Article(id=1317485676166230601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1317485675247685791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB25153, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB25153, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764950400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-06, onlineDate=1792042662897, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042662897, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042662897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042662897, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317485675247685791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='169', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042662679, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792140573918, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317896344832946412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1317485675247685791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317896344832946413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1317485675247685791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=90, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317485676392723019, articleId=1317485676166230601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Real-time and High-efficiency Quantification of Plant-specific Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds by PTR-ToF-MS, columnId=1317485676325614154, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=INVITED PROTOCOL, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
INTRODUCTION:

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important secondary metabolites in plants, with significant physiological, ecological, economic, and ornamental value. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a classical method for detecting and analyzing plant volatile aromas and is often regarded as the gold standard. However, its sample preparation is laborious and time-consuming, and real-time detection is difficult to achieve, which limits its application in large-scale sample analyses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a method capable of accurate, real-time, and rapid detection of specific plant VOCs.

RATIONALE:

Proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) enables real-time quantitative analysis of complex VOC mixtures due to its high sensitivity, rapid response, and non-destructive soft ionization mechanism. Nevertheless, its inability to effectively distinguish between volatile isomers and the tendency for compound fragmentation prevent it from fully replacing the powerful qualitative capabilities of GC-MS. Integrating the strengths of both techniques could lead to an efficient and accurate VOC detection system. Using Hedychium plants as an example, this study systematically combines GC-MS and PTR-ToF-MS to establish a technical workflow aiming to identify marker ions that can rapidly predict the emission of specific VOCs, thereby improving the efficiency of aroma compound detection.

RESULTS:

Using Hedychium plants as the study subject, this method details a technical framework that integrates GC-MS and PTR-ToF-MS to establish a rapid detection system for specific aromatic compounds. Key steps—including sample collection, parameter optimization, and data acquisition—are outlined. Additionally, a cross-platform data integration method based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) is introduced, along with detailed code execution steps. By constructing a robust and optimized prediction model, the PTR-ToF-MS spectral peak at m/z 155.144 was identified as a stable marker for predicting linalool emissions. This result was validated in two independent aroma datasets, demonstrating the successful application of PTR-ToF-MS for rapid quantification of target aromatic components.

CONCLUSION:

This study addresses the limitations of GC-MS in large-scale sample applications by incorporating PTR- ToF-MS and integrating the advantages of both techniques. Using Hedychium as a model, a rapid detection system for specific aroma compounds was established, with detailed descriptions of the technical workflow and a cross-platform data integration method, including code implementation. A predictive model identified a robust marker for linalool emissions, validated across independent datasets, enabling rapid quantification of target aroma components via PTR-ToF-MS. These findings provide a new strategy for plant VOCs detection, with potential to advance detection technologies and improve efficiency and accuracy. The approach shows broad application prospects in plant physiology and ecology research, quality evaluation of economic crops, and aroma regulation in ornamental plants.

, authors=Yiwei Zhou1, 2, Yanping Fan1, *, authorsList=Yiwei Zhou, Yanping Fan, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanping Fan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317485677806203484, articleId=1317485676166230601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=CN, title=基于PTR-ToF-MS实时高效检测植物特定香气挥发性化合物含量, columnId=1317485676472414796, journalTitle=植物学报, columnName=特邀专家方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)是植物香气挥发物分析的金标准方法,但由于样品前处理复杂、耗时较长且难以实时检测,限制了其在大规模样本中的应用。该研究建立了一种基于质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-ToF-MS)的花香成分实时高效检测方法。以姜花属植物为实验样本,系统介绍了整合GC-MS与PTR-ToF-MS构建特定香气化合物快速检测体系的技术流程,包括样品采集、参数优化与数据采集等关键步骤。并提出基于偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)的跨平台数据关联分析方法及代码实现步骤,通过建立稳健优化的预测模型,实现PTR-ToF-MS对目标香气成分的快速定量。该方法将单样品检测时间缩短至秒级,为实时快速检测植物香气挥发物,尤其是高效检测与定量大规模样本中特定挥发物提供了可靠的技术支持。

, authors=周熠玮1, 2, 范燕萍1, *, authorsList=周熠玮, 范燕萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=范燕萍, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

周熠玮:研究构思与设计、完成实验、数据分析、图表绘制和撰写论文;范燕萍:研究总体构思与设计、提供花香检测技术支持与论文修改。

范燕萍,华南农业大学园艺学院二级教授,博士生导师,华南农业大学花卉研究中心主任,广东省园艺学会常务理事。其团队主要从事姜花、兰花、非洲菊和百合种质资源创新、花香花色的高效量化、生物合成和调控机理解析等研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金和广东省重点研发计划等50多项。发表学术论文150余篇。授权国家发明专利12件。培育花卉新品种30余个。主持制定国家农业行业标准1项、地方标准1项。主编/副主编和主要参编全国高等学校统编规划教材《插花艺术基础》等10部。

