Article(id=1321852197323780377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24190, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24190, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733500800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739030400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-09, onlineDate=1793083722667, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793083722667, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793083722667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793083722667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321852178331979976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='859', pageEnd='1035', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793083718140, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793083787009, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321852467248223111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321852467252417416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=944, endPage=956, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321852197638353179, articleId=1321852197323780377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Rapid Propagation Technology of Microsorum punctatum in Vitro, columnId=1317485704066748799, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=TECHNIQUES AND METHODS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION: The wild populations of Microsorum punctatum face endangerment due to habitat degradation and low spore reproductive efficiency. Fern life cycles involve alternating gametophyte and sporophyte generations, where gametophyte development and sporophyte transition represent critical bottlenecks in in vitro propagation, heavily influenced by environmental factors and culture conditions. Although asexual propagation techniques such as green globular bodies (GGBs) have been successfully applied in some fern species, low sporophyte induction efficiency and proliferation challenges persist, hindering large-scale production. This study employed M. punctatum spores to systematically investigate sterile germination mechanisms, gametophyte proliferation, and sporophyte regeneration. A dual-pathway rapid propagation system was established, integrating high-efficiency prothallus proliferation with GGBs induction, aiming to provide both theoretical insights and practical solutions for conserving endangered fern resources and advancing industrial-scale cultivation.
RATIONALE: The unique alternation of generations life cycle in ferns, characterized by independent gametophyte survival, provides a theoretical framework for in vitro propagation. Studies have demonstrated that gametophyte homogenization culture and GGBs induction can overcome sporophyte regeneration barriers, while medium composition and phytohormone ratios critically regulate developmental phase transitions. To address the challenges of low spore propagation efficiency and habitat sensitivity in M. punctatum, this study leverages its gametophyte proliferation potential and rhizome meristematic activity in sporophytes. By optimizing aseptic systems and induction conditions, as well as mimicking the natural fertilization microenvironment, a dual-path regeneration system integrating prothallus proliferation and GGB-based propagation was established, laying a theoretical foundation for efficient conservation of endangered ferns.
RESULTS: Spore germination was optimally achieved in 1/2MS medium. Prothalli exhibited vigorous proliferation in MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg·L-1 6-BA and 1.5 mg·L-1 NAA, reaching a proliferation coefficient of 9.6 after 60 days of culture. Fragmented prothalli transferred to 1/4MS medium with sterile water supplementation achieved a young sporophyte induction coefficient of 10.0 following 90 day cultivation. GGBs were successfully induced from young sporophytes in 1/2MS medium containing 1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA, showing 93.3% induction efficiency and a remarkable proliferation coefficient of 32.0. The GGB differentiation into plantlets was most efficient in 1/2MS medium, yielding a conversion rate of 92%. Acclimatized plantlets demonstrated over 90% survival rate post-transplantation.
CONCLUSION: This study successfully established an efficient in vitro rapid propagation system for M. punctatum spores. Optimization of sterilization duration and culture medium types significantly enhanced spore germination rates. A prothallus culture protocol with a high proliferation coefficient was developed, overcoming bottlenecks in gametophyte mass propagation. Liquid immersion-assisted fertilization technology enabled efficient induction of young sporophytes, while the GGBs induction system markedly shortened the regeneration cycle. For the first time, a dual-pathway rapid propagation strategy—“prothallus proliferation-sporophyte induction” combined with “GGBs cyclic regeneration” was proposed. The study demonstrated that the meristematic properties of M. punctatum GGBs are distinct from callus tissue, providing a robust technical framework for the conservation of endangered ferns and industrial-scale seedling production.

Formation of antheridia, archegonia, and sporophyte production in Microsorum punctatum

, authors=Xiaoqing Ge1, Mengyao Li2, Hengyu Huang1, *, Aili Zhang1, *, authorsList=Xiaoqing Ge, Mengyao Li, Hengyu Huang, Aili Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hengyu Huang, Aili Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail: ;
E-mail:
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为加强野生蕨类植物的保护与开发, 优化星蕨(Microsorum punctatum)孢子萌发方法和条件, 比较分析了不同因素对原叶体增殖、孢子体诱导、绿色球状小体(GGBs)诱导及其发育为幼孢子体的影响, 建立人工高效快繁技术体系。以成熟孢子为材料, 分别以MS、1/2MS、1/3MS和1/4MS为基本培养基在无菌条件下萌发; 通过L9(34)正交试验, 研究无机盐浓度、植物生长调节剂及其质量浓度对原叶体发生和增殖的影响。当原叶体增殖到一定数量时, 再以MS、1/2MS、1/3MS和1/4MS为基本培养基筛选适宜诱导孢子体的培养基; 随后, 以幼孢子体为材料诱导GGBs发育为新的幼孢子体并炼苗移栽。适宜孢子萌发的培养基为1/2MS, 原叶体在MS+0.3 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.5 mg·L-1 NAA培养基中大量增殖, 60天后增殖系数约为9.6; 将原叶体切割后接入1/4MS培养基, 加无菌水培养90天后, 幼孢子体发生系数约为10.0; 幼孢子体在1/2MS+1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA培养基中可诱导出GGBs, 诱导率达93.3%, GGBs在此培养基中的增殖系数达32.0; 在1/2MS培养基中GGBs的分化成苗率较高, 最高约为92%; 试管苗经炼苗移栽成活率在90%以上。该研究建立了原叶体-受精-孢子体和幼孢子体-GGBs-幼孢子体2个技术体系, 尤其是GGBs的产生, 极大缩短了植株的再生周期。研究结果可为优质种苗及其它蕨类植物的人工繁育提供技术支撑。

