Article(id=1321852187207123109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24161, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24161, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737302400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-20, onlineDate=1793083720256, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793083720256, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793083720256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793083720256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321852178331979976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='859', pageEnd='1035', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793083718140, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793083787009, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321852467248223111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321852467252417416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=888, endPage=900, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321852187408449702, articleId=1321852187207123109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Genome Size and Characteristics Analysis of Xanthopappus subacaulis Based on Flow Cytometry and Genome Survey, columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRUDUCTION: Xanthopappus subacaulis, endemic to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, is a perennial medicinal plant from the genus Xanthopappus of the family Asteraceae, with important economic, ecological and medicinal values. However, genomic information for this species remains limited, hindering further genetic studies and resource utilization. Determining an appropriate sequencing strategy for its whole genome is a key prerequisite for subsequent genomic studies.
RATIONALE: In order to determine the appropriate sequencing strategy for the whole genome of X. subacaulis, we analyzed and evaluated its genome size, heterozygosity, repeat and GC content using flow cytometry and genome survey analysis based on BGI sequencing.
RESULTS: Flow cytometry analyses using Opisthopappus longilobus and Solanum lycopersicum as reference genomes indicated that X. subacaulis was a diploid, with an estimated genome size of 1.94 G and 1.75 G respectively, and a DNA-C value of 0.99 pg. We generated approximately 100.3 G of clean short read sequencing data, with a GC content of 38.5%. K-mer analysis indicated that the genome size of X. subacaulis was 2 198.50 Mb, with a heterozygosity rate of 0.69%, and repeat content of 80.15%. The analysis of the long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) indicated that the LTR/Copia was the most abundant LTR family, accounting for 30.72% of the whole genome, while the Gypsy family and the unknown LTRs accounted for 33.66% and 16.54%, respectively. Moreover, their peak insertion time began approximately three million years ago (Mya), with a marked amplification occurring within the last 1 Mya. These results suggested that the large-scale insertion of LTR elements was (most) likely one of the important factors leading to the genomic complexity of X. subacaulis.
CONCLUSION: This study clarifies the key genomic characteristics of X. subacaulis, which provides valuable reference data resources for subsequent genetic map construction and functional gene mining of X. subacaulis, and also lays a foundation for determining its whole-genome sequencing strategy.

Growth morphology and genomic characteristics of Xanthopappus subacaulis. (A) Growth morphology of X. subacaulis (bar=5 cm); (B) Depth and frequency distribution of K-mer and insertion time analysis of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs)

, authors=Jiarui Jin1, 2, Yuping Liu1, 2, 3, Xu Su1, 2, 3, *, Tao Liu4, *, Mingjun Yu1, 2, Qian Yang1, 2, Rongju Qu1, 2, Penghui Zhang1, 2, Zhaxi Cairang1, 2, Cuojia Nan1, Leyi Zhou1, authorsList=Jiarui Jin, Yuping Liu, Xu Su, Tao Liu, Mingjun Yu, Qian Yang, Rongju Qu, Penghui Zhang, Zhaxi Cairang, Cuojia Nan, Leyi Zhou, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xu Su, Tao Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail: ;
E-mail:
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黄缨菊(Xanthopappus subacaulis)是菊科(Asteraceae)黄缨菊属(Xanthopappus)多年生高原特有单属种药用植物, 具有重要的经济、生态和药用价值。为确定适合黄缨菊全基因组测序的技术策略, 利用流式细胞术和基因组Survey分析评估黄缨菊基因组大小、杂合率、重复序列比例、GC含量和长末端重复反转录转座子(long terminal repeat retrotransposons, LTR-RTs)等信息。结果表明: (1) 以长裂太行菊(Opisthopappus longilobus)和番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)为参考物种, 采用流式细胞术预估黄缨菊为二倍体, 基因组大小分别为1.94 G和1.75 G, DNA-C值为0.99 pg; (2) 高通量测序得到约100.3 G的Clean reads, 其Q20均大于97.1%, Q30均高于90.8%, AT和GC碱基含量无明显分离, GC含量为38.5%, 测序质量良好; (3) K核苷酸序列分析(K-mer analysis, K-mer)显示黄缨菊基因组大小为2 198.50 Mb, 杂合度为0.69%, 重复序列占比为80.15%, 属于微杂合、高重复序列的复杂基因组; (4) LTR-RTs鉴定表明Copia家族数量最多, 占全基因组的30.72%, Gypsy家族和Unknown分别占全基因组的33.66%和16.54%, 插入时间始于约3 Mya, 在1 Mya内产生大量扩增。综上, 研究结果表明LTR的大量插入是导致黄缨菊基因组复杂化的重要原因之一; 测序数据和研究结果可为黄缨菊高质量基因组遗传图谱构建和关键功能基因挖掘提供重要参考。

