Article(id=1321852197768384828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB25064, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB25064, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753718400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineDate=1793083722773, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793083722773, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793083722773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793083722773, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321852178331979976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='859', pageEnd='1035', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793083718140, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793083787009, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321852467248223111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321852467252417416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=993, endPage=1004, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321852199416746301, articleId=1321852197768384828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Research Progress in the Development and Regulatory Mechanisms of Plant Tendrils, columnId=1317485676040409248, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=SPECIAL TOPICS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tendrils are specialized climbing organs that play a key role in the survival and environmental adaptation of plants. Through structural support, light capture, and resources competition, tendrils significantly improve the ecological adaptability of plants. Tendrils are derived from inflorescences, leaves, stems and other organs. The occurrence of tendrils is regulated by gene families such as TCP, HD-ZIP, and MADS-box families, and is influenced by auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid and other plant hormones. Tendrils exhibit convergent evolution in function, morphology, and molecular mechanisms, and display characteristics of independent evolution, reflecting the adaptive strategies of plants to their living environment. This review systematically synthesizes the biological characteristics and molecular mechanisms of development in plant tendrils. Future studies will focus on evolutionary mechanisms across species and interactions between environmental signals and plant hormones for plant tendrils.

, authors=Haodong Luo, Yongbo Liu*, authorsList=Haodong Luo, Yongbo Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongbo Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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植物卷须是一种特化的攀缘器官, 在植物的生存与环境适应中发挥关键作用。通过提供结构支撑、增强光能捕获能力以及降低地面资源竞争, 卷须显著提升了植物的生态适应性。卷须由花序、叶片和枝茎等器官衍生而来, 由TCP、HD-ZIP和MADS-box等基因家族调控, 并受到生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素和茉莉酸等植物激素的影响。卷须在功能、形态及分子机制上表现出趋同进化现象, 并呈现独立演化特征, 这反映了植物对生存环境的适应策略。该文系统综述了植物卷须的生物学特性和发育的分子机制, 展望了未来卷须形成与调控机制研究应关注跨物种的演化机制、环境信号与植物激素的相互调控等方面。

, authors=罗号东, 刘勇波*, authorsList=罗号东, 刘勇波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘勇波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘勇波, 中国环境科学研究院研究员, 博士生导师。研究团队长期从事生物多样性与生物安全研究, 聚焦于生物资源保护与可持续利用、濒危物种的濒危机制解析、植物多倍化与进化、生态系统稳定性及生物技术应用的生物安全评价等领域。E-mail:
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Mol Plant 5, 1333-1345., articleTitle=LATHYROIDES, encoding a WUSCHEL-related homeobox1 transcription factor, controls organ lateral growth, and regulates tendril and dorsal petal identities in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321852204764483936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, awardId=2024YFF1307604, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2024YFF1307604), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321852200578568513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852200586957122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, companyId=1321852200578568513, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=MEE Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Functional Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852200595345731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, companyId=1321852200578568513, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国环境科学研究院, 生态环境部区域生态过程与功能评估重点实验室, 北京 100012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321852203816571224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Partial genes regulating tendril development in plants

(A) Tendril regulatory genes VFUL-L and VAP1 participate in floral-derived tendril formation; (B) Tendril regulatory gene TL and its upstream regulators UNI, LATH, and MFP participate in leaf-derived tendril formation; (C) Tendril regulatory gene CsTEN and its tendril-less mutant N338Y (Asn mutating to Tyr) participate in shoot-leaf transitional area tendril regulation. The plant in the image shows only the organ origin of tendrils and does not correspond to any real species.

