Article(id=1319334559813058996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1319334515705754160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24117, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24117, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722268800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1735142400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-26, onlineDate=1792483471109, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792483471109, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792483471109, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792483471109, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319334515705754160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='315', pageEnd='482', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792483460594, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792483678409, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1319335429350994324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1319334515705754160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1319335429355188629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1319334515705754160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=377, endPage=392, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319334559993414069, articleId=1319334559813058996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Identification of the Spinach AT-hook Gene Family and Analysis of Expression Profiles, columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION: The AT-hook motif nuclear localized (AHL) gene family is a highly conserved transcription factors involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses, but their roles in spinach are still unknown.

RATIONALE:To reveal the basic characteristics of the AHL family in spinach, members of the spinach SoAHLfamily were identified at the whole-genome level, and their physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, promoter elements, and salicylic acid-responsive expression profiles were analyzed in this study.

RESULTS: The results revealed 19 SoAHL family members in the spinach genome, which were unevenly distributed across six chromosomes. These SoAHL members can be classified into three branches, with 10 members in subfamily I and 9 members in subfamily II. The sequence composition of PPC and AT-hook conserved motifs varies among subfamilies; most of the SoAHL genes are located in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion. Members of subfamily I of SoAHL have no introns, whereas members of subfamily II contain 4-5 introns. The varying numbers of cis-acting elements relate to phytohormones and abiotic stress responses were distributed upstream of the promoters of the SoAHL members. The SoAHL genes can be expressed in roots, leaves, and petioles, with most genes expressed at relatively high levels in roots. The expression of two SoAHL genes (SOV6g041850.1 and SOV2g038950.1) was significantly induced by salicylic acid treatment. The expression profiles and salicylic acid-induced expression levels of SOV2g031340.1 and SOV4g018880.1 were highly correlated with the folic acid content, which may play a role in the spinach response to the salicylic acid signaling pathway. The transient overexpression of SOV4g018880.1 increased the folate content of spinach leaves by 1.75 times.

CONCLUSION: The results from the sequence characteristics, expression profiles and exogenous salicylic acid treatment revealed that the SoAHLs had potential functional diversity and that specific members may have positive effects on spinach folate accumulation. Our results will lay the foundation for further resolving the function of spinach AT-hook genes.



Phenotype (A), total folate content (B) and expression analysis of SoAHL (C) under 50 μmol∙L-1 salicylic acid (SA) treatment for 5 days (D5) and 7 days (D7). CK: Control

, authors=Yang Li, Qu Xitong, Chen Zihang, Zou Tingting, Wang Quanhua, Wang Xiaoli*, authorsList=Yang Li, Qu Xitong, Chen Zihang, Zou Tingting, Wang Quanhua, Wang Xiaoli, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wang Xiaoli, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1319334564162552266, articleId=1319334559813058996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=CN, title=菠菜AT-hook基因家族鉴定与表达谱分析, columnId=1317485691316061179, journalTitle=植物学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=AHL (AT-hook)蛋白家族在植物生长发育、器官构建、逆境胁迫及植物激素信号应答中发挥关键作用。为揭示菠菜(Spinacia oleracea) AHL基因家族的生物学功能, 在基因组范围内对SoAHL家族成员进行鉴定和分析, 并探究外源水杨酸对其表达水平的影响。结果表明, SoAHL家族包含19个成员, 在6条染色体间不均匀分布, 系统发育树将其分为2个亚族, I、II亚族分别包含10、9个SoAHL成员; 不同亚族间PPC和AT-hook保守基序序列组成有差异; SoAHL主要定位在细胞核、细胞质和线粒体; SoAHL I亚族成员无内含子, II亚族成员含4-5个内含子; SoAHL启动子上游分布有不同数量的植物激素和非生物胁迫响应相关顺式作用元件。SoAHL成员在根、叶片及叶柄中均有表达, 大多数在根中表达水平较高。水杨酸处理条件下, SOV6g041850.1和SOV2g038950.1受水杨酸显著诱导; SOV2g031340.1和SOV4g018880.1主要在地上部表达, 与叶酸含量的组织分布特征相似。瞬时过表达SOV4g018880.1能提高菠菜叶酸含量1.75倍。研究结果可为进一步解析SoAHL的功能奠定基础。, authors=杨莉, 曲茜彤, 陈子航, 邹婷婷, 王全华, 王小丽*, authorsList=杨莉, 曲茜彤, 陈子航, 邹婷婷, 王全华, 王小丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王小丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王小丽, 上海师范大学生命科学学院副教授, 硕士生导师。主要从事园艺植物营养品质调控、遗传鉴定及新品种选育等工作。目前研究团队以菠菜为主要研究对象, 收集了世界各地菠菜种质资源千余份, 完成菠菜资源的深度转录组测序和全基因组测序工作, 利用生理生化、遗传学和分子生物学等手段对其重要农艺性状进行研究。E-mail:
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Genomics 112, 3803-3814., articleTitle=Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of rice FTIP gene family, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1319334571787797006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, awardId=2022-02-08-00-12-F01116, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市科技兴农项目(2022-02-08-00-12-F01116), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319334564389044683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319334564393238988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, companyId=1319334564389044683, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319334564401627597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, companyId=1319334564389044683, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海师范大学生命科学学院/植物种质资源开发协同创新中心, 上海 200234)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319334568130363893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Phylogenetic tree of AHL family members of spinach, Arabidopsis and rice

Purple indicates subfamily I, and blue indicates subfamily II.

, figureFileSmall=SSofCxxoBiClaCPP/5SGeQ==, figureFileBig=cgYT8+EBWOqmuqYE7d2/WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568193278454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菠菜、拟南芥和水稻AHL蛋白家族进化树分析

紫色表示I亚族, 蓝色表示II亚族。

, figureFileSmall=SSofCxxoBiClaCPP/5SGeQ==, figureFileBig=cgYT8+EBWOqmuqYE7d2/WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568407187959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Conserved domain analysis of SoAHL family members in spinach, figureFileSmall=kr6sONJ+yjcos6/6slr+PA==, figureFileBig=dxeehST2nUuIo9bbvsHFHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568512045560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菠菜SoAHL家族成员保守结构域分析, figureFileSmall=kr6sONJ+yjcos6/6slr+PA==, figureFileBig=dxeehST2nUuIo9bbvsHFHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568621097465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Analysis of conserved motifs (A) and gene structure (B) in the SoAHL family members, figureFileSmall=si2vxfJajzvDaNfQtfm45w==, figureFileBig=ACMQ3dUgtaO8yVvlMRNiRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568709177850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SoAHL家族成员保守基序(A)及基因结构分析(B), figureFileSmall=si2vxfJajzvDaNfQtfm45w==, figureFileBig=ACMQ3dUgtaO8yVvlMRNiRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568776286715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Regional collinearity of the SoAHL gene in spinach

The homologous chromosome regions were connected with the SoAHL genes by red lines, and the outer ring represents the gene density heatmap.

