Article(id=1321785455687877626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321785454333121105, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24038, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24038, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709913600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1720886400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-14, onlineDate=1793067810221, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793067810221, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793067810221, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793067810221, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321785454333121105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736438400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793067809899, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793068026855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321786364417397082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321785454333121105, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321786364417397083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321785454333121105, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=17, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321785455880815611, articleId=1321785455687877626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=OsWAK16 Regulates Seed Anti-aging Ability by Modulating Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Rice, columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION: The cell wall-associated kinase (WAK) family has annotated approximately 130 WAK genes in the genome of rice (Oryza sativa), which play an important role in rice growth and development and stress responses.
RATIONALE: Here, we investigated the regulation and physiological mechanism of OsWAK16, an encoding gene of the cell wall-associated kinase WAK16-RLK, on rice seed vigor and anti-aging ability.
RESULTS: The results showed that before and after artificial aging, the seed vigor of OsWAK16 knock out mutants and overexpression lines was significantly lower and higher than that of wild-type seeds, respectively, indicating that OsWAK16 positively regulates the anti-aging ability of seeds. Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that compared with wild-type seeds before and after artificial aging treatment, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrical conductivity (EC) of seed soaking solution of OsWAK16 knock out mutant seeds were significantly increased, while antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly decreased. The reverse was true in overexpression seeds. In addition, the differential expression of OsWAK16 in three types of seeds, whether artificially aged or not, also caused synergistic changes in the expression of other seed vigor-related genes OsPER1A, OsbZIP23, OsPIMT1, OsSdr4, OsMSRB5 and OsHSP18.2.
CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is speculated that OsWAK16 may work synergistically with other seed vigor-related genes to clear reactive oxygen species in cells, thereby regulating seed vigor and anti-aging capacity.

, authors=Jianhong Tian1, Yan Liu1, Mengqi Yin1, Jing Wang1, Ting Chen1, Yan Wang1, Xiaocheng Jiang1, 2, *, authorsList=Jianhong Tian, Yan Liu, Mengqi Yin, Jing Wang, Ting Chen, Yan Wang, Xiaocheng Jiang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaocheng Jiang, authorNote=

†These authors contributed equally to this paper

, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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细胞壁相关蛋白激酶(WAK)家族成员在水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组中已注释了大约130个WAK基因, 它们在水稻生长发育和应激响应中发挥重要作用。该文探讨了水稻WAK16-RLK的编码基因OsWAK16对水稻种子活力和抗老化能力的调控作用及其生理机制。结果表明, OsWAK16敲除突变体的种子活力在种子未老化和人工老化12天时均显著低于野生型种子, 过表达种子的活力则显著高于野生型种子, 说明OsWAK16正调控种子活力和抗老化能力。同时, 相比野生型种子, 未老化和人工老化12天的OsWAK16敲除突变体种子中丙二醛含量以及种子浸泡液电导率显著增加, 抗氧化酶活性则显著下降; 过表达种子中的变化则相反。此外, 野生型、OsWAK16突变和过表达种子在人工老化处理后, OsWAK16的差异表达也引起OsPER1A、OsbZIP23、OsPIMT1、OsSdr4、OsMSRB5和OsHSP18.2等种子活力相关基因表达的协同变化。因此, 推测OsWAK16可能与其它种子活力相关基因协同作用, 行使清除细胞中活性氧的功能, 从而调控种子活力和抗老化能力。

, authors=田建红1, †, 刘燕1, †, 尹梦琪1, 王静1, 陈婷1, 汪燕1, 姜孝成1, 2, *, authorsList=田建红, 刘燕, 尹梦琪, 王静, 陈婷, 汪燕, 姜孝成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜孝成, authorNote=

†共同第一作者

, correspAuthorsNote=
* 姜孝成, 博士, 湖南师范大学二级教授, 博士生导师。主要从事水稻种子活力调控及其分子机制研究, 主持和承担国家自然科学基金、国家科技部基础条件平台建设、湖南省自然科学基金等科研项目。以第一作者或通讯作者身份在Journal of Integrative Plant Biology、BMC Plant Biology等权威期刊上发表论文60余篇。兼任中国植物学会种子科学与技术专业委员会委员, 湖南省植物学会常务理事, 湖南省植物生理与分子生物学学会常务理事, 《生命科学研究》编辑委员会委员。担任Plant Biotechnology Journal、BMC Plant Biology、Molecular Breeding等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:
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Overexpression of Nelumbo nucifera metallothioneins 2a and 3 enhances seed germination vigor in Arabidopsis. Planta 235, 523-537., articleTitle=Overexpression of Nelumbo nucifera metallothioneins 2a and 3 enhances seed germination vigor in Arabidopsis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321785465468993614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, awardId=32072125, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32072125), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321785467150909519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, awardId=20134486, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省发育生物学工程与新产品协同创新中心(20134486), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321785459345309706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321785459370475531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, companyId=1321785459345309706, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321785459383058444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, companyId=1321785459345309706, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1湖南师范大学生命科学学院, 长沙 410081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321785459450167309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321785459458555918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, companyId=1321785459450167309, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, Changsha 410081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321785459466944527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, companyId=1321785459450167309, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2作物不育资源创新与利用湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321785464055513150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Bioinformatics analysis of OsWAK16

(A) OsWAK16 gene structure; (B) OsWAK16 protein structure; (C) Phylogenetic tree of OsWAK16 and its homologous genes from Oryza sativa (OsWAK16 is highlighted in blue).