, figureFileSmall=nuQ8/CezPrnOi3LVclGICg==, figureFileBig=8CvI51WtN6Sj42pX2yKbGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852203904651609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=CN, label=图1, caption=植物卷须发育的部分调控基因

(A) 参与花起源卷须的调控基因VFUL-L与VAP1; (B) 参与叶起源卷须的调控基因TL及调控TL的UNI、LATH和MFP基因; (C) 参与茎-叶起源卷须的调控基因CsTEN及其无卷须突变体N338Y (由Asn突变成Tyr)。图片植物仅展示卷须的器官来源, 无真实对应物种。

, figureFileSmall=nuQ8/CezPrnOi3LVclGICg==, figureFileBig=8CvI51WtN6Sj42pX2yKbGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852204231807322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Regulatory genes of tendrils of stem-leaf origin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因家族 基因 物种 功能 机制 来源
TCP CmTCP1和CsTEN Cucumis melo和C. sativus 调控细胞分裂分化与叶片形态 调控细胞周期基因, 促进细胞增殖, 优化叶片与分枝的生长 Mizuno et al., 2015 Wang et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020
GNAT CsGCN5 C. sativus 调控染色质开放状态, 调节基因表达 通过组蛋白乙酰化松散染色质结构, 促进目标基因的表达 Chen et al., 2017
PEBP ClTFL1 C. lanatus 延长顶端分生组织的营养生长阶段 抑制开花基因的过早激活, 维持分生组织未分化状态, 平衡营养生长与生殖生长 Yi et al., 2023
F-box CsUFO C. sativus 调控花与卷须发育 受TCP/GRAS同源基因激活, 调控花与卷须发育 Chen et al., 2021; Hong et al., 2023
GRAS ClLS和CsTL C. lanatus和
C. sativus
调控卷须发育 与TCP同源基因形成复合物, 激活下游UFO基因表达, 调节花与卷须发育 Jiang et al., 2023; Shen et al., 2024
SPL SPL C. sativus 调控卷须发育的潜在功能 miR156/157作用于SPL, 调控下游基因的表达 汪淑雯等, 2021; Hong et al., 2024
), ArticleFig(id=1321852204324082011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

茎-叶结构起源的卷须调控基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因家族 基因 物种 功能 机制 来源
TCP CmTCP1和CsTEN Cucumis melo和C. sativus 调控细胞分裂分化与叶片形态 调控细胞周期基因, 促进细胞增殖, 优化叶片与分枝的生长 Mizuno et al., 2015 Wang et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020
GNAT CsGCN5 C. sativus 调控染色质开放状态, 调节基因表达 通过组蛋白乙酰化松散染色质结构, 促进目标基因的表达 Chen et al., 2017
PEBP ClTFL1 C. lanatus 延长顶端分生组织的营养生长阶段 抑制开花基因的过早激活, 维持分生组织未分化状态, 平衡营养生长与生殖生长 Yi et al., 2023
F-box CsUFO C. sativus 调控花与卷须发育 受TCP/GRAS同源基因激活, 调控花与卷须发育 Chen et al., 2021; Hong et al., 2023
GRAS ClLS和CsTL C. lanatus和
C. sativus
调控卷须发育 与TCP同源基因形成复合物, 激活下游UFO基因表达, 调节花与卷须发育 Jiang et al., 2023; Shen et al., 2024
SPL SPL C. sativus 调控卷须发育的潜在功能 miR156/157作用于SPL, 调控下游基因的表达 汪淑雯等, 2021; Hong et al., 2024
), ArticleFig(id=1321852204403773788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Regulatory genes of tendrils of floral origin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因家族 基因 物种 功能 机制 来源
PEBP VvTFL1A和VvFT Vitis vinifera 在卷须发育的早期阶段维持分生组织的活性, 并调控花序分化 抑制开花促进基因表达, 维持分生组织未分化状态, 并通过调控开花时间平衡营养生长与生殖生长 Carmona et al., 2007
MADS-box PeFU、VFUL-L、PeAP1、VAP1和PeSEP3 Passiflora edulis和V. vinifera 调控果实发育、花序分化和开花时间, 确保卷须发育正常进行 通过与LFY和CAL等基因形成复合体控制植物开花进程, 协调卷须发育 Calonje et al., 2004; Immink et al., 2009
