Article(id=1320018885470958042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1320018843771187282, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24067, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24067, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714838400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1728835200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-14, onlineDate=1792646627061, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792646627061, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792646627061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792646627061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320018843771187282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='151', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792646617118, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792646680189, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320019108373054318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1320018843771187282, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320019108373054319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1320018843771187282, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=256, endPage=270, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320018887270314459, articleId=1320018885470958042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Post-translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-related Proteins in Rice Endosperm, columnId=1317485676040409248, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=SPECIAL TOPICS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) serve as a crucial regulatory mechanism of protein function and play a significant role in rice seed development and endosperm starch biosynthesis. With advancements in proteomics technologies, numerous starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm have been identified to undergo various PTMs. This review summarizes the proteomic analyses, modification sites, pathways, and biological functions of six major types of PTMs in starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm: phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, malonylation, and ubiquitination. Among these, protein phosphorylation has been the most extensively studied and is recognized as a key regulator of plant growth, development, and starch metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the potential roles of PTMs in grain filling, rice starch quality, and appearance. This review provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of PTMs in starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm, offering a valuable reference for breeding high-yield and high-quality rice varieties.

, authors=Xinyu Li1, Yue Gu1, Feifei Xu1, Jinsong Bao1, 2, *, authorsList=Xinyu Li, Yue Gu, Feifei Xu, Jinsong Bao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinsong Bao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTMs)是调控蛋白质生物学功能的重要机制, 在水稻(Oryza sativa)种子发育和胚乳淀粉生物合成中起重要作用。随着蛋白质组学的发展, 已在水稻胚乳中鉴定到大量淀粉合成相关酶(SSREs)发生蛋白质PTMs。该文总结了水稻胚乳SSREs的磷酸化、赖氨酸乙酰化、琥珀酰化、2-羟基异丁酰化、丙二酰化及泛素化6种PTMs的蛋白质组学分析、修饰位点和途径及生物学功能。其中, 蛋白质磷酸化修饰的研究最多, 其在调节植物生长发育和淀粉合成代谢过程中起关键作用。此外, 还讨论了PTMs对籽粒灌浆、稻米淀粉品质及外观的潜在作用。该文综述了PTMs在水稻胚乳淀粉合成相关蛋白中的调控机制, 为培育高产优质水稻品种提供了有价值的参考。

, authors=李新宇1, 谷月1, 徐非非1, 包劲松1, 2, *, authorsList=李新宇, 谷月, 徐非非, 包劲松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=包劲松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Ubiquitinome profiling reveals the landscape of ubiquitination regulation in rice young panicles. Genom Proteom Bioinf 18, 305-320., articleTitle=Ubiquitinome profiling reveals the landscape of ubiquitination regulation in rice young panicles, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1320018893414969884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, awardId=32201817, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32201817), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1320018893482078749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, awardId=31871531, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31871531), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1320018893544993310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, awardId=323MS066, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金(323MS066), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320018888377610723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018888385999332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, companyId=1320018888377610723, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018888394387941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, companyId=1320018888377610723, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1浙江大学农业与生物技术学院原子核农业科学研究所, 杭州 310058)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320018888453108198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018888461496807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, companyId=1320018888453108198, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018888465691112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, companyId=1320018888453108198, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江大学海南研究院, 三亚 572025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320018891770802696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The enzyme functions involved in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm

G1P: Glucose-1-phosphate; ADPG: Adenosine diphosphate glucose; AGPase: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; GBSSI: Granule-bound starch synthase I; SSs: Soluble starch synthases; BEs: Branching enzymes; DBEs: Debranching enzymes; ISA: Isoamylase; PUL: Pullulanase

, figureFileSmall=t+RwI3XSORgf7/8CcWn/lw==, figureFileBig=O8BkyZCcdoSg/BrOLvp9/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018891837911561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水稻胚乳淀粉生物合成相关酶的功能

G1P: 葡萄糖-1-磷酸; ADPG: 腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖; AGPase: ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶; GBSSI: 颗粒结合淀粉合酶I; SSs: 可溶性淀粉合酶; BEs: 淀粉分支酶; DBEs: 淀粉去分支酶; ISA: 异淀粉酶; PUL: 普鲁兰酶

, figureFileSmall=t+RwI3XSORgf7/8CcWn/lw==, figureFileBig=O8BkyZCcdoSg/BrOLvp9/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018892051821066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Six common types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) identified from rice seeds

(A) Phosphorylation; (B) Succinylation; (C) Malonylation; (D) Acetylation; (E) 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation; (F) Ubiquitination

, figureFileSmall=uwIYj62FpAqhJPgDW9hkoA==, figureFileBig=PW/6rPUh6/OfGU25qw6fMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018892114735627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=图2, caption=从水稻种子中鉴定到的6种常见蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTMs)

(A) 磷酸化修饰; (B) 琥珀酰化修饰; (C) 丙二酰化修饰; (D) 乙酰化修饰; (E) 2-羟基异丁酰化修饰; (F) 泛素化修饰

, figureFileSmall=uwIYj62FpAqhJPgDW9hkoA==, figureFileBig=PW/6rPUh6/OfGU25qw6fMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018892181844492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Summary of post-translational modifications (PTMs) targeting starch synthesis related enzymes (SSREs) in rice seeds

The number of modification site(s) of PTMs identified for each protein are indicated on the stacked bar.

, figureFileSmall=V0EWdowQbCIDmpd7ajr+Jw==, figureFileBig=mijmtQs/lDo3REnwPwch6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018892248953357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水稻种子中淀粉合成相关酶(SSREs)的蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTMs)