, figureFileSmall=yUvaNFEPV5QTcukomsB+TA==, figureFileBig=giGX0Dg14W83mXQKAUoSdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464147787839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=图1, caption=OsWAK16的生物信息学分析

(A) OsWAK16基因结构; (B) OsWAK16蛋白结构; (C) OsWAK16与水稻其它WAK同源基因序列构建的系统进化树(蓝色字体为OsWAK16)。

, figureFileSmall=yUvaNFEPV5QTcukomsB+TA==, figureFileBig=giGX0Dg14W83mXQKAUoSdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464319754304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Expression patterns of OsWAK16 in different tissues and seeds of rice with different vigor

(A) Expression level of OsWAK16 in different tissues of Kasalath (WT); (B) Analysis of OsWAK16 promoter-driven GUS expression (a: Seedling; b: Root; c: Leaf; d: Spikelet; e: Seed); (C) Germination rate of WT seeds at different time of artificial aging; (D) Expression of OsWAK16 in WT seeds at different time of artificial aging. (B) Bars in a-d=1 cm; bar in e=0.1 cm. Data represent means±SD (n=3). Significant differences between root and other tissues (A), and significant differences between unaged seeds and seeds artificially aged for different days (C, D) were determined using Student’s t-test (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=PP547LNM19SThM1hxk2Ibw==, figureFileBig=h/Avb0xoDjKq/jNKGB27QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464395251777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=图2, caption=OsWAK16在水稻不同组织及不同活力种子中的表达模式

(A) OsWAK16在Kasalath (WT)不同组织中的表达水平; (B) OsWAK16启动子驱动的GUS表达分析(a: 幼苗; b: 根; c: 叶; d: 穗; e: 种子); (C) 老化处理不同时间WT种子的萌发率; (D) 老化处理不同时间WT种子中OsWAK16的表达水平。(B) Bars in a-d=1 cm; bar in e=0.1 cm。数值为平均值±标准差(n=3)。根与其它组织之间的差异显著性(A)以及未老化种子与老化不同天数种子之间的差异显著性(C, D)用Student’s t-test计算(* P<0.05, ** P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=PP547LNM19SThM1hxk2Ibw==, figureFileBig=h/Avb0xoDjKq/jNKGB27QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464470749250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Construction of transgenic rice lines of OsWAK16

(A) Target sites (target site 1 and target site 2) selected by CRISPR/Cas9 and changes of the nucleotide sequences as well as the corresponding amino acid sequences of mutants oswak16-1 and oswak16-2; (B) Relative expression levels of OsWAK16 in leaves of wild type (WT) and overexpression lines OE-1, OE-2, and OE-3, data represent means±SD (n=3), significant differences between WT and overexpression lines were determined using Student’s t-test (** P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=yIxQxmlHH92nl8AO1R8mNA==, figureFileBig=8CPUCAxrOOfilaAgY5qCwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464525275203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=图3, caption=OsWAK16转基因水稻株系的构建

(A) CRISPR/Cas9的OsWAK16靶位点(靶位点1和靶位点2)及突变体oswak16-1和oswak16-2的碱基序列和对应的氨基酸序列变化; (B) 野生型(WT)和OsWAK16过表达株系OE-1、OE-2和OE-3叶片中OsWAK16的相对表达量, 数值为平均值±标准差(n=3), WT与过表达株系间的差异显著性用Student’s t-test计算(** P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=yIxQxmlHH92nl8AO1R8mNA==, figureFileBig=8CPUCAxrOOfilaAgY5qCwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464600772676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Seed germination phenotypes and the related indexes of rice Kasalath (WT), oswak16 mutants and OsWAK16 overexpression lines

(A) Germination phenotypes of unaged seeds and seeds with 12 days of artificial aging (bar=1 cm); (B) Seedling shoot length; (C) Seedling root length; (D) Germination rate; (E) Germination potential; (F) Germination index; (G) The relative expression level of OsWAK16. Data represent means±SD (n=3), significant differences between WT and other genotypes were determined using Student’s t-test (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=+Jd6cZujuuoHh1WkCZG6jg==, figureFileBig=oGzb5FegDO+gwth7CnYbHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464663687237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Kasalath (WT)、oswak16突变体和OsWAK16过表达株系种子的萌发表型及其相关活力指标

(A) 未老化和人工老化12天种子的萌发表型(bar=1 cm); (B) 幼苗芽长; (C) 幼苗根长; (D) 萌发率; (E) 萌发势; (F) 萌发指数; (G) OsWAK16相对表达量。数值为平均值±标准差(n=3), WT与其它基因型之间的差异显著性用Student’s t-test计算(* P<0.05, ** P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=+Jd6cZujuuoHh1WkCZG6jg==, figureFileBig=oGzb5FegDO+gwth7CnYbHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464743379014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparison of malondialdehyde (MDA) content (A) and relative conductivity (EC) (B) of seeds of Kasalath (WT), oswak16 mutants and OsWAK16 overexpression lines before and after artificial aging

Data represent means±SD (n=3); significant differences between WT and other genotypes were determined using Student’s t-test (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=SLCEJ6AZOHaRJNDpQ8u2zg==, figureFileBig=INlZDz8/oUF7w76vWtqN5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464814682183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Kasalath (WT)、oswak16突变体和OsWAK16过表达株系种子老化处理前后丙二醛(MDA)含量(A)和种子浸泡液的相对电导率(EC) (B)比较

数值为平均值±标准差(n=3), WT与其它基因型之间的差异显著性用Student’s t-test计算(* P<0.05, ** P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=SLCEJ6AZOHaRJNDpQ8u2zg==, figureFileBig=INlZDz8/oUF7w76vWtqN5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464902762568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Comparison of antioxidase activities and H2O2 and O2-. contents in seeds before and after artificial aging of Kasalath (WT), oswak16 mutants and OsWAK16 overexpression lines

(A) Superoxide dismutase (SOD); (B) Peroxidase (POD); (C) Catalase (CAT); (D) O2-. ; (E) H2O2. Data represent means±SD (n=3); significant differences between WT and other genotypes were determined using Student’s t-test (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=V1R9xVOkKvv/b9y+JYIdeg==, figureFileBig=gKEwaCRifjd0pPR/wkUp9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785464986648649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Kasalath (WT)、oswak16突变体和OsWAK16过表达株系种子人工老化前后抗氧化酶活性以及H2O2和O2-.含量比较

(A) 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD); (B) 过氧化物酶(POD); (C) 过氧化氢酶(CAT); (D) O2-. ; (E) H2O2。数值为平均值±标准差(n=3), WT与其它基因型之间的差异显著性用Student’s t-test计算(* P<0.05, ** P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=V1R9xVOkKvv/b9y+JYIdeg==, figureFileBig=gKEwaCRifjd0pPR/wkUp9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785465070534730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Analysis of seed vigor-related genes expression in seeds before and after artificial aging of Kasalath (WT), oswak16 mutants and OsWAK16 overexpression lines

(A) OsPER1A; (B) OsbZIP23; (C) OsPIMT1; (D) OsSdr4; (E) OsMSRB5; (F) OsHSP18.2. Data represent means±SD (n=3), significant differences between WT and other genotypes were determined using Student’s t-test (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01).

