogenesis in X. sorbifolium and found that when cotyledons and stem segments are used as explants to induce adventitious buds, browning of the explants is common, leading to a low proliferation rate of adventitious buds and affecting the growth of the explants. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing the difficulties in inducing adventitious buds during the tissue culture process of X. sorbifolium, explores the most suitable growth conditions for inducing adventitious buds, and discusses the impact of factors such as the type of cytokinin, temperature, light intensity, and the tenderness of the explants on the browning of X. sorbifolium tissue culture, in order to provide a basis for establishing an efficient and stable regeneration system for X. sorbifolium.
RESULTS: The browning issue severely affects the growth condition of X. sorbifolium explants and the efficiency of adventitious bud induction. After identifying the optimal disinfection method and the best medium for adventitious bud induction, we investigated the factors affecting the browning of X. sorbifolium cotyledons one by one. We found that the highest induction rate of adventitious buds was achieved when 2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA was added to the medium, and thus we selected it as the suitable cytokinin for inducing adventitious buds. The cotyledons of X. sorbifolium were cultured under the best conditions of a light intensity of 19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1 and a temperature of 26°C. Although culturing in the dark can inhibit browning, it cannot induce adventitious buds. The tenderness of the explants has an important impact on browning; the more tender the explants are, the lower the degree of browning. When the cotyledons of X. sorbifolium harvested from July 1st to July 8th were used for tissue culture, almost no browning occurred. At this time, the fruit coat is not cracked, the cotyledons are plump and firm, the seed coat is white, and it is easy to remove. These cotyledons are the best experimental materials for the tissue culture of X. sorbifolium.