, authors=靳佳瑞1, 2, 刘玉萍1, 2, 3, 苏旭1, 2, 3, *, 刘涛4, *, 余明君1, 2, 杨倩1, 2, 曲荣举1, 2, 张朋辉1, 2, 才让扎西1, 2, 南措加1, 周乐怡1, authorsList=靳佳瑞, 刘玉萍, 苏旭, 刘涛, 余明君, 杨倩, 曲荣举, 张朋辉, 才让扎西, 南措加, 周乐怡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=苏旭, 刘涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 苏旭, 博士后, 教授, 博士生导师, 青海师范大学生命科学学院副院长, 青海省青藏高原生物多样性形成机制与综合利用重点实验室主任, 教育部基础教育教学指导委员会委员; 青海青年五四奖章获得者, 青海省“昆仑英才·高端创新创业人才”项目培养领军人才, 首届青海省高教领域“昆仑英才·教学名师”, 青海省自然科学与工程技术学科带头人, 青海省高等院校“135高层次人才培养工程”拔尖学科带头人, 青海省省级骨干教师。长期从事高山植物系统发育、物种形成及适应进化机制等研究。主持国家自然科学基金3项; 科技基础项目2项以及省部级科研项目10余项。在国内外学术期刊上发表论文70余篇; 编写学术专著5部。授权发明专利5件; 获青海省自然科学三等奖和第二届青海省科学成果创新驱动奖各1项。E-mail: ;
E-mail:
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caption=Flow cytometry (FCM) fluorescence pattern of different samples

(A) Xanthopappus subacaulis; (B) Opisthopappus longilobus; (C) Solanum lycopersicum

, figureFileSmall=LZUQZu+c//ZQ693Sr28tmQ==, figureFileBig=ovkdGy2MxW+ouZ4jLcVzmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852201069297928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852187207123109, language=CN, label=图1, caption=流式细胞术(FCM)荧光信号图

(A) 黄缨菊; (B) 长裂太行菊; (C) 番茄

, figureFileSmall=LZUQZu+c//ZQ693Sr28tmQ==, figureFileBig=ovkdGy2MxW+ouZ4jLcVzmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852201291596041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852187207123109, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Sequencing quality evaluation for Xanthopappus subacaulis

(A), (B) Base distribution plot; (C), (D) Base quality distribution plot; (E), (F) GC content density plot

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(A), (B) Reads碱基分布图; (C), (D) Reads碱基质量分布图; (E), (F) Reads GC含量密度图

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(A) Depth frequency distribution of K-mer; (B) Insertion time estimation of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs)

, figureFileSmall=HLwEGuSp85vYYqH/It3XeQ==, figureFileBig=VoRBDSdm1C8fN1EYezEIIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852201539059980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852187207123109, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄缨菊基因组特征分析

(A) K-mer深度频率分布图; (B) 长末端重复反转录转座子(LTR-RTs)插入时间分析

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Squencing data statistics of Xanthopappus subacaulis

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Date type Library name Read number Base count (bp) Read length (bp) Q20 (%) Q30 (%) GC content (%)
Raw data Xanthopappus subacaulis 710885064 106632759600 150; 150 98.7; 97.2 95.4; 91.0 38.6; 38.5
Clean data X. subacaulis 669190080 100378512000 150; 150 98.6; 97.1 95.3; 90.8 38.5; 38.5
), ArticleFig(id=1321852201731997966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852187207123109, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄缨菊测序数据统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Date type Library name Read number Base count (bp) Read length (bp) Q20 (%) Q30 (%) GC content (%)
Raw data Xanthopappus subacaulis 710885064 106632759600 150; 150 98.7; 97.2 95.4; 91.0 38.6; 38.5
Clean data X. subacaulis 669190080 100378512000 150; 150 98.6; 97.1 95.3; 90.8 38.5; 38.5
), ArticleFig(id=1321852201832661263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852187207123109, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

NCBI nucleotide database BLAST

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Comparison rate (%)
Dolomiaea souliei 2.36
Cynara cardunculus 1.96
Gynoxys mandonii 0.97
Sonchus asper 0.58
D. edulis 0.48
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NCBI核苷酸数据库比对

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Species Comparison rate (%)
Dolomiaea souliei 2.36
Cynara cardunculus 1.96
Gynoxys mandonii 0.97
Sonchus asper 0.58
D. edulis 0.48
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Classification and characterization of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) in the genome of Xanthopappus subacaulis