, figureFileSmall=KeBtgOi16I4CXCICBw7QLA==, figureFileBig=FQwwpn6Vhrd4g4JfkiTpng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785465150226507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Kasalath (WT)、oswak16突变体和OsWAK16过表达株系种子中种子活力相关基因表达量分析

(A) OsPER1A; (B) OsbZIP23; (C) OsPIMT1; (D) OsSdr4; (E) OsMSRB5; (F) OsHSP18.2。数值为平均值±标准差(n=3), WT与其它基因型之间的差异显著性用Student’s t-test计算(* P<0.05, ** P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=KeBtgOi16I4CXCICBw7QLA==, figureFileBig=FQwwpn6Vhrd4g4JfkiTpng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321785465259278412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primers used in the experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Sequence (5′-3′) Purpose
gRT1 CCGTTACAAGGCCCTTCTGT CRISPR/Cas9 vector construction
OsU6aT1 ACAGAAGGGCCTTGTAACGGC
gRT2 ATTACAACTGGTATTAGTTG
OsU6bT2 CAACTAATACCAGTTGTAATC
PB-L GCGCGCGGTCTCGCTCGACTAGTATGG
PB-R GCGCGCGGTCTCTACCGACGCGTATCC
OsWAK16-cas9-F1 GCCAGGTACTGATACCTAC
OsWAK16-cas9-R1 CTCAAGAAAAGATCAGTCGC
OsWAK16-cas9-F2 TTTACATGCACTAGTTGCCC
OsWAK16-cas9-R2 GCGCTTTCATCTGAGATTAG
OsWAK16-pHB-F ATGAGGTCGAGCTTTGTGGC Overexpression vector construction
OsWAK16-pHB-R CTAGCGTGGCAAACTGACTGAG
OsWAK16-1301-F CCAATGAGTACATTTCTGCTATAGACAG GUS vector construction
OsWAK16-1301-R CTTTGCGCCAGCCGAGAC
OsActin1-F CAATGTGCCAGCTATGTATGTCGCC Quantitative internal control
OsActin1-R TTCCCGTTCAGCAGTGGTAGTGAAG
qRT-OsWAK16-F GATGGCAACTTTACTACAA OsWAK16 expression analysis
qRT-OsWAK16-R TGTGATAATACTCTGGGTC
OsPER1A-F GACCCGGACGAGAAGGATTC Gene expression analysis
OsPER1A-R ACCACCTCATCCATGTTCCG
OsbZIP23-F CTGGGAAATGGGCTGGTCT
OsbZIP23-R CCATCTTGCCGAAGCCATT
OsPIMT1-F CACCGACTGTGGTCAAGC
OsPIMT1-R AGCACCAGGAGGCACAAA
OsSdr4-F AAGACGGCGGAGGAGGTGGA
OsSdr4-R CATGGACGGATGACCACTTGC
OsMSRB5-F GCCATAAACCGAACACCG
OsMSRB5-R GCTCATCAGTAGGCGTCTTG
OsHSP18.2-F GCTCAAGTCCTCCGACATCAAG
OsHSP18.2-R TCCGCAGGTACTTGCACGAC
), ArticleFig(id=1321785465351553101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321785455687877626, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Sequence (5′-3′) Purpose
gRT1 CCGTTACAAGGCCCTTCTGT CRISPR/Cas9 vector construction
OsU6aT1 ACAGAAGGGCCTTGTAACGGC
gRT2 ATTACAACTGGTATTAGTTG
OsU6bT2 CAACTAATACCAGTTGTAATC
PB-L GCGCGCGGTCTCGCTCGACTAGTATGG
PB-R GCGCGCGGTCTCTACCGACGCGTATCC
OsWAK16-cas9-F1 GCCAGGTACTGATACCTAC
OsWAK16-cas9-R1 CTCAAGAAAAGATCAGTCGC
OsWAK16-cas9-F2 TTTACATGCACTAGTTGCCC
OsWAK16-cas9-R2 GCGCTTTCATCTGAGATTAG
OsWAK16-pHB-F ATGAGGTCGAGCTTTGTGGC Overexpression vector construction
OsWAK16-pHB-R CTAGCGTGGCAAACTGACTGAG
OsWAK16-1301-F CCAATGAGTACATTTCTGCTATAGACAG GUS vector construction
OsWAK16-1301-R CTTTGCGCCAGCCGAGAC
OsActin1-F CAATGTGCCAGCTATGTATGTCGCC Quantitative internal control
OsActin1-R TTCCCGTTCAGCAGTGGTAGTGAAG
qRT-OsWAK16-F GATGGCAACTTTACTACAA OsWAK16 expression analysis
qRT-OsWAK16-R TGTGATAATACTCTGGGTC
OsPER1A-F GACCCGGACGAGAAGGATTC Gene expression analysis
OsPER1A-R ACCACCTCATCCATGTTCCG
OsbZIP23-F CTGGGAAATGGGCTGGTCT
OsbZIP23-R CCATCTTGCCGAAGCCATT
OsPIMT1-F CACCGACTGTGGTCAAGC
OsPIMT1-R AGCACCAGGAGGCACAAA
OsSdr4-F AAGACGGCGGAGGAGGTGGA
OsSdr4-R CATGGACGGATGACCACTTGC
OsMSRB5-F GCCATAAACCGAACACCG
OsMSRB5-R GCTCATCAGTAGGCGTCTTG
OsHSP18.2-F GCTCAAGTCCTCCGACATCAAG
OsHSP18.2-R TCCGCAGGTACTTGCACGAC
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水稻OsWAK16通过调节抗氧化酶活性调控种子抗老化能力
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田建红 1, † , 刘燕 1, † , 尹梦琪 1 , 王静 1 , 陈婷 1 , 汪燕 1 , 姜孝成 1, 2, *
植物学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(1): 17-32
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植物学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (1) : 17 -32
水稻OsWAK16通过调节抗氧化酶活性调控种子抗老化能力
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田建红1, †, 刘燕1, †, 尹梦琪1, 王静1, 陈婷1, 汪燕1, 姜孝成1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南师范大学生命科学学院, 长沙 410081
  • 2作物不育资源创新与利用湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410081
通讯作者:
* 姜孝成, 博士, 湖南师范大学二级教授, 博士生导师。主要从事水稻种子活力调控及其分子机制研究, 主持和承担国家自然科学基金、国家科技部基础条件平台建设、湖南省自然科学基金等科研项目。以第一作者或通讯作者身份在Journal of Integrative Plant Biology、BMC Plant Biology等权威期刊上发表论文60余篇。兼任中国植物学会种子科学与技术专业委员会委员, 湖南省植物学会常务理事, 湖南省植物生理与分子生物学学会常务理事, 《生命科学研究》编辑委员会委员。担任Plant Biotechnology Journal、BMC Plant Biology、Molecular Breeding等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:
作者简介:

†共同第一作者

OsWAK16 Regulates Seed Anti-aging Ability by Modulating Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Rice
Jianhong Tian1, Yan Liu1, Mengqi Yin1, Jing Wang1, Ting Chen1, Yan Wang1, Xiaocheng Jiang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
  • 2Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, Changsha 410081, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24038
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细胞壁相关蛋白激酶(WAK)家族成员在水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组中已注释了大约130个WAK基因, 它们在水稻生长发育和应激响应中发挥重要作用。该文探讨了水稻WAK16-RLK的编码基因OsWAK16对水稻种子活力和抗老化能力的调控作用及其生理机制。结果表明, OsWAK16敲除突变体的种子活力在种子未老化和人工老化12天时均显著低于野生型种子, 过表达种子的活力则显著高于野生型种子, 说明OsWAK16正调控种子活力和抗老化能力。同时, 相比野生型种子, 未老化和人工老化12天的OsWAK16敲除突变体种子中丙二醛含量以及种子浸泡液电导率显著增加, 抗氧化酶活性则显著下降; 过表达种子中的变化则相反。此外, 野生型、OsWAK16突变和过表达种子在人工老化处理后, OsWAK16的差异表达也引起OsPER1A、OsbZIP23、OsPIMT1、OsSdr4、OsMSRB5和OsHSP18.2等种子活力相关基因表达的协同变化。因此, 推测OsWAK16可能与其它种子活力相关基因协同作用, 行使清除细胞中活性氧的功能, 从而调控种子活力和抗老化能力。

OsWAK16  /  种子活力  /  人工老化  /  丙二醛  /  抗氧化酶

INTRODUCTION: The cell wall-associated kinase (WAK) family has annotated approximately 130 WAK genes in the genome of rice (Oryza sativa), which play an important role in rice growth and development and stress responses.
RATIONALE: Here, we investigated the regulation and physiological mechanism of OsWAK16, an encoding gene of the cell wall-associated kinase WAK16-RLK, on rice seed vigor and anti-aging ability.
RESULTS: The results showed that before and after artificial aging, the seed vigor of OsWAK16 knock out mutants and overexpression lines was significantly lower and higher than that of wild-type seeds, respectively, indicating that OsWAK16 positively regulates the anti-aging ability of seeds. Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that compared with wild-type seeds before and after artificial aging treatment, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrical conductivity (EC) of seed soaking solution of OsWAK16 knock out mutant seeds were significantly increased, while antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly decreased. The reverse was true in overexpression seeds. In addition, the differential expression of OsWAK16 in three types of seeds, whether artificially aged or not, also caused synergistic changes in the expression of other seed vigor-related genes OsPER1A, OsbZIP23, OsPIMT1, OsSdr4, OsMSRB5 and OsHSP18.2.
CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is speculated that OsWAK16 may work synergistically with other seed vigor-related genes to clear reactive oxygen species in cells, thereby regulating seed vigor and anti-aging capacity.