CONCLUSION: Using the cotyledons of X. sorbifolium as the experimental material, the optimal medium for inducing adventitious buds and the factors influencing explant browning were investigated. The results showed that the best disinfection method for cotyledons was to treat them with 75% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by 0.1% effective chlorine for 10 minutes, resulting in a contamination rate of 29.33% and a mortality rate of 12%. The optimal medium formulation for inducing adventitious buds was MS+2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA+30 g∙L-1 sucrose+6.8 g∙L-1 agar+0.1 g∙L-1 myo-inositol, with an induction rate of 72.22%. Among different types of cytokinins, the addition of 6-BA to the medium resulted in the lowest explant mortality rate (12.50%) and the highest induction rate (73.61%). The optimal culture conditions were 19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1 light intensity at 26°C, with an induction rate of 72.22%. The cotyledons from VI stage seeds collected between July 1st and July 8th were plump and firm, with white seed coats that were easy to remove, making them the best material for inhibiting browning in Xanthoceras tissue culture, with the highest adventitious bud induction rate (97.22%).

Adventitious bud induction (A) and browning inhibition (B) of Xanthoceras sorbifolium. When establishing a regeneration system for X. sorbifolium through tissue culture methods, severe browning poses a significant challenge. Therefore, through the process of inducing adventitious buds, explant materials that can alleviate the browning of cotyledon tissue culture have been identified. (A) Bar=5 mm; (B) Bar=2 cm

browning  /  seed kernels  /  tissue culture  /  Xanthoceras sorbifolium
周立茹, 敖妍, 仲静. 文冠果种仁不定芽诱导及褐化抑制. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 957 -967 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24176
Liru Zhou, Yan Ao, Jing Zhong. Adventitious Bud Induction and Browning Inhibition of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Seed Kernels[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (6) : 957 -967 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24176