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范燕萍,华南农业大学园艺学院二级教授,博士生导师,华南农业大学花卉研究中心主任,广东省园艺学会常务理事。其团队主要从事姜花、兰花、非洲菊和百合种质资源创新、花香花色的高效量化、生物合成和调控机理解析等研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金和广东省重点研发计划等50多项。发表学术论文150余篇。授权国家发明专利12件。培育花卉新品种30余个。主持制定国家农业行业标准1项、地方标准1项。主编/副主编和主要参编全国高等学校统编规划教材《插花艺术基础》等10部。

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范燕萍,华南农业大学园艺学院二级教授,博士生导师,华南农业大学花卉研究中心主任,广东省园艺学会常务理事。其团队主要从事姜花、兰花、非洲菊和百合种质资源创新、花香花色的高效量化、生物合成和调控机理解析等研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金和广东省重点研发计划等50多项。发表学术论文150余篇。授权国家发明专利12件。培育花卉新品种30余个。主持制定国家农业行业标准1项、地方标准1项。主编/副主编和主要参编全国高等学校统编规划教材《插花艺术基础》等10部。

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HS-SPME-GC/MS:顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术;VOCs:挥发性有机物;PLSR:偏最小二乘回归;PTR-ToF-MS:质子转移反应飞行时间质谱;PTFE:聚四氟乙烯

, figureFileSmall=512wAPBqRBV+TbzhZvXGhg==, figureFileBig=P+FY0tLZhL/3/nn9t7UMLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317485681618825850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Total ion chromatogram (TIC) of floral volatiles in Hedychium coronarium, Hedychium sp. ‘Jin’, and their hybrid progeny BJ122 based on HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis, figureFileSmall=wz6Xp57KD1W3b9SRjfek6w==, figureFileBig=v+TML3fE2Ns5Um4lW5b3Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317485681677546107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于HS-SPME-GC/MS检测的白姜花、金姜花及其杂交后代BJ122花香总离子流色谱图

HS-SPME-GC/MS同图1。

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PTR-ToF-MS同图1。

, figureFileSmall=4fSHWFELDYgqtb4yXwOkRw==, figureFileBig=zFNGLwsyivNZd7qlektW/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317485681887261310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Partial least squares regression analysis of linalool and mass spectral peaks based on genetic variation dataset, figureFileSmall=Hh8XrfYeyICW3ToesVzSyA==, figureFileBig=2FZhf8pNYZiVZjiDdx9pdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317485681958564479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于遗传变异数据集的芳樟醇与质谱峰的偏最小二乘回归分析

(A)前10个组分的预测均方根误差(RMSEP)评估;(B)基于所有质谱峰在最佳组分(组分5)条件下建立的模型,绘制的预测效果图;(C)筛选出7种VIP >1.2的质谱峰;(D)基于上述7种VIP >1.2的质谱峰,在最佳组分(组分5)条件下构建的模型,绘制的预测效果图。

, figureFileSmall=Hh8XrfYeyICW3ToesVzSyA==, figureFileBig=2FZhf8pNYZiVZjiDdx9pdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317485682046644864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Partial least squares regression analysis of linalool and mass spectral peaks based on flower developmental dynamics dataset, figureFileSmall=aMU1Ux88A7+pzOOwst/IDA==, figureFileBig=proBQMK+KgOriepPYot/Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317485682134725249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于花发育动态数据集的芳樟醇与质谱峰的偏最小二乘回归分析

(A)前10个组分的预测均方根误差(RMSEP)评估;(B)基于所有质谱峰在最佳组分(组分5)条件下建立的模型,绘制的预测效果图;(C)筛选出8种VIP >1.2的质谱峰;(D)基于上述8种VIP >1.2的质谱峰,在最佳组分(组分5)条件下构建的模型,绘制的预测效果图。