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Transposable element Class Number Base count (bp) Percent (%)
LTR-RTs Copia 95073 674533731 30.72
LTR-RTs Gypsy 73190 739177424 33.66
LTR-RTs Unknown 70092 363196738 16.54
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黄缨菊基因组长末端重复反转录转座子(LTR-RTs)分类与特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Transposable element Class Number Base count (bp) Percent (%)
LTR-RTs Copia 95073 674533731 30.72
LTR-RTs Gypsy 73190 739177424 33.66
LTR-RTs Unknown 70092 363196738 16.54
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基于流式细胞术和基因组Survey的黄缨菊基因组大小及特征分析
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靳佳瑞 1, 2 , 刘玉萍 1, 2, 3 , 苏旭 1, 2, 3, * , 刘涛 4, * , 余明君 1, 2 , 杨倩 1, 2 , 曲荣举 1, 2 , 张朋辉 1, 2 , 才让扎西 1, 2 , 南措加 1 , 周乐怡 1
植物学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 888-900
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植物学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 888 -900
基于流式细胞术和基因组Survey的黄缨菊基因组大小及特征分析
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靳佳瑞1, 2, 刘玉萍1, 2, 3, 苏旭1, 2, 3, * , 刘涛4, * , 余明君1, 2, 杨倩1, 2, 曲荣举1, 2, 张朋辉1, 2, 才让扎西1, 2, 南措加1, 周乐怡1
作者信息
  • 1 青海师范大学生命科学学院, 西宁 810008
  • 2 青海师范大学青海省青藏高原生物多样性形成机制与综合利用重点实验室, 西宁 810008
  • 3 青海师范大学高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 西宁 810016
  • 4 青海理工学院生态与环境科学学院, 西宁 810016
通讯作者:
* 苏旭, 博士后, 教授, 博士生导师, 青海师范大学生命科学学院副院长, 青海省青藏高原生物多样性形成机制与综合利用重点实验室主任, 教育部基础教育教学指导委员会委员; 青海青年五四奖章获得者, 青海省“昆仑英才·高端创新创业人才”项目培养领军人才, 首届青海省高教领域“昆仑英才·教学名师”, 青海省自然科学与工程技术学科带头人, 青海省高等院校“135高层次人才培养工程”拔尖学科带头人, 青海省省级骨干教师。长期从事高山植物系统发育、物种形成及适应进化机制等研究。主持国家自然科学基金3项; 科技基础项目2项以及省部级科研项目10余项。在国内外学术期刊上发表论文70余篇; 编写学术专著5部。授权发明专利5件; 获青海省自然科学三等奖和第二届青海省科学成果创新驱动奖各1项。E-mail: ;
Genome Size and Characteristics Analysis of Xanthopappus subacaulis Based on Flow Cytometry and Genome Survey
Jiarui Jin1, 2, Yuping Liu1, 2, 3, Xu Su1, 2, 3, * , Tao Liu4, * , Mingjun Yu1, 2, Qian Yang1, 2, Rongju Qu1, 2, Penghui Zhang1, 2, Zhaxi Cairang1, 2, Cuojia Nan1, Leyi Zhou1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in Qinghai Province, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
  • 3 Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China
  • 4 School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Qinghai Institute of Technology, Xining 810016, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24161
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黄缨菊(Xanthopappus subacaulis)是菊科(Asteraceae)黄缨菊属(Xanthopappus)多年生高原特有单属种药用植物, 具有重要的经济、生态和药用价值。为确定适合黄缨菊全基因组测序的技术策略, 利用流式细胞术和基因组Survey分析评估黄缨菊基因组大小、杂合率、重复序列比例、GC含量和长末端重复反转录转座子(long terminal repeat retrotransposons, LTR-RTs)等信息。结果表明: (1) 以长裂太行菊(Opisthopappus longilobus)和番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)为参考物种, 采用流式细胞术预估黄缨菊为二倍体, 基因组大小分别为1.94 G和1.75 G, DNA-C值为0.99 pg; (2) 高通量测序得到约100.3 G的Clean reads, 其Q20均大于97.1%, Q30均高于90.8%, AT和GC碱基含量无明显分离, GC含量为38.5%, 测序质量良好; (3) K核苷酸序列分析(K-mer analysis, K-mer)显示黄缨菊基因组大小为2 198.50 Mb, 杂合度为0.69%, 重复序列占比为80.15%, 属于微杂合、高重复序列的复杂基因组; (4) LTR-RTs鉴定表明Copia家族数量最多, 占全基因组的30.72%, Gypsy家族和Unknown分别占全基因组的33.66%和16.54%, 插入时间始于约3 Mya, 在1 Mya内产生大量扩增。综上, 研究结果表明LTR的大量插入是导致黄缨菊基因组复杂化的重要原因之一; 测序数据和研究结果可为黄缨菊高质量基因组遗传图谱构建和关键功能基因挖掘提供重要参考。

黄缨菊  /  流式细胞术  /  C值  /  基因组Survey  /  长末端重复反转录转座子(LTR-RTs)