, figureFileSmall=FyGVJEsaOwiEWgQjtsr/8w==, figureFileBig=6qhEGqT7kdoiNXgbZuax1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568843395580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菠菜SoAHL基因的区域共线性关系

具有同源性的染色体区域用红线连接SoAHL基因, 外环为基因密度热图。

, figureFileSmall=FyGVJEsaOwiEWgQjtsr/8w==, figureFileBig=6qhEGqT7kdoiNXgbZuax1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334568914698749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Collinearity analysis of the AHL gene family in different species

The red lines between the bars indicate collinear genes among members of the AHL gene family across species; the fine gray line shows all the collinear genes contained between species. At: Arabidopsis thaliana; Os: Oryza sativa; So: Spinacia oleracea

, figureFileSmall=yEJpoMCDZFkco5dGa1UfTg==, figureFileBig=e4YqDg9JK95NsdxFZGN4WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334569011167742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图5, caption=AHL基因家族物种间共线性分析

红色线表示物种间AHL基因家族成员的共线性基因, 浅灰线表示各物种间包含的所有共线性基因。At: 拟南芥; Os: 水稻; So: 菠菜

, figureFileSmall=yEJpoMCDZFkco5dGa1UfTg==, figureFileBig=e4YqDg9JK95NsdxFZGN4WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334569090859519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Analysis of cis-acting elements of the SoAHL gene family members, figureFileSmall=JbI1v832bilzENiVVxS5Rw==, figureFileBig=Rvb2T6/mZnTplBO8pTXhxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334569170551296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SoAHL基因家族成员顺式作用元件分析, figureFileSmall=JbI1v832bilzENiVVxS5Rw==, figureFileBig=Rvb2T6/mZnTplBO8pTXhxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334569246048769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Folate content (A) and expression pattern of SoAHL gene (B) in three tissues of spinach

L: Leaf; P: Petiole; R: Root. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences(P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=hkZlIpDwTKLVtjvXiycVAA==, figureFileBig=wksfa2Axy/WALQwhhU9WQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334569304769026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图7, caption=菠菜3种组织叶酸含量(A)与SoAHL基因表达谱(B)

L: 叶片; P: 叶柄; R: 根。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=hkZlIpDwTKLVtjvXiycVAA==, figureFileBig=wksfa2Axy/WALQwhhU9WQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334569397043715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Phenotype (A), total folate content (B) of spinach and expression analysis of SoAHL (C) under salicylic acid (SA) treatment

CKD5: Control group for 5 days; SAD5: SA treatment for 5 days; CKD7: Control group for 7 days; SAD7: SA treatment for 7 days. The stars indicate significant differences between treatments at the same time (P<0.05, Tukey test); the numbers in the heat map boxes respresent gene relative expression. Bars=5 cm

, figureFileSmall=CLKDwoKJgfqZ10zYtUEtug==, figureFileBig=C8hVEXr4sBxRXb/4Zh8Qiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334571045405189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图8, caption=水杨酸(SA)处理下菠菜表型(A)、叶酸含量(B)与SoAHL表达谱(C)

CKD5: 对照组处理5天; SAD5: SA处理5天; CKD7: 对照组处理7天; SAD7: SA处理7天。星号表示同一时间下处理间差异显著(P<0.05, Tukey检验); 热图方框中数字为基因相对表达量。Bars=5 cm

, figureFileSmall=CLKDwoKJgfqZ10zYtUEtug==, figureFileBig=C8hVEXr4sBxRXb/4Zh8Qiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334571112514054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Changes in the relative expression level of the SoAHLa (A) and the folate content of leaf (B) after transient overexpression of SoAHLa

CK: Spinach leaves injected with empty pEG100-SW; OE: Spinach leaves injected with vector containing SOV4g018880.1. * indicate significant differences between treatments at the same time (P<0.05, Tukey test).

, figureFileSmall=uduBABceJcc9kPSDgJGnSQ==, figureFileBig=3Vaber81B7OOMoex3nfgvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334571192205831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=图9, caption=SoAHLa瞬时过表达后基因的相对表达量(A)及菠菜叶片叶酸含量变化(B)

CK: 注射空载体pEG100-SW的菠菜叶片; OE: 注射含SOV4g018880.1重组过表达载体的菠菜叶片。* 表示同一时间下处理间差异显著(P<0.05, Tukey检验)。

, figureFileSmall=uduBABceJcc9kPSDgJGnSQ==, figureFileBig=3Vaber81B7OOMoex3nfgvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334571267703304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequences of the primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene ID Forward primer (5′-3′) Reverse primer (5′-3′)
SOV4g002370.1 GTTCTAACCATCTCCGCAAT TGAATGGGTGAAATTGGCAT
SOV5g038710.1 GAGCGGCTATGATGGAG GGATCTGATCTGTCCATGTC
SOV1g029900.1 TAAGATGGAGCAACAACAGG TCGGGTTCTGATTATCCTCT
SOV6g041850.1 ATATCGGCATCACAACATGG AGTGGTTTTGGAGTTGAAGT
SOV2g030150.1 ATGGAAGGCCTCTACCACC GTGGTGAAACTGATGATGCTG
SOV6g047350.1 GACTCTCGTGGCCCATCTGC GTAAGGTGAATTTGATTGGTGG
SOV2g031340.1 GAGAGGATTAGCCGAGTTAC CCCGACATTTGATTGGAAAG
SOV3g001110.1 GTAGTTCAGGGGTAACTGTG TTTTCACCCCTAGCTGTTAC
SOV2g038950.1 GATAACAATGCTCAAAACAATG GTTGGAATTTGGAAGGATGAG
SOV4g018880.1 CCGAATGAACAAAGCGGAC GACATTCCATTGGTGGCGG
SOV5g038610.1 TCTGAAAATGACGTCGGTAG CGGCTTATAAACTGCATTCC
SOV6g041780.1 GTAGTAAGGTCAGATGCTCC CATACTTCCTTGGTCTACCC
SOV2g029980.1 GGTGACAGTAATAGGAGCAG TTACTGGAGTAACATCCCCA
SOV5g021850.1 TCAGGACCTGGTAGCTTTTA AAAGTCATCCCGGAATTAGG
SOV6g040610.1 GGATGGGAGAGAAGGTATGGC CCAACTGCCCCAGGAATTGT
SOV4g057830.1 ATAACGCCCTGGTGCAACTG TGTGGCCTCCATCCGAACACAT
SOV4g019010.1 ACGAACAACCCGGACAACTT ACCGCCATGATTCCATCCAT
SOV6g040700.1 TTGCCTCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTAT TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
SOV6g047370.1 TCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTATGGC TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
18S CCATAAACGATGCCGACCAG AGCCTTGCGACCATACTCCC
), ArticleFig(id=1319334571334812169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene ID Forward primer (5′-3′) Reverse primer (5′-3′)
SOV4g002370.1 GTTCTAACCATCTCCGCAAT TGAATGGGTGAAATTGGCAT
SOV5g038710.1 GAGCGGCTATGATGGAG GGATCTGATCTGTCCATGTC
SOV1g029900.1 TAAGATGGAGCAACAACAGG TCGGGTTCTGATTATCCTCT
SOV6g041850.1 ATATCGGCATCACAACATGG AGTGGTTTTGGAGTTGAAGT
SOV2g030150.1 ATGGAAGGCCTCTACCACC GTGGTGAAACTGATGATGCTG
SOV6g047350.1 GACTCTCGTGGCCCATCTGC GTAAGGTGAATTTGATTGGTGG
SOV2g031340.1 GAGAGGATTAGCCGAGTTAC CCCGACATTTGATTGGAAAG
SOV3g001110.1 GTAGTTCAGGGGTAACTGTG TTTTCACCCCTAGCTGTTAC
SOV2g038950.1 GATAACAATGCTCAAAACAATG GTTGGAATTTGGAAGGATGAG
SOV4g018880.1 CCGAATGAACAAAGCGGAC GACATTCCATTGGTGGCGG
SOV5g038610.1 TCTGAAAATGACGTCGGTAG CGGCTTATAAACTGCATTCC
SOV6g041780.1 GTAGTAAGGTCAGATGCTCC CATACTTCCTTGGTCTACCC
SOV2g029980.1 GGTGACAGTAATAGGAGCAG TTACTGGAGTAACATCCCCA
SOV5g021850.1 TCAGGACCTGGTAGCTTTTA AAAGTCATCCCGGAATTAGG
SOV6g040610.1 GGATGGGAGAGAAGGTATGGC CCAACTGCCCCAGGAATTGT
SOV4g057830.1 ATAACGCCCTGGTGCAACTG TGTGGCCTCCATCCGAACACAT
SOV4g019010.1 ACGAACAACCCGGACAACTT ACCGCCATGATTCCATCCAT
SOV6g040700.1 TTGCCTCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTAT TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
SOV6g047370.1 TCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTATGGC TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
18S CCATAAACGATGCCGACCAG AGCCTTGCGACCATACTCCC
), ArticleFig(id=1319334571431281162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information on the SoAHL gene family members in spinach