堆积条形图上的数字表示每个蛋白所识别的PTMs修饰位点数量。

, figureFileSmall=V0EWdowQbCIDmpd7ajr+Jw==, figureFileBig=mijmtQs/lDo3REnwPwch6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018892307673614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The number of proteins and sites associated with post-translational modifications (PTMs) of rice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修饰类型 蛋白数量 位点数量
磷酸化 7796 23513
赖氨酸2-羟基异丁酰化 4719 19831
赖氨酸乙酰化 2607 4798
赖氨酸琥珀酰化 859 2381
赖氨酸丙二酰化 483 898
赖氨酸类泛素化 403 978
N-糖基化 202 248
羰基化 181 414
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892383171087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水稻蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTMs)相关蛋白及位点数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修饰类型 蛋白数量 位点数量
磷酸化 7796 23513
赖氨酸2-羟基异丁酰化 4719 19831
赖氨酸乙酰化 2607 4798
赖氨酸琥珀酰化 859 2381
赖氨酸丙二酰化 483 898
赖氨酸类泛素化 403 978
N-糖基化 202 248
羰基化 181 414
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892446085648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Types and sites of protein phosphorylation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白质磷酸化类型 蛋白质磷酸化位点 化学键
O-磷酸化 苏氨酸(Thr) P-O
丝氨酸(Ser)
酪氨酸(Tyr)
N-磷酸化 组氨酸(His) P-N
精氨酸(Arg)
赖氨酸(Lys)
S-磷酸化 谷氨酸(Glu) P-O
天冬氨酸(Asp)
酰基磷酸化 半胱氨酸(Cys) P-S
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892509000209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蛋白质磷酸化类型及位点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白质磷酸化类型 蛋白质磷酸化位点 化学键
O-磷酸化 苏氨酸(Thr) P-O
丝氨酸(Ser)
酪氨酸(Tyr)
N-磷酸化 组氨酸(His) P-N
精氨酸(Arg)
赖氨酸(Lys)
S-磷酸化 谷氨酸(Glu) P-O
天冬氨酸(Asp)
酰基磷酸化 半胱氨酸(Cys) P-S
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892571914770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Identified phosphoproteins involving in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm based on phosphoproteomics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 登记号 修饰位点 参考文献
AGPS2 BGIOSGA027135 S13 (i&j)、S17 (i)、S22 (i)、S35 (i)和S36 (i) Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
AGPL2 BGIOSGA004052 S62 (i)、S381 (i)和T68 (i&j) Akihiro et al., 2005; Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
GBSSI BGIOSGA022241 T57 (j)、Y183 (j)、S283 (j)、T298 (j)、T349 (j)、
S358 (j)、P/S415 (j)、S526 (j)和S569 (j)
Zhang et al., 2019b
SSIIa BGIOSGA022586 S126 (i) Pang et al., 2018
SSIIIa BGIOSGA028122 S96 (i&j) Akihiro et al., 2005; Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
BEI BGIOSGA020506 S562 (i)、S620 (i)、S814 (i)和S815 (i) Pang et al., 2018
BEIIb BGIOSGA006344 S685 (i)和S715 (i) Pang et al., 2018
PUL BGIOSGA015875 S154 (i)、S155 (i)和S869 (i) Pang et al., 2018
Pho1 BGIOSGA009780 S494 (i)、S645 (i)和S124 (j) Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892643217939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于磷酸化蛋白质组学鉴定到的水稻胚乳淀粉合成相关蛋白磷酸化位点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 登记号 修饰位点 参考文献
AGPS2 BGIOSGA027135 S13 (i&j)、S17 (i)、S22 (i)、S35 (i)和S36 (i) Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
AGPL2 BGIOSGA004052 S62 (i)、S381 (i)和T68 (i&j) Akihiro et al., 2005; Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
GBSSI BGIOSGA022241 T57 (j)、Y183 (j)、S283 (j)、T298 (j)、T349 (j)、
S358 (j)、P/S415 (j)、S526 (j)和S569 (j)
Zhang et al., 2019b
SSIIa BGIOSGA022586 S126 (i) Pang et al., 2018
SSIIIa BGIOSGA028122 S96 (i&j) Akihiro et al., 2005; Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
BEI BGIOSGA020506 S562 (i)、S620 (i)、S814 (i)和S815 (i) Pang et al., 2018
BEIIb BGIOSGA006344 S685 (i)和S715 (i) Pang et al., 2018
PUL BGIOSGA015875 S154 (i)、S155 (i)和S869 (i) Pang et al., 2018
Pho1 BGIOSGA009780 S494 (i)、S645 (i)和S124 (j) Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892722909716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Lysine acetylation on starch biosynthesis proteins from rice seeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 Uniprot
数据库登录号
酶编号 修饰
位点
修饰肽 参考文献
AGPase S1 Q69T99 [EC:2.7.7.27] 203 MDYQK(ac)FIQAHR Wang et al., 2017
AGPase S2 P15280 [EC:2.7.7.27] 261 IVEFAEK(ac)PK Wang et al., 2017
217 MDYEK(ac)FIQAHR Wang et al., 2017; Meng et al., 2018
AGPase L2 Q7G065 [EC:2.7.7.27] 250 ASDYGLVK(ac)FDDSGR Wang et al., 2017
260 VIAFSEK(ac)PK Xing et al., 2016
310 DVLLDILK(ac)SK Wang et al., 2017
312 SK(ac)YAHLQDFGSEILPR Wang et al., 2017
GBSSI Q0DEV5 [EC:2.4.1.242] 444 KFEK(ac)LLK Meng et al., 2018
452 SMEEK(ac)YPGK Meng et al., 2018
SSI Q0DEC8 [EC:2.4.1.21] 193 NFANAFYTEK(ac)HIK Wang et al., 2017
SSIVa Q5JMA0 [EC:2.4.1.-] 589 AQYYGEHDDFK(ac)R Meng et al., 2018
BEI Q0D9D0 [EC:2.4.1.18] 108 CLIEK(ac)HEGGLEEFSK Wang et al., 2017
89 LEEFK(ac)DHFNYR Meng et al., 2018
103 YLDQK(ac)CLIEK Meng et al., 2018
118 HEGGLEEFSK(ac)GYLK Meng et al., 2018
164 DK(ac)FGIWSIK Meng et al., 2018
236 YVFK(ac)HPR Meng et al., 2018
372 GYHK(ac)LWDSR Meng et al., 2018
614 EGNNWSYDK(ac)CR Meng et al., 2018
662 QIVSDMNEK(ac)DK Meng et al., 2018
697 VGCDLPGK(ac)YR Meng et al., 2018
809 GMK(ac)FVFR Meng et al., 2018
BEIIb Q6H6P8 [EC:2.4.1.18] 134 VVEELAAEQK(ac)PR Meng et al., 2018
303 YIFK(ac)HPQPK Wang et al., 2017; Meng et al., 2018
587 WSEK(ac)CVTYAESHDQALVGDK Wang et al., 2017
688 FIPGNNNSYDK(ac)CR Wang et al., 2017
738 KHEEDK(ac)MIIFEK Meng et al., 2018
771 VGCLKPGK(ac)YK Meng et al., 2018
ISA3 Q6K4A4 [EC:3.2.1.68] 130 K(ac)YFGVAEEK Meng et al., 2018
PUL Q7X834 [EC:3.2.1.41] 805 NEENWHLIK(ac)PR Meng et al., 2018
PhoH Q8LQ33 [EC:2.4.1.1] 747 FEEAK(ac)QLIR Meng et al., 2018
169 YGLFK(ac)QCITK He et al., 2016
409 HMEIIEEIDK(ac)R He et al., 2016
645 LVNDVGAVVNNDPDVNK(ac)YLK He et al., 2016
818 MSILNTAGSGK(ac)FSSDR He et al., 2016
PhoL Q9AUV8 [EC:2.4.1.1] 216 YK(ac)HGLFK Meng et al., 2018
255 TDVSYPVK(ac)FYGK Meng et al., 2018
451 YGTEDTSLLK(ac)K Meng et al., 2018
504 SLEPSVVVEEK(ac)TVSK Meng et al., 2018
594 FQNK(ac)TNGVTPR Meng et al., 2018
734 AFATYVQAK(ac)R Wang et al., 2017
846 AQGK(ac)FVPDPR Meng et al., 2018
913 DQK(ac)LWTR Meng et al., 2018
928 MSILNTASSSK(ac)FNSDR Meng et al., 2018
PGM Q9AUQ4 [EC:5.4.2.2] 18 ATTPFDGQK(ac) PGTSGLR He et al., 2016; Meng et al., 2018
69 YFSK(ac)DAVQIITK He et al., 2016
206 LMK(ac)TIFDFESIK He et al., 2016
215 TIFDFESIK(ac)K He et al., 2016
275 EDFGGGHPDPNLTYAK(ac)ELVDR He et al., 2016
361 NLNLK(ac)FFEVPTGWK He et al., 2016
506 DPVDGSVSK(ac)HQGVR He et al., 2016; Meng et al., 2018
543 VYIEQYEK(ac)DSSK Meng et al., 2018
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892802601493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水稻种子淀粉合成蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 Uniprot
数据库登录号
酶编号 修饰
位点
修饰肽 参考文献
AGPase S1 Q69T99 [EC:2.7.7.27] 203 MDYQK(ac)FIQAHR Wang et al., 2017
AGPase S2 P15280 [EC:2.7.7.27] 261 IVEFAEK(ac)PK Wang et al., 2017
217 MDYEK(ac)FIQAHR Wang et al., 2017; Meng et al., 2018
AGPase L2 Q7G065 [EC:2.7.7.27] 250 ASDYGLVK(ac)FDDSGR Wang et al., 2017
260 VIAFSEK(ac)PK Xing et al., 2016
310 DVLLDILK(ac)SK Wang et al., 2017
312 SK(ac)YAHLQDFGSEILPR Wang et al., 2017
GBSSI Q0DEV5 [EC:2.4.1.242] 444 KFEK(ac)LLK Meng et al., 2018
452 SMEEK(ac)YPGK Meng et al., 2018
SSI Q0DEC8 [EC:2.4.1.21] 193 NFANAFYTEK(ac)HIK Wang et al., 2017
SSIVa Q5JMA0 [EC:2.4.1.-] 589 AQYYGEHDDFK(ac)R Meng et al., 2018
BEI Q0D9D0 [EC:2.4.1.18] 108 CLIEK(ac)HEGGLEEFSK Wang et al., 2017
89 LEEFK(ac)DHFNYR Meng et al., 2018
103 YLDQK(ac)CLIEK Meng et al., 2018
118 HEGGLEEFSK(ac)GYLK Meng et al., 2018
164 DK(ac)FGIWSIK Meng et al., 2018
236 YVFK(ac)HPR Meng et al., 2018
372 GYHK(ac)LWDSR Meng et al., 2018
614 EGNNWSYDK(ac)CR Meng et al., 2018
662 QIVSDMNEK(ac)DK Meng et al., 2018
697 VGCDLPGK(ac)YR Meng et al., 2018
809 GMK(ac)FVFR Meng et al., 2018
BEIIb Q6H6P8 [EC:2.4.1.18] 134 VVEELAAEQK(ac)PR Meng et al., 2018
303 YIFK(ac)HPQPK Wang et al., 2017; Meng et al., 2018
587 WSEK(ac)CVTYAESHDQALVGDK Wang et al., 2017
688 FIPGNNNSYDK(ac)CR Wang et al., 2017
738 KHEEDK(ac)MIIFEK Meng et al., 2018
771 VGCLKPGK(ac)YK Meng et al., 2018
ISA3 Q6K4A4 [EC:3.2.1.68] 130 K(ac)YFGVAEEK Meng et al., 2018
PUL Q7X834 [EC:3.2.1.41] 805 NEENWHLIK(ac)PR Meng et al., 2018
PhoH Q8LQ33 [EC:2.4.1.1] 747 FEEAK(ac)QLIR Meng et al., 2018
169 YGLFK(ac)QCITK He et al., 2016
409 HMEIIEEIDK(ac)R He et al., 2016
645 LVNDVGAVVNNDPDVNK(ac)YLK He et al., 2016
818 MSILNTAGSGK(ac)FSSDR He et al., 2016
PhoL Q9AUV8 [EC:2.4.1.1] 216 YK(ac)HGLFK Meng et al., 2018
255 TDVSYPVK(ac)FYGK Meng et al., 2018
451 YGTEDTSLLK(ac)K Meng et al., 2018
504 SLEPSVVVEEK(ac)TVSK Meng et al., 2018
594 FQNK(ac)TNGVTPR Meng et al., 2018
734 AFATYVQAK(ac)R Wang et al., 2017
846 AQGK(ac)FVPDPR Meng et al., 2018
913 DQK(ac)LWTR Meng et al., 2018
928 MSILNTASSSK(ac)FNSDR Meng et al., 2018
PGM Q9AUQ4 [EC:5.4.2.2] 18 ATTPFDGQK(ac) PGTSGLR He et al., 2016; Meng et al., 2018
69 YFSK(ac)DAVQIITK He et al., 2016
206 LMK(ac)TIFDFESIK He et al., 2016
215 TIFDFESIK(ac)K He et al., 2016
275 EDFGGGHPDPNLTYAK(ac)ELVDR He et al., 2016
361 NLNLK(ac)FFEVPTGWK He et al., 2016
506 DPVDGSVSK(ac)HQGVR He et al., 2016; Meng et al., 2018
543 VYIEQYEK(ac)DSSK Meng et al., 2018
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892915847702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Lysine succinylation on starch biosynthesis proteins from rice seeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 Uniprot数据库登录号 酶编号 修饰位点 参考文献
AGPase S2 P15280 [EC:2.7.7.27] 217、261、263、403、447和476 Meng et al., 2019
AGPase L2 Q7G065 [EC:2.7.7.27] 37、250、312、449、459和504 Meng et al., 2019
BEI Q0D9D0 [EC:2.4.1.18] 89、103、164、324、372、500、524和697 Meng et al., 2019
BEIIb Q6H6P8 [EC:2.4.1.18] 134、191和587 Meng et al., 2019
PUL Q7X834 [EC:3.2.1.41] 732 Meng et al., 2019
PhoH Q8LQ33 [EC:2.4.1.1] 412和439 He et al., 2016
PhoL Q9AUV8 [EC:2.4.1.1] 259、255、657和734 Meng et al., 2019
PGM Q9AUQ4 [EC:5.4.2.2] 8和568 He et al., 2016; Meng et al., 2019
), ArticleFig(id=1320018892995539479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