INTRUDUCTION: Xanthopappus subacaulis, endemic to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, is a perennial medicinal plant from the genus Xanthopappus of the family Asteraceae, with important economic, ecological and medicinal values. However, genomic information for this species remains limited, hindering further genetic studies and resource utilization. Determining an appropriate sequencing strategy for its whole genome is a key prerequisite for subsequent genomic studies.
RATIONALE: In order to determine the appropriate sequencing strategy for the whole genome of X. subacaulis, we analyzed and evaluated its genome size, heterozygosity, repeat and GC content using flow cytometry and genome survey analysis based on BGI sequencing.
RESULTS: Flow cytometry analyses using Opisthopappus longilobus and Solanum lycopersicum as reference genomes indicated that X. subacaulis was a diploid, with an estimated genome size of 1.94 G and 1.75 G respectively, and a DNA-C value of 0.99 pg. We generated approximately 100.3 G of clean short read sequencing data, with a GC content of 38.5%. K-mer analysis indicated that the genome size of X. subacaulis was 2 198.50 Mb, with a heterozygosity rate of 0.69%, and repeat content of 80.15%. The analysis of the long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) indicated that the LTR/Copia was the most abundant LTR family, accounting for 30.72% of the whole genome, while the Gypsy family and the unknown LTRs accounted for 33.66% and 16.54%, respectively. Moreover, their peak insertion time began approximately three million years ago (Mya), with a marked amplification occurring within the last 1 Mya. These results suggested that the large-scale insertion of LTR elements was (most) likely one of the important factors leading to the genomic complexity of X. subacaulis.
CONCLUSION: This study clarifies the key genomic characteristics of X. subacaulis, which provides valuable reference data resources for subsequent genetic map construction and functional gene mining of X. subacaulis, and also lays a foundation for determining its whole-genome sequencing strategy.

Growth morphology and genomic characteristics of Xanthopappus subacaulis. (A) Growth morphology of X. subacaulis (bar=5 cm); (B) Depth and frequency distribution of K-mer and insertion time analysis of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs)