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene ID Genome location Subcellular localization Length (bp) Amino acid (aa) Molecular weight (kDa) PI
SOV1g029900.1 Chr. 1: 113135928-113136926 NLS, Chl 999 333 33.84 5.37
SOV4g019010.1 Chr. 4: 52394687-52395604 NLS 918 306 31.47 6.16
SOV4g057830.1 Chr. 4: 186409628-186410449 NLS, Chl 822 274 27.68 6.42
SOV5g038710.1 Chr. 5: 123243932-123247784 NLS 819 273 26.72 6.43
SOV6g040700.1 Chr. 6: 140433598-140434404 NLS, Cyt 807 269 28.36 9.07
SOV6g047370.1 Chr. 6: 148547185-148548063 Chl, NLS 879 293 30.18 6.04
SOV2g030150.1 Chr. 2: 101786656-101787666 NLS, Chl 1011 337 34.80 7.22
SOV6g041850.1 Chr. 6: 141988749-141989711 NLS, Chl 963 321 32.97 5.97
SOV2g038950.1 Chr. 2: 112654862-112655896 Cyt, NLS 1035 345 36.80 6.85
SOV4g018880.1 Chr. 4: 52004210-52011645 NLS 1041 347 36.10 8.46
SOV2g031340.1 Chr. 2: 103380711-103385136 NLS 990 330 34.05 9.58
SOV6g040610.1 Chr. 6: 140337052-140344304 NLS, Cyt 1044 348 35.29 9.89
SOV2g029980.1 Chr. 2: 101504484-101511484 NLS, Chl 1032 344 35.92 9.44
SOV6g041780.1 Chr. 6: 141900514-141905585 NLS 1026 342 35.70 8.33
SOV3g001110.1 Chr. 3: 1145951-1151558 Chl, NLS 1089 363 37.96 5.73
SOV5g021850.1 Chr. 5: 39407625-39411618 NLS, Chl 1089 363 37.31 7.87
SOV5g038610.1 Chr. 5: 122545368-122554893 NLS 1092 364 37.09 9.87
SOV6g047350.1 Chr. 6: 148521377-148529101 NLS, Chl 1413 471 50.13 8.79
SOV4g002370.1 Chr. 4: 2764521-2765501 NLS, Cyt 981 327 36.06 6.04
), ArticleFig(id=1319334571515167243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菠菜SoAHL基因家族成员基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene ID Genome location Subcellular localization Length (bp) Amino acid (aa) Molecular weight (kDa) PI
SOV1g029900.1 Chr. 1: 113135928-113136926 NLS, Chl 999 333 33.84 5.37
SOV4g019010.1 Chr. 4: 52394687-52395604 NLS 918 306 31.47 6.16
SOV4g057830.1 Chr. 4: 186409628-186410449 NLS, Chl 822 274 27.68 6.42
SOV5g038710.1 Chr. 5: 123243932-123247784 NLS 819 273 26.72 6.43
SOV6g040700.1 Chr. 6: 140433598-140434404 NLS, Cyt 807 269 28.36 9.07
SOV6g047370.1 Chr. 6: 148547185-148548063 Chl, NLS 879 293 30.18 6.04
SOV2g030150.1 Chr. 2: 101786656-101787666 NLS, Chl 1011 337 34.80 7.22
SOV6g041850.1 Chr. 6: 141988749-141989711 NLS, Chl 963 321 32.97 5.97
SOV2g038950.1 Chr. 2: 112654862-112655896 Cyt, NLS 1035 345 36.80 6.85
SOV4g018880.1 Chr. 4: 52004210-52011645 NLS 1041 347 36.10 8.46
SOV2g031340.1 Chr. 2: 103380711-103385136 NLS 990 330 34.05 9.58
SOV6g040610.1 Chr. 6: 140337052-140344304 NLS, Cyt 1044 348 35.29 9.89
SOV2g029980.1 Chr. 2: 101504484-101511484 NLS, Chl 1032 344 35.92 9.44
SOV6g041780.1 Chr. 6: 141900514-141905585 NLS 1026 342 35.70 8.33
SOV3g001110.1 Chr. 3: 1145951-1151558 Chl, NLS 1089 363 37.96 5.73
SOV5g021850.1 Chr. 5: 39407625-39411618 NLS, Chl 1089 363 37.31 7.87
SOV5g038610.1 Chr. 5: 122545368-122554893 NLS 1092 364 37.09 9.87
SOV6g047350.1 Chr. 6: 148521377-148529101 NLS, Chl 1413 471 50.13 8.79
SOV4g002370.1 Chr. 4: 2764521-2765501 NLS, Cyt 981 327 36.06 6.04
), ArticleFig(id=1319334571620024844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of salicylic acid (SA) treatment on the biomass of spinach