水稻种子淀粉合成蛋白赖氨酸琥珀酰化修饰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 Uniprot数据库登录号 酶编号 修饰位点 参考文献
AGPase S2 P15280 [EC:2.7.7.27] 217、261、263、403、447和476 Meng et al., 2019
AGPase L2 Q7G065 [EC:2.7.7.27] 37、250、312、449、459和504 Meng et al., 2019
BEI Q0D9D0 [EC:2.4.1.18] 89、103、164、324、372、500、524和697 Meng et al., 2019
BEIIb Q6H6P8 [EC:2.4.1.18] 134、191和587 Meng et al., 2019
PUL Q7X834 [EC:3.2.1.41] 732 Meng et al., 2019
PhoH Q8LQ33 [EC:2.4.1.1] 412和439 He et al., 2016
PhoL Q9AUV8 [EC:2.4.1.1] 259、255、657和734 Meng et al., 2019
PGM Q9AUQ4 [EC:5.4.2.2] 8和568 He et al., 2016; Meng et al., 2019
), ArticleFig(id=1320018893062648344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) and malonylation (Kmal) on starch biosynthesis proteins from rice seeds (Meng et al., 2017; Mujahid et al., 2018)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 Uniprot数据库
登录号
酶编号 Khib修饰位点 Kmal修饰位点
AGPase S1 Q69T99 [EC:2.7.7.27] 442、249、462、234和203 -
AGPase S2 P15280 [EC:2.7.7.27] 102、106、132、217、239、248、261、263、268、285、360、385、403、406、441、447、456、467、476和496 106、360和403
AGPase L2 Q7G065 [EC:2.7.7.27] 37、74、187、223、250、263、273、286、301、302、310、312、334、364、371、392、425、443、449、459和504 250、312、371和449
AGPase L3 Q688T8 [EC:2.7.7.27] 100、194、196、247、299、326、331、369、446、456和470 -
GBSSI Q0DEV5 [EC:2.4.1.242] 181、192、309、381、385、530、538和549 -
SSI Q0DEC8 [EC:2.4.1.21] 193、196、349、357、429、461、467和570 -
SSIIa Q0DDE3 [EC:2.4.1.21] 151、244、346、378和532 -
SSIIIa Q6Z1D6 [EC:2.4.1.21] 228、 649、761、794、808、961、1203和1604 -
BEI Q0D9D0 [EC:2.4.1.18] 62、64、84、89、103、108、118、122、157、164、171、186、215、236、319、324、372、423、500、506、524、540、549、614、662、664、683、689、697、744、775、796和809 108、118、506、524、689和809
BEIIb Q6H6P8 [EC:2.4.1.18] 134、146、158、191、231、268、299、328、386、466、558、564、571、587、603、612、636、677、688、719、738和773 719
ISA3 Q6K4A4 [EC:3.2.1.68] 266和269 -
PUL Q7X834 [EC:3.2.1.41] 123、140、163、239、263、274、388、392、488、535、549、573、590、669、682、732、777、796、805、817和832 274和871
PhoH Q8LQ33 [EC:2.4.1.1] 115、409、425、533、542、595、721和818 -
PhoL Q9AUV8 [EC:2.4.1.1] 134、255、259、277、289、356、381、410、418、429、441、451、471、493、504、590、617、630、636、657、665、681、725、734、738、846、893、904、913、928、940和946 259、493和657
PGM Q9AUQ4 [EC:5.4.2.2] - 54、458和568
), ArticleFig(id=1320018893142340121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