, authors=葛晓青1, 李梦瑶2, 黄衡宇1, *, 张爱丽1, *, authorsList=葛晓青, 李梦瑶, 黄衡宇, 张爱丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄衡宇, 张爱丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 黄衡宇, 云南中医药大学教授。从事植物繁育生物学教学和研究工作30年, 发表本领域论文100余篇, 其中在SCI收录的期刊发表论文45篇。张爱丽, 云南中医药大学副教授, 云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”——青年人才, 云南省现代农业产业技术体系——中药材体系岗位专家, 云南省“科技特派员”。聚焦云南道地濒危药材的保护工作及中药资源的开发与利用研究, 开展云南道地珍稀濒危中药材高效快速繁殖体系的建立, 并构建其遗传转化体系及基因编辑体系。研究成果在《中草药》和《中药材》等中文核心期刊以及Environmental and Experimental Botany和Applications in Plant Sciences等SCI收录期刊发表。E-mail: ;
E-mail:
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Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 128, 369-379., articleTitle=In vitro propagation of the endangered tree fern Cibotium barometz through formation of green globular bodies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852214184882590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=760, pageEnd=767, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Zhang DR, Bu ZG, Chen LL, Chang Y, journalName=Chin Bull Bot, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang DR, Bu ZG, Chen LL, Chang Y (2020). Establishment of a tissue culture and rapid propagation system of Dryopteris fragrans. Chin Bull Bot 55, 760-767. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Establishment of a tissue culture and rapid propagation system of Dryopteris fragrans, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852214256185759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=760, pageEnd=767, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=38, authorNames=张冬瑞, 卜志刚, 陈玲玲, 常缨, journalName=植物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张冬瑞, 卜志刚, 陈玲玲, 常缨 (2020). 香鳞毛蕨的组织培养和快速繁殖体系构建. 植物学报 55, 760-767., articleTitle=香鳞毛蕨的组织培养和快速繁殖体系构建, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852214323294625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=856, pageEnd=862, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Zhang W, Wang Q, Chen GH, Chen HF, journalName=Plant Physiology Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang W, Wang Q, Chen GH, Chen HF (2020). Partial tissue culture and rapid propagation of Phymatosorus scolopendria spores. Plant Physiology Journal 56, 856-862. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Partial tissue culture and rapid propagation of Phymatosorus scolopendria spores, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852214411375010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=856, pageEnd=862, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=40, authorNames=张薇, 王强, 陈国华, 陈红锋, journalName=植物生理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张薇, 王强, 陈国华, 陈红锋 (2020). 瘤蕨孢子的不完全组织培养与快速繁殖. 植物生理学报 56, 856-862., articleTitle=瘤蕨孢子的不完全组织培养与快速繁殖, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321852209088803184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, awardId=XDC2023031, language=CN, fundingSource=大学生创新创业基金资助项目(XDC2023031), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321852200964436268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852200972824877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, companyId=1321852200964436268, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852200977019182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, companyId=1321852200964436268, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 云南中医药大学, 昆明 650500)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321852201039933743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852201048322352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, companyId=1321852201039933743, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Guizhou Medical University, Anshun 561113, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852201056710961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, companyId=1321852201039933743, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 贵州医科大学, 安顺 561113)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321852205175517526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Spore germination process

(A) Establishment of aseptic system (20 days) (bar=2 cm); (B) Germination of fertile spores (30 days) (bar=2 cm); (C) Prothallus (45 days) (bar=2 cm); (D) Prothallus (70 days) (bar=2 cm); (E) Spore germination (bar=50 μm); (F) Filamentous period (bar=100 μm); (G) Early lamellar period (bar=100 μm); (H) Cardioprothallus stage (bar=50 μm)

, figureFileSmall=uKuAMbjY50FSWZWSSTs8pA==, figureFileBig=3tByliRz+WNkV8J50IjECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852205246820695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=图1, caption=孢子萌发过程

(A) 20天后无菌体系建立(bar=2 cm); (B) 30天后孢子萌发(bar=2 cm); (C) 45天后小团状片状体形成(bar=2 cm); (D) 70天后原叶体形成(bar=2 cm); (E) 孢子萌发(bar=50 μm); (F) 丝状体时期(bar=100 μm); (G) 早期片状体时期(bar=100 μm); (H) 心形原叶体时期(bar=50 μm)

, figureFileSmall=uKuAMbjY50FSWZWSSTs8pA==, figureFileBig=3tByliRz+WNkV8J50IjECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852205573976409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Proliferation of prothallus and induction of young sporophytes

(A) Prolobular mass was transferred after 15 days (bar=2 cm); (B) Prolobular mass was transferred after 30 days (bar=2 cm); (C) Prolobular mass was transferred after 45 days (bar=2 cm); (D) Prolobular mass was transferred after 60 days (bar=2 cm); (E) Gametophyte (bar=500 μm); (F) Antheridium (bar=40 μm); (G) Local archegonium (bar=200 μm); (H) Archegonium (bar=40 μm); (I) Prothallus and young sporophyte cultured with water after 20 days (bar=2 cm); (J) Prothallus and young sporophyte cultured with water after 60 days (bar=2 cm); (K) Prothallus and young sporophyte cultured with water after 90 days (bar=2 cm); (L) Sporophyte rooting culture (bar=2 cm)

, figureFileSmall=ivhVYsb7SpFTlMmfpcRycQ==, figureFileBig=y+ol7dToJQhrSmVwgiBfOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852205662056794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=图2, caption=原叶体增殖和幼孢子体诱导

(A) 转接15天后的原叶体团(bar=2 cm); (B) 转接30天后的原叶体团(bar=2 cm); (C) 转接45天后的原叶体团(bar=2 cm); (D) 转接60天后的原叶体团(bar=2 cm); (E) 原叶体(bar=500 μm); (F) 精子器(bar=40 μm); (G) 局部颈卵器(bar=200 μm); (H) 颈卵器(bar=40 μm); (I) 加水培养20天后的原叶体和幼孢子体(bar=2 cm); (J) 加水培养60天后的原叶体和幼孢子体(bar=2 cm); (K) 加水培养90天后的原叶体和幼孢子体(bar=2 cm); (L) 孢子体生根培养(bar=2 cm)

, figureFileSmall=ivhVYsb7SpFTlMmfpcRycQ==, figureFileBig=y+ol7dToJQhrSmVwgiBfOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852205741748571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of different inorganic salt concentrations on sporophyte induction and plantlet rate of green globular bodies (GGBs) development

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level.

, figureFileSmall=PhcT54xrkexzcZFZQ9MELw==, figureFileBig=XolL9l9ZNZZKoLS5m2EgGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852205825634653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同无机盐浓度对孢子体诱导及绿色球状小体(GGBs)发育成苗率的影响

不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=PhcT54xrkexzcZFZQ9MELw==, figureFileBig=XolL9l9ZNZZKoLS5m2EgGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852205926297950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Green globular induction of sporophytes and regeneration and domestication of green globular body (GGB) plants of Microsorum punctatum

(A) GGBs induced by sporophyte (bar=1 cm); (B) Spore grows green globular bodies (bar=1 mm); (C) Rhizomes isolated green globules (bar=1 mm); (D), (E) GGBs polymer cultivated from e-green spheroids ((D) bar=1 mm; (E) bar=1 cm); (F) A single GGB was isolated from GGBs polymer (bar=500 μm); (G), (H) GGBs differentiated into young sporophytes ((G) bar=5 mm; (H) bar=1 mm); (I) Sporophyte rhizomes grow GGB (bar=1 cm); (J) GGB multiplication (bar=1 cm); (K) GGB differentiate into plantlets (bar=1 cm); (L) The sporophyte took root after 60 days of culture (bar=1 cm); (M)-(P) Sporophytic domestication ((M) bar=5 cm; (N)-(P) bars=3 cm). Due to limited space for the domestication and growth of spores (M), they were later transferred to larger compartments for domestication (N)-(P).