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Salicylic acid Days of treatments (d) Shoot fresh biomass (g) Root fresh
biomass (g)
Shoot dry
biomass (g)
Root dry
biomass (g)
Mock 0 0.737±0.171 d 0.053±0.004 b 0.083±0.013 b 0.004±0.001 a
1 1.042±0.049 c 0.076±0.016 b 0.083±0.013 b 0.030±0.036 a
3 1.097±0.125 c 0.066±0.008 b 0.095±0.014 b 0.008±0.002 a
5 1.304±0.017 b 0.079±0.016 b 0.132±0.028 a 0.012±0.008 a
7 1.511±0.054 a 0.104±0.016 a 0.111±0.020 ab 0.010±0.003 a
SA50 0 0.800±0.190 c 0.061±0.003 a 0.087±0.015 a 0.007±0.003 a
1 1.123±0.116 b 0.077±0.015 a 0.123±0.032 a 0.012±0.005 a
3 1.083±0.115 b 0.088±0.056 a 0.339±0.441 a 0.010±0.003 a
5 1.303±0.080 ab 0.069±0.010 a 0.096±0.018 a 0.010±0.006 a
7 1.501±0.085 a 0.077±0.015 a 0.094±0.038 a 0.049±0.070 a
), ArticleFig(id=1319334571691328013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334559813058996, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水杨酸(SA)处理对菠菜生物量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Salicylic acid Days of treatments (d) Shoot fresh biomass (g) Root fresh
biomass (g)
Shoot dry
biomass (g)
Root dry
biomass (g)
Mock 0 0.737±0.171 d 0.053±0.004 b 0.083±0.013 b 0.004±0.001 a
1 1.042±0.049 c 0.076±0.016 b 0.083±0.013 b 0.030±0.036 a
3 1.097±0.125 c 0.066±0.008 b 0.095±0.014 b 0.008±0.002 a
5 1.304±0.017 b 0.079±0.016 b 0.132±0.028 a 0.012±0.008 a
7 1.511±0.054 a 0.104±0.016 a 0.111±0.020 ab 0.010±0.003 a
SA50 0 0.800±0.190 c 0.061±0.003 a 0.087±0.015 a 0.007±0.003 a
1 1.123±0.116 b 0.077±0.015 a 0.123±0.032 a 0.012±0.005 a
3 1.083±0.115 b 0.088±0.056 a 0.339±0.441 a 0.010±0.003 a
5 1.303±0.080 ab 0.069±0.010 a 0.096±0.018 a 0.010±0.006 a
7 1.501±0.085 a 0.077±0.015 a 0.094±0.038 a 0.049±0.070 a
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菠菜AT-hook基因家族鉴定与表达谱分析
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杨莉 , 曲茜彤 , 陈子航 , 邹婷婷 , 王全华 , 王小丽 *
植物学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(3): 377-392
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植物学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (3) : 377 -392
菠菜AT-hook基因家族鉴定与表达谱分析
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杨莉, 曲茜彤, 陈子航, 邹婷婷, 王全华, 王小丽*
作者信息
  • 上海师范大学生命科学学院/植物种质资源开发协同创新中心, 上海 200234
通讯作者:
*王小丽, 上海师范大学生命科学学院副教授, 硕士生导师。主要从事园艺植物营养品质调控、遗传鉴定及新品种选育等工作。目前研究团队以菠菜为主要研究对象, 收集了世界各地菠菜种质资源千余份, 完成菠菜资源的深度转录组测序和全基因组测序工作, 利用生理生化、遗传学和分子生物学等手段对其重要农艺性状进行研究。E-mail:
Identification of the Spinach AT-hook Gene Family and Analysis of Expression Profiles
Yang Li, Qu Xitong, Chen Zihang, Zou Tingting, Wang Quanhua, Wang Xiaoli*
Affiliations
  • Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24117
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AHL (AT-hook)蛋白家族在植物生长发育、器官构建、逆境胁迫及植物激素信号应答中发挥关键作用。为揭示菠菜(Spinacia oleracea) AHL基因家族的生物学功能, 在基因组范围内对SoAHL家族成员进行鉴定和分析, 并探究外源水杨酸对其表达水平的影响。结果表明, SoAHL家族包含19个成员, 在6条染色体间不均匀分布, 系统发育树将其分为2个亚族, I、II亚族分别包含10、9个SoAHL成员; 不同亚族间PPC和AT-hook保守基序序列组成有差异; SoAHL主要定位在细胞核、细胞质和线粒体; SoAHL I亚族成员无内含子, II亚族成员含4-5个内含子; SoAHL启动子上游分布有不同数量的植物激素和非生物胁迫响应相关顺式作用元件。SoAHL成员在根、叶片及叶柄中均有表达, 大多数在根中表达水平较高。水杨酸处理条件下, SOV6g041850.1和SOV2g038950.1受水杨酸显著诱导; SOV2g031340.1和SOV4g018880.1主要在地上部表达, 与叶酸含量的组织分布特征相似。瞬时过表达SOV4g018880.1能提高菠菜叶酸含量1.75倍。研究结果可为进一步解析SoAHL的功能奠定基础。
菠菜  /  AT-hook基因家族  /  生物信息学  /  水杨酸

INTRODUCTION: The AT-hook motif nuclear localized (AHL) gene family is a highly conserved transcription factors involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses, but their roles in spinach are still unknown.

RATIONALE:To reveal the basic characteristics of the AHL family in spinach, members of the spinach SoAHLfamily were identified at the whole-genome level, and their physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, promoter elements, and salicylic acid-responsive expression profiles were analyzed in this study.

RESULTS: The results revealed 19 SoAHL family members in the spinach genome, which were unevenly distributed across six chromosomes. These SoAHL members can be classified into three branches, with 10 members in subfamily I and 9 members in subfamily II. The sequence composition of PPC and AT-hook conserved motifs varies among subfamilies; most of the SoAHL genes are located in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion. Members of subfamily I of SoAHL have no introns, whereas members of subfamily II contain 4-5 introns. The varying numbers of cis-acting elements relate to phytohormones and abiotic stress responses were distributed upstream of the promoters of the SoAHL members. The SoAHL genes can be expressed in roots, leaves, and petioles, with most genes expressed at relatively high levels in roots. The expression of two SoAHL genes (SOV6g041850.1 and SOV2g038950.1) was significantly induced by salicylic acid treatment. The expression profiles and salicylic acid-induced expression levels of SOV2g031340.1 and SOV4g018880.1 were highly correlated with the folic acid content, which may play a role in the spinach response to the salicylic acid signaling pathway. The transient overexpression of SOV4g018880.1 increased the folate content of spinach leaves by 1.75 times.

CONCLUSION: The results from the sequence characteristics, expression profiles and exogenous salicylic acid treatment revealed that the SoAHLs had potential functional diversity and that specific members may have positive effects on spinach folate accumulation. Our results will lay the foundation for further resolving the function of spinach AT-hook genes.