水稻种子淀粉合成蛋白赖氨酸2-羟基异丁酰化(Khib)和丙二酰化(Kmal) (Meng et al., 2017; Mujahid et al., 2018)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 Uniprot数据库
登录号
酶编号 Khib修饰位点 Kmal修饰位点
AGPase S1 Q69T99 [EC:2.7.7.27] 442、249、462、234和203 -
AGPase S2 P15280 [EC:2.7.7.27] 102、106、132、217、239、248、261、263、268、285、360、385、403、406、441、447、456、467、476和496 106、360和403
AGPase L2 Q7G065 [EC:2.7.7.27] 37、74、187、223、250、263、273、286、301、302、310、312、334、364、371、392、425、443、449、459和504 250、312、371和449
AGPase L3 Q688T8 [EC:2.7.7.27] 100、194、196、247、299、326、331、369、446、456和470 -
GBSSI Q0DEV5 [EC:2.4.1.242] 181、192、309、381、385、530、538和549 -
SSI Q0DEC8 [EC:2.4.1.21] 193、196、349、357、429、461、467和570 -
SSIIa Q0DDE3 [EC:2.4.1.21] 151、244、346、378和532 -
SSIIIa Q6Z1D6 [EC:2.4.1.21] 228、 649、761、794、808、961、1203和1604 -
BEI Q0D9D0 [EC:2.4.1.18] 62、64、84、89、103、108、118、122、157、164、171、186、215、236、319、324、372、423、500、506、524、540、549、614、662、664、683、689、697、744、775、796和809 108、118、506、524、689和809
BEIIb Q6H6P8 [EC:2.4.1.18] 134、146、158、191、231、268、299、328、386、466、558、564、571、587、603、612、636、677、688、719、738和773 719
ISA3 Q6K4A4 [EC:3.2.1.68] 266和269 -
PUL Q7X834 [EC:3.2.1.41] 123、140、163、239、263、274、388、392、488、535、549、573、590、669、682、732、777、796、805、817和832 274和871
PhoH Q8LQ33 [EC:2.4.1.1] 115、409、425、533、542、595、721和818 -
PhoL Q9AUV8 [EC:2.4.1.1] 134、255、259、277、289、356、381、410、418、429、441、451、471、493、504、590、617、630、636、657、665、681、725、734、738、846、893、904、913、928、940和946 259、493和657
PGM Q9AUQ4 [EC:5.4.2.2] - 54、458和568
), ArticleFig(id=1320018893217837594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Lysine ubiquitination on starch biosynthesis proteins from rice seeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 登记号 修饰位点
AGPS1 BGIOSGA030039 K94、K464和K484
AGPS2 BGIOSGA027135 K106、K132、K385、K403、K406、K476和K496
AGPL2 BGIOSGA004052 K41、K78、K134、K191、K227、K254、K316、K338、K394、K396、K463、K508和K513
AGPL3 BGIOSGA017490 K509
GBSSI
BGIOSGA022241
K130、K173、K177、K181、K192、K258、K371、K381、K385、K399、K462、K517、K530、K549、K571和K575
BEI BGIOSGA020506 K103、K108和K122
BEIIb BGIOSGA006344 K134
PUL BGIOSGA015875 K230、K330、K431、K736和K884
Pho1 BGIOSGA009780 K277、K445和K941
), ArticleFig(id=1320018893297529371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018885470958042, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

水稻种子淀粉合成蛋白赖氨酸泛素化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蛋白 登记号 修饰位点
AGPS1 BGIOSGA030039 K94、K464和K484
AGPS2 BGIOSGA027135 K106、K132、K385、K403、K406、K476和K496
AGPL2 BGIOSGA004052 K41、K78、K134、K191、K227、K254、K316、K338、K394、K396、K463、K508和K513
AGPL3 BGIOSGA017490 K509
GBSSI
BGIOSGA022241
K130、K173、K177、K181、K192、K258、K371、K381、K385、K399、K462、K517、K530、K549、K571和K575
BEI BGIOSGA020506 K103、K108和K122
BEIIb BGIOSGA006344 K134
PUL BGIOSGA015875 K230、K330、K431、K736和K884
Pho1 BGIOSGA009780 K277、K445和K941
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水稻胚乳淀粉合成相关蛋白的翻译后修饰研究进展
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李新宇 1 , 谷月 1 , 徐非非 1 , 包劲松 1, 2, *
植物学报 | 专题论坛 2025,60(2): 256-270
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植物学报 |专题论坛 2025 , 60 (2) : 256 -270
水稻胚乳淀粉合成相关蛋白的翻译后修饰研究进展
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李新宇1, 谷月1, 徐非非1, 包劲松1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学农业与生物技术学院原子核农业科学研究所, 杭州 310058
  • 2浙江大学海南研究院, 三亚 572025
通讯作者:
Research Progress on Post-translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-related Proteins in Rice Endosperm
Xinyu Li1, Yue Gu1, Feifei Xu1, Jinsong Bao1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24067
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蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTMs)是调控蛋白质生物学功能的重要机制, 在水稻(Oryza sativa)种子发育和胚乳淀粉生物合成中起重要作用。随着蛋白质组学的发展, 已在水稻胚乳中鉴定到大量淀粉合成相关酶(SSREs)发生蛋白质PTMs。该文总结了水稻胚乳SSREs的磷酸化、赖氨酸乙酰化、琥珀酰化、2-羟基异丁酰化、丙二酰化及泛素化6种PTMs的蛋白质组学分析、修饰位点和途径及生物学功能。其中, 蛋白质磷酸化修饰的研究最多, 其在调节植物生长发育和淀粉合成代谢过程中起关键作用。此外, 还讨论了PTMs对籽粒灌浆、稻米淀粉品质及外观的潜在作用。该文综述了PTMs在水稻胚乳淀粉合成相关蛋白中的调控机制, 为培育高产优质水稻品种提供了有价值的参考。