Xanthopappus subacaulis  /  flow cytometry  /  C value  /  genome survey  /  long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs)
靳佳瑞, 刘玉萍, 苏旭, 刘涛, 余明君, 杨倩, 曲荣举, 张朋辉, 才让扎西, 南措加, 周乐怡. 基于流式细胞术和基因组Survey的黄缨菊基因组大小及特征分析. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 888 -900 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24161
Jiarui Jin, Yuping Liu, Xu Su, Tao Liu, Mingjun Yu, Qian Yang, Rongju Qu, Penghui Zhang, Zhaxi Cairang, Cuojia Nan, Leyi Zhou. Genome Size and Characteristics Analysis of Xanthopappus subacaulis Based on Flow Cytometry and Genome Survey[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (6) : 888 -900 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24161
黄缨菊(Xanthopappus subacaulis)是菊科(Astera- ceae)、管状花亚科(Carduoideae)、菜蓟族(Cynareae)、飞廉亚族(Carduinae)、黄缨菊属(Xanthopappus)多年生无茎矮小草本植物, 也是青藏高原的特有单属种, 主要分布于我国青海、云南西北部、四川北部和甘肃东南部等地, 通常生长于海拔2 400-4 000 m的高寒草甸、草原及干旱山坡, 具有较强的耐寒、耐旱和耐盐碱等特性(史惠兰, 2011)。黄缨菊全草入药, 味苦、微寒, 主治出血、食物中毒等疾病, 具有重要的药用价值; 同时, 黄缨菊富含黄酮类和噻吩类化合物, 具有较好的止血功效和良好的抗菌功能(张丽, 2014)。迄今为止, 国内外诸多学者对黄缨菊的研究主要集中于其外部形态特征(马子兰等, 2020)、化学成分(田永清等, 2008)、药理活性(Zhang et al., 2014)、耐逆生理、系统发育(Wang et al., 2007)、群体遗传结构(张阳等, 2022)、简单序列重复(simple sequence repeats, SSR)引物开发与遗传多样性(郑长远, 2023)等领域。然而, 目前尚未见关于黄缨菊基因组大小及其特征的研究报道。先前研究认为, 物种基因组大小及其特征分析是进行全基因组de novo基因组测序、组装和注释的前提和基础(黄阿晶等, 2019)。例如, 对山茱萸(Cornus officinalis)的基因组进行测序、组装和注释, 并结合染色体核型数据构建了高质量的基因遗传图谱, 为山茱萸群体进化历史和物种多样性研究提供了基础数据(Dong et al., 2022); Kong等(2023)通过对菊科11个代表种全基因组测序数据的比较分析, 构建了系统发育树和古六倍体两步法模型, 为菊科物种多倍化及祖先基因组重建和进化提供了新的组学佐证。因此, 开展黄缨菊基因组大小及其特征分析, 不仅可为其全基因组de novo测序和组装提供理论依据, 还可为高质量遗传图谱构建提供基础数据, 结合细胞学和物种繁育体系等研究, 可为黄缨菊适应性进化机制探究和类黄酮化合物合成关键基因挖掘奠定理论基础。
目前, 流式细胞术(flow cytometry, FCM)和基因组Survey是研究基因组大小和特征的有效手段(邓颢珂等, 2023)。基因组大小一般用C值表示, 是指1个物种单倍体配子基因组中所有DNA的含量, 且具有特异性, 即每个物种细胞的染色体数目和DNA含量相对固定(Mishiba et al., 2000); 大量研究还表明, C值与植物进化以及对生态环境的适应均有不同程度的联系(Bancheva and Greilhuber, 2006; 郭水良等, 2015)。流式细胞术基于细胞核内DNA与荧光染料结合后, 其含量与发射荧光强度呈正比的原理, 利用已知染色体倍性与基因组大小的内标作为参照, 通过计算待测物种的染色体倍性和DNA相对含量来预估其基因组的相对大小(Fomicheva and Domblides, 2023)。虽然流式细胞术已成为植物科学研究中的重要工具, 但由于自身细胞结构和实验材料状态等因素, 操作过程仍存在局限(张晋丹和冯旻, 2023; 夏春皎等, 2024)。
随着DNA测序技术的迅速发展与测序成本的降低(Zhang et al., 2021), 高通量测序为基因组学、转录组学和进化生物学等领域的研究提供了一种有效的技术手段(Goodwin et al., 2016), 已广泛应用于基因组大小测定(马鹏举等, 2018)、注释组装(Morabito et al., 2020)和微卫星特征分析(杨尉等, 2023)等。先前的研究表明, Survey分析可有效评估物种基因组大小、杂合度和重复序列比例等基因组特征, 为后续全基因组de novo测序、组装和结构注释等提供重要参考依据, 以减少测序的盲目性(Zhou et al., 2023)。国内外诸多学者利用这种方法成功评估了蓝花苜蓿(Medi- cago sativa) (Li et al., 2020)以及沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa) (刘涛等, 2022)等饲草植物, 地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa) (赵乐等, 2021)和川穹(Ligusticum chuanxiong) (毛常清等, 2023)等药用植物的基因组大小。菊科植物作为双子叶植物的第1大科, 具有重要的经济、观赏和药用价值(梁凤萍等, 2018)。