, figureFileSmall=VQDLgVvTp7/Pt3NR/iGv1A==, figureFileBig=3Rlov/Q7mc+FyVmlPP7Luw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852205997601119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=图4, caption=对星蕨孢子体绿色球状小体的诱导及绿色球状小体(GGB)植株的再生与驯化

(A)以孢子体为材料诱导GGBs (bar=1 cm); (B) 孢子体长出绿色球状小体(bar=1 mm); (C) 根状茎分离出绿色球状小体(bar=1 mm); (D), (E) 绿色球体培育成的GGBs聚合体((D) bar=1 mm; (E) (bar=1 cm); (F) GGBs聚合体中分离出单个GGB (bar=500 μm); (G), (H) GGBs分化长出幼孢子体((G) bar=5 mm; (H) bar=1 mm); (I) 孢子体根状茎长出GGB (bar=1 cm); (J) GGB增殖(bar=1 cm); (K) GGB分化成苗(bar=1 cm); (L) 培养60天后孢子体生根(bar=1 cm); (M)-(P) 孢子体驯化((M) bar=5 cm; (N)-(P) bars=3 cm)。因孢子体驯化生长空间有限(M), 后续将其转入面积较大的隔间驯化(N)-(P)。

, figureFileSmall=VQDLgVvTp7/Pt3NR/iGv1A==, figureFileBig=3Rlov/Q7mc+FyVmlPP7Luw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852206081487201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Regeneration process of Microsorum punctatum in vitro

GGBs: Green globular bodies

, figureFileSmall=d8jsHJnoq2ybCL9kIbh8Fg==, figureFileBig=lWrCZxG+fpzhQNI3rpzphA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852206161178978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=图5, caption=星蕨体外再生过程

GGBs: 绿色球状小体

, figureFileSmall=d8jsHJnoq2ybCL9kIbh8Fg==, figureFileBig=lWrCZxG+fpzhQNI3rpzphA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852206232482147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The orthogonal design L9(34) of prothallus proliferation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Levels Factors
A (basic medium) B
(mg·L-1 6-BA)
C
(mg·L-1 NAA)
1 MS 0.3 0.5
2 1/2MS 0.6 1.0
3 1/4MS 1.2 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1321852206341534052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原叶体增殖L9(34)正交试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Levels Factors
A (basic medium) B
(mg·L-1 6-BA)
C
(mg·L-1 NAA)
1 MS 0.3 0.5
2 1/2MS 0.6 1.0
3 1/4MS 1.2 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1321852206429614438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Spore germination and growth status

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Basic medium Disinfection time (min) Contamination rate (%) Growth situation
MS 5 100.00±0.00 a The spore germination time was second only to 1/2MS, and the green flaky bodies were partially aggregated on the surface of the medium, and some were sparsely distributed or even blank
8 74.67±0.04 b
10 55.33±0.02 c
12 32.00±0.02 d
1/2MS 5 100.00±0.00 a The flaky bodies appeared first and were widely distributed on the surface of the medium. Some of them gathered into pieces, which were green in color and stretched out in shape
8 74.67±0.04 b
10 50.67±0.02 c
12 22.00±0.03 d
1/3MS 5 100.00±0.00 a The flaky bodies were sparsely distributed on the surface of the medium
8 80.67±0.04 b
10 50.67±0.04 c
12 18.67±0.02 d
1/4MS 5 100.00±0.00 a Green spots appeared at the latest, and the flakes were scattered on the surface of the me- dium
8 72.00±0.11 b
10 53.33±0.05 b
12 21.33±0.05 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321852208090558823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

孢子萌发及其生长状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Basic medium Disinfection time (min) Contamination rate (%) Growth situation
MS 5 100.00±0.00 a The spore germination time was second only to 1/2MS, and the green flaky bodies were partially aggregated on the surface of the medium, and some were sparsely distributed or even blank
8 74.67±0.04 b
10 55.33±0.02 c
12 32.00±0.02 d
1/2MS 5 100.00±0.00 a The flaky bodies appeared first and were widely distributed on the surface of the medium. Some of them gathered into pieces, which were green in color and stretched out in shape
8 74.67±0.04 b
10 50.67±0.02 c
12 22.00±0.03 d
1/3MS 5 100.00±0.00 a The flaky bodies were sparsely distributed on the surface of the medium
8 80.67±0.04 b
10 50.67±0.04 c
12 18.67±0.02 d
1/4MS 5 100.00±0.00 a Green spots appeared at the latest, and the flakes were scattered on the surface of the me- dium
8 72.00±0.11 b
10 53.33±0.05 b
12 21.33±0.05 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321852208237359465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The orthogonal design L9(34) result of prothallus proliferation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Factors Multiplication
coefficient
A (basic medium) B (6-BA) C (NAA) D (error)
1 1 1 1 1 8.73±0.07
2 1 2 2 2 8.33±0.07
3 1 3 3 3 9.60±0.12
4 2 1 2 3 7.53±0.18
5 2 2 3 1 6.47±0.07
6 2 3 1 2 6.80±0.23
7 3 1 3 2 6.60±0.12
8 3 2 1 3 7.00±0.12
9 3 3 2 1 6.00±0.12
Multiplication coefficient K1 8.89 7.62 7.51 7.07
K2 6.93 7.29 7.29 7.24
K3 6.53 7.56 7.56 7.04
R 2.36 0.33 0.27 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1321852208354799978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