水稻  /  淀粉  /  生物合成  /  翻译后修饰  /  蛋白质组

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) serve as a crucial regulatory mechanism of protein function and play a significant role in rice seed development and endosperm starch biosynthesis. With advancements in proteomics technologies, numerous starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm have been identified to undergo various PTMs. This review summarizes the proteomic analyses, modification sites, pathways, and biological functions of six major types of PTMs in starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm: phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, malonylation, and ubiquitination. Among these, protein phosphorylation has been the most extensively studied and is recognized as a key regulator of plant growth, development, and starch metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the potential roles of PTMs in grain filling, rice starch quality, and appearance. This review provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of PTMs in starch synthesis-related proteins in rice endosperm, offering a valuable reference for breeding high-yield and high-quality rice varieties.

rice  /  starch  /  biosynthesis  /  post-translational modification  /  proteomic
李新宇, 谷月, 徐非非, 包劲松. 水稻胚乳淀粉合成相关蛋白的翻译后修饰研究进展. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 256 -270 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24067
Xinyu Li, Yue Gu, Feifei Xu, Jinsong Bao. Research Progress on Post-translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-related Proteins in Rice Endosperm[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (2) : 256 -270 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24067
水稻(Oryza sativa)是世界主要粮食作物之一, 为全球一半以上人口提供能量来源(周鑫, 2020; Ying et al., 2023a)。淀粉是稻米的主要储藏物质, 约占稻米干重的80% (Zhang et al., 2023)。淀粉生物合成量直接影响水稻产量(Bao et al., 2023), 同时淀粉的理化特性也是稻米品质的决定性因素(Bao et al., 2004; 包劲松, 2007)。淀粉由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成, 其基本结构单元是D-葡萄糖。直链淀粉是α-1,4-糖苷键连接的葡萄糖聚合成的大型线性分子, 基本不分支或很少分支。支链淀粉由α-1,4-糖苷键连接的葡萄糖聚合形成的线性分子和α-1,6-糖苷键分支链共同组成(Hu et al., 2023)。多种淀粉合成相关酶(starch synthesis related enzymes, SSREs)以多酶复合体的形式协同参与淀粉合成。SSREs主要包括ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, AGPase)、颗粒结合淀粉合酶(granule-bound starch synthase, GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合酶(soluble starch synthases, SSs)、淀粉分支酶(starch branching enzymes, BEs)、淀粉去分支酶(starch debranching enzymes, DBEs)、淀粉磷酸化酶(starch phosphorylase, Phos)和歧化酶(disproportionating enzymes, DPEs) (Ying et al., 2022; Bao and Xu, 2023) (图1)。AGPase是由2个大亚基(AGP-L)和2个小亚基(AGP-S)组成的异源四聚体, 是一种限速酶, 负责催化葡萄糖-1-磷酸(glucose- 1-phosphate, G1P)生成ADP-葡萄糖(adenosine diphosphate glucose, ADPG), 该过程是淀粉合成的第1个关键限速步骤(Ding et al., 2021)。以ADPG为底物, GBSS催化形成α-1,4-糖苷键, 使葡萄糖链延伸形成直链淀粉。SSs、BEs和DBEs以一种高度复杂的方式协同作用, 共同参与支链淀粉的生物合成(Ohdan et al., 2005)。其中, SSs负责延伸葡萄糖链, BEs负责产生分支链(唐子雯和张冬平, 2023), DBEs选择性去除不合适的分支(包劲松和夏英武, 1999)。此外, Phos和DPEs在淀粉合成起始过程中起重要作用。
蛋白质翻译后修饰(post-translational modifications, PTMs)是指通过剪接肽链骨架或化学修饰已有的官能团及添加新的官能团等形式(Millar et al., 2019), 对氨基酸侧链或蛋白质的C或N端进行修饰。PTMs极大地丰富了蛋白质组的多样性(Cabrera et al., 2018), 由此产生的具有不同功能的蛋白质异构体能够改变蛋白质的结构、功能和定位, 从而影响酶的活性和功能。Uniprot数据库(http://www.uniprot.org/docs/ptmlist)中已收录约731种PTMs。PTMs包括可逆修饰和不可逆修饰2种形式, 可逆蛋白质PTMs (如磷酸化、泛素化、乙酰化和甲基化)是蛋白质活性、稳定性、亚细胞定位和分子相互作用的关键调控因素; 而O位的羧基端甲基化则属于不可逆修饰。这些PTMs几乎在所有生物学过程中都发挥关键作用, 如信号转导、代谢调控、细胞免疫、生物与非生物胁迫响应及各种代谢过程(Xue et al., 2022)。在植物中, PTMs主要包括磷酸化、泛素化(Ying et al., 2023b)、SUMO化、乙酰化、丙酰化和甲基化等。其中, 研究得最广泛深入的是蛋白质磷酸化修饰, 其次是赖氨酸修饰, 如赖氨酸乙酰化、赖氨酸泛素化和赖氨酸琥珀酰化(He et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2017)。截至目前, Plant PTM Viewer网站共收录粳稻42 082个蛋白质中的55 512个PTMs (https://www.psb.ugent.be/webtools/ptm-viewer/index.php)。水稻部分PTMs相关蛋白及位点数量见表1。