OsWAK16  /  seed vigor  /  artificial aging  /  malondialdehyde  /  antioxidant enzyme
田建红, 刘燕, 尹梦琪, 王静, 陈婷, 汪燕, 姜孝成. 水稻OsWAK16通过调节抗氧化酶活性调控种子抗老化能力. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (1) : 17 -32 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24038
Jianhong Tian, Yan Liu, Mengqi Yin, Jing Wang, Ting Chen, Yan Wang, Xiaocheng Jiang. OsWAK16 Regulates Seed Anti-aging Ability by Modulating Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Rice[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (1) : 17 -32 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24038
水稻(Oryza sativa)是全球最重要的农作物之一, 世界一半以上人口以稻米为主食。确保水稻稳产对于我国粮食安全至关重要(Chen et al., 2022)。种子活力是衡量种子质量的重要生理指标之一。高活力种子发芽整齐迅速, 幼苗抗逆性强, 植株具有更好的田间生物学性能和更高的产量潜力(Qun et al., 2007; He et al., 2019)。然而, 水稻种子在贮藏过程中容易老化或变质。例如, 在我国南方地区的高温高湿条件下, 室内开放贮藏1年后水稻种子活力通常会降低至初始值的70%以下, 造成种质资源和农业经济价值的重大损失(Chen et al., 2022)。种子活力的丧失, 与种子组分及细胞内生理生化变化密切相关, 如DNA完整性丧失、内源激素变化、有害物质积累和酶活性降低等(Koornneef et al., 2002)。
种子浸泡液的电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)可反映细胞膜结构的完整性(刘娟等, 2016)。EC越高, 表明细胞内电解质渗漏越多, 细胞膜受损越严重, 种子活力越低(曲宗普尺等, 2023)。例如, 棉花(Gossypium spp.)、大豆(Glycine max)和甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)等作物种子浸泡液的EC均随种子老化程度的加深而上升(徐敏等, 2018; 高琴梅等, 2019; 赵硕等, 2019)。在种子老化过程中, 细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的含量增加, 膜脂过氧化反应加剧, 产生的有害物质丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)可进一步破坏蛋白质和核酸等生物大分子的结构, 损害细胞膜结构和功能, 从而降低种子活力(李淑梅等, 2012; 常海文等, 2015)。红松(Pinus koraiensis)、水稻以及辣椒(Capsicum annuum)的种子在人工老化处理过程中, MDA含量逐渐升高, 细胞膜受损程度也愈发严重(李雪峰等, 2005; 王仪春等, 2018; Kim and Han, 2018)。植物的抗氧化酶系统包括过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)等, 能有效清除细胞内产生的ROS, 从而减轻细胞膜因氧化应激造成的损伤(Koornneef et al., 2002)。
细胞壁相关蛋白激酶(cell wall-associated kinases, WAKs)是已知的唯一一种直接连接细胞壁和质膜的受体样蛋白激酶(receptor-like kinases, RLKs) (Yan et al., 2023), 可使植物能够感知细胞壁结构的变化, 并迅速启动细胞内信号转导过程和防御反应(Shiu and Bleecker, 2001)。WAKs不仅调控植物细胞伸长(de Oliveira et al., 2014), 也参与对外界病原体、损伤、铝毒和其它胁迫的应激反应(He et al., 1996; Wagner and Kohorn, 2001; Han et al., 2023)。截至目前, 已发现拟南芥中存在27个WAKs成员, 在拟南芥生长发育过程中发挥重要作用, 涉及细胞伸长、激素信号转导、抗病性及有害金属耐受性等(He et al., 1998; Lally et al., 2001; Han et al., 2003; Osakabe et al., 2005)。
在水稻中已发现130个WAKs基因。根据其编码蛋白的差异可分为5类: 编码同时具有胞外类EGF结构和胞内激酶域的WAK-RLK基因; 编码只有胞内激酶域的WAK-RLCK基因; 编码只具有胞外类EGF结构的WAK-RLP基因; 编码无结构域、少于300个氨基酸残基的WAK短小基因; 以及编码区中包含终止密码子或发生移码的OsWAK假性基因(Osakab et al., 2005)。WAKs蛋白家族对水稻生长发育和抗逆性发挥重要作用。例如, OsWAK1表达下调导致水稻植株矮小, 花粉活性降低(Kanneganti and Gupta, 2011)。OsWAK1、OsWAK14、OsWAK91和OsWAK92正调控水稻稻瘟病抗性, 而OsWAK112d负调控水稻稻瘟病抗性(Delteil et al., 2016; Tripathi et al., 2021)。OsWAK25过表达改变水稻对细菌以及真菌病原体的抗性, 提高抗白叶枯病的能力(Harkenrider et al., 2016)。敲除OsWAK11会降低水稻对Cu2+的耐受性(Xia et al., 2018)。然而, 目前关于WAKs基因调控水稻种子活力和抗老化能力的研究仍较为欠缺。
低温低湿等贮藏条件有利于延长种子寿命, 但这些条件的实现和维护成本较高(杨永青和汪晓峰, 2004)。因此, 发掘种子耐贮藏相关基因, 通过分子设计育种提高水稻种子的耐贮藏性, 对于延缓水稻种子衰老和死亡有重要的应用前景。基于前期研究, 发现OsWAK16在外显子区域发生3个碱基缺失, 导致编码蛋白缺失了1个Arg残基, 引起水稻种子抗老化能力降低。本研究通过创制水稻OsWAK16敲除和过表达转基因株系, 对OsWAK16调控水稻种子抗老化能力的功能进行验证, 发现OsWAK16可能通过调节抗氧化酶活性和ROS含量调控水稻种子活力和抗老化能力。
研究材料为籼稻Kasalath (Oryza sativa subsp. Xian L.)及其OsWAK16敲除和过表达株系的种子。水稻生长条件: 地理位置为112°96°E、28°19°N, 昼夜温度为(30±5)°C/(24±5)°C, 光周期为14小时光照/10小时黑暗, 相对湿度(relative humidity, RH)为85%。