, figureFileSmall=aMU1Ux88A7+pzOOwst/IDA==, figureFileBig=proBQMK+KgOriepPYot/Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317485682222805634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics of mass spectral peaks significantly associated with linalool in two PLSR models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DatasetMassRegression coefficientP valueSignificance level
Genetic variation dataset(based on data from the full-bloom stage of 112 samples)m/z 155.1440.56270.00299**
Developmental dynamics dataset(based on data from four distinct floral developmental stages of six samples)m/z 81.0700.81220.0224*
 m/z 155.1440.62880.0165*
), ArticleFig(id=1317485682310886019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676166230601, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2个PLSR模型中与芳樟醇显著关联的质谱峰统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DatasetMassRegression coefficientP valueSignificance level
Genetic variation dataset(based on data from the full-bloom stage of 112 samples)m/z 155.1440.56270.00299**
Developmental dynamics dataset(based on data from four distinct floral developmental stages of six samples)m/z 81.0700.81220.0224*
 m/z 155.1440.62880.0165*
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基于PTR-ToF-MS实时高效检测植物特定香气挥发性化合物含量
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周熠玮 1, 2 , 范燕萍 1, *
植物学报 | 特邀专家方法 2026,61(1): 90-101
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植物学报 |特邀专家方法 2026 , 61 (1) : 90 -101
基于PTR-ToF-MS实时高效检测植物特定香气挥发性化合物含量
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范燕萍,华南农业大学园艺学院二级教授,博士生导师,华南农业大学花卉研究中心主任,广东省园艺学会常务理事。其团队主要从事姜花、兰花、非洲菊和百合种质资源创新、花香花色的高效量化、生物合成和调控机理解析等研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金和广东省重点研发计划等50多项。发表学术论文150余篇。授权国家发明专利12件。培育花卉新品种30余个。主持制定国家农业行业标准1项、地方标准1项。主编/副主编和主要参编全国高等学校统编规划教材《插花艺术基础》等10部。

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范燕萍,华南农业大学园艺学院二级教授,博士生导师,华南农业大学花卉研究中心主任,广东省园艺学会常务理事。其团队主要从事姜花、兰花、非洲菊和百合种质资源创新、花香花色的高效量化、生物合成和调控机理解析等研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金和广东省重点研发计划等50多项。发表学术论文150余篇。授权国家发明专利12件。培育花卉新品种30余个。主持制定国家农业行业标准1项、地方标准1项。主编/副主编和主要参编全国高等学校统编规划教材《插花艺术基础》等10部。

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周熠玮1, 2, 范燕萍1, *
作者信息
  • 1华南农业大学园艺学院,广州 510642
  • 2广东省农业科学院环境园艺研究所/广东省园林花卉种质创新综合利用重点实验室,广州 510640
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

周熠玮:研究构思与设计、完成实验、数据分析、图表绘制和撰写论文;范燕萍:研究总体构思与设计、提供花香检测技术支持与论文修改。

范燕萍,华南农业大学园艺学院二级教授,博士生导师,华南农业大学花卉研究中心主任,广东省园艺学会常务理事。其团队主要从事姜花、兰花、非洲菊和百合种质资源创新、花香花色的高效量化、生物合成和调控机理解析等研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金和广东省重点研发计划等50多项。发表学术论文150余篇。授权国家发明专利12件。培育花卉新品种30余个。主持制定国家农业行业标准1项、地方标准1项。主编/副主编和主要参编全国高等学校统编规划教材《插花艺术基础》等10部。

Real-time and High-efficiency Quantification of Plant-specific Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds by PTR-ToF-MS
Yiwei Zhou1, 2, Yanping Fan1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization/Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB25153
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气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)是植物香气挥发物分析的金标准方法,但由于样品前处理复杂、耗时较长且难以实时检测,限制了其在大规模样本中的应用。该研究建立了一种基于质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-ToF-MS)的花香成分实时高效检测方法。以姜花属植物为实验样本,系统介绍了整合GC-MS与PTR-ToF-MS构建特定香气化合物快速检测体系的技术流程,包括样品采集、参数优化与数据采集等关键步骤。并提出基于偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)的跨平台数据关联分析方法及代码实现步骤,通过建立稳健优化的预测模型,实现PTR-ToF-MS对目标香气成分的快速定量。该方法将单样品检测时间缩短至秒级,为实时快速检测植物香气挥发物,尤其是高效检测与定量大规模样本中特定挥发物提供了可靠的技术支持。

植物香气  /  GC-MS  /  PTR-ToF-MS  /  实时检测  /  挥发性化合物
INTRODUCTION:

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important secondary metabolites in plants, with significant physiological, ecological, economic, and ornamental value. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a classical method for detecting and analyzing plant volatile aromas and is often regarded as the gold standard. However, its sample preparation is laborious and time-consuming, and real-time detection is difficult to achieve, which limits its application in large-scale sample analyses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a method capable of accurate, real-time, and rapid detection of specific plant VOCs.

RATIONALE:

Proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) enables real-time quantitative analysis of complex VOC mixtures due to its high sensitivity, rapid response, and non-destructive soft ionization mechanism. Nevertheless, its inability to effectively distinguish between volatile isomers and the tendency for compound fragmentation prevent it from fully replacing the powerful qualitative capabilities of GC-MS. Integrating the strengths of both techniques could lead to an efficient and accurate VOC detection system. Using Hedychium plants as an example, this study systematically combines GC-MS and PTR-ToF-MS to establish a technical workflow aiming to identify marker ions that can rapidly predict the emission of specific VOCs, thereby improving the efficiency of aroma compound detection.