在谷物胚乳生物合成过程中, 多种SSREs通过相互作用形成多酶复合体(multi-enzyme complex, MEC)协同合成淀粉, MEC的组装及活性受蛋白质磷酸化调控(Yu et al., 2022)。从分子层面上, 目前尚不完全明确各磷酸化位点与MEC的形成和分解之间的联系, 也不清楚各种SSREs磷酸化修饰对其酶活性的影响。在小麦(Triticum aestivum) (Zhang et al., 2016)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) (Finkemeier et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2011)、玉米(Zea mays) (Xu et al., 2021)以及水稻(图2) (Meng et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Mujahid et al., 2018)蛋白中广泛发生多种赖氨酸PTMs, 在调节淀粉生物合成(Zhang et al., 2019a)、酶活性、蛋白质互作及稳定性中发挥作用(Wang and Cole, 2020)。
目前, 关于水稻胚乳淀粉生物合成的综述大多集中在淀粉生物合成蛋白的表达与调控(Yu and Wang, 2016; Chen et al., 2020), 较少关注PTMs在胚乳淀粉合成调控中的作用。本文系统总结了水稻SSREs的PTMs研究进展及存在问题, 旨在为水稻产量和品质改良提供理论依据。
蛋白质磷酸化修饰是最重要的PTMs之一。蛋白质磷酸化修饰参与介导植物生长发育和胁迫响应的所有关键过程, 在信号转导、亚细胞定位和分子间相互作用(Bi et al., 2011)等过程中发挥至关重要的作用(Yin et al., 2018)。
磷酸化修饰是一个动态的可逆过程, 包括磷酸化和去磷酸化。蛋白激酶(kinase)催化ATP或GTP的γ位磷酸基转移到底物蛋白质氨基酸残基的过程称为磷酸化。磷酸酶(phosphatase)通过将磷酸单酯水解去除磷酸化蛋白中磷酸基团的过程称为去磷酸化。蛋白质磷酸化修饰通过添加或去除1个或多个磷酸基团改变底物蛋白的原有结构和功能, 进而改变其生物学特性(Gao et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2022)。在真核生物中, 蛋白质磷酸化大多发生在苏氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)和酪氨酸(Tyr)的羟基或组氨酸(His)、精氨酸(Arg)及赖氨酸(Lys)的侧链氨基上, 较少发生在谷氨酸(Glu)和天冬氨酸(Asp)的侧链羧基或半胱氨酸(Cys)的侧链巯基上。根据被磷酸化的氨基酸残基, 可将磷酸化蛋白质分为O-磷酸化、N-磷酸化、酰基磷酸化和S-磷酸化4类(表2)。
谷物胚乳内表达的蛋白存在广泛的磷酸化修饰。目前, 已在许多谷物如水稻(Qiu et al., 2016; Pang et al., 2018)、小麦(Zhang et al., 2014a)和玉米(Yu et al., 2019)的胚乳中鉴定出大量的磷酸化修饰蛋白或位点。Qiu等(2016)证实在水稻未授粉雌蕊、花后3天和7天的种子胚乳中, 丝氨酸磷酸化在总磷酸化修饰中占90.8%。苏氨酸磷酸化和酪氨酸磷酸化分别占9%和0.2%, 这一比例与小麦幼苗叶片(Zhang et al., 2014b)、二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon) (Lv et al., 2014)、水稻0、6、12、24和48小时萌发胚(Han et al., 2014)中丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸发生磷酸化修饰的比例非常接近。超过90%的磷酸肽仅有1个磷酸化修饰基团, 6%-8%的磷酸肽携带2个磷酸化基团, 在1个磷酸肽上几乎检测不到3个或更多的磷酸化基团(Qiu et al., 2016)。这与Han等(2014)在水稻胚中鉴定到的磷酸肽十分相似, 表明磷酸化位点分布在各种植物和组织间且具有保守性。Pang等(2018)研究了籼稻9311和广陆矮4 (GLA4)发育胚乳SSREs的磷酸化修饰位点(表3), 结果表明多种与淀粉合成相关的关键酶均存在磷酸化修饰位点。
磷酸化蛋白质组学研究发现, 在水稻(Pang et al., 2018)、玉米(Yu et al., 2019)、小麦(Zhang et al., 2014a)中AGPase大、小亚基都发生了磷酸化修饰或具有修饰位点, 暗示磷酸化修饰可能在种子灌浆过程中参与调控淀粉的合成。Qiu等(2016)发现粳稻日本晴的OsAGPL2和OsAGPS2b分别在第68位和第13位苏氨酸位点发生磷酸化。Pang等(2018)发现籼稻第68位苏氨酸也具有相同的磷酸肽(CVFTSDADRDT (ph)PHLR)。由此推测AGPase Thr68位点的磷酸化在水稻中普遍发生。Pang等(2021)证实在籼稻GLA4和9311所有样品中AGPase均存在磷酸化修饰位点。
在谷物淀粉生物合成中, 淀粉合酶(SSs)与淀粉分支酶(BEs)普遍发生磷酸化修饰(Tetlow et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2016)。在小麦(Tetlow et al., 2008)、玉米(Hennen-Bierwagen et al., 2009)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare) (Ahmed et al., 2015)和水稻胚乳中, SSs与BEs之间形成蛋白复合体, 其组装受蛋白质磷酸化调控(Liu et al., 2009)。在SSI、SSIIa和BEIIb形成的蛋白复合体中, SSIIa (Mehrpouyan et al., 2021)和BEIIb (Liu et al., 2012)均发生了磷酸化修饰, 由此推测蛋白复合体的形成可促进支链淀粉的合成, 有助于形成淀粉颗粒的精细结构。
磷酸化修饰对淀粉生物合成途径中部分酶的催化活性有激活作用。Liu等(2013)用蛋白磷酸酶或激酶孵育从水稻胚乳中分离的GBSSI蛋白, 发现随着磷酸酶浓度的增加, GBSSI的比活性从0.17 mol∙g-1∙min-1 降低到0.11 mol∙g-1∙min-1; 而随着磷酸激酶浓度的增加, GBSSI的比活性从0.07 mol∙g-1∙min-1提高到0.24 mol∙g-1∙min-1。水稻胚乳中GBSSI低聚体的形成有助于提高该酶活性。Liu等(2013)研究表明, 磷酸化和去磷酸化均会影响GBSSI的低聚化及活性。Teng等(2012)发现在GBSS氨基酸取代位点上, 丝氨酸残基的实验品系具有较高活性, 推测Wx蛋白丝氨酸磷酸化可能在翻译后水平上对GBSS活性起重要调节作用。
逆境胁迫(如高温)可能对水稻胚乳蛋白磷酸化具有动态调控作用。Pang等(2021)研究发现经高温胁迫处理的水稻含有更多的磷酸化位点以及磷酸化蛋白, GBSSI、SSIIIa和BEIIb部分位点的磷酸化水平明显提高, 这些蛋白的磷酸化与高温下稻米品质降低的关系有待进一步研究。
淀粉去分支酶(DBEs)主要包括异淀粉酶(ISA)和普鲁兰酶(PUL)。在水稻胚乳淀粉生物合成中, 普鲁兰酶磷酸化修饰可能对淀粉理化性质产生显著影响。Pang等(2018)在9311和GLA4两品种水稻中鉴定出PUL的2个丝氨酸磷酸肽, 一种仅在9311中被发现, 而另一种仅出现在GLA4中, 推测PUL的磷酸化可能影响水稻淀粉的理化性质。