将去休眠的水稻种子先用75%乙醇灭菌3分钟, 再用3%次氯酸钠溶液灭菌15分钟, 然后用ddH2O清洗干净。参照王颖姮等(2023)的方法并略作修改, 进行人工加速老化处理。具体操作: 在干净的玻璃干燥器中加入1.5 L蒸馏水, 在距水面上方3 cm处放置1个多孔瓷板, 选取健康饱满的水稻种子装于小尼龙网袋(7 cm×7 cm)中, 将小尼龙网袋置于瓷板上, 然后将玻璃干燥器加盖密封放入恒温箱中, 在42°C、80% RH条件下进行老化处理至既定天数。种子萌发条件为(30±1)°C、85% RH; 每个材料随机选取50粒健康饱满的种子, 均匀平铺于直径为9 cm培养皿中的滤纸上, 加入5 mL蒸馏水, 萌发处理7天, 期间适量补水以保持滤纸湿润。设3次生物学重复。每天记录种子发芽情况, 以幼苗根长≥种子长度、芽长≥1/2种子长度视为种子萌发。种子萌发率、萌发势及萌发指数依据An等(2022)的方法统计。
从国家水稻数据中心(https://www.ricedata.cn/gene)获得OsWAK16序列; 通过GSGD2.0 (https://gsds.gao-lab.org)在线预测OsWAK16的结构; 通过Expasy (https://web.expasy.org/protparam)推测翻译产物, 并计算理论等电点(isoelectric point, pI)和分子量; 采用TMHMM-2.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0)分析OsWAK16蛋白跨膜结构域; 采用SMART (https://smart.embl.de)分析保守结构域和信号肽; 采用MEGA11比对WAKs蛋白序列, 用邻接法构建系统进化树。
采用qRT-PCR分析目的基因的表达量。使用TransZol Plant试剂盒(全式金, 北京)提取待测样本的总RNA, 使用HiScript® II RT SuperMix for qPCR试剂盒(Vazyme, 南京)进行反转录, 获得cDNA。qRT-PCR在QuantStudio5实时系统(Thermo Fisher, 美国)中按试剂盒说明书操作, 以水稻Actin1作为内参基因。 设3次生物学重复。qRT-PCR引物序列见表1。
基于CRISPR/CAS9技术原理, 使用CRISPR-GE (http://skl.scau.edu.cn)在线工具, 选取位于OsWAK16第1个和第4个外显子上的2个靶位点序列, 设计敲除靶位点引物。第1轮PCR使用引物gRT1和OsU6aT1、gRT2和OsU6bT2; 第2轮PCR使用相应的靶位点特异引物OsWAK16-cas9-F1/R1 (靶位点1)和Os- WAK16-cas9-F2/R2 (靶位点2), 这些引物包含BsaI酶切位点。然后, 采用酶切-连接反应法将sgRNA表达盒与pYLCRISPR/Cas9载体进行连接(Ma et al., 2015)。过表达载体构建选择PstI作为酶切位点, 克隆OsWAK16 cDNA并连接至pHB载体。将重组载体导入EHA105农杆菌, 用于水稻遗传转化。构建重组pYLCRISPR/Cas9载体和PHB载体的引物序列见表1。
以籼稻Kasalath为背景进行水稻遗传转化。按照Tamzil等(2021)的方法并略作修改。将去壳的水稻种子消毒处理后接种到培养皿中的N6D固体培养基上, 用封口膜封口, 25-28°C暗培养, 期间每7天转板1次, 获得愈伤组织。将活化的农杆菌加入含有200 μmol·L-1乙酰丁香酮的AAM (Acetate-Agmatine- Mediated Medium)溶液中, 30°C摇床培养至菌液OD600介于0.1-0.2之间; 挑取生长良好的愈伤组织放
入菌液中, 轻微震荡5-8分钟; 去除菌液, 将愈伤组织放在无菌滤纸上晾10-15分钟, 接种于共培养基上浸润有乙酰丁香酮AAM培养液的无菌滤纸上, 25°C暗培养3天; 随后将愈伤组织置于锥形瓶中, 用灭菌水清洗干净, 加入含400 μg·mL-1羧苄的培养液, 于摇床上180 r·min-1振荡15分钟。将愈伤组织转移至无菌滤纸上晾干, 随后接种到筛选培养基上, 培养15-30天; 将长出的新愈伤组织转接至分化培养基上, 在温度25°C、光照强度为120 μmol·m-2·s-1条件下持续诱导分化。选取长势良好的愈伤组织转接至生根培养基上, 待组培苗的叶片生长至接近瓶盖时, 开盖, 加无菌水保持湿润, 炼苗3天; 将组培苗移栽至室外田间。待幼苗长势稳定后, 剪取叶片提取RNA, 进行转基因植株阳性鉴定。日常管理同大田常规栽培管理, 收获种子用于后续实验。
GUS染色方法依据Zhang等(2011)的方法并略做修改。以OsWAK16起始密码子上游2 kb DNA序列设计包含酶切位点NcoI和HindIII的引物OsWAK16-1301- F/R (表1), 扩增OsWAK16基因的启动子序列, 将其连接至pCAMBIA1301载体。按照1.2.5节的方法获得转基因组培苗。剪取叶片进行GUS染色(将叶片置于GUS染液中, 在37°C培养箱中暗处理12小时, 用75%乙醇脱色后, 在体视显微镜下观察), 筛选阳性植株。日常管理同大田常规栽培管理。收获种子, 取萌发后的种子以及花期的根、茎、叶、节、花和穗等不同部位进行GUS染色。
MDA含量测定采用Zhang等(2020)的硫代巴比妥酸显色法。SOD、CAT和POD活性测定采用Yadav和Parihar (2013)的方法。H2O2和O2-.含量测定使用试剂盒(Solarbio, 北京), 具体操作见说明书。上述测定均设3次生物学重复。
相对电导率测定按照Kumari等(2015)的方法并稍作修改。选取待测水稻样本10颗健康饱满的种子, 去壳后放入干净的试管中, 加入10 mL去离子水, 摇匀后测得浸泡液的初始电导率a1; 然后将试管放置于25°C恒温培养箱中8小时, 测得电导率a2; 再将试管放入100°C沸水中煮沸30分钟, 取出后冷却至室温, 补充水分至10 mL, 测得电导率a3。设3次生物学重复。
种子浸泡液的相对电导率(%)=(a2-a1)×100/ (a3-a1)。
使用Excel软件进行数据分析; 利用2-ΔΔCt法计算OsWAK16及种子活力相关基因的相对表达量(Livak and Schmittgen, 2001); 使用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2绘图; 采用t测验进行差异显著性分析(* P<0.05, ** P<0.01)。
OsWAK16位于水稻第2号染色体, 含有4个外显子和3个内含子, 全长3 202 bp (图1A)。其中, 开放阅读框长2 760 bp, 编码一个920 aa的亲水性蛋白质, 相对分子质量102.75 kDa, 理论pI为5.83。通过TMHMM- 2.0预测, 发现OsWAK16属于跨膜蛋白, 具有2个跨膜结构域, 分别位于Phe5-Ala27和Gly515-Ala537处; 胞外区域有2个典型的类表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor-like, EGF-like)重复序列, 分别位于Ala424-Glu463和Glu467-Val504处, 并含有保守的Cys (图1B) (Li et al., 2009)。此外, 在C端有多个Ser/Thr激酶特有的催化位点, N端Met1-Ala19为一段预测的信号肽。这些结构特征表明OsWAK16是一个EGF- like受体激酶。