RESULTS:

Using Hedychium plants as the study subject, this method details a technical framework that integrates GC-MS and PTR-ToF-MS to establish a rapid detection system for specific aromatic compounds. Key steps—including sample collection, parameter optimization, and data acquisition—are outlined. Additionally, a cross-platform data integration method based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) is introduced, along with detailed code execution steps. By constructing a robust and optimized prediction model, the PTR-ToF-MS spectral peak at m/z 155.144 was identified as a stable marker for predicting linalool emissions. This result was validated in two independent aroma datasets, demonstrating the successful application of PTR-ToF-MS for rapid quantification of target aromatic components.

CONCLUSION:

This study addresses the limitations of GC-MS in large-scale sample applications by incorporating PTR- ToF-MS and integrating the advantages of both techniques. Using Hedychium as a model, a rapid detection system for specific aroma compounds was established, with detailed descriptions of the technical workflow and a cross-platform data integration method, including code implementation. A predictive model identified a robust marker for linalool emissions, validated across independent datasets, enabling rapid quantification of target aroma components via PTR-ToF-MS. These findings provide a new strategy for plant VOCs detection, with potential to advance detection technologies and improve efficiency and accuracy. The approach shows broad application prospects in plant physiology and ecology research, quality evaluation of economic crops, and aroma regulation in ornamental plants.