原叶体增殖L9(34)正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Factors Multiplication
coefficient
A (basic medium) B (6-BA) C (NAA) D (error)
1 1 1 1 1 8.73±0.07
2 1 2 2 2 8.33±0.07
3 1 3 3 3 9.60±0.12
4 2 1 2 3 7.53±0.18
5 2 2 3 1 6.47±0.07
6 2 3 1 2 6.80±0.23
7 3 1 3 2 6.60±0.12
8 3 2 1 3 7.00±0.12
9 3 3 2 1 6.00±0.12
Multiplication coefficient K1 8.89 7.62 7.51 7.07
K2 6.93 7.29 7.29 7.24
K3 6.53 7.56 7.56 7.04
R 2.36 0.33 0.27 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1321852208526766443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of different culture media on weight increase of prothallus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Basic medium Fresh weight before
multiplication (g)
Fresh weight after
multiplication (g)
Multiplication
weight (g)
Multiplication
coefficient
MS 3.92±0.54 a 37.69±0.77 a 33.77±0.47 a 9.81±0.62 a
1/2MS 4.17±0.61 a 30.72±0.98 b 26.55±0.83 b 6.36±0.90 b
1/4MS 4.03±0.77 a 28.01±0.82 c 23.98±0.37 c 5.95±0.56 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321852208614846828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同培养基类型对原叶体重量增加的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Basic medium Fresh weight before
multiplication (g)
Fresh weight after
multiplication (g)
Multiplication
weight (g)
Multiplication
coefficient
MS 3.92±0.54 a 37.69±0.77 a 33.77±0.47 a 9.81±0.62 a
1/2MS 4.17±0.61 a 30.72±0.98 b 26.55±0.83 b 6.36±0.90 b
1/4MS 4.03±0.77 a 28.01±0.82 c 23.98±0.37 c 5.95±0.56 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321852208728093037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different plant growth regulators concentrations on green globular bodies (GGBs) induction and proliferation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Plant growth regulators Induction rate (%) Multiplication coefficient
6-BA (mg·L-1) NAA (mg·L-1)
CK 0 0 21.33±0.03 g 2.63±1.43 d
R1 0.5 0.1 76.67±0.03 cd 18.73±3.40 c
R2 0.5 0.6 64.67±0.08 de 20.60±3.64 bc
R3 0.5 1.2 49.33±0.01 f 19.40±2.50 bc
R4 1.0 0.1 80.00±0.04 bc 19.87±1.65 bc
R5 1.0 0.6 70.67±0.05 cde 13.73±2.32 c
R6 1.0 1.2 63.33±0.05 e 19.13±1.92 bc
R7 1.5 0.1 93.33±0.03 a 32.00±3.30 a
R8 1.5 0.6 89.33±0.03 ab 28.20±2.66 ab
R9 1.5 1.2 65.33±0.04 de 16.60±3.17 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321852208950391151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197323780377, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同植物生长调节剂浓度对绿色球状小体(GGBs)诱导和增殖的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Plant growth regulators Induction rate (%) Multiplication coefficient
6-BA (mg·L-1) NAA (mg·L-1)
CK 0 0 21.33±0.03 g 2.63±1.43 d
R1 0.5 0.1 76.67±0.03 cd 18.73±3.40 c
R2 0.5 0.6 64.67±0.08 de 20.60±3.64 bc
R3 0.5 1.2 49.33±0.01 f 19.40±2.50 bc
R4 1.0 0.1 80.00±0.04 bc 19.87±1.65 bc
R5 1.0 0.6 70.67±0.05 cde 13.73±2.32 c
R6 1.0 1.2 63.33±0.05 e 19.13±1.92 bc
R7 1.5 0.1 93.33±0.03 a 32.00±3.30 a
R8 1.5 0.6 89.33±0.03 ab 28.20±2.66 ab
R9 1.5 1.2 65.33±0.04 de 16.60±3.17 c
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星蕨体外快繁技术
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葛晓青 1 , 李梦瑶 2 , 黄衡宇 1, * , 张爱丽 1, *
植物学报 | 技术方法 2025,60(6): 944-956
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植物学报 |技术方法 2025 , 60 (6) : 944 -956
星蕨体外快繁技术
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葛晓青1, 李梦瑶2, 黄衡宇1, * , 张爱丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1 云南中医药大学, 昆明 650500
  • 2 贵州医科大学, 安顺 561113
通讯作者:
* 黄衡宇, 云南中医药大学教授。从事植物繁育生物学教学和研究工作30年, 发表本领域论文100余篇, 其中在SCI收录的期刊发表论文45篇。张爱丽, 云南中医药大学副教授, 云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”——青年人才, 云南省现代农业产业技术体系——中药材体系岗位专家, 云南省“科技特派员”。聚焦云南道地濒危药材的保护工作及中药资源的开发与利用研究, 开展云南道地珍稀濒危中药材高效快速繁殖体系的建立, 并构建其遗传转化体系及基因编辑体系。研究成果在《中草药》和《中药材》等中文核心期刊以及Environmental and Experimental Botany和Applications in Plant Sciences等SCI收录期刊发表。E-mail: ;
Rapid Propagation Technology of Microsorum punctatum in Vitro
Xiaoqing Ge1, Mengyao Li2, Hengyu Huang1, * , Aili Zhang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
  • 2 Guizhou Medical University, Anshun 561113, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24190
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为加强野生蕨类植物的保护与开发, 优化星蕨(Microsorum punctatum)孢子萌发方法和条件, 比较分析了不同因素对原叶体增殖、孢子体诱导、绿色球状小体(GGBs)诱导及其发育为幼孢子体的影响, 建立人工高效快繁技术体系。以成熟孢子为材料, 分别以MS、1/2MS、1/3MS和1/4MS为基本培养基在无菌条件下萌发; 通过L9(34)正交试验, 研究无机盐浓度、植物生长调节剂及其质量浓度对原叶体发生和增殖的影响。当原叶体增殖到一定数量时, 再以MS、1/2MS、1/3MS和1/4MS为基本培养基筛选适宜诱导孢子体的培养基; 随后, 以幼孢子体为材料诱导GGBs发育为新的幼孢子体并炼苗移栽。适宜孢子萌发的培养基为1/2MS, 原叶体在MS+0.3 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.5 mg·L-1 NAA培养基中大量增殖, 60天后增殖系数约为9.6; 将原叶体切割后接入1/4MS培养基, 加无菌水培养90天后, 幼孢子体发生系数约为10.0; 幼孢子体在1/2MS+1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA培养基中可诱导出GGBs, 诱导率达93.3%, GGBs在此培养基中的增殖系数达32.0; 在1/2MS培养基中GGBs的分化成苗率较高, 最高约为92%; 试管苗经炼苗移栽成活率在90%以上。该研究建立了原叶体-受精-孢子体和幼孢子体-GGBs-幼孢子体2个技术体系, 尤其是GGBs的产生, 极大缩短了植株的再生周期。研究结果可为优质种苗及其它蕨类植物的人工繁育提供技术支撑。