赖氨酸ε-氨基的可逆乙酰化(lysine acetylation, Kac)是一种普遍发生且高度保守的PTMs, 可调节多种细胞生理过程, 包括转录、细胞周期进程和能量代谢(Svensson et al., 2020), 在植物生长发育以及胁迫响应中起重要作用(He et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017)。赖氨酸乙酰化酶(lysine acetyltransferases)将乙酰基从乙酰辅酶A转移到特定的赖氨酸残基, 形成蛋白质的乙酰化修饰, 而赖氨酸去乙酰化酶(lysine deacetylases)则可以逆转该反应。目前, 已在不同功能和亚细胞定位的拟南芥(Finkemeier et al., 2011)、大豆(Glycine max) (Smith-Hammond et al., 2014)和小麦(Zhang et al., 2016)的蛋白中鉴定出多个Kac修饰位点。功能注释结果表明, 这些乙酰化蛋白除了参与RNA合成和蛋白质加工外, 还参与信号转导以及许多代谢调控过程。水稻胚乳SSREs的AGPase S1、AGPase S2、AGPase L2、GBSSI、SSI、SSIVa、BEI、BEIIb、ISA3、PUL、PhoH、PhoL和磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(phosphoglucomutase, PGM)均被证实会发生Kac, 修饰位点数为1-11个不等(表4)。Wang等(2017)对日本晴未授粉雌蕊及胚乳蛋白进行乙酰化组学分析, 从972个乙酰化蛋白中获得1 688个Kac修饰肽和1 817个Kac修饰位点, 其中包括胚乳淀粉合成以及种子发育相关蛋白, 表明Kac可能在水稻胚乳淀粉生物合成以及种子发育早期具有重要调控作用。Meng等(2018)从水稻种子692个蛋白中鉴定出1 003个Kac位点, 并发现与水稻胚乳淀粉合成途径相关的部分关键酶, 如AGPase S2、AGPase L2、GBSSI、BEI、BEIIb、ISA3、PUL、PhoH及PhoL都发生了较大程度的乙酰化修饰, 推测Kac可能是淀粉代谢所必需。Xue等(2018)从水稻幼苗叶片的866个蛋白质组中检测到1 353个Kac位点, 同时发现乙酰化修饰具有保守性。Xiong等(2016)从水稻716个蛋白中鉴定出位于多种细胞器内的1 337个Kac位点, 这些位点参与调控包括淀粉合成在内的多种生理生化过程以及信号通路。
赖氨酸琥珀酰化(lysine succinylation, Ksu)是一种由琥珀酰辅酶A介导的蛋白质可逆修饰, 其中琥珀酰基团与蛋白质赖氨酸残基结合(Zhang et al., 2011)。Ksu广泛参与淀粉合成、光合作用和卡尔文循环等多种生物学过程, 在植物生长发育中发挥重要作用。
Meng等(2019)从发育15天的水稻种子中鉴定到854个Ksu位点, 涉及347个蛋白, 其中与淀粉生物合成相关的AGPS2、AGPL2、BEI、BEIIb、PUL、PhoL及PhoH均被证实存在琥珀酰化修饰(表5)。Zhang等(2019b)从346个具有不同生物学功能和亚细胞定位的幼苗期水稻蛋白中鉴定到710个Ksu位点, KEGG富集分析表明Ksu参与多种代谢途径, 包括碳代谢和TCA循环等。其中, 80个蛋白在水稻幼苗和胚中都发生了琥珀酰化修饰, 67个蛋白的122个Ksu位点重叠, 包括参与淀粉合成和蔗糖代谢的PGM。
赖氨酸2-羟基异丁酰化(lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, Khib)是一种新发现的可逆PTM, 与糖代谢、氨基酸合成和糖酵解等生物学过程密切相关(Meng et al., 2017)。Khib修饰由酰基转移酶和去酰化酶动态调控。研究表明, Khib在植物细胞中广泛存在。Khib修饰在许多重要的生物学过程中较常见且高度保守(Xue et al., 2020)。
赖氨酸丙二酰化(lysine malonylation, Kmal)也是新发现的一种进化上保守并且可动态调节的PTM (Hirschey and Zhao, 2015)。该修饰以丙二酰辅酶A 为底物, 将丙二酰基添加到赖氨酸上(Galván-Peña et al., 2019)。研究发现Kmal影响多种生物体的信号转导过程(Tan et al., 2014; Kulkarni et al., 2017), 并广泛存在于各种代谢途径中, 包括线粒体呼吸(Bowman et al., 2017)、糖酵解及组蛋白修饰(Nie et al., 2017)。
与哺乳动物、酵母和细菌相比, Khib以及Kmal修饰在植物中的研究仍处于起步阶段。基于Meng等(2017)和Mujahid等(2018)的研究, 我们总结了已鉴定的水稻SSREs的Khib和Kmal修饰位点(表6)。
为探究Khib对水稻籽粒灌浆和发育的潜在调控作用, Meng等(2017)利用亲和富集与nano-HPLC/ MS/MS在水稻发育种子的2 512个蛋白上鉴定到9 916个Khib位点, 大多参与水稻胚乳淀粉生物合成的酶都发生了Khib修饰(表6)。功能注释分析表明, Khib对糖酵解/糖异生、TCA循环、淀粉生物合成、脂质代谢、蛋白质生物合成和加工等多种重要的生物学过程均具有较好的靶向作用。Xue等(2020)从水稻幼苗1 596个蛋白上鉴定出4 163个Khib位点, 通过分析发现Khib位点两侧有10个保守的基序; 进一步分析表明Khib富集在与碳代谢和淀粉生物合成等过程相关的蛋白质上。
Xu等(2021)从玉米810个蛋白中鉴定到1 722个Kmal位点。将鉴定到的丙二酰化蛋白与包括水稻和小麦在内的8个丙二酰化蛋白质组进行同源性分析, 结果表明, 在8种生物中共获得1 602个丙二酰化同源蛋白, 在水稻中有235个Kmal修饰蛋白与玉米具有同源性。Mujahid等(2018)研究了水稻种子发育过程中Kmal蛋白质组, 从247个蛋白质中鉴定到421个Kmal位点。这些位点参与淀粉生物合成及碳代谢等多个重要代谢过程。在水稻种子发育过程中, 淀粉合成相关酶(如AGPS2、AGPL2、BEI、BEIIb、PUL、PhoL、PGM和FLO4)发生丙二酰化。BEI有6个丙二酰化修饰位点, 晶体结构分析以及电荷状态变化表明Lys524丙二酰化修饰可能对其催化活性起重要作用。
赖氨酸泛素化(lysine ubiquitination, Kub)是一种常见的可逆PTM, 通常指将1个或多个泛素分子在泛素激活酶(E1)、泛素结合酶(E2)和泛素连接酶(E3)等一系列特殊酶的作用下添加到底物蛋白并对其进行修饰的过程。去泛素化酶(deubiquitinases, DUBs)可逆转该反应。Kub广泛存在于各种动植物体内, 在维持细胞稳态、促进生长发育、蛋白质活性调节及降解等方面发挥至关重要的作用(Kosova et al., 2012)。基于蛋白质泛素化组学分析, 在水稻的胚乳、幼穗(Zhu et al., 2020)和叶片等部位鉴定到大量Kub修饰蛋白与位点。Xie等(2015)利用LC-MS/MS技术从水稻叶片464个蛋白中鉴定出861个Kub修饰肽。这些泛素化蛋白参与多种生理生化过程, 包括基因表达、代谢调控和信号转导等。
蛋白质泛素化参与调控高温及干旱胁迫下的水稻发育(郭慧妍等, 2024), 在水稻代谢调节、蛋白质合成与降解等方面发挥关键作用。在高温条件下, Ying等(2023b)利用蛋白质无标记定量技术在2个水稻品种(9311和GLA4)的胚乳中鉴定出246个Kub蛋白以及488个Kub位点。其中与淀粉合成相关的关键酶包括AGPL2、AGPL3、AGPS1、AGPS2、GBSSI、BEI、BEIIb、PUL和Pho1 (表7)。在AGPL2、AGPL3、AGPS1及AGPS2中鉴定出22个Kub位点。高温胁迫下AGPL2多个Kub位点的修饰水平发生变化。在2个水稻品种中AGPL2-K254位点的修饰水平均显著上调, 表明该位点可能在高温下AGPase调控中起关键作用。从GBSSI中鉴定出16个Kub位点, 高温胁迫下2个水稻品种的6个位点(K130、K177、K399、K381、K385和K549)泛素化水平上调, 而9311的1个位点(K258)泛素化水平下调。研究表明, 高温胁迫下水稻直链淀粉含量降低(Pan et al., 2023), 推测可能与GBSSI蛋白泛素化水平显著升高导致其发生降解有关。在BEI中发现3个Kub位点(K103、K108和K122), 高温下9311中K108和K122的泛素化水平显著上调。在BEIIb中仅发现1个Kub位点(K134), 高温下2个水稻品种的泛素化水平均略微升高。推测这些变化可能是高温下胚乳淀粉糊化温度和相对结晶度升高的原因之一。在PUL中发现5个Kub位点(K230、K330、K432、K736和K884), 根据高温胁迫下泛素化水平调控模式与蛋白质丰度调控一致, 推测泛素化修饰位点与蛋白质降解有关, 还可能通过改变酶活性以及蛋白互作来调节支链淀粉的生物合成。在Pho1中发现3个Kub位点(K277、K445和K941), 高温环境下Pho1- K277和Pho1-K445两个位点分别仅在9311和GLA4中被检测到发生泛素化。Pang等(2021)研究表明, 高温胁迫下水稻(特别是GLA4)中Pho1的蛋白丰度降低。因此, 这些仅发生在高温环境中的Kub可能与Pho1蛋白的降解有关。以上研究表明, 在逆境下泛素化修饰对水稻淀粉合成具有重要调控作用。