迄今为止, 许多学者对多种菊科植物(如刺苞菜蓟(Cynara cardunculus) (Scaglione et al., 2016)、万寿菊(Tagetes erecta) (Xin et al., 2023)和牛蒡(Arctium lappa) (Yang et al., 2022))进行了全基因组测序和染色体水平的高质量遗传图谱构建, 这些物种绝大多数属于复杂基因组。转座子(transposable element, TE)的插入是植物进化过程中驱动基因组扩增和复杂化的主要机制(Mascher et al., 2017)。Li等(2023)比较了小麦族(Triticeae) 10个不同物种的基因组, 发现转座子含量与基因组大小呈正相关(R2=0.979)。由于整合方式不同, 转座子包括反转录转座子和DNA转座子, 反转录转座子通过“复制-粘贴”的转座机制实现生物学功能(Finnegan, 1989)。其中, 完整的长末端重复反转录转座子(long terminal repeat retrotransposons, LTR-RTs)在宿主基因组中可实现复制和扩增。Staton和Burke (2015)调查了14种菊科植物和1种外类群的TE系统发育动态演变模式, 其外类群到菊科衍生谱系的向日葵族(Trib. Heliantheae), LTR- RTs主要成员Gypsy和Copia的占比呈线性增加, 表明转座子的多样性和丰度在驱动菊科植物基因组扩增和系统发育演变过程中具有重要作用。据此, 本研究利用流式细胞术与高通量测序和基因组Survey相结合的方法综合评估和分析黄缨菊的基因组大小与特征, 旨在为黄缨菊全基因组测序、组装、注释及遗传图谱构建提供基础数据, 并为挖掘类黄酮化合物合成关键基因提供参考依据。
自2019年以来, 项目组全面调查并采集了青藏高原及其毗邻地区黄缨菊(Xanthopappus subacaulis C. winkl.)不同居群的凭证标本、叶片材料和成熟种子, 同时详细记录其经纬度、海拔高度、生境特征和伴生物种等信息。本研究所用黄缨菊实验材料采自青海省门源县仙米乡(37°15′32″N, 102°0′57″E, alt. 2 702.9 m)。野外选取健康且长势良好的黄缨菊3株个体, 分别剪取其幼嫩叶片, 经消毒和清洗后置于冻存管备用。一部分样品用湿润滤纸包裹, 用于流式细胞术检测, 另一部分样品迅速放入液氮中速冻, 用于基因组Survey分析。流式细胞术所用参照物种为近缘种长裂太行菊(Opisthopappus longilobus C. Shih, 2.4 G)和已知基因组大小的番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L., 799.09 Mb), 分别由山西省太原市植物园和金迪未来生物科技有限公司提供。
称取待测黄缨菊新鲜叶片0.2 g, 将其置于培养皿中, 用锋利刀片一次性快速切碎, 于样品周围加入500 μL细胞核裂解液提取60秒, 保证充分提取完整的细胞核; 采用50 μm滤网过滤混液至样品管中, 随后加入2 000 μL含RNA酶的荧光染液, 避光染色15分钟后, 用CyFlow Cube 6流式细胞仪上机检测。每个样品设3次重复。同样, 按照上述步骤检测长裂太行菊和番茄的荧光强度。以相对荧光强度为横坐标, 细胞核数量为纵坐标, 分别绘制黄缨菊、长裂太行菊和番茄的荧光信号图; 根据长裂太行菊和番茄的荧光峰值, 利用基因组大小预估公式来估测黄缨菊基因组的相对大小并计算C值。
待测样品基因组大小(Mb)=(待测样品荧光强度/对照样品荧光强度)×内参植物基因组大小(Mb); DNA-C值(pg)=待测样品基因组大小(Mb)/978×倍性。
利用植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(Cat No.DP305, TIANGEN)提取黄缨菊新鲜叶片总DNA; 采用超微量核酸浓度测定仪(NanoDrop One)测定DNA浓度(ng∙ μL-1)和纯度(OD260/OD280), 并经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其完整性。
运用Covaris超声波破碎仪将质检合格的DNA随机打断为300-500 bp的片段, 经末端修复、加“A”尾和测序接头、纯化以及PCR扩增等步骤完成整个文库制备; 采用BGI T7测序平台对构建好的文库进行PE150双末端测序。为去除因PCR扩增等引起的Duplicated reads、带接头的Paired reads、N比例大于0.5%及低质量Paired reads, 本研究利用SOAPnuke (Chen et al., 2018)软件对测序获得的原始序列(raw reads)进行过滤得到Clean reads。主参数设置为-lowQual=20, -nRate=0.005, -qualRate=0.5, 其它参数为默认设置。此外, 我们采用FastQC软件从测序数据质量、测序错误率分布、碱基频率分布及GC含量分布4个方面评估黄缨菊的测序质量; 并从中随机抽取10 000对reads数据, 通过Blast软件比对到NCBI核苷酸数据库(NT数据库), 判断是否有外源污染。
采用K=17的K-mer方法分析黄缨菊的Clean reads。若测序深度足够充分, 每条序列中每个碱基取出的全部K-mer可以覆盖整个基因组, 那么依据Lander water- man算法, 基因组大小(G)满足以下公式(Lander and Waterman, 1988):
$C_{\text {base }}=\frac{C_{K-\text { mer }} \times L}{L-K+1} G=\frac{n_{K-\text { mer }}}{C_{K-\text { mer }}}=\frac{n_{\text {base }}}{C_{\text {base }}}$
式中, nbase和nK-mer分别为序列的碱基总数和K-mer数, Cbase和CK-mer分别为覆盖碱基的期望深度和K-mer期望覆盖深度。
若K-mer的覆盖深度频度分布服从泊松分布:
$P_{\text {Kspecies }}(x)=\frac{c^{x}}{x!} e^{-c}$
式中, c为峰值对应的测序K-mer深度估计值。