星蕨  /  孢子萌发  /  原叶体  /  幼孢子体  /  绿色球状小体

INTRODUCTION: The wild populations of Microsorum punctatum face endangerment due to habitat degradation and low spore reproductive efficiency. Fern life cycles involve alternating gametophyte and sporophyte generations, where gametophyte development and sporophyte transition represent critical bottlenecks in in vitro propagation, heavily influenced by environmental factors and culture conditions. Although asexual propagation techniques such as green globular bodies (GGBs) have been successfully applied in some fern species, low sporophyte induction efficiency and proliferation challenges persist, hindering large-scale production. This study employed M. punctatum spores to systematically investigate sterile germination mechanisms, gametophyte proliferation, and sporophyte regeneration. A dual-pathway rapid propagation system was established, integrating high-efficiency prothallus proliferation with GGBs induction, aiming to provide both theoretical insights and practical solutions for conserving endangered fern resources and advancing industrial-scale cultivation.
RATIONALE: The unique alternation of generations life cycle in ferns, characterized by independent gametophyte survival, provides a theoretical framework for in vitro propagation. Studies have demonstrated that gametophyte homogenization culture and GGBs induction can overcome sporophyte regeneration barriers, while medium composition and phytohormone ratios critically regulate developmental phase transitions. To address the challenges of low spore propagation efficiency and habitat sensitivity in M. punctatum, this study leverages its gametophyte proliferation potential and rhizome meristematic activity in sporophytes. By optimizing aseptic systems and induction conditions, as well as mimicking the natural fertilization microenvironment, a dual-path regeneration system integrating prothallus proliferation and GGB-based propagation was established, laying a theoretical foundation for efficient conservation of endangered ferns.
RESULTS: Spore germination was optimally achieved in 1/2MS medium. Prothalli exhibited vigorous proliferation in MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg·L-1 6-BA and 1.5 mg·L-1 NAA, reaching a proliferation coefficient of 9.6 after 60 days of culture. Fragmented prothalli transferred to 1/4MS medium with sterile water supplementation achieved a young sporophyte induction coefficient of 10.0 following 90 day cultivation. GGBs were successfully induced from young sporophytes in 1/2MS medium containing 1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA, showing 93.3% induction efficiency and a remarkable proliferation coefficient of 32.0. The GGB differentiation into plantlets was most efficient in 1/2MS medium, yielding a conversion rate of 92%. Acclimatized plantlets demonstrated over 90% survival rate post-transplantation.
CONCLUSION: This study successfully established an efficient in vitro rapid propagation system for M. punctatum spores. Optimization of sterilization duration and culture medium types significantly enhanced spore germination rates. A prothallus culture protocol with a high proliferation coefficient was developed, overcoming bottlenecks in gametophyte mass propagation. Liquid immersion-assisted fertilization technology enabled efficient induction of young sporophytes, while the GGBs induction system markedly shortened the regeneration cycle. For the first time, a dual-pathway rapid propagation strategy—“prothallus proliferation-sporophyte induction” combined with “GGBs cyclic regeneration” was proposed. The study demonstrated that the meristematic properties of M. punctatum GGBs are distinct from callus tissue, providing a robust technical framework for the conservation of endangered ferns and industrial-scale seedling production.

Formation of antheridia, archegonia, and sporophyte production in Microsorum punctatum