plant volatiles  /  GC-MS  /  PTR-ToF-MS  /  real-time monitoring  /  volatile organic compounds
周熠玮, 范燕萍. 基于PTR-ToF-MS实时高效检测植物特定香气挥发性化合物含量. 植物学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 90 -101 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25153
Yiwei Zhou, Yanping Fan. Real-time and High-efficiency Quantification of Plant-specific Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds by PTR-ToF-MS[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2026 , 61 (1) : 90 -101 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25153
花香挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是植物重要的次生代谢产物,由低分子量、低沸点、低极性且易挥发的分子组成。目前已在植物中鉴定出1 700多种天然香气化合物(Pichersky and Gershenzon,2002;Pichersky and Dudareva,2007;Muhlemann et al.,2014)。这些VOCs不仅具有重要的生态功能(如吸引传粉者和抵御植食性动物),还具备极高的经济价值,被广泛应用于香料、医药、化妆品、食品添加剂及杀虫剂等生产领域(Tholl,2006;Yu and Utsumi,2009)。此外,香气也是植物的重要观赏性状,在调节情绪、改善睡眠和缓解疼痛等方面展现出良好的应用前景(Di Vito et al.,2021)。
目前,顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC/MS)是植物香气检测的主流方法,但由于样品前处理复杂且检测周期长,难以实现高通量分析。在进行HS-SPME-GC/MS分析前,单个样品的前处理可能耗时10分钟至数小时,加之GC-MS单次运行亦需数十分钟,因而无法实现实时检测(Tholl et al.,2021)。电子鼻(electronic nose,E-nose)虽然能实时获取香气表型(Sankaran et al.,2012),但其传感器分辨率有限,对复杂花香成分的识别能力不足,难以满足复杂花香的精准检测需求。上述技术的非实时和低效率缺陷,严重限制了大规模检测植物VOCs,尤其阻碍了基于正向遗传学策略(如数量性状基因座定位和全基因组关联分析)的香气性状遗传解析,且难以实现对生物或非生物胁迫下植物VOCs动态变化的实时监测。
质子转移反应质谱(proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry,PTR-MS)是20世纪90年代发展起来的一种在线VOCs检测技术,其结合飞行时间质谱(time of flight-mass spectrometer,ToF-MS)形成质子转移反应飞行时间质谱(proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer,PTR-ToF-MS)系统,具备亚ppb级检测限、毫秒级响应速度及非破坏性软电离机制等优势,可实现对复杂VOCs混合物的实时定量与低碎片干扰分析(Lindinger et al.,1998;Majchrzak et al.,2018)。相较于GC-MS技术,PTR-ToF-MS通过单次扫描即可同步获取1–10 000 Th的超宽质量范围完整质谱图(远超GC-MS的50–500 Th常规范围),将单样本检测分析时间从GC-MS的几十分钟压缩至秒级,分析通量提升了2–3个数量级(Cappellin et al.,2013)。其输出数据可直接用于多元统计分析,无需峰提取或解卷积预处理,可在几秒钟内完成样本化学指纹识别。
PTR-MS由进样系统、离子源、漂移管、质量分析器和检测器5部分组成。其工作原理如下:空气中的VOCs进入漂移管,与离子源产生的H3O+发生质子转移反应,生成质子化离子(VOC·H+)。该离子进入质量分析器后,按质荷比(m/z)进行定性分析;通过检测H3O+和VOC·H+的信号强度变化,即可定量检测VOCs的浓度(Lindinger et al.,1998)。该技术已在医疗(Song et al.,2024)、食品(Majchrzak et al.,2021)及环境科学(Liu et al.,2024)领域广泛应用。近年来,在国际上也被用于园艺植物风味研究(Ceccarelli et al.,2020;Farneti et al.,2020;Li et al.,2021),但在国内植物香气研究中应用较少。
需指出的是,PTR-ToF-MS存在无法区分挥发物异构体、化合物易裂解导致目标物质精准识别难的缺陷(Majchrzak et al.,2018),无法完全替代GC-MS的强定性分析;但对比3种主流植物香气检测技术,可见E-nose依赖传感器特性、定性定量能力弱,仅适用于简单花香分类;GC-MS虽定性定量精准,但操作复杂、耗时长且无实时性,难以应用于批量检测;而PTR-ToF-MS能够有效弥补HS-SPME-GC/MS“操作烦琐、耗时长且非实时”的短板,尤其适合大批量样品的高效检测,在植物特定VOCs实时分析中具有不可替代的优势(Tholl et al.,2021)。已有多项研究通过联合使用SPME-GC-MS与PTR-ToF-MS,实现了对覆盆子(Rubus idaeus)(Cappellin et al.,2013)、蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)(Farneti et al.,2017)、络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides)(Schuhfried et al.,2017)、西洋梨(Pyrus communis)(王渊默,2024)以及波罗蜜(Artocarpus heterophyllus)(Wang et al.,2024)等植物复杂挥发性表型的更全面解析。因此,整合2种技术优势,建立高效且准确的挥发物检测体系,对推进植物香气遗传与生理生态研究具有重要意义。