选取通过NCBI本地BLAST查询得分最高的14个OsWAK16 CDS同源基因序列构建系统进化树。结果显示, OsWAK16 (LOC Os02g42190.1)与OsWAK15 (LOC Os02g42160.1)同源性较高, 亲缘关系最近(图1C), 提示两者可能存在功能冗余。
采用qRT-PCR分析水稻Kasalath野生型(wild type, WT)种子的胚以及开花期的根、茎、叶、节、穗和花中OsWAK16的表达, 结果表明OsWAK16在水稻营养器官和生殖器官组织中均表达(图2A)。其中, 在营养器官叶中表达量最高, 根部次之; 在生殖器官穗中表达量最高, 其次为胚中。GUS染色进一步验证发现, OsWAK16在种子萌发早期的幼叶和根中(图2B-a), 及花期的根、叶和穗中均有强烈的GUS活性(图2B-b, c, d)。在成熟种子的胚中也有GUS活性, 而在胚乳中未有(图2B-e)。
此外, 人工加速老化处理不同天数(0、4、8、12、16和20天)的Kasalath (WT)种子的萌发率和OsWAK16的相对表达量显示, WT种子活力与OsWAK16的表达趋势相同, 均出现下降(图2C, D), 表明OsWAK16的表达量与种子活力之间呈正相关。
为探究水稻种子老化过程中OsWAK16的生物学功能及其作用机制, 我们分别创制了OsWAK16敲除突变体oswak16-1、oswak16-2 (图3A)及过表达株系OE-1、OE-2和OE-3 (图3B)。
种子萌发实验和OsWAK16表达量的qRT-PCR分析结果表明, OE-1和OE-2种子无论老化与否, 种子萌发后幼苗的芽长和根长与WT相比无明显差异; 而oswak16-1和oswak16-2株系老化12天的种子萌发后幼苗的芽长分别为WT的57.9%和44.4%, 根长分别为WT的65.5%和61.0%, 且差异显著(图4A-C); 两个突变体株系未老化种子的萌发指标(萌发率、萌发势和萌发指数)和OsWAK16表达量均显著低于WT; 种子人工老化12天后差异更显著; 而OE-1和OE-2株系种子在老化前后的这些生理指标与WT基本持平, 或显著高于WT (图4D-G)。该结果表明, OsWAK16突变影响水稻种子活力, 一方面未老化处理的oswak16-2种子萌发率为86.7%, 显著低于WT (种子萌发率为97.8%), 而OE-2种子萌发率(99.0%)与WT差异不显著; 另一方面, 老化12天的WT、oswak16-2和OE-2种子萌发率分别比老化处理前下降了15.6%、34.5%和7.0%, 表明OsWAK16突变加剧了水稻种子抗老化能力的下降。因此, OsWAK16在水稻种子抗老化胁迫中发挥重要作用, 其过表达可以维持或提高种子活力和抗老化能力, 表达量下降则降低种子活力和抗老化能力。
氧化应激是种子老化变质的重要诱因(Gao et al., 2016)。丙二醛是膜脂过氧化的标志性产物, 可反映生物膜的受损伤程度(McDonald, 1999)。与未老化种子相比, 在人工老化处理12天后, WT、OsWAK16敲除突变体oswak16-1和oswak16-2以及过表达株系OE-1和OE-2种子的MDA含量和EC均呈上升趋势, 这表明老化过程中种子的细胞膜结构受到损伤; 但过表达株系种子的MDA含量和EC在老化前后均低于或显著低于WT, 突变体种子的MDA含量和EC则显著或极显著高于WT (图5A, B), 表明OsWAK16突变导致水稻种子的细胞膜完整性在老化过程中容易受损, 使种子活力和抗老化能力下降。
植物种子中一系列抗氧化酶(如SOD、POD和CAT)可清除H2O2和O2-.等ROS, 以减轻细胞的氧化应激伤害, 使细胞维持正常的氧化还原稳态(Xu et al., 2014)。对抗氧化酶和ROS的测定结果显示, 在老化处理前后, oswak16-1和oswak16-2种子的SOD、POD和CAT活性皆极显著低于WT, 而OE-1和OE-2种子的SOD、POD和CAT活性与WT无明显差异或显著高于WT (图6A-C)。人工老化前后, oswak16-1和oswak16-2种子中H2O2和O2-.含量皆显著高于WT; 而OE1和OE2种子中H2O2和O2-.含量显著低于或与WT持平(图6D, E)。上述结果表明, OsWAK16突变会降低水稻种子的抗氧化酶活性, 导致对ROS的清除能力减弱; 而过表达种子能维持或增强抗氧化酶活性, 对ROS的清除能力更强。
为探究OsWAK16是否与其它种子活力相关基因存在相互作用, 我们在WT、OsWAK16敲除突变体和过表达株系的种子人工老化处理前后, 同时对6个种子活力相关基因OsPER1A、OsbZIP23、OsPIMT1、OsSdr4、OsMSRB5和OsHSP18.2的表达进行了qRT-PCR分析。已有研究表明, OsPER1A通过参与ABA信号转导和生物合成调控种子活力(Wang et al., 2022); OsbZIP23、OsPIMT1、OsMSRB5和OsHSP18.2可抑制种子中ROS的积累, 保护或维持细胞内蛋白质的稳定, 有助于延长种子活力和寿命(Kaur et al., 2015; Petla et al., 2016; Hazra et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022); OsSdr4是水稻种子休眠和驯化的调节基因(Zhao et al., 2022)。本研究表明, 与未经老化处理的种子相比, 老化处理12天的种子中5个基因(OsPER1A、OsbZIP23、OsPIMT1、OsSdr4和OsMSRB5)的表达量变化(图7A-E)均类似于OsWAK16的变化模式(图2D), 即所有种子老化处理后这5个基因的表达量较老化处理前均下降, 且无论老化前后, 突变体种子中这些基因的表达量均显著低于WT, 过表达种子中表达量则高于或与WT持平。而OsHSP18.2在种子老化后的变化模式与上述基因有明显区别, 即与未经老化处理的种子相比, WT和OsWAK16敲除突变体种子中OsHSP18.2的表达量明显上调, 过表达种子中表达量下调, 但无论老化前后, 均为OsWAK16突变体种子中OsHSP18.2的表达量显著低于WT, 过表达种子中OsHSP18.2的表达量高于WT (图7F)。上述结果表明, OsWAK16可能与这些基因协同调控种子活力或抗老化能力。
水稻种子在贮藏过程中, 内部生理代谢紊乱和细胞膜结构的损伤导致种子活力下降, 称为种子劣变或老化(Huang et al., 2014)。种子非正常采收、机械损伤或贮藏条件不宜等皆可能引发种子的生理损伤(McDonald, 1999)。如何延缓种子老化一直备受关注。近年来, 挖掘并利用种子抗老化基因资源, 培育耐贮藏、高活力种子, 减少种质资源损失, 已成为种子科学研究的重点(Zhang et al., 2022)。WAKs是一类特殊的类受体蛋白激酶(RLKs)。研究表明, 水稻中130个WAK家族成员在植物生长发育、抵抗病害和非生物胁迫中扮演重要角色(Osakabe et al., 2005)。例如, OsWAK11正调控水稻响应铝和铜胁迫(Hu et al., 2014); 过表达OsWAK124使水稻对盐、重金属和水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)的抗性增强(Yin and Hou, 2017); 过表达OsWAK1增强了水稻对稻瘟病的抗性(Gao et al., 2016)。本研究表明, OsWAK16过表达水稻株系种子抗老化能力明显提高, 而OsWAK16敲除突变体株系种子活力下降(图2)。研究结果为调控种子活力提供了新思路和理论依据, 有助于通过分子设计育种培育种子耐贮藏的水稻新品种。