Microsorum punctatum  /  spore germination  /  prothallus  /  young sporophyte  /  green globular bodies
葛晓青, 李梦瑶, 黄衡宇, 张爱丽. 星蕨体外快繁技术. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 944 -956 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24190
Xiaoqing Ge, Mengyao Li, Hengyu Huang, Aili Zhang. Rapid Propagation Technology of Microsorum punctatum in Vitro[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (6) : 944 -956 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24190
星蕨(Microsorum punctatum)隶属水龙骨科(Poly- podiaceae)星蕨属(Microsorum), 主要分布于我国甘肃、台湾、海南、贵州以及云南等省, 生长在平原地区树荫处的树干上或者墙垣上(中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会, 2000)。水龙骨科植物大多因株型与叶型各异, 具有很高的观赏价值, 可用于室内悬栽或庭院绿化(杨逢春, 2009)。另外, 有研究表明, 星蕨富含维生素C、维生素E和多酚类化合物, 是抗氧化剂和抗炎化合物的潜在天然来源(Dela Cruz et al., 2017)。
在植物系统发育研究中, 出现在3亿年前的蕨类植物是最重要的一类, 亦是宝贵的基因资源。当时尽管许多物种已经灭绝, 但是很多进化为蕨类或更高等级类群, 为研究植物发育的遗传机制提供了重要材料(Aldea et al., 2016)。据国际自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN)估计, 在现存的12 000种蕨类植物中, 因过度开发、不当农业行为、城市化和污染, 导致超过半数种类濒临灭绝风险(IUCN, 2024)。而星蕨孢子繁殖率低, 生境狭窄, 自然栖息地被破坏, 其野生种群已经非常少见, 急需开展人工繁育方面的研究(Petchsri et al., 2012)。
蕨类植物生命周期在2个不同的阶段或世代(二倍体孢子体世代和单倍体配子体世代)之间交替。二倍体孢子体世代以营养生长为主, 后期转为生殖生长, 经减数分裂产生单倍体孢子; 单倍体配子体世代主要行有性生殖功能, 产生雌雄配子, 进而完成受精, 形成新一代孢子体。在蕨类植物和其它较原始的植物中, 配子体阶段(从孢子萌发到受精)完全独立生存(Banks, 1999)。配子体的发育始于孢子萌发, 后经丝状体、片状体的过渡, 分化为稍不对称的心形原叶体(高晓雯等, 2018)。成熟配子体上产生性器官精子器和颈卵器, 经受精作用产生孢子体, 孢子体在配子体上发育后配子体逐渐黄化死亡。孢子体是大多数蕨类植物中相对占优势的生命阶段, 进化出许多解剖学和生理学特征, 更有助于调节营养成分的运输(Krieg and Chambers, 2022)。一般来说, 蕨类植物由于长期适应各种环境条件, 比其它植物类群更易繁殖和培育。然而, 在离体快繁方面, 孢子萌发和配子体转化为孢子体阶段较为困难, 也是该类群的研究热点。环境因素对孢子萌发和配子体转化为孢子体阶段起重要作用, 环境条件的变化可能影响到细胞内外的化学信号转导和代谢活动, 从而影响整个生活史的完成(Yu et al., 2017)。尽管如此, 各国学者已通过根茎器官产生的均质孢子分生组织、芽鳞、愈伤组织、体细胞胚胎或者绿色球状小体(green globular bodies, GGBs)等体外无性繁殖方法, 在多种蕨类植物中成功建立了快繁体系; 其中, 通过GGBs进行体外繁殖尤为有效(段杰秋等, 2021)。
Somer等(2010)和Jang等(2019)对蕨类配子体世代的增殖进行了研究, 发现部分增殖困难的现象可通过配子体均质化培养得以解决; 但是目前尚存在试管内难以诱导孢子体形成、孢子体无增殖或者增殖系数低等问题(Korpelainen, 1994, 1995; Greer and McCarthy, 2000; Ravi et al., 2014, 2015)。本研究通过星蕨孢子无菌萌发, 建立了其原叶体高效增殖快繁体系, 在成熟原叶体上诱导有性生殖产生大量孢子体; 而GGBs的成功诱导与增殖, 极大缩短了孢子体植株再生周期, 为实现其工厂化育苗提供了依据, 也为其它蕨类植物的离体快繁提供技术参考。
本实验所用材料由云南玉溪市祥馨农业技术开发有限公司李继祥先生提供, 经云南大学沈涛博士鉴定为星蕨(Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel.), 于2018年8月带木桩移至云南中医药大学中药材优良种苗繁育工程研究中心的实验大棚中(102°49′19″E, 24°50′36″N, Alt. 1 688 m)培养。取星蕨成熟生殖叶片背面孢子囊块为外植体。植物生长调节剂6-BA和NAA, 及琼脂(agar)、蔗糖(sucrose)和MS中所有成分均为分析纯, 购自北京鼎国生物技术有限责任公司; 所有阶段的培养琼脂浓度均为0.47%, 蔗糖为3%。用1 mol·L-1 HCl调pH值至5.6-5.8, 高压灭菌锅123°C灭菌25分钟, 备用(除特别指出外, 所有浓度均指质量浓度)。
采集新鲜的生殖叶, 用洁净刀片刮取叶片背面成熟的孢子囊块, 分装于3 mL无菌离心管中, 在0.1%升汞溶液(w/v)中消毒不同时间(6、8、10和12分钟), 期间不断摇晃, 充分混匀后, 倒入瓶口置有经高压灭菌的滤纸空瓶中过滤, 无菌水清洗4-6次。用无菌剪刀将滤纸均分为4份, 分别放入提前灭菌的培养基中, 使孢子完全附着于培养基表面后取出滤纸。15天后统计污染率, 观察接种后培养基中孢子的萌发情况, 以出现假根计为萌发开始时间。
以不同基本培养基类型、6-BA和NAA为因素进行L9(34)正交试验, 其组合见表1。培养60天后, 统计增殖系数并测定接种前后的重量。
重量测定: 接种前先称取无菌空瓶重量, 再称取将材料转入空瓶后的重量, 两者相减即得转接前重量。
生长60天后, 同样先称取无菌空瓶重量, 再称取将材料转入空瓶后的重量, 两者相减即得1个生长周期后的重量。
当原叶体增殖到一定数量时, 选取鲜绿、蓬松且表面无假根的大原叶体团, 分割为1.0 cm × 1.0 cm的小原叶体团, 以不同类型的基本培养基(MS、1/2MS、1/3MS和1/4MS)培养诱导孢子体形成。所有实验组在转接10天后向培养瓶中添加高度约1.0 mm (2-3 mL)的无菌水帮助精子游动。以15天为1个周期向培养基中添加无菌水至初始高度, 确保培养基内有一段液柱, 促使受精作用持续发生。60天后, 统计幼孢子体发生系数。
将原叶体中长有2-3片叶的孢子体取出, 小心剥离四周附着的原叶体, 以6-BA和NAA为因素进行完全组合实验。培养60天后, 观察统计绿色球状小体(GGBs)的诱导率及增殖系数。
将诱导出的GGBs聚合体分割成2-3个一团, 转接于MS、1/2MS和1/4MS培养基中。培养60天后, 计算GGBs的成苗率。当幼孢子体长出2-4片叶, 且单叶长为1.0-1.5 cm时, 生根率达100%。将培养瓶置于自然光下, 5天后取下封口膜放置2天, 取出生根苗小心洗净残余培养基, 用0.1%多菌灵泡洗5分钟后, 移栽至经高温灭菌的松树皮中保温保湿培养(温度20-25°C, 相对湿度约为70%)。每隔3天在松树皮表面喷水保证基质湿润, 观察并记录孢子体的生长状态, 60天后统计孢子体成活率。