本研究以香气多样性丰富的姜花属植物为材料,旨在建立一套基于PTR-ToF-MS的植物VOCs实时高效检测方法,为植物香气实时快速检测与生态学研究提供技术支撑。
以姜花属(Hedychium J. Koenig)植物为材料,选取具有遗传多样性与花发育阶段代表性的样本,建立并验证特定VOCs实时快速检测方法。样本设计兼顾“遗传变异”与“发育动态”,具体分为2组。第1组样本(遗传变异组)包含白姜花(Hedychium coronarium)和金姜花(Hedychium sp. ‘Jin’)2个亲本,以及110份F1杂交后代,均采集盛花期花朵(每日上午9:00–11:00采摘)。该组样本覆盖了广泛的香气遗传变异,为“特定VOCs-质谱峰”关联分析提供了充足的遗传背景,其独立检测数据分析结果可参考前期研究(Zhou et al.,2022)。第2组样本(发育动态组)选取6个典型姜花植物(白姜花、金姜花、峨眉姜花(Hedychium flavescens)、勐海姜花(Hedychium menghaiense)、圆瓣姜花(Hedychium forrestii)以及红姜花(Hedychium coccineum)),分别采集花蕾期、半开期、盛开期和衰老期4个关键发育阶段的花朵,相关独立检测数据分析结果可参考前期Zhou等(2024)的研究。该组样本用于验证“特定VOCs-质谱峰”关联的时空稳健性,为批量检测的通用性提供依据。
实验使用的主要仪器包括质子转移反应-飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-ToF-MS 1000,Ionicon Analytik GmbH,奥地利)、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Agilent 7890 A GC/5975 C MSD,安捷伦,美国)、固相微萃取装置(配备PDMS DVB/CAR 50/30 µm萃取头)、充气泵、碳氢化合物过滤装置、气体流量控制器、采样室及聚四氟乙烯管等。
首先使用GC-MS检测不同遗传材料在同一花期的特定香气挥发物(以姜花重要香气成分芳樟醇为例),并计算其相对含量;随后使用PTR-ToF-MS对相同样品进行检测,获取各质谱峰的浓度。通过偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分析,筛选出与目标挥发物显著相关的质谱峰,并结合该化合物的分子量及文献报道,确认其代表性质谱峰。进一步,通过对不同种/品种在不同花期的样品进行相同分析,验证上述关联结果的稳健性,最终确定可用于预测特定挥发物含量的关键质谱标志物。该方法建立后,针对该植物中特定香气成分的高通量检测,可直接通过PTR-ToF-MS仪实现对标志质谱峰的快速定量,显著提升香气表型的检测效率。
实验流程如图1所示。
根据植物样本类型,选择合适的VOCs采集方法。本研究使用姜花,将单朵花剪下后快速置于250 mL玻璃瓶中,然后迅速加入1.73 μg癸酸乙酯作为内标并立即用封口膜封口,使用HS-SPME法在恒定室温(28±1)°C下捕获VOCs。集气15分钟后,插入SPME萃取头,伸出纤维头捕获顶空中的VOCs,萃取15分钟后收回纤维头,取出萃取头备用。将SPME萃取头插入GC-MS进样口(250°C解析3分钟),启动检测程序:DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm),程序升温(初始40°C保持3分钟,每分钟升温5°C,至250°C保持5分钟),全扫描模式(35–400 m/z)。通过NIST质谱库比对(匹配度>90%)、保留指数(retention index,RI)(以C7–C20正构烷烃为标准)和外标准品定性芳樟醇,以内标法(癸酸乙酯为内标)计算芳樟醇的相对含量,作为PTR-ToF-MS关联分析的定量基准。
(1)大小选择与类型 采样室的选择需根据样本类型确定。对于整体植株(如盆栽活体),应选用尺寸适宜、能保障内部气体均匀循环且避免微环境扰动的采样室。对于离体器官(如花朵和叶片),宜采用小型采样舱,以确保气流充分通过样本,提高检测的代表性与重复性。特殊情形(如大型植株原位采样)可选用动态顶空罩袋等柔性采样方式;地下部或根际挥发物采集则需借助专用根箱系统。
(2)材质控制 所有采样室须由化学惰性材料制成,如聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)或高硼硅玻璃,以确保无VOCs释放或吸附,避免背景干扰。密封盖应配备PTFE垫片,严格防止气体渗漏,维持采样过程中组分的稳定。
(3)本案例的采样室选择 为保持与HS-SPME-GC/MS法的一致性,本研究以250 mL高硼硅玻璃采样瓶作为PTR-ToF-MS采样室。在PTFE密封的盖中心对称开设2个直径为8 mm的接口,分别作为进气口与出气口。
采用聚四氟乙烯管连接各组件。连接顺序:充气泵→玻璃转子流量计→碳氢化合物过滤装置→采样室→PTR-ToF-MS 1000进气口。气密性检测:开启充气泵,以500 mL·min–1流速通入洁净空气,用0.1%肥皂水涂抹所有接口处,观察3分钟无气泡产生即为密封合格;若泄漏,更换PTFE密封垫片或重新旋紧接口,直至完全密封。密封合格后,持续通入洁净空气10分钟,冲洗管路内残留的VOCs,避免背景干扰,等待后续测试。
(1)设定初始参数 综合考虑采样室体积(本装置体积为250 mL)、文献报告值和仪器性能,初步设定一系列不同的充气流速和进样量组合。本研究使用的采样装置体积为250 mL,因此将充气流速初步设定为每分钟200–2 000 mL等不同梯度;进样量可设定为每分钟50、100、150和200标准cm3(standard cubic centimeters per minute,SCCM)等不同水平。