种子活力是一个综合性状, 包括种子萌发、出苗和生长, 以及种子的贮藏性和抗逆性等, 直接关系到农作物的健康生长和产量(Zhao et al., 2021)。本研究表明, OsWAK16敲除突变体株系的种子萌发率、萌发势以及萌发指数在老化前后均显著低于WT, 而OsWAK16过表达则无明显变化(图2)。种子在储存过程中经常面临各种胁迫, 抗氧化能力不断下降, ROS代谢失调, 严重损害重要蛋白的功能, 从而降低种子活力和寿命(Sattler et al., 2004)。一方面, MDA是ROS引起膜脂过氧化作用的标志性产物, 可反映生物膜的受损程度(Sun et al., 2007); 另一方面, 种子浸泡液的EC变化也可以反映种子细胞膜的完整性(Osakabe et al., 2005)。在本研究中, OsWAK16敲除突变体种子在人工老化后MDA含量和EC显著高于WT和过表达种子(图3), 表明OsWAK16突变的水稻种子在老化过程中表现出膜脂抗过氧化能力降低, 种子内MDA积累增加, 损害了细胞膜的完整性, 从而导致种子活力下降。为应对种子老化过程中ROS引起的过氧化伤害, 植物进化出多种抗氧化策略, 其中, 抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT等的激活, 对于清除ROS和维持细胞膜完整性发挥关键作用(Goel and Sheoran, 2003; Li et al., 2009; Pérez-Rodríguez et al., 2023)。例如, 香椿(Toona sinensis)种子随贮藏时间的延长MDA含量增加, 种子浸泡液EC升高, SOD、POD和CAT活性升高(张海波等, 2019)。SOD、POD和CAT活性高的油菜(Brassica napus)种子, 其种子活力也明显更高(Ghassemi-Golezani et al., 2009)。相比WT, 过表达NnMT2a和NnMT3的转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)种子人工老化72小时后, SOD活性提高, 种子抗老化能力增强(Zhou et al., 2012)。本研究中, 一方面人工老化前后的OsWAK16过表达种子中SOD、POD和CAT活性显著高于WT或与WT相当, 而oswak16-1和oswak16-2突变体种子的SOD、POD和CAT活性均显著低于WT; 另一方面, 人工老化前后的OsWAK16过表达种子中H2O2和O2-.含量低于WT, 而oswak16-1和oswak16-2突变体种子H2O2和O2-.含量显著高于WT (图6)。表明OsWAK16突变导致抗氧化酶活性降低, 使种子清除ROS的能力下降, 从而降低种子活力。此外, OsPER1A、OsbZIP23、OsPIMT1、OsSdr4、OsMSRB5和OsHSP18.2等种子活力相关基因与OsWAK16在WT、OsWAK16敲除突变体和过表达种子老化前后的表达模式一致或存在相关性(图7), 暗示OsWAK16可能与这些种子活力相关基因相互作用以调控水稻抗老化能力。
细胞壁作为植物细胞的外层结构, 其结构变化是否及如何影响种子活力值得关注。WAKs在细胞壁延伸过程中扮演至关重要的角色(Ma et al., 2024)。WAK-GFP分析表明, WAK与富含果胶的复合物在高尔基体内发生交联, 可影响细胞壁的伸展度, 从而调控细胞伸长(Kohorn et al., 2006)。通过Dex系统诱导产生的WAK激酶结构域的反义WAK RNA会导致WAK蛋白水平下降50%, 引发细胞尺寸变小(Kohorn and Kohorn, 2012)。WAKs不仅通过影响细胞壁的完整性直接影响种子活力, 还通过调控多种激素信号间接影响种子萌发过程(Lim et al., 2013)。此外, 在同源配体elf18的刺激下, EFR (elongation factor receptor)的胞外结构域可激活WAK1激酶, 从而引发烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)叶片中H2O2积累、植物内源激素水平升高以及防御响应相关基因的表达变化(Brutus et al., 2010)。
种子的活力和抗老化能力受内外因素共同调控。OsWAK16如何与其它种子活力相关基因协同作用, 进而影响细胞壁的结构及其组分变化, 以及调节细胞中抗氧化酶活性以维持ROS代谢平衡, 从而调控种子活力和抗老化能力, 其分子机制值得深入研究。
刘燕和田建红: 完成实验, 分析数据; 田建红: 撰写论文初稿; 陈婷: 参与数据分析; 尹梦琪、王静和汪燕: 提供实验支持; 姜孝成: 指导论文选题, 共同设计研究框架, 指导实验操作, 提供资金支持, 修改并审阅论文。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32072125)
  • 湖南省发育生物学工程与新产品协同创新中心(20134486)
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2025年第60卷第1期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24038
  • 接收时间:2024-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-09
  • 录用日期:2024-07-14
基金
国家自然科学基金(32072125)
湖南省发育生物学工程与新产品协同创新中心(20134486)
作者信息
    1湖南师范大学生命科学学院, 长沙 410081
    2作物不育资源创新与利用湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410081

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* 姜孝成, 博士, 湖南师范大学二级教授, 博士生导师。主要从事水稻种子活力调控及其分子机制研究, 主持和承担国家自然科学基金、国家科技部基础条件平台建设、湖南省自然科学基金等科研项目。以第一作者或通讯作者身份在Journal of Integrative Plant Biology、BMC Plant Biology等权威期刊上发表论文60余篇。兼任中国植物学会种子科学与技术专业委员会委员, 湖南省植物学会常务理事, 湖南省植物生理与分子生物学学会常务理事, 《生命科学研究》编辑委员会委员。担任Plant Biotechnology Journal、BMC Plant Biology、Molecular Breeding等国际期刊审稿人。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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