文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)亦称文光果、木瓜、崖木瓜, 为无患子科(Sapindaceae)文冠果属(Xanthoceras)植物, 主要分布于中国东北、西北和华北地区。文冠果具有极高的药用与食用价值(高述民等, 2002), 其果皮、种皮、种仁、叶和花等含有脂肪酸、蛋白质、黄酮类、三萜皂苷类和甾醇类化合物等近百种化学成分(黄敏敏和李贵花, 2022; 葛朝红等, 2023; 王媚等, 2023)。文冠果种子的含油率约为30.4%-47.0%, 种仁内不饱和脂肪酸含量在90%以上, 具有极高的保健价值(张东等, 2017; 王蓓, 2024)。同时, 其籽油的生物柴油产率可达62.76%, 在生物质能源领域具有巨大的应用潜力(李凯泉等, 2024)。此外, 文冠果花色艳丽, 花型丰富, 果实形状各异, 观赏期长, 是优良的园林绿化树种(强淑君和靳磊, 2024)。
在我国, 文冠果良种与新品种选育研究始于20世纪70年代中期。截至目前, 已有63个文冠果新品种(陆璐等, 2024)和2个国家级文冠果丰产良种通过审定, 取得了显著成果。植物组织培养技术具有不受季节限制、植物扩繁效率高及成活率高等特点(李晓玲等, 2008), 可有效保障文冠果新品种与良种繁育的质量和数量, 有助于种质资源的保存和快速推广, 促进文冠果产业发展。
植物组培再生可通过体细胞胚胎发生和器官发生2种途径实现。20世纪80年代, 利用体胚发生方式以文冠果幼嫩茎段为外植体进行诱导, 培育出完整植株(张桂琴等, 1980; 王永明等, 1986)。利用文冠果成熟种子子叶诱导体胚, 发现外植体在含2,4-D、NAA和6-BA (浓度均为0.5 mg∙L-1)的液体培养基中继代扩增, 能够实现球形胚的同步化(臧国忠等, 2008)。然而, 文冠果体细胞胚胎培养的生长周期较长, 且胚性愈伤组织的获得较为困难, 导致通过体细胞胚胎发生方式建立再生体系可重复性较差。此外, 也可通过器官发生方式直接诱导不定芽。在以种仁和茎段为外植体诱导不定芽时, 外植体普遍出现褐化现象, 导致不定芽增殖率较低(苑福林, 2020; 姬媛媛, 2021)。综上, 目前文冠果组培面临继代繁殖困难、生根率低和褐化现象严重等问题, 影响外植体健康生长, 亟须建立高效稳定的再生体系。近年来, 文冠果分子育种工作取得了显著进展, 通过分子标记、miRNA和转录组学研究, 文冠果油脂合成、发育和抗逆等相关基因相继被报道(Bian et al., 2022; Shi et al., 2024; Zhao et al., 2024)。同时, 基因组测序技术为文冠果基因定位以及遗传图谱构建提供了重要支撑(Liang et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2024)。利用分子手段结合传统育种方法, 能有效提高育种的定向性和中间材料的筛选效率。然而, 目前尚未建立文冠果稳定的遗传体系, 其再生与转化体系仍需进一步探索。
本研究重点剖析了文冠果组培过程中不定芽诱导的难点问题, 探究其最适培养条件, 讨论了细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂种类、温度、光照强度和外植体幼嫩程度等因素对文冠果组培褐化的影响, 以期为建立高效稳定的文冠果再生体系提供依据。
文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)成熟种子采集自北京林业大学鹫峰文冠果试验地。选择10年生健壮的文冠果树进行采种, 用于筛选外植体最佳消毒方案和不定芽诱导最适培养基, 并探究细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂种类和培养条件对外植体褐化的影响。于6月3日至7月28日每隔1周采种1次, 按采种时间将其分为9个时期, 用于探究外植体幼嫩程度对褐化的影响。
以MS+30 g∙L-1蔗糖+6.8 g∙L-1琼脂+0.1 g∙L-1肌醇为基础培养基, pH5.8。于121°C灭菌20分钟后分装于无菌培养皿中。
首先将种子在流水下冲洗40分钟, 去除种皮, 用75%乙醇消毒30秒, 无菌水冲洗干净, 将种仁分别加至有效氯为0.1%、0.5%、1%和5%的次氯酸钠溶液中, 各消毒10分钟和20分钟, 之后用无菌水冲洗干净。将完整的种仁切成3块, 培养种仁所用培养基见2.1节所述。每处理接种25块种仁, 重复3次。20天后统计褐化率、污染率及死亡率, 筛选出最佳消毒方法。
以下若无特殊说明, 不定芽诱导与外植体褐化原因探究试验中, 外植体处理均与消毒后的培养方法相同。将每粒完整的种仁切成3块, 采用筛选出的最佳消毒方法进行消毒。
在基础培养基中分别添加0.5、1.5和2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA以及0.1、1.0和2.0 mg∙L-1 NAA。共设9个处理。外植体消毒后, 每处理接种24块成熟种仁, 重复3次。记录成熟种仁诱导不定芽的生长动态, 分别计算诱导率、不定芽系数以及形态指标, 进行辅助分析, 比较不同培养基中不定芽生长情况。