(2)预实验操作 依次在不同参数组合下进行采样检测:将样品置于采样室中,启动充气泵,使过滤后的洁净空气以设定流速流入采样室,同步调整PTR-ToF-MS至相应进样量,采集挥发性化合物数据。每一参数组合保持相同的采样时间,以确保数据的可比性。
(3)参数优化与确定 采用配套软件(PTR-MS Viewer 3)对不同参数下的信号进行初步处理与分析,依据检测灵敏度、准确性和实验效率筛选最优参数。最佳充气流速应满足采样室内气体混合均匀、VOCs稳定输送,同时避免流速过高干扰植株生理或流速过低引起信号滞后与波动;最佳进样量应使仪器响应信号清晰且稳定,避免进样过量导致饱和或进样不足致使信号微弱。最终将优选参数组合用于正式实验。经实际测试,本研究最终确定充气流速为1 000 mL·min–1,进样量为50 SCCM。
使用PTR-ToF-MS 1000仪器分析VOCs。默认以H3O+作为离子化试剂,通过与VOCs的质子转移反应实现痕量检测。离子源温度为110°C(通常为50–120°C)。ToF的质量分辨率(full width at half maximum,FWHM)大于1 500。漂移管常规工作条件:压力2.30 mbar(范围通常为2–3 mbar),温度80°C,电压600 V(通常为500–600 V),E/N值约为137 Td。每个样品采集60–90个循环,对应分析时间为60–90秒。将漂移管直接插入采样瓶顶空,以50 SCCM的流速测量香气化合物。为维持瓶内压力稳定,同时以每分钟1 L的流速持续通入经碳氢化合物过滤器净化的空气。质谱数据采集范围为20.0–245.0 amu。每个样品测定后均进行空白测量以消除背景干扰。为避免记忆效应,相邻样品测量间隔1分钟。使用IoniTOF v.2.4.40软件记录数据。
使用美国国家标准技术研究院(National Instiute of Standards and Technology,NIST)质谱库比对和保留指数方法对VOCs进行定性,使用内标法对VOCs进行相对定量。本研究使用内标法对检测到的VOCs进行定量分析,从母本白姜花、父本金姜花及其代表性杂交后代BJ122的花香总离子流色谱图(total ion chromatogram,TIC),可明显看出3份材料中芳樟醇的相对丰度存在显著差异(图2)。
使用PTR-MS Viewer v.3.2.3.0软件处理原始数据。根据所测质荷比(m/z)、仪器内置数据库及相关文献,对检测到的质谱峰进行挥发性有机物初步鉴定,并导出各样品标准化后的浓度数据(单位:ppbv)。代表性姜花盛花期花朵的检测结果显示,检测开始后1–5秒内,主要挥发物浓度出现显著跃升,约20秒后逐渐趋于平稳(图3)。为确保数据的准确性,分析时应依据质谱峰释放浓度曲线,选取进入平稳阶段后(如30–60秒区间)的数值计算平均值,作为各质谱峰的定量结果。
使用R语言“pls”包进行偏最小二乘回归分析(PLSR)(也可使用其它合适的关联分析方法),鉴定并关注化合物含量显著关联的质谱峰。以关注的化合物含量数据为Y、以检测出的主要质谱峰含量为X构建回归模型。由于PTR-ToF-MS检测数据容易出现共线性以及基质干扰问题,故引入变量投影重要性值(variable importance in projection,VIP)分析,筛选VIP>1.2的变量重新建模以提升模型的质量。最后,使用Jackknife检验判断关注化合物与质谱峰回归分析的显著性。参考代码如下:
>data1<-read.table("data1.txt",row.name = 1,header = TRUE)#导入关注化合物含量数据(data1.txt)
>data2<-read.table("data2.txt",row.name = 1,header = TRUE)# 导入质谱峰强度数据(data2.txt)
>Y<-scale(data1)#对响应变量(关注的化合物含量)进行标准化
>X<-scale(data2)#对预测变量(质谱峰数据)进行标准化
>install.packages("pls")#安装pls软件包
>library("pls")#调用pls软件包
>pls_result1<-plsr(Y~X,validation = "LOO",jackknife = TRUE)#执行第1次偏最小二乘回归分析,validation = "LOO"表示采用留一法交叉验证计算RMSEP统计量,jackknife =TRUE表示启用Jackknife方法估计参数稳定性
>summary(pls_result1,what = "all")#查看模型分析结果,观察RMSEP值随成分数的变化曲线,选择RMSEP值达到最小值或“拐点”对应的成分数(记为n)
>pls_result2<-plsr(Y~X,ncomp = n,validation = "LOO",jackknife = TRUE)#执行最佳成分数为n的偏最小二乘回归分析
>library("plsVarSel")#调用plsVarSel软件包
>vip_scores<-vip(pls_result2)#计算所有预测变量的VIP值
>important_vars<-which(vip_scores>1.2)#以VIP>1.2的阈值筛选重要变量,并将这些重要变量原始数据重新整理成"data3.txt"。
>data3<-read.table("data3.txt",row.name = 1,header = TRUE)# 导入VIP>1.2的质谱峰数据(data3.txt)
>X1<-scale(data3)#对VIP>1.2的预测变量(质谱峰数据)进行标准化
>pls_result3<-plsr(Y~X1,ncomp = n,validation = "LOO",jackknife = TRUE)#基于VIP>1.2的质谱峰数据重新构建模型
>jack.test_result<-jack.test(pls_result3)#执行Jackknife检验回归系数的显著性
>write.csv(jack.test_result[["coefficients"]], file="coefficients.csv")#导出预测变量的回归系数文件"coefficients.csv"