建立无菌体系时, 每组5瓶; 原叶体增殖和孢子体诱导, 每组10瓶, 每瓶5个约1.0 cm × 1.0 cm的原叶体小团; GGBs诱导时选取具1-2片叶的幼孢子体, 每组5瓶, 每瓶10株; GGBs植株再生与驯化, 每组5瓶, 每瓶10个GGBs小团。以上各实验组均重复3次, 所有实验组中若有死亡或污染则及时以瓶为单位补齐(建立无菌体系除外)。
培养室温度控制在(23±2)°C, 光周期为10小时光照/ 14小时黑暗, 在光照强度为27-36 µmol·m-2·s-1条件下培养。
所得数据用Excel软件处理分析。
污染率(%)=(污染外植体瓶数/接种外植体总瓶数) ×100
原叶体增殖系数=有效转接数/起始接种总数
增殖原叶体量=培养后原叶体重量-接种时材料重量
孢子体增殖系数=有效转接数/起始接种总数
幼孢子体发生系数=幼孢子体总数/总原叶体团数
GGBs诱导率(%)=(生成GGBs的孢子体数/接种孢子体总数)×100
GGBs增殖系数=有效转接数/起始接种数
孢子体成活率(%)=(成活孢子体数/移栽孢子体总数)×100
接种在MS、1/2MS、1/3MS和1/4MS培养基上的孢子萌发时间和萌发率不同, 结果见表2。较适宜的灭菌时间为10分钟, 虽然各组中均约有50%的污染率, 但在未污染的培养瓶中萌发数较多, 基本不存在未萌发现象; 灭菌时间超过10分钟后, 随着污染率的降低, 萌发数也随之大幅下降。从培养基类型上看, 1/2MS培养基中的孢子萌发较多, 为星蕨孢子萌发较适宜的培养基, 萌发结果见图1(A-D)。孢子接种20天后开始萌发, 即产生初生假根和原始细胞(图1E); 30天后原始细胞发育为圆筒形, 壁薄, 侧壁向外鼓出, 无分枝, 为丝状体时期(图1F); 约45天时细胞在基部排成单列, 顶端出现楔形的顶细胞群, 并开始出现假根, 为片状体时期(图1G); 70天后伸长为心形, 具对称阔翅, 两翼及柄基部出现多条假根, 为成熟原叶体时期(图1H)。
正交试验结果见表3。极差分析显示RA>RB>RC>RD, 表明3个因素对原叶体增殖均有效应。由方差分析结果可知, 培养基类型对原叶体增殖有显著性差异(P<0.05), 而6-BA和NAA对原叶体增殖无显著性差异(P>0.05)。进一步对培养基类型的3个水平进行Duncan检验, 发现对原叶体增殖系数影响最大的是培养基类型水平1 (MS培养基), 与水平2 (1/2MS培养基)和水平3 (1/4MS培养基)呈显著性差异。通过比较平均值, 得出适合原叶体增殖的最佳培养基组合为A1B1C3, 即MS+0.3 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.5 mg·L-1 NAA。
将分割后的原叶体小团转入上述培养基, 15天后体积明显增大, 新生原叶体呈翠绿色(图2A); 30天后原叶体团继续增大, 质地紧密, 顶端叶片变大(图2B); 45天后原叶体团进一步增大, 由于其密度过大, 边缘及基部开始有黄化现象发生(图2C); 60天后原叶体团占据整个培养瓶表面, 黄化现象加重, 部分原叶体死亡变黑, 同时有假根出现, 质地变得疏松, 此时增殖系数达9.5以上(图2D)。
本研究同时对添加0.3 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.5 mg·L-1 NAA的不同基本培养基类型进行原叶体团转接前后的重量对比, 结果与正交试验类似, MS培养基的增殖效果最佳, 增殖系数可达9.81。进一步证实基本培养基类型对原叶体增殖具关键作用, 同时也说明原叶体重量与增殖系数呈正相关(表4)。
在增殖培养基中培养30天后原叶体为心形, 左右对称, 呈翠绿色, 上方凹缺处为生长点(图2E)。在靠近假根附近出现多个呈突起状或圆球形带柄的精子器, 可看到标志性的帽细胞层结构(图2F); 而在原叶体生长点下方产生7-9行颈卵器(图2G), 每个颈卵器似梭状, 上部细狭, 中下部膨大, 有明显的两列颈沟细胞存在(图2H)。随着培养时间的延长, 始终未见幼孢子体出现, 说明培养基中缺乏水的引导无法完成受精作用。实验同时表明, 基本培养基类型对孢子体形成具有明显的影响(图3), 1/4MS显著优于其它类型的培养基。
在1/4MS培养基中加入无菌水, 培养20天后可见原叶体团表面长出单叶幼孢子体, 原叶体仍呈翠绿色(图2I); 60天后, 先产生的幼孢子体多具2-3叶, 同时不断出现幼孢子体, 而原叶体仍有继续增殖的趋势(图2J); 90天后, 原叶体上出现大量的幼孢子体, 基本停止增殖, 表面出现较多假根, 变为黄绿色, 此时幼孢子体每瓶多达50-55株, 平均发生系数约为10.0 (图2K)。此时, 将孢子体转接入新的培养基进行生根培养(图2L), 生根率达100%。
完全组合实验结果表明, 不同浓度的6-BA和NAA对GGBs的诱导有明显影响(表5), 较高浓度的6-BA和较低浓度的NAA组合对GGBs的诱导效果最佳, 结合GGBs的增殖情况, 得出适宜诱导GGBs的培养基为1/2MS+1.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA。
将配子体中诱导出的孢子体(图4A)转接入上述培养基中培养60天后, 在孢子体基部根状茎幼嫩表皮上出现不易分离的绿色球状小体团(图4B, C), 分离后将其转入新的上述最适培养基中进行增殖培养; 30天后绿色球状小体分化为GGBs聚合体(图4D, E), 其表面长出单叶的细密球状小体即为GGBs (图4F); 将分开的单个GGB继续培养, 逐渐分化出幼孢子体(图4G, H)。
诱导GGBs分化成苗的实验结果见图4, GGBs在1/2MS培养基上的分化成苗率较高。将GGBs在表5中的较适培养基中增殖培养后(图4I, J), 转接至1/2MS培养基中培养30天长出大量双叶幼孢子体(图4K), 最高分化成苗率约为92%, 部分GGBs褐化。因GGBs在转接过程中带有微小配子体, 转接后发现有配子体增殖现象。剔除原叶体后继续培养50天, 孢子体进一步增大(图4L), 叶片逐渐增多, 长势较好。孢子体经炼苗后, 将清洗干净的幼苗移栽至灭菌后的碎松树皮中, 保温(25°C)、保湿(60%-70%)培养60天, 成活率达90%以上(图4M-P)。
蕨类植物可利用孢子体(包括腋芽和器官)发生等方式进行再生(Hegde and D’Souza, 2000; Fernández and Revilla, 2003; Somer et al., 2010; Park et al., 2020)。均质培养的配子体或孢子体组织也可用于再生, 此种方式适于大批量生产配子体(Bertrand et al., 1999; Fernández and Revilla, 2003; Somer et al., 2010; Jang et al., 2019); 有研究指出, 目前利用GGBs进行体外繁殖是蕨类植物最高效的再生方式(Yu et al., 2017; 段杰秋等, 2021)。体外快繁中, 虽然成熟孢子是常用的外植体材料(张冬瑞等, 2020), 但从孢子萌发到原叶体形成和增殖, 及受精后转化为孢子体一系列步骤操作均十分烦琐, 每一步所需的培养条件各不相同; 加之在蕨类植物的生命周期中, 生殖细胞通过孢子萌发形成卵生体(雌性配子体)和精子体(雄性配子体), 这种生命周期特征与种子植物相比不易进行愈伤组织诱导。因此, 孢子离体产生再生植株相当困难。此外, 蕨类植物的孢子体生长过程中缺乏胚珠和营养组织, 这也限制了其愈伤组织的形成和培养。星蕨的体外快繁中, 孢子萌发形成原叶体较为容易, 原叶体在适宜条件下亦可达到较高的增殖系数。不同于其它研究, 本研究采用2条途径实现孢子体再生: (1) 将原叶体团作为“愈伤组织”, 给予适当的培养条件, 使其高效转化为幼孢子体; (2) 以原叶体上出现的幼孢子体(类似“丛生芽”)为材料诱导产生GGBs聚合体, 从而分化并发育出孢子体(图5)。从实验结果看, 在星蕨的生产应用中, 除开始需要孢子萌发等配子体世代的培养外, 当幼孢子体出现后, 通过其根状茎幼嫩表皮分化出的GGBs可极大程度地提高增殖系数; 同时, 省去了配子体世代的所有培养过程, 仅在孢子体世代通过GGBs的反复循环诱导即可获得再生孢子体。显著缩短了星蕨的人工快繁周期, 且该技术体系具有变异小、成本低和效率高等优点。