将2.3节筛选出的最佳培养基中的6-BA替换为同等浓度的TDZ、KT和ZT, 搭配1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA使用, 以探究细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂对外植体褐化的影响。外植体消毒后, 每处理接种24块成熟种仁, 重复3次。记录外植体颜色, 统计诱导率、不定芽长势及褐化率。
将文冠果成熟种仁接入2.3节筛选出的最佳培养基中, 探究光照强度(0和19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1)与温度(20°C和26°C)对成熟种仁外植体褐化的影响。共设4个处理组合。外植体消毒后, 每处理接种24块成熟种仁, 重复3次。记录外植体变化, 14天后统计不定芽诱导率、褐化率及死亡率。
将不同发育阶段的文冠果种仁消毒后, 接入2.3节筛选出的最佳培养基中。每处理接种12块成熟种仁, 重复3次。记录种仁诱导不定芽的生长动态, 培养30天后计算种仁诱导率和不定芽系数。
使用Excel软件和SPSS软件进行数据处理和方差分析, 并利用以下公式进行计算。
污染率=(污染外植体数/外植体总数)×100%;
不定芽系数=每瓶培养基中不定芽总数/诱导出芽的外植体数;
不定芽诱导率=(诱导不定芽产生的外植体数/外植体总数)×100%;
褐化率=(褐化外植体数/外植体总数)×100%。
不定芽长势由弱到强分4级, 用+至+表示。褐化程度由轻到重分4级, 用↑至↑↑↑↑表示。
成熟种仁外植体消毒处理结果表明, 用含0.1% (A1)和0.5% (A2)有效氯的次氯酸钠溶液处理10分钟, 种仁死亡率为12%, 显著低于A6-A8、A3和A5等处理; 用含5%有效氯的次氯酸钠溶液消毒20分钟(A8), 污染率为1.33%, 显著低于A1-A6处理(表1)。文冠果种仁发生褐化后虽仍能诱导出不定芽, 但不定芽长势较差, 综合考虑种仁消毒后的整体健康情况, 在优先保证种仁存活与健康程度最大化的前提下, 选择污染率低的处理方法。A1与A2处理种仁的健康状况优于其它处理, A1处理褐化率(22.67%)显著低于A2处理(42.67%), 而二者的污染率差异不显著。因此, A1处理能够更好地保证种仁的存活和后续健康生长。综上, 用75%乙醇消毒30秒搭配0.1%有效氯消毒10分钟为文冠果成熟种仁最佳消毒方案。
以文冠果成熟种仁为外植体诱导不定芽生长(图1), 接种后6天, 外植体膨大开裂, 伤口处变为浅棕褐色, 并出现白绿色细小愈伤组织(图1A)。愈伤组织继续生长, 形成绿色突起。15天后, 接触培养基的部分以及伤口处发生褐化, 未接触部分变为深绿色, 产生不定芽点(图1B)。21天后, 伤口处虽出现褐化但仍能诱导出不定芽, 未褐化且膨胀开裂的伤口诱导的不定芽数量多且生长健壮(图1C)。28天后, 不定芽伸长, 出现明显的不定芽点及分支, 叶片展开(图1D)。35天后, 不定芽出现明显的复叶, 茎粗壮, 整体呈深绿色(图1E)。用成熟种仁诱导不定芽时, 外植体整体褐化严重, 培养基中也出现褐色物质(图1F)。
结果表明, B6、B7、B8处理的不定芽系数显著高于其它处理, 其中B6培养基诱导的不定芽系数最高, 为4.65 (表2)。B8培养基种仁诱导率显著高于其它处理, 为72.22%。添加2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA的培养基在诱导率及不定芽长势方面表现最佳, B8处理的不定芽系数(4.04)略低于B6处理(4.65), 但二者差异不显著。综合考虑, B8处理(MS+2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA)为诱导文冠果成熟种仁产生不定芽的最佳培养基(表2)。
在不同类型细胞分裂素的影响下, 各培养基中的成熟种胚外植体均出现不同程度的褐化(图2; 表3)。接种后20天, 添加2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA的培养基中外植体变为绿色, 明显膨大, 表面出现大量不定芽点(图2A)。相比之下, 添加2.5 mg∙L-1 KT的培养基中外植体表面开裂, 但不定芽数量较少(图2B)。而添加2.5 mg∙L-1 ZT和TDZ的培养基中外植体仍为白色, 几乎不产生不定芽(图2C, D), 且各处理间差异显著。具体而言, 添加2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA的培养基中不定芽诱导率和不定芽系数显著高于其它处理, 分别为73.61%和7.09。添加6-BA的培养基外植体死亡率显著低于其它处理, 仅为12.50%。综合考虑不定芽诱导率、不定芽系数和外植体存活率, 确定2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA与1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA组合在不定芽诱导方面效果最佳。