Phenotype (A), total folate content (B) and expression analysis of SoAHL (C) under 50 μmol∙L-1 salicylic acid (SA) treatment for 5 days (D5) and 7 days (D7). CK: Control

spinach  /  AT-hook gene family  /  bioinformatics  /  salicylic acid
杨莉, 曲茜彤, 陈子航, 邹婷婷, 王全华, 王小丽. 菠菜AT-hook基因家族鉴定与表达谱分析. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 377 -392 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24117
Yang Li, Qu Xitong, Chen Zihang, Zou Tingting, Wang Quanhua, Wang Xiaoli. Identification of the Spinach AT-hook Gene Family and Analysis of Expression Profiles[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (3) : 377 -392 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24117
菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)为苋科藜亚科菠菜属植物, 风味鲜美, 营养丰富, 是世界性叶用蔬菜, 具有重要的经济价值。由于人体自身不能从头合成叶酸, 只能从饮食中摄取, 而菠菜是人类通过膳食摄入叶酸的重要来源。尽管目前园艺植物叶酸合成途径已有较多研究, 但其分子调控机制仍不清楚(潘曦等, 2023)。前期实验筛选到1个AT-hook核定位蛋白(AT-hook motif nuclear localized protein, AHL), 能与叶酸积累途径关键基因启动子结合, 可能参与菠菜叶酸积累转录调控(潘曦, 2023)。因此, 为探明叶酸积累调控规律, 有必要对菠菜AHL家族进行分析, 挖掘其它候选SoAHL。
AT-hook核定位蛋白是一类DNA结合蛋白, 主要定位于细胞核, 含有以精氨酸(Arg)-甘氨酸(Gly)-精氨酸(Arg)-脯氨酸(Pro) (RGRP)为核心的小基序(亦称RGRP基序)和PPC (plant sand prokaryotes conserved)基序(Zhao et al., 2013)。该蛋白最早在哺乳动物非组蛋白的染色体高移动群蛋白HMG-I/Y中被发现, 在染色质结构组装以及对目标基因转录活性调控中具有重要作用(Eckner and Birnstiel, 1989)。
根据AHL家族中AT-hook基序和PPC结构域序列组成的不同, 可将AHL家族分为3种类型。其中I亚家族含有1型AT-hook基序(核心序列GSKNK)和A型PPC结构域(核心序列LRSH); II亚家族含有1型和2型AT-hook基序(核心序列RKY), 以及B型PPC结构域(核心序列FTPH); III亚家族含有2型AT-hook基序和B型PPC结构域(Bishop et al., 2020)。水稻(Oryza sativa) (张贵慰等, 2014)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) (Zhao et al., 2013)中分别含有45和29个AT-hook成员, 其中I类型成员分别有13和15个, II类型成员9和7个, III类型成员有2和7个。除拟南芥和水稻外, 从玉米(Zea mays)、大豆(Glycine max)、葡萄(Vitis vinifera)、陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)、花生(Arachis hypogaea)和番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)中鉴定到的AHL家族蛋白分别含有37、63、14、99、64和18个AHL成员(Bishop et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021a, 2023; Li et al., 2021; 胡冬秀, 2021)。
AHL蛋白作为转录因子, 通过结合目标基因的DNA序列, 正向或负向调控目标基因的转录, 参与植物的生长发育过程。在拟南芥中过表达AtAHL9显著加速叶片衰老(Zhou et al., 2022)。过表达AtAHL22和AtAHL20导致开花延迟, 而敲除AtAHL22能促进下胚轴伸长(Xiao et al., 2009; Yun et al., 2012; Tayengwa et al., 2020; Jacques et al., 2022)。AtAHL29能抑制植物激素相关基因的转录激活, 进而抑制叶柄生长(Favero et al., 2020)。AtAHL4能够抑制种子中三酰甘油水解和脂肪酸氧化相关基因的表达, 从而抑制脂质分解代谢和幼苗的形态建成(Cai et al., 2020)。AtAHL17或AtAHL18过表达能够增强RHD6 (root hair defective 6)下游一系列基因的转录水平, 进而增加根毛产量(Širl et al., 2020; Zeng et al., 2023)。在大豆根瘤菌中鉴定出2种AT基序核定位(AHL)转录因子, 能与NCR169启动子中富含AT的序列结合, 诱导其表达, 进而影响根瘤菌的固氮效率(Zhang et al., 2023)。棉花AT-hook基因(GhAT1)可通过抑制纤维特异基因FSltp4启动子活性影响棉纤维发育(Delaney et al., 2007)。AHL蛋白还参与植物逆境胁迫应答。在日本结缕草(Zoysia japonica)中过表达AtAHL23和AtAHL20能够增强植株的耐盐性(Jeong et al., 2020)。AHL也参与植物的免疫应答。拟南芥AtAHL20、AtAHL19、AtAHL15和AHL27过表达能够抑制植物对病原体相关分子模式触发的免疫响应相关基因的表达, 从而对强毒假单胞菌表现出更高的敏感性, 降低抗病能力(Lu et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2022)。辣椒(Capsicum annuum) CaATL1过表达转基因植株对细菌和卵菌等病原菌具有抗性(Kim et al., 2007)。
综上, AHL基因在植物生长发育、逆境胁迫、植物激素响应以及免疫应答过程中发挥重要调控作用, 但在植物叶酸积累中的作用尚未见报道。本文对菠菜AHL家族进行全基因组鉴定和生物信息学分析。为筛选叶酸积累相关候选基因, 分析了不同组织及水杨酸处理下菠菜叶酸含量与SoAHL表达谱变化的关系, 挖掘出叶酸积累和水杨酸响应关键候选基因, 为深入解析其分子机制和遗传改良奠定基础。
从TAIR数据库(www.arabidopsis.org/)中获取拟南芥AHL基因家族蛋白序列, 在菠菜基因组数据库(www. spinachbase.org/) Blast检索获得菠菜AHL同源序列, 根据AHL基因家族的特定结构域(PPC/DUF296结构域(PF03479)和AT-hook基序), 最终鉴定到19个菠菜AHL蛋白。利用ExPasy网站中的Prot-Param工具(web.expasy.org/prot-param)分析SoAHL蛋白的分子量、等电点和理化性质等。利用WoLF PSORT (wolfpsort.hgc.jp)预测菠菜AHL基因家族的亚细胞定位。