>write.csv(jack.test_result[["pvalues"]], file ="pvalues.csv")#导出预测变量的回归系数显著性统计文件"pvalues.csv"
以白姜花、金姜花及其110个F1杂交后代盛花期花瓣为材料,结合HS-SPME-GC/MS与PTR-ToF-MS技术检测挥发性成分,在完成化合物定性与定量分析后,采用PLSR建立芳樟醇与质谱峰的关联模型。分析结果表明,在芳樟醇与68个质谱峰所建模型中,成分数为5时预测均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)值最低,显示该条件下模型性能最优(图4A)。在通过predplot()函数(pls包)绘制的预测效果图中,散点集中分布于对角线附近,进一步说明模型预测效果良好(图4B)。VIP值计算结果显示,VIP>1.2的质谱峰有7个,包括155.144、153.129、165.101、122.105、85.065、121.103和133.102 m/z(图4C)。为进一步提升模型精度,以这7个VIP>1.2的质谱峰作为关键特征变量重新构建回归模型。结果显示,散点更加紧密地聚集在对角线附近,模型的交叉验证系数Q2值比优化前进一步提高(图4D)。
为确认可稳定预测芳樟醇含量的关键质谱峰,引入一个独立验证集,涵盖6个姜花植物(白姜花、金姜花、峨眉姜花、勐海姜花、圆瓣姜花和红姜花)在4个花发育时期(花蕾期、半开期、盛开期和衰老期)的样本。对该验证集同样进行HS-SPME-GC/MS与PTR-ToF-MS检测,并建立PLSR模型。经交叉验证确定最佳成分数为5(图5A),模型预测效果显示散点分布于对角线附近,表明预测值与实测值吻合良好,模型具有较高的准确性(图5B)。VIP值评估结果显示,VIP>1.2的有8个质谱峰,包括133.102、155.144、81.07、79.055、69.07、137.134、67.054和95.086 m/z,说明它们在回归模型中具有重要作用(图5C)。基于这8个重要的质谱峰重新构建了优化的回归模型,预测效果图显示散点更加集中分布在对角线,交叉验证系数Q2为0.78,比优化前提升了0.18,显示优化后的模型具有更强的预测能力(图5D)。
2个PLSR回归模型中与芳樟醇显著相关的质谱峰回归系数及Jackknife检验统计值见表1。155.144 m/z在2个数据集中均与芳樟醇显著相关,表现出良好的稳定性,表明这2种质谱峰在不同类型姜花样本中均可作为预测芳樟醇含量的关键指标。值得注意的是,155.144 m/z与芳樟醇的分子量直接对应,且在2个独立数据集中均被重复检出,其较高的回归系数表明它是预测姜花花香芳樟醇含量的稳定且关键特征离子(尽管存在芳樟醇同分异构体(如桉叶油醇和萜品醇)的潜在干扰)。
为尽量减少植物样本香气在采集后丧失,需在采集后立即处理并开展测试,避免长时间暴露于高温或光照下。确保采样部位(如叶片、花朵)处于相同生长阶段(如开花期、成熟期),减少代谢差异对结果的影响。使用干净工具(如不锈钢剪刀、硅胶管)采集样品,避免接触塑料或橡胶制品(可能释放干扰化合物)。
使用PTR-ToF-MS检测方法,每个样品建议至少进行3个生物学重复,避免单株个体差异影响结果。另外每个生物学重复需进行3次技术重复的仪器检测,计算3次检测的平均值作为最终数据,以降低仪器的随机误差。
PTR-MS检测参数要根据不同型号的仪器进行选择设置,优先选择仪器厂家建议的默认参数,然后再根据不同植物样品以及关注的特定目标挥发性化合物调整参数。PTR-ToF-MS仪需定期使用多组分标准气体(如甲醇、丙酮和苯)进行质量轴校准,确保质量精度偏差≤10 ppm。每批次样品检测前应进行系统空白检验,并定期清洗漂移管和进样管路,避免交叉污染和记忆效应。
每日实验前,将空采样室通入过滤空气检测60秒,确保背景VOCs浓度(如甲醇和丙酮)<1 ppbv,若超标需延长管路冲洗时间。每检测5个样本,插入1个“空白样本”,以消除环境和容器残留的干扰信号。
植物香气成分复杂,常含有大量的同分异构体(如芳樟醇和桉叶油醇,其常规分子量约为154.25 Da;在高分辨率质谱中,其单同位素精确质量约为154.14 Da),PTR-ToF-MS仪无法仅凭质荷比(m/z)区分。须结合GC-MS的保留指数、标准品验证及文献数据,对目标挥发物进行辅助定性。跨平台、多样本集验证(如不同品种和发育时期)是确认标志质谱峰特异性与稳定性的关键。
相较于传统的GC-MS技术,基于PTR-ToF-MS仪的高效检测植物香气挥发性化合物方法,在检测效率上实现了数量级提升,且保持了良好的数据可靠性。采用的跨平台验证策略与标准化流程,为植物香气研究领域提供了一个强大且可复制的技术框架,尤其适用于大规模遗传群体筛选、香气发育动态监测、生物/非生物胁迫响应以及植物-昆虫/微生物互作的实时分析。未来,应进一步探索PTR-ToF-MS与离子迁移谱等新型分离技术的联用方案,提升对同分异构体的区分能力;在数据分析方面应深度融合机器学习算法,开发自动化、智能化的数据分析流程,以实现对海量质谱数据快速、精准挖掘及对植物香气表型的智能判别;加快构建共享、规范的植物香气PTR-ToF-MS标准数据库,涵盖不同物种、基因型及生态条件,为相关研究提供可比对的参考标准,以推动该技术的标准化与应用普及。

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2026年第61卷第1期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB25153
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
  • 录用日期:2025-12-06
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    1华南农业大学园艺学院,广州 510642
    2广东省农业科学院环境园艺研究所/广东省园林花卉种质创新综合利用重点实验室,广州 510640

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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