研究表明植物体内蛋白质PTMs之间存在串扰机制(PTM-crosstalk), 这些多层面的串扰作用在植物生长发育以及胁迫响应等方面具有重要意义。目前, 植物体内不同蛋白质PTMs之间串扰调控机制的研究尚处于起步阶段。庞悦涵等(2024)以水稻胚乳磷酸化和泛素化蛋白质组学数据为基础, 对2种PTMs进行关联分析。结果显示, 在246个泛素化蛋白中有143个同时具有磷酸化修饰位点, 表明在水稻胚乳中这2种PTMs密切相关。进一步分析发现, 在淀粉代谢通路中AGPL2、AGPL3、AGPS1、AGPS2、GBSSI、BEI、BEIIb、PUL及Pho1均具有双重修饰位点, 表明磷酸化与泛素化修饰在水稻胚乳淀粉生物合成过程中有重要调控作用。在高温胁迫下, 9311中Pho1磷酸化水平显著下降而其泛素化水平显著上升。推测泛素化水平升高导致蛋白降解, 由于蛋白表达丰度降低, 磷酸化水平随之下调。GLA4中AGPL2磷酸化修饰和泛素化修饰均具有上调和下调的多个位点, 是唯一同时具有双重修饰和多重调节位点的蛋白。说明多重PTMs在高温胁迫下对淀粉合成具有重要的协同调节作用。
水稻胚乳SSREs的PTMs对稻米品质改良及培育特用淀粉水稻品种具有重要意义。研究表明, 淀粉生物合成酶的PTMs可能影响稻米的蒸煮食味和淀粉品质。Zhang等(2019a)对由Wxlv和Wxb编码的GBSSI- P415与由Wxa和点突变体Wxb (P415S)编码的GBSSI- S415的磷酸化状态进行检测, 发现仅S415可被磷酸化。进一步研究发现点突变体Wxb (P415S)成熟籽粒呈乳白色, 与Wxb编码成熟籽粒相比, 其表观直链淀粉含量降低, 具有更高的胶稠度以及更低的糊化温度。表明Wx基因第415位从脯氨酸到丝氨酸的替换可改变GBSSI的磷酸化状态, 使酶活性达到中等水平。该位点是一个潜在的育种靶点, 可通过转基因或CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术来培育具有优良食用品质的水稻品种。Mujahid等(2018)证实在水稻种子发育过程中, 淀粉合成相关酶(如AGPS2、AGPL2、BEI、BEIIb、PUL、PhoL、PGM和FLO4)发生丙二酰化, 并在水稻中发现大量由丙二酰化、乙酰化和琥珀酰化共同修饰的位点, 推测这些PTMs很可能参与水稻淀粉生物合成, 进而影响籽粒灌浆、蒸煮食味和淀粉品质。Pang等(2018)分别鉴定了籼稻GLA4中SBEI的3个磷酸肽和BEIIb的2个磷酸肽, 发现与9311相比, SBEI的所有磷酸化肽都仅在GLA4中被检测到。根据sbe1突变体的胚乳淀粉具有较低的糊化温度和较好的口感, 推测GLA4中SBEI的磷酸化修饰可能影响淀粉的生物合成和稻米的食用品质。
磷酸化修饰可能影响稻米的外观。控制水稻垩白度的主要调节因子Chalk5在授粉后7天的日本晴种子中被特异性磷酸化, 而Chalk5高表达会增加胚乳垩白, 使水稻外观品质受到影响(Qiu et al., 2016)。
磷酸化修饰可能影响水稻籽粒灌浆(Zhang et al., 2014c)。为探明水稻弱势颖花籽粒灌浆不良的分子机制, Zhang等(2014c)对鉴定出的43个差异磷酸化蛋白进行分析, 其中与淀粉合成相关的GBSS、PPDK及AGPL在弱势颖花籽粒中的表达丰度和磷酸化水平低于优势颖花籽粒, 这为通过改变蛋白PTMs水平调控水稻籽粒灌浆提供了指导。
近年来, 随着特异性蛋白质修饰位点检测和质谱技术的不断发展, 植物PTMs调控位点与功能鉴定和定量分析更加广泛深入。研究表明, 在谷类作物中PTMs普遍发生且广泛参与碳代谢、光合作用和淀粉生物合成等多种生理生化过程, 在调节蛋白质表达、功能及活性等过程中也发挥重要作用。
我们总结了水稻种子中部分SSREs的常见PTMs位点数量及潜在的功能(图3)。目前, 发现在作物中还存在羰基化、丁酰化、丙二酸化及肉豆蔻酰化等多种修饰类型, 但针对这些PTMs的研究相对较少。研究证实一个蛋白可能发生多种PTMs, 并具有多个PTMs修饰位点。这些PTMs通过影响蛋白质功能和活性、改变蛋白构象与定位以及相互作用极大地丰富了蛋白质的功能, 增加了蛋白质组的多样性(Xu et al., 2020)。
尽管水稻SSREs的PTMs研究逐渐增多, 但仍存在一些问题和不足, 主要包括5个方面。(1) 淀粉合成相关酶(SSs、BEs和DBEs)能够以依赖磷酸化修饰的方式形成蛋白复合体(多酶复合体)。目前, 通过磷酸化修饰蛋白质组学获得了大量SSREs的磷酸化修饰位点, 但尚不明确哪些磷酸化修饰位点参与多酶复合体的形成, 何种蛋白激酶对其进行磷酸化修饰也尚属未知。(2) 目前认为GBSSI主要合成直链淀粉, 也有研究表明GBSSI参与支链淀粉长链的延伸, 因此GBSSI与支链SSREs之间是否存在与PTMs有关的相互作用, 即它们之间是否可形成类似多酶复合体仍需进一步探索。(3) 不同作物间SSREs的PTMs位点及其种内、种间保守性与同源性有待发掘。即使是研究较多的水稻、小麦、大麦和玉米等常见作物的SSREs磷酸化蛋白质组学分析、相关位点发掘及功能探索仍有待加强。(4) 利用蛋白质组学在谷物发育胚乳中已发现许多SSREs具有Kac、Ksu、Khib、Kmal和Kub等修饰位点, 但是这些修饰位点的生物学功能还有待阐明。(5) 由于缺乏更加高效及高准确率的蛋白质组鉴定分析技术, 多年来对植物PTMs的理解受到较大限制, 技术创新迫在眉睫。
未来可进一步对水稻淀粉合成相关的关键基因和酶的表达特征及其PTMs的机理、修饰途径以及与淀粉代谢之间的关系展开深入研究, 为阐明水稻淀粉生物合成机制以及获得优质高产水稻新品种提供新思路。
李新宇: 撰写论文; 谷月: 分析数据; 徐非非: 修订文章内容; 包劲松: 修订文章内容及审校图表, 提供资金和技术支持。
包劲松, 教授, 博士生导师。主要从事水稻品质遗传与分子育种研究。研究成果获浙江省科学技术奖一等奖、三等奖各1项。发表SCI论文150余篇, 被引用7 500余次, h指数达46, 连年入选爱思唯尔中国高被引学者榜单。主编美国谷物化学家协会的专著Rice Chemistry and Technology (第4版), 参编章节18章。担任多个被Web of Science核心数据库收录期刊的副主编或编委。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32201817)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31871531)
  • 海南省自然科学基金(323MS066)
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2025年第60卷第2期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24067
  • 接收时间:2024-05-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-05
  • 录用日期:2024-10-14
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国家自然科学基金(32201817)
国家自然科学基金(31871531)
海南省自然科学基金(323MS066)
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    1浙江大学农业与生物技术学院原子核农业科学研究所, 杭州 310058
    2浙江大学海南研究院, 三亚 572025

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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