利用MEGA 11 (www.megasoft-ware.net)软件基于邻接法(neighbor joining)构建菠菜AHL、水稻AHL与拟南芥AHL蛋白系统进化树。利用MEME (meme-suite.org/meme/)和NCBI的Conserved domains在线软件分析保守基序和保守结构域, 并利用TB tools-II (Toolbox for Biologists) v2.131软件进行基因结构可视化(Chen et al., 2023)。
从菠菜基因组数据库提取菠菜AHL基因家族成员的启动子序列(ATG上游2 000 bp核苷酸序列)。利用PlantCARE (bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/ plantcare/html/)和TBtools软件进行顺式作用元件分析和可视化。
以课题组完成全基因组测序的菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)高代自交系Sp75为材料, 选取饱满一致的种子, 在人工气候室(光周期为10小时光照/14小时黑暗, 温度控制在23°C (光照)/18°C (黑暗), 光照强度为200 µmol∙m-2∙s-1, 相对湿度为70%)培养至4片真叶, 进行水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)喷施处理。水杨酸喷施浓度为50 μmol∙L-1, 每株平均喷施5 mL。对照组喷施乙醇-水(1/1 000 (v/v))溶液。分别在处理0、3、5和7天4个时间段采样, 收集叶片, 置于-80°C冰箱保存备用。所有样品均设3个生物学重复, 每个重复3株。
采用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)法检测SoAHL基因水杨酸响应表达谱。首先, 采用Trizol (ThermoFisher)试剂提取组织材料总RNA, 使用Hifair® 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix for qPCR (gDNA digester plus) (翌圣生物科技)将RNA反转录成cDNA (complementary DNA)。使用Hieff UNICON® Universal Blue qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix试剂盒(翌圣生物科技), 在Applied Biosystems 7500 Real Time PCR仪器上进行qRT-PCR。内参基因为菠菜18S基因, 采用2-ΔΔCT法计算基因相对表达量(Livak and Schmittgen, 2001)。qRT-PCR引物序列见表1。SoAHL组织表达谱采用已发表的菠菜根、茎、叶的转录组数据(NCBI BioProject PRJNA663445) (Wang et al., 2021b), 将RPKM值经log2均一化后采用TBtool绘制热图。
采用荧光分光光度法测定菠菜各组织及处理下的叶酸含量(张玖漪等, 2020)。
从NCBI数据库(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中获得SOV4g018880.1 (暂称为SoAHLa)蛋白编码区核苷酸序列, 根据序列设计并提交生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成全长编码序列(coding sequences, CDS)扩增引物(F: 5′-ATGGAACCGAATGAACAAAG- CGGAC-3′; R: 5′-CTAGTCGGGCATCTGCTCATAA- TCT-3′)。以菠菜高代自交系Sp75的叶片cDNA为模板, 利用Prime STAR® GXL高保真酶进行基因克隆。扩增体系总体积为50 µL, 包含10 µL 5× GXL Buffer, 4 µL dNTPs, 上、下游引物各1.5 µL, 2 µL cDNA模板, 1 µL Primestar GXL, 30 µL ddH2O。扩增程序: 95°C预变性3分钟; 95°C变性15秒, 57°C退火15秒, 72°C延伸1分钟(循环数35); 72°C终延伸5分钟。电泳检测PCR产物, 根据DNA Marker比对条带大小, 利用San Prep DNA胶回收试剂盒对条带大小与目的基因一致的片段进行切胶回收和纯化。将基因片段通过酶切位点Xbal构建至pEarleyGate100-SW表达载体, 转化至大肠杆菌感受态细胞, 挑取阳性克隆菌液送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。测序正确后提取质粒, 转化至农杆菌GV3101感受态细胞, 于-80°C冰箱保种, 备用。
利用农杆菌介导法在菠菜叶片中瞬时表达SOV4g018880.1。将含重组质粒的GV3101农杆菌在28°C摇床中培养至菌液OD=0.8。将离心收集的菌株用侵染液(含10 mmol∙L-1 MgCl2、10 mmol∙L-1 MES以及150 µmol∙L-1 AS的1/2MS培养基, pH5.8)稀释至OD=0.8, 室温静置2-3小时后, 用移液器注射于S4菠菜叶片背部。将侵染的植株置于20°C黑暗条件下培养12小时后转入正常光照条件下培养2-3天, 然后对菠菜叶片侵染部位取样, 液氮速冻后保存于-80°C冰箱, 备用。
采用SPSS 29.0软件进行数据分析。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)检验各处理间的差异显著性(Tukey检验, P<0.05表示差异显著)。
在菠菜中共鉴定出19个AHL家族成员(表2), 其中1个SoAHL基因定位于1号染色体, 4个基因定位于2号染色体, 1个基因定位于3号染色体, 4个基因定位于4号染色体, 3个基因定位于5号染色体, 6个基因定位于6号染色体(表2)。菠菜SoAHL基因编码氨基酸数介于268-470之间, 蛋白质分子量最大为SOV6g047350.1 (52.13 kDa), 最小为SOV5g038710.1 (26.72 kDa); 等电点(pI)最小为SOV1g029900.1 (5.37), 最大为SOV5g038610.1 (9.87)。亚细胞定位预测结果显示, 大部分AHL基因定位在细胞核, 也有基因预测定位在其它细胞器(表2)。
将19个菠菜AHL、29个拟南芥AHL以及21个水稻AHL蛋白序列通过多序列比对构建系统进化树(图1), 结果发现10个SoAHL成员与15个拟南芥AHL Clade-B亚族成员聚为一支, 可归为I亚族; 9个菠菜SoAHL成员与14个拟南芥AHL蛋白(Clade-A)聚为一支, 亲缘关系较近, 归为II亚族。I亚族中SOV6g047370.1与AtAHL23和AtAHL21的同源性较高; SOV6g047100.1与AtAHL16亲缘关系较近; SOV1g029900.1与AtAHL15亲缘关系较近。II亚族中SOV6g041780.1与AtAHL2亲缘关系较近; SOV5g038610.1、SOV5g021850.1和SOV5g047350.1与3个AtAHL、5个OsAHL蛋白同源性较高, 其中SOV5g021850.1与Os06g22030亲缘关系较近。
19 个SoAHL成员都含有PPC/DUF296结构域, 但2个亚族的PPC/DUF296结构域和AT-hook基序序列有差异(图2)。I亚族蛋白的AT-hook基序包含2个保守的序列RGRP和GSKNK; 而II亚族AT-hook基序氨基酸组成为RGRPRKY和RGRPPGSGPK。其中, I亚族成员的PPC保守结构域保守序列为GRFEIL和LRSH, II亚族成员PPC保守结构域的序列组成种类较多, 绝大多数含有FTPH保守序列。
对SoAHL家族成员中6个保守基序进行分析, 发现6个保守基序在各成员中均以固定顺序排列, 同一亚族的SoAHL成员具有相似的基序组成(图3A)。其中Motif1和Motif2是AHL家族PPC结构域中的保守基序; Motif3也位于PPC/DUF296结构域, 除SOV4g002370.1外, 其余成员均具有Motif3; Motif5为Clade-II亚族的典型AT-hook保守基序, 大多存在于N端。本研究对SoAHL基因的结构进行分析, 表明19个SoAHL基因的结构差异较大, 内含子和外显子数量不等(图3B)。I亚族成员基因长度较短, 包含的CDS数量最少且均无内含子, 而II亚族的SoAHL成员至少含有4个内含子。