在组织培养过程中, 培养条件对外植体诱导具有重要作用。经过14天的培养, 成熟种胚外植体在不同培养条件下的生长状况有所不同(图3)。在温度为26°C、光强为19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1条件下, 外植体褐化较为严重(图3A), 而在黑暗条件下培养的外植体则褐化不明显(图3B)。当温度降至20°C时, 外植体褐化程度略低于26°C下培养的外植体(图3C, D)。在不同温度下, 黑暗培养的外植体均未出现明显褐化, 虽然外植体会膨大并脱分化形成愈伤组织, 但未产生不定芽。结果表明, 低温与常温下的不定芽诱导率存在显著差异, 而在黑暗条件下, 两者的不定芽诱导率无显著差异(表4)。在光照强度为19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1、温度为26°C条件下, 种仁不定芽诱导率最高, 达72.22%, 显著高于其它处理, 虽然褐化率为100%, 但是死亡率最低, 为18.05%。综上, 确定光照强度为19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1、温度为26°C是诱导种仁不定芽的最佳培养条件。
文冠果种仁生长过程可分为9个时期(图4)。I-III期(6月3日-17日采种): 果皮呈绿色, 种皮脆弱、呈白色, 种仁细弱微小, 2片子叶为长条形, 嫩绿色, 种仁内含物为液态且透明。接种后种仁变化不明显, 脱分化率低, 与培养基接触的内含物部分变灰, 组培效果不佳(图4A1-C3)。IV期(6月24日采种): 果皮呈绿色, 种皮白色柔软, 易剥离, 种仁饱满, 内含物减少, 表面光滑且略带黏腻, 将种仁接种到空白培养基上, 胚根和胚芽可伸长, 为实生苗生长过程(图4D1-D3)。V期(7月1日采种): 与IV期相比, 种皮和果皮形态无明显变化, 种仁饱满, 呈白色, 液态内含物消失(图4E1-E3)。VI期(7月8日采种): 种皮部分变为黑红色, 颜色不均匀, 易剥离, 种仁饱满, 呈白色(图4F1-F3)。VII期(7月15日采种): 果皮开裂, 仍呈绿色, 种皮颜色加深, 硬度变大, 种仁饱满坚实(图4G1-G3)。VIII期(7月22日采种): 果皮开裂程度加大, 裂开的部分呈褐色, 种皮变硬, 种脐附近变黑, 其余为深红色, 种仁饱满, 中间变硬, 颜色变为浅黄色(图4H1-H3)。IX期(7月28日采种): 种仁成熟, 果皮完全开裂, 种皮完全变为黑色, 坚硬, 不易剥离, 种仁为浅黄色, 饱满, 可采收(图4I1-I3)。
前4个时期种仁发育不完全, 体积较小, 且种皮内含有较多的液态内含物。为提高种仁利用率, 宜选用后5个时期的种仁进行不定芽诱导。
文冠果幼嫩种仁接入培养基1周后, 外植体变为青绿色(图5A), 且随培养时间的延长颜色不断加深(图5B), 直至通体变为深绿色(图5C)。第V (图5D)和VI (图5E)期的种仁在培养过程中几乎无褐化现象, 不定芽多发生于伤口处, 为浅绿色。第VII (图5F)、VIII (图5G)和IX (图5H)期的种仁仅伤口处变为深绿色, 生长过程与成熟种仁诱导不定芽过程相似。结果表明, 第V、VI和VII期的种仁不定芽系数显著高于其它时期, 具体排序为VI (97.22%)>V (94.44%)>VII (83.33%) (表5)。第VI期的不定芽系数显著高于其它时期。对比不同发育时期种仁的诱导率, 发现从第VI期起, 种仁越幼嫩, 诱导率越高, 不定芽系数也越高, 且褐化程度减轻, 表明文冠果种仁外植体的幼嫩程度与褐化情况密切相关。
综合分析可知, 第VI期的文冠果种仁为最佳诱导材料, 建议在7月1日-8日采收种仁进行组织培养。
植物组织培养是物种扩繁和基因功能研究中广泛应用的重要再生技术(Long et al., 2022)。近年来, 文冠果组织培养研究取得了一定的成果, 但仍面临生根困难和外植体褐化等问题(杨越, 2019)。本研究通过诱导文冠果种胚产生不定芽, 建立了无菌体系, 筛选出最佳诱导培养基和培养材料, 解决了褐化导致的增殖率低等问题, 为建立高效稳定的再生体系奠定了基础。
在植物组织培养中, 常用的消毒剂有乙醇、NaClO溶液、升汞(HgCl2)、Ca(ClO)2溶液和H2O2溶液(冯蔚等, 2018; 陈双双等, 2024; 檀苏红等, 2024), 也可通过在培养基中添加抗生素来抑制细菌生长(韦凤娟等, 2011; 秦宇, 2012)。针对不同的外植体所用的消毒剂有所不同。目前, 文冠果外植体消毒效果较好的消毒剂为升汞(HgCl2)和NaClO溶液。本研究筛选出的最佳消毒方法为用75%乙醇消毒30秒, 再用含0.1%有效氯的NaClO溶液消毒10分钟, 此消毒方式外植体污染率为29.33%, 死亡率为12%。