GGBs是一种具多个分生组织的特殊绿色颗粒状组织, 在离体条件下由蕨类植物的孢子体组织诱导而成。由于具多个分生组织, 单个GGB可分化成多个孢子体, 被认为是大规模生产蕨类植物的重要工具(Lin et al., 2024)。有研究指出, GGBs多由茎尖和幼叶诱导产生(Rybczyński et al., 2018)。而在星蕨中, GGBs仅在幼嫩根状茎的表皮出现, 推测幼嫩根状茎节区域存在大量的茎尖分生组织, 这类组织细胞的分化直接导致GGBs的产生, 在Nephrolepsis exaltata以及Dryopteris aristata中也有类似报道(Sanders et al., 2011; Vasco et al., 2013)。
Murashige和Skoog (1962)曾提出, GGBs为胚性愈伤组织的一种特殊结构, 由于愈伤组织中的细胞通常保持未分化状态, 故具有较高的再生能力; 在适当的培养条件下, 这些未分化的细胞可通过细胞分裂和分化形成新的组织结构, GGBs则为其中的一种特殊结构。也有学者认为, GGBs结构类似于兰花的类原球茎(protocorm like-bodies, PLBs) (Yu et al., 2017)。PLBs的特点是具两极性且与母体组织无维管组织连接。星蕨中, GGBs直接发生于根状茎表皮, 整个培养过程未见愈伤组织形态的结构发生; 同时, GGBs中仅存在茎(未见根)分生组织发生。因此, 本研究认为星蕨中的GGBs是独立于愈伤组织或体细胞胚外的一种特殊结构, 是蕨类植物在人工繁育状态下产生的分生组织细胞突起, 每个GGB可增殖分化为多个幼孢子体。
MS培养基广泛应用于蕨类植物的培养, 调整其营养成分含量, 能满足不同种类植物的生长需求(Park et al., 2019)。因不同物种所需的无机盐和维生素等不同, 所以调整和确定MS培养基类型对蕨类植物再生尤为重要(Jang et al., 2017; Cho and Lee, 2017)。星蕨在孢子萌发、原叶体增殖、幼孢子体诱导和植株再生阶段适宜的基本培养基均不相同。孢子萌发阶段, 使用1/2MS效果较好, MS培养基由于渗透势较高, 会延迟孢子外壁破裂时间, 从而抑制假根和原叶体细胞的发育(段杰秋等, 2021)。原叶体增殖阶段的最佳基本培养基是MS, 推测与原叶体增殖时需要大量的营养物质有关。与其它研究结果不同, 星蕨在幼孢子体诱导和植株再生阶段, 不添加植物生长调节剂的培养基中孢子体发生系数较高, 一方面可能由于原叶体在早期培养中积累了足够幼孢子体形成及生长所需的养分; 另一方面可能因为原叶体生长发育方向开始转变, 不再以增殖为主要目的, 而是以受精及孢子体世代为发育方向。上述两方面原因很好地解释了幼孢子体形成后原叶体为何萎缩死亡。诱导GGBs再生植株阶段, 1/2MS是GGBs分化和植株生长的最佳培养基, 高浓度无机盐(如MS)导致GGBs分化频率和植株高度降低, 叶片褪绿, 这种现象在Pteris aspericaulis var. tricolor中也有报道, 推测是由于低浓度的无机盐能充分促进分生组织的活动, 进而诱导出GGBs (Yu et al., 2021)。星蕨的不同发育阶段适宜的基本培养基各不相同, 说明不仅不同物种有不同的生长需求, 同一物种的不同发育阶段对营养物质的要求也不尽相同。
蕨类配子体生长发育过程中, NAA能促进侧向分生组织的发育, 倾向产生雄性配子体, 并引起其向雌雄同体转变(Somer et al., 2010); 6-BA则是对蕨类植物进行组织培养的必要成分, 能够消除脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)带来的负面作用, 即使在低浓度下, 也可影响细胞的生长、分裂、伸长和分化速度, 较高浓度则可促使根尖分生组织形成根状体胚胎(陈朋等, 2021)。本研究通过使用不同浓度的NAA与6-BA配比, 发现较低浓度的6-BA即可使原叶体增殖系数增大。由此推测植物生长调节剂的比例对星蕨原叶体的增殖有重要影响, 而不同种蕨类植物适宜的浓度可能不同。在GGBs诱导过程中, 空白组诱导效果明显低于添加植物生长调节剂的实验组, 表明植物生长调节剂对GGBs的诱导和分化也具有极显著影响, 可能因为植物生长调节剂可以满足GGBs的生长所需。张薇等(2020)在瘤蕨(Phymatosorus scolopendria)的GGBs诱导过程中, 发现KT、NAA和6-BA单独或组合使用均不能有效诱导出GGBs; 但在星蕨中NAA/6-BA比值较高时, 不但能高效诱导出GGBs且增殖系数也较高, 这与Yu等(2017)对树蕨(金毛狗(Cibotium baro-metz))的研究结果相同。
葛晓青: 绘制图表, 分析数据, 完成论文初稿; 李梦瑶: 完成实验, 分析数据; 黄衡宇: 构思并设计实验, 论文修改; 张爱丽: 文献资料收集与分析, 完善论文。
  • 大学生创新创业基金资助项目(XDC2023031)
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2025年第60卷第6期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24190
  • 接收时间:2024-12-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-07
  • 录用日期:2025-02-09
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大学生创新创业基金资助项目(XDC2023031)
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    1 云南中医药大学, 昆明 650500
    2 贵州医科大学, 安顺 561113

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* 黄衡宇, 云南中医药大学教授。从事植物繁育生物学教学和研究工作30年, 发表本领域论文100余篇, 其中在SCI收录的期刊发表论文45篇。张爱丽, 云南中医药大学副教授, 云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”——青年人才, 云南省现代农业产业技术体系——中药材体系岗位专家, 云南省“科技特派员”。聚焦云南道地濒危药材的保护工作及中药资源的开发与利用研究, 开展云南道地珍稀濒危中药材高效快速繁殖体系的建立, 并构建其遗传转化体系及基因编辑体系。研究成果在《中草药》和《中药材》等中文核心期刊以及Environmental and Experimental Botany和Applications in Plant Sciences等SCI收录期刊发表。E-mail: ;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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