菠菜基因组中共存在71个共线性区域, 涉及1 216个基因, 其中SoAHL基因分散分布在各条染色体上, 以2号和6号染色体上的分布较为密集(图4)。SoAHL家族成员间存在串联重复事件, 如4个片段SOV6g041780.1与SOV2g029980.1、SOV6g041780.1与SOV3g001110.1、SOV2g030150.1与SOV6g041850.1、SOV2g031340.1与SOV6g040610.1。重复事件发生在2、3和6号染色体上, 且不全是一一对应关系。
进一步对菠菜、水稻和拟南芥进行种间共线性分析, 结果表明, 19个菠菜SoAHL与拟南芥中12个AtAHL成员组成22对直线同源基因; 菠菜中7个SoAHL与水稻中7个OsAHL成员组成7对共线性基因。说明AHL家族基因在不同物种间具有一定的保守性和相似性(图5)。
利用PlantCARE对菠菜SoAHL基因家族成员上游2 Kb片段进行启动子分析, 结果显示19个SoAHL基因启动子区存在38种顺式作用元件, 主要包括光响应(45%)、植物激素响应(32%)、非生物胁迫(23%)以及发育相关元件。其中光响应元件占比最大, 植物激素(如乙烯、赤霉素、生长素、茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸)响应元件分布较广泛(图6)。其次, 逆境胁迫相关元件中干旱(如MYB)与低温(如MBS)胁迫响应元件数量最多, 分别占非生物胁迫元件总数的45%和20% (图6)。
SoAHL基因间顺式作用元件组成有差异, 与2个亚族间顺式作用元件组成差异并不显著。SOV6g040610.1、SOV5g038610.1和SOV5g038710.1含有4个以上茉莉素响应元件(TGACG-motif与CGTCA- motif), 其中SOV6g040610.1最多(6个), 其余基因不存在或存在不到2个茉莉素响应元件; SOV2g030150.1含有12个干旱诱导元件(MYB); SOV5g021850.1含有4个乙烯响应元件(ERE); 除SOV4g057830.1外的SoAHL都含有至少1个脱落酸响应元件(ABRE与AAGAA-motif), SOV6g041850.1、SOV6g047350.1分别含有11和12个。SOV4g018880.1、SOV4g019010.1、SOV5g038610.1、SOV6g040700.1、SOV6g041850.1以及SOV6g047350.1含有水杨酸响应元件(TCA-element), 其余基因启动子区不存在水杨酸响应元件。与其它成员相比, SOV5g038710.1启动子区域的光响应元件显著多于其它基因(7-13个), 其中G-Box数量最多; SOV4g018880.1逆境胁迫响应元件数目最多(21个), 比其它成员多4个以上; 植物激素响应元件中脱落酸响应元件最多, SOV6g041850.1与SOV6g047350.1含有的植物激素响应元件最多。
为探究AHL在叶酸积累中的作用, 比较了不同菠菜组织叶酸含量和SoAHL的表达量, 发现菠菜叶片叶酸含量最高, 其次为叶柄, 根中含量最低。转录组测序结果表明, SoAHL家族成员在菠菜根、叶片和叶柄中均有表达, 在叶片和叶柄中表达水平相似。大部分SoAHL在根中的表达量较高, 如SOV4g019010.1在根中的表达量最高, 是其它组织的10倍以上。与II亚族成员相比, I亚族成员在根中的表达量较高; 而II亚族成员主要在叶片与叶柄中表达量较高, 如SOV2g031340.1和SOV4g018880.1在叶中表达量明显高于其它组织, 其次为SOV6g040610.1和SOV5g038610.1。叶柄中SOV5g038610.1的表达量最高, 其次为SOV6g047350.1、SOV6g040610.1和SOV4g018880.1。SOV2g038950.1、SOV3g001110.1和SOV4g002370.1在叶柄中的表达量也较高, 占比为17%- 21% (图7)。
研究表明, 植物叶酸含量可能受到水杨酸诱导(Puthusseri et al., 2013), 而AHL启动子中也包含数量不等的水杨酸响应元件。因此, 为进一步筛选与菠菜叶酸积累相关的SoAHL基因, 分析了外源水杨酸处理下菠菜叶片叶酸含量及SoAHL表达模式的变化。结果发现, 外源喷施50 μmol∙L-1水杨酸7天内, 菠菜表型和生物量与对照相比无明显差异(表3; 图8A)。但叶酸含量在处理第3天(3 D)和第7天(7 D)显著增加(图8B), 增幅最高约1.25倍。qRT-PCR分析发现, 水杨酸处理后较多SoAHL基因表达明显上调, 处理5天时, 4个I亚族成员(SOV1g029900.1、SOV6g041850.1、SOV2g030150.1和SOV2g038950.1)和4个II亚族成员(SOV2g029980.1、SOV5g021850.1、SOV5g038610.1以及SOV6g041780.1)表达显著上调约1.5-2.4倍; 处理7天时, 与II亚族成员相比, 4个I亚族成员(SOV6g041850.1、SOV4g019010.1、SOV6g047370.1和SOV2g038950.1)表达呈现上调趋势, 其中 SOV6g041850.1和SOV4g019010.1上调幅度明显, 为对照组的4倍以上。SOV2g038950.1和SOV6g041850.1的表达在处理5和7天均显著上调。II亚族成员中存在2个在叶片中表达量较高的基因(SOV4g018880.1和SOV2g031340.1), 仅在处理7天时表达有所上调, 上调幅度约1.2倍(图8C)。
为验证叶酸积累与AHL基因表达之间的相关性, 以SOV4g018880.1基因(SoAHLa)为研究对象, 将其在菠菜叶片中瞬时过表达。结果表明, 与对照组相比, 过表达组菠菜叶片SoAHLa的转录水平上调, 为对照组的4.33倍(图9A), 且过表达组叶片叶酸含量显著提高, 约为对照组的1.75倍(图9B)。说明SoAHLa能够增加菠菜叶片中的叶酸含量。
本研究从菠菜数据库中共鉴定出19个SoAHL基因家族成员, 与葡萄(14个)数量相近, 但明显少于拟南芥(29个)、水稻(45个)、番茄(32个)、玉米(37个)和大豆(63个)等物种的SoAHL家族成员数量。基因家族成员数量的多少与基因重复和缩减事件有关。共线性分析发现, 菠菜SoAHL与多个拟南芥和水稻AHL成员组成多对直线同源关系, 说明菠菜AHL家族存在明显的基因缩减现象, 具有共线性关系的成员间可能存在功能相似性, 减少了AHL功能冗余。与拟南芥相似, 菠菜SoAHL基因家族也包括2个分支(I和II)。I、II亚族分别包含10、9个成员(Zhao et al., 2013)。全基因组内共线性分析发现, 菠菜SoAHL成员可能通过基因重复得到扩增。基因重复主要包括片段重复、随机重复和反转录3种形式。菠菜AHL家族中发现4个片段重复基因对, 这可能是导致各亚族成员数量不等以及染色体分布不均的主要原因。2个重复基因片段位于同一亚族(II), 说明菠菜AHL家族的基因扩张主要来自片段重复。SoAHL成员在1-6号染色体上都有分布, 且随机不均匀, 其中6号染色体上基因数目最多。这与番茄AHL的染色体分布相似(Wang et al., 2023), 番茄AHL基因在不同染色体上呈不均匀分布, 其中第8号染色体上基因数目最多, 含有6个基因, 其余染色体基因数目在1-4之间。菠菜19个SoAHL家族成员中有14个成员定位于细胞核中, 与其它植物中的研究结果基本一致(Li et al., 2021)。同一亚族内的SoAHL成员具有相似的基序类型和数量, 表明AHL家族在进化过程中高度保守。SoAHL蛋白均具有AT-hook基序与PPC结构域, 但在保守序列组成上有差异, 可能是不同亚家族成员之间功能差异的主要原因, 这也为研究不同亚族基因功能的差异提供了线索。