细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂和生长素是植物生长发育的关键调节因子, 细胞分裂素在不定芽诱导中发挥关键作用, 与低浓度的生长素配合使用可有效诱导不定芽, 甚至可以单独诱导不定芽(Su et al., 2011; Cortleven et al., 2019)。在甘蓝(Brassica oleracea) (赵美等, 2024)、大花海棠(Hibiscus mutabilis) (陈彩霞等, 2023)、沃柑(Citrus sinensis) (刘文诗, 2023)以及油茶(Camellia oleifera) (王瑞等, 2015)等植物中, 常使用6-BA与NAA诱导不定芽, 二者也是文冠果组织培养中常用的植物生长调节剂。本研究选择直接诱导不定芽的方式, 筛选出最佳诱导培养基为MS+2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg∙L-1 NAA+30 g∙L-1蔗糖+6.8 mg∙L-1琼脂+0.1 mg∙L-1肌醇。
褐化在很大程度上影响植物组培效果, 其发生可能与植物的种类和基因型、外植体种类、培养基成分、培养条件及消毒时间等因素有关(姬媛媛, 2021; 周颖怡等, 2024; 王姗等, 2024)。消毒时间过长会造成文冠果外植体细胞破裂, 使酚类化合物与氧气接触产生对植物生长有毒害作用的醌类化合物(姬媛媛, 2021)。黄卫丽等(2019)以文冠果嫩茎为外植体研究褐化问题, 发现在配方为MS+1.0 mg∙L-1 6-BA+ 0.02 mg∙L-1 NAA的培养基(pH5.8)中添加0.5 g∙L-1活性炭, 接种后置于5°C冰箱中, 黑暗培养7天后取出, 于25°C正常光照下培养, 每隔15天转换培养基, 可在一定程度上抑制褐化, 但腋芽诱导率低, 长时间培养仍会死亡。本研究从细胞分裂素种类、外植体幼嫩程度以及培养条件等角度进行探究, 发现在培养基中添加2.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA时不定芽诱导率最高, 因此确定6-BA为文冠果种仁诱导不定芽的适宜细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂。文冠果种仁在光照强度19.5 µmol∙m-2∙s-1和温度26°C的环境中培养效果最佳, 在黑暗条件下培养虽可抑制褐化, 但未能诱导出不定芽。外植体幼嫩程度对褐化有重要影响, 外植体越幼嫩, 褐化程度越低。用7月1日-8日采收的文冠果种仁进行组织培养几乎无褐化现象, 此时果皮不开裂, 种仁饱满坚实, 种皮呈白色, 容易剥离, 是文冠果种仁组培的最佳实验材料。
在培养过程中, 当NAA浓度高于6-BA时, 种仁伤口处易出现絮状愈伤组织, 该类愈伤组织在持续培养中部分可增殖, 部分变为白色, 未能分化为不定芽。培养2周, 培养基中出现褐化现象, 且随着培养时间的延长, 褐化趋于严重, 甚至引起外植体死亡, 导致不定芽萎蔫。此外, 在少量外植体上出现白色球形不定芽, 将其单独接种至初代培养基后出现生根现象, 分析原因可能与培养基渗透压和植物生长调节剂浓度有关, 但还需进一步研究。目前关于调控不定芽生根的因素仍不明确, 可能与环境及植物基因型有关(Ashraf and Nan, 2022; Omary et al., 2022), 文冠果不定芽生根仍需进一步探究。
周立茹: 设计并完成实验, 分析数据并撰写论文; 敖妍: 指导实验设计和论文写作; 仲静: 参与实验设计并协助完成实验。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2200402)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32071738)
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2025年第60卷第6期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24176
  • 接收时间:2024-11-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-23
  • 录用日期:2025-01-20
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2200402)
国家自然科学基金(32071738)
作者信息
    1 林木资源高效生产全国重点实验室(北京林业大学), 北京 100083
    2 省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
    3 国家能源非粮生物质原料研发中心, 北京 100083

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* 敖妍, 北京林业大学林学院教授。其团队致力于文冠果花果发育、树体管理和产量调控等生理生态学机制及花和果实发育过程中糖代谢与油脂积累分子机理研究, 并开发高效组培、嫁接等良种繁育技术体系、生物燃油原料林标准化高效培育技术及新品种选育和良种繁育技术。发表文冠果相关文章60余篇, 以第一作者或通讯作者发表SCI收录期刊论文20余篇, 主编文冠果专著3部。获批文冠果新品种9个。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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