当黄缨菊的K-mer数据同时满足上述假设条件时, 可以通过读取每个碱基的K-mer方式统计K-mer频度分布, 以K-mer深度(Depth)为横坐标, K-mer频度(Frequency)为纵坐标, 绘制黄缨菊的K-mer深度频度分布图, 以此预估黄缨菊K-mer的深度值, 并计算其基因组大小; 同时, 根据黄缨菊主峰深度1.8倍后的K-mer个数占比估算其基因组重复序列比例, 并依据杂合峰与纯合峰面积占比估算其杂合率。
通过SOAPdenovo (Vurture et al., 2017)对黄缨菊高质量Clean reads进行组装得到Contig, 经gap填充后, 继续拼接形成Scaffold, 获得含有重复序列的初级基因组序列; 使用LTR_Finder (Xu and Wang, 2007)和LTR_harvest (Ellinghaus et al., 2008)组合鉴定基因组序列中的LTR分布, 参数设置-w 2 -C -D 15000 -d 1000 -L 7000 -l 100 -p 20 -M 0.85, 并使用LTR_retreiver (Ou and Jiang, 2018)统计整合两者的预测结果; 同时借助向日葵(Helianthus annuus)的碱基平均替换速率(参数-u=1e-8), 依据公式T=K/2μ计算LTR插入时间(Badouin et al., 2017)。
采用流式细胞术对黄缨菊基因组大小进行预估, 结果显示黄缨菊有单一的主峰, 生长周期中大量细胞处于G0/G1期, 荧光峰值对应的荧光强度均值为8 652.28 (图1A)。同时, 参照长裂太行菊和番茄的荧光强度均值10 688.28和3 941.20 (图1B, C), 根据基因组大小预估公式获得黄缨菊基因组大小分别为1.94 G和1.75 G, DNA-C值为0.99 pg。
利用SOAPnuke软件过滤文库构建与高通量测序得到的106 G Raw data (CRA021104), 质控后获得100 G高质量的Clean data (表1)。使用FastQC软件评估Clean reads的测序质量, 结果显示Q20均大于97.1%, Q30均高于90.8%; AT和GC碱基含量无明显分离, GC含量比例为38.5%; GC含量密度图呈单峰形式(表1; 图2), 说明黄缨菊二代基因组测序数据质量良好。
从NT数据库中随机抽取10 000条Clean reads进行同源比对, 发现黄缨菊比对占NT数据库中的总Reads数为2.36%、1.96%、0.97%、0.58%和0.48%的前5个物种分别为川木香(Dolomiaea souliei)、刺苞菜蓟、绒安菊(Gynoxys mandonii)、续断菊(Sonchus asper)和菜木香(Dolomiaea edulis) (表2), 表明黄缨菊的基因组DNA文库测序数据不含有明显的外源污染, 可以用于后续相关分析。
通过上述公式(1)和(2)计算得到黄缨菊基因组K-mer深度频率分布图。黄缨菊K-mer期望深度值为36, 单一主峰区域面积占比较大(图3), 应隶属于典型的二倍体物种; 同时, 基于Lander waterman算法, 本研究推测黄缨菊的基因组大小(G)为2 198.5 Mb。此外, 研究结果还显示主峰左侧约K-mer深度1/2处有1个杂合峰, 依据杂合峰与纯合峰面积比可知黄缨菊基因组杂合率为0.69% (图3A); 主峰右侧K-mer深度约2倍处有1个重复峰, 通过计算纯合峰对应深度值1.8倍后的K-mer个数占比得到其重复序列比为80.15% (图3A)。因此, 黄缨菊的基因组是一种微杂合、高重复序列的复杂基因组。
使用软件LTR_Finder和LTR_retreiver对黄缨菊基因组序列中的LTR-RTs进行鉴定、统计和分析。黄缨菊基因组中共鉴定到238 282个完整的LTR反转录转座子, 其中Copia家族数量最多, 为95 073个, 占全基因组的30.72%, 表现出较高的活性; 而Gypsy家族和Unknown分别为73 190个和70 092个, 占全基因组的33.66%和16.54% (表3)。利用碱基中性替换率μ=1e-8计算黄缨菊基因组中LTR的插入时间, 结果表明, LTR的插入开始于大约3 Mya并逐渐增加, 且在1 Mya内呈现爆发式增长, 说明黄缨菊中LTR反转录转座子扩增多集中于近期(图3B)。
流式细胞术是一种可以鉴定染色体倍性和基因组相对大小的经典方法(陈婷婷, 2023)。研究表明, 选取不同的参考物种和进样方式对流式细胞术的荧光信号具有不同的影响(黄诗宇等, 2023)。本研究以长裂太行菊和番茄为参照物种, 采用“外标法”分别测定黄缨菊基因组的相对大小, 结果表明黄缨菊为二倍体, 预估其基因组相对大小分别为1.94 G和1.75 G, DNA-C值为0.99 pg, 不同参照物种对黄缨菊基因组相对大小的评估有显著影响。先前研究认为, 菊科植物具有丰富的染色体倍性和较大的基因组大小差异(孙浩男等, 2021), 其中春黄菊族基因组最大(138.88 G) (Garcia et al., 2014), 紫菀族基因组最小(335.00 Mb) (Peng et al., 2014); 同样依C值而言, 通过查阅植物DNA-C值数据库(Leitch et al., 2019), 其收录的649种菊科植物中C值最大为26.15 pg (Senecio pendulus), 最小为0.45 pg (Erigeron canadensis)。或许, 菊科植物如此大的基因组和C值差异正是其在全球范围内各类生境尺度上广泛分布的原因(解梦等, 2018)。本研究采用流式细胞术预估的黄缨菊基因组相对大小和C值均隶属于菊科植物的基因组特征范畴。