AHL成员基因结构的差异表明其进化轨迹不同, 内含子天然剪接的改变导致编码蛋白的多样性, 从而产生丰富的生物学功能, 内含子的数量则决定了植物适应性的潜力和发育过程(Zhu et al., 2020)。菠菜AHL家族的亚族基因均无内含子, 可能在进化过程中发生丢失。内含子缺失型基因在非生物胁迫下能够有效减少转录后的加工过程, 可以快速转录和翻译(Jeffares et al., 2008), 推测I亚族成员可能与抗逆境胁迫能力有关。与I亚族相比, II亚族的基因结构更加复杂, 成员至少含有4个内含子, 其中SOV4g018880.1和SOV6g047350.1的内含子数量最多, 可能执行更为复杂的生物学功能。因此II亚族成员中内含子数量的增加可能扩大了AHL蛋白的丰度。此外, 菠菜AHL I亚族中仅1个基因(SOV5g038710.1)具有非翻译区(UTR), 与玉米Type-I中的情况相同(Bishop et al., 2020), 而在大豆中包括Type-I在内的大多数AHL基因均具有UTR (Wang et al., 2021a), 表明不同物种的AHL基因结构具有多样性。
基因组织表达谱可反映基因的作用部位, 进而推测其生物学功能。大豆5个GmAHL (GmAHL1除外)在各组织中均有不同程度的表达, 且在根部的表达受外界生物和非生物胁迫诱导(张大勇等, 2017)。丁丽雪等(2016)利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对番茄32个AHL基因进行组织表达分析, 发现该类基因在根和花中表达量较高。本研究发现SoAHL家族基因在菠菜根、叶片和叶柄中均有表达, 成员间组织表达谱有差异, 但大多数基因在根中表达量较高。根据拟南芥AHL基因(AtAHL3、AtAHL4和AtAHL18)参与调控下胚轴伸长(Zhang et al., 2022), 推测菠菜SoAHL可能参与地下部的生长调控。此外, II亚族成员中SOV2g031340.1和SOV4g018880.1在叶中表达量明显高于其它组织, 考虑到叶酸在菠菜叶片中含量较高, 推测地上部表达水平较高的基因可能与菠菜叶酸积累相关。
当前的研究表明, AHL基因在非生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。刘行行和种培芳(2023)发现PeAHLs的表达受PEG显著诱导, 与对照相比, PeAHLs在PEG处理下表达量最高。且其启动子上响应干旱胁迫的元件种类与数量最多, 表明AHL基因参与干旱胁迫响应。在大青杨(Populus ussuriensis)中发现, 干旱和ABA胁迫下, PuAHL17在根中的表达均显著上调, 说明PuAHL17可提高大青杨的抗旱性且可能依赖于ABA信号转导(孙佳丽, 2023)。本研究中观察到菠菜AHL家族I亚族成员在根中表达量最高。根作为植物检测土壤条件变化的主要器官, 在应对水分胁迫方面发挥至关重要的作用。结合I亚族AHL基因启动子上具有较多与干旱响应有关的应答元件(如MYB、MBS、ABRE和ARE), 推测I亚族SoAHL基因可能在干旱胁迫下表达模式有所不同或参与根的生长发育, 具体表达模式及调控途径尚待进一步验证。综上, SoAHL基因可能编码转录因子, 通过调控靶基因增强菠菜的抗旱性或参与地下部的生长调控, 该类基因可能与植物激素信号转导或抗逆相关, 这为深入研究菠菜AHL基因功能提供了重要依据。
其它植物中已有AHL响应植物激素的报道。木薯(Manihot esculenta)不同组织器官中MeAHL17的表达受乙烯、茉莉素和生长素诱导(张亚文等, 2024)。番茄AHL家族32个基因的表达受低温、高温、高盐、水杨酸和ABA诱导(丁丽雪等, 2016)。本研究发现, 水杨酸处理5天, 16个SoAHL基因的表达水平均受水杨酸诱导, 其中显著上调的有SOV6g041850.1、SOV2g038950.1、SOV1g029900.1以及SOV2g029980.1等。番茄AHL基因家族中SlAHL14和SlAHL9受SA诱导表达显著上调, 且在根中的表达量最高, 与SOV6g041850.1、SOV1g029900.1和SOV2g029980.1的表现相似。有趣的是, SlAHL14在前人报道中被确认为番茄根特异性表达基因(冯婵莹等, 2015), 推测SOV6g041850.1、SOV1g029900.1和SOV2g029980.1也可能具有在根中表达的特异性或偏好性。由于基因的表达模式与启动子中调控元件的特性有关, 本研究在启动子元件分析中, 发现SOV6g041850.1、SOV1g029900.1和SOV2g029980.1中并不含有根特异性表达必需元件, 因此极有可能这3个基因不是在根中特异性表达而是偏好性表达, 但也有可能基因的表达模式在不同植物中会发生不同程度的变化, SOV- 6g041850.1、SOV1g029900.1以及SOV2g029980.1的组织特异性表达仍需深入研究。在辣椒中也发现1个AT-hook基因CaATL1, 在水杨酸处理后表达量显著增加, 过表达CaATL1提高了转基因番茄对细菌和卵菌病原体的抗性(Kim et al., 2007), 推测菠菜中受SA显著诱导的AHL基因可能也具有相似的功能。
与已有研究中SA能促进园艺植物叶酸含量积累的结果相似(Puthusseri et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2020), 本研究也发现适宜浓度的水杨酸能够提高菠菜叶酸含量。植物叶酸高度不稳定, 易被氧化分解, SA能够通过增强植物细胞内过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶等抗氧化酶活性提升植物内部抗氧化状态, 保护合成的叶酸免受氧化分解, 从而提高叶酸的稳定性, 最终使叶酸含量增加(Scott et al., 2000)。目前, SA促进叶酸积累的分子机制仍不清楚。在前期研究的基础上, 我们观察到较多SoAHL基因的表达受水杨酸诱导上调, 其中在叶片中表达量较高的2个基因(SOV4g018880.1和SOV2g031340.1)的表达量与叶酸含量变化趋势一致, 可能正向调控叶酸积累。为进一步验证SoAHL的生物学功能, 将SOV4g018880.1 (SoAHLa)在菠菜叶片中瞬时过表达, 结果发现菠菜叶片叶酸含量增加, 初步推测SOV4g018880.1参与水杨酸调控的菠菜叶酸积累途径, 后续有必要进一步通过稳定遗传转化和基因沉默等手段验证其功能, 并阐明其作用机制。
杨莉: 完成实验操作、分析数据及撰写论文; 曲茜彤: 构思实验和分析数据; 陈子航和邹婷婷: 分析数据; 王全华: 审阅文稿和分析数据; 王小丽: 论文设计与撰写。
  • 上海市科技兴农项目(2022-02-08-00-12-F01116)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24117
  • 接收时间:2024-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-30
  • 录用日期:2024-12-26
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上海市科技兴农项目(2022-02-08-00-12-F01116)
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    上海师范大学生命科学学院/植物种质资源开发协同创新中心, 上海 200234

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*王小丽, 上海师范大学生命科学学院副教授, 硕士生导师。主要从事园艺植物营养品质调控、遗传鉴定及新品种选育等工作。目前研究团队以菠菜为主要研究对象, 收集了世界各地菠菜种质资源千余份, 完成菠菜资源的深度转录组测序和全基因组测序工作, 利用生理生化、遗传学和分子生物学等手段对其重要农艺性状进行研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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