基因组Survey是评估物种基因组大小及其特征的有效手段(赵蕊蕊, 2023)。本研究基于BGI T7平台对黄缨菊基因组完成了双末端测序并进行质量评估与比对, 发现基因组测序质量良好且无外源污染, GC含量为38.5%。同时, K-mer分析显示黄缨菊为二倍体, 基因组大小为2 198.50 Mb, 杂合度为0.69%, 重复序列占比为80.15%。通常情况下, 真核生物基因组的GC含量变化范围为30%-50%。有研究表明, 一方面GC含量越高, 基因密度越大, 抵抗高温和碱性等逆境条件的能力越强; 另一方面GC含量的多种变换还可能在基因表达调控和基因突变时发挥重要作用(周慧琦, 2014)。从目前已公布菊科植物基因组的GC含量看, 青蒿(Artemisia annua)的GC含量为31.5% (Shen et al., 2018), 刺苞菜蓟为32% (Scaglione et al., 2016), 菊苣(Cichorium intybus)为36% (费星宇等, 2022), 长裂太行菊为36.63% (王祎玲等, 2022), 黄缨菊的GC含量高达38.5%, 我们认为这可能与黄缨菊具有较强的抵御干旱、高温和强辐射等逆境条件有关。此外, 研究还表明, 菊科植物种内存在严重的自交不亲和现象, 使得菊科植物基因组的杂合度较高(杨永恒等, 2023)。同样, 黄缨菊的细胞学和形态学证据也表明其为二倍体, 染色体基数为9, 小花两性, 异花授粉, 隶属于菊科植物特征范畴。高比例的重复序列是菊科植物较大基因组的共有特征(Garcia et al., 2014), 如菊花脑(Chrysanthemum indicum)的重复序列占比为69.58% (Zhang et al., 2023)、薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)为75.98% (Liu et al., 2020)、太行菊(O. taihangensis)为84.35% (王祎玲等, 2022)。本研究表明, 黄缨菊具有较高的杂合度(0.69%)和较大的重复序列占比(80.15%), 进一步验证了先前研究结果(Garcia et al., 2014; 杨永恒等, 2023)的正确性和合理性; 此外, 较多的重复序列也与基于黄缨菊转录组数据证实其具有丰富的SSR位点的结论相吻合(郑长远, 2023)。然而, 黄缨菊基因组的高杂合度和重复序列比例可能对其基因组测序、组装和注释产生影响(高胜寒等, 2018)。
通过对黄缨菊测序数据进行组装以及对基因组中LTR-RTs的鉴定, 发现其中Copia家族数量最多, 表现出较高的活性; 而Gypsy家族和Unknown次之。LTR可自主通过以RNA为中间体的逆转录在植物基因组中移动并通过DNA甲基化等作用改变基因活性, 从而促进基因组分化和进化, 对基因组的大小和结构造成较大影响(Amy Lyu et al., 2023)。本研究鉴定到的LTR-RTs在黄缨菊基因组中丰度相当高, 该现象与向日葵(Natali et al., 2013)和星香菊(McEvoy et al., 2024)等菊科植物基因组以及其它植物类群(Qiu and Ungerer, 2018)的鉴定结果相一致; 但不同的是, 黄缨菊Gypsy和Copia占全基因组的比例普遍小于菊科其它物种, 该现象对基因表达过程是否产生影响还需通过更精确的组装、注释及比较基因组分析后进一步阐释。黄缨菊基因组中LTR-RTs的插入始于大约3 Mya, 且在近期呈现大量扩增。同样, 同属于管状花亚科的薇甘菊基因组中, 约80%的LTR-RTs在1 Mya内产生大量爆发, 有研究表明该现象与其基因组具有复杂的古多倍体历史有关(Liu et al., 2020)。
综上, 本研究基于流式细胞术和基因组Survey分析了黄缨菊的基因组大小及特征, 丰富了菊科菜蓟族的基因组信息库, 也为黄缨菊高质量基因组遗传图谱构建和关键功能基因挖掘提供了基础数据。后续可采用二代与三代相结合并辅以Hi-C技术和转录组数据进行黄缨菊全基因组的de novo测序、组装和注释, 通过比较基因组学研究更加深入全面地揭示黄缨菊基因组的动态演化历史。
靳佳瑞: 样品采集、数据处理分析和初稿撰写; 刘玉萍、苏旭和刘涛: 实验设计、资金支持、技术指导和论文修改; 余明君和杨倩: 协助完成实验; 曲荣举和张朋辉: 参与文章讨论; 才让扎西、南措加和周乐怡: 协助野外采样。
  • 青海理工大学(筹)“昆仑英才”人才引进科研项目(2023-QLGKLYCZX-012)
  • 青海省重大科技专项(2023-SF-A5)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32360305)
  • 2023年中央林业草原生态保护恢复资金野生动植物保护项目(QHSY-2023-016)
  • 青海省省财政林业改革发展资金林草新技术推广项目(QSCZ-2023-001)
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2025年第60卷第6期
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文章信息
doi: 10.11983/CBB24161
  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-23
  • 录用日期:2025-01-20
基金
青海理工大学(筹)“昆仑英才”人才引进科研项目(2023-QLGKLYCZX-012)
青海省重大科技专项(2023-SF-A5)
国家自然科学基金(32360305)
2023年中央林业草原生态保护恢复资金野生动植物保护项目(QHSY-2023-016)
青海省省财政林业改革发展资金林草新技术推广项目(QSCZ-2023-001)
作者信息
    1 青海师范大学生命科学学院, 西宁 810008
    2 青海师范大学青海省青藏高原生物多样性形成机制与综合利用重点实验室, 西宁 810008
    3 青海师范大学高原科学与可持续发展研究院, 西宁 810016
    4 青海理工学院生态与环境科学学院, 西宁 810016

通讯作者:

* 苏旭, 博士后, 教授, 博士生导师, 青海师范大学生命科学学院副院长, 青海省青藏高原生物多样性形成机制与综合利用重点实验室主任, 教育部基础教育教学指导委员会委员; 青海青年五四奖章获得者, 青海省“昆仑英才·高端创新创业人才”项目培养领军人才, 首届青海省高教领域“昆仑英才·教学名师”, 青海省自然科学与工程技术学科带头人, 青海省高等院校“135高层次人才培养工程”拔尖学科带头人, 青海省省级骨干教师。长期从事高山植物系统发育、物种形成及适应进化机制等研究。主持国家自然科学基金3项; 科技基础项目2项以及省部级科研项目10余项。在国内外学术期刊上发表论文70余篇; 编写学术专著5部。授权发明专利5件; 获青海省自然科学三等奖和第二届青海省科学成果创新驱动奖各1项。E-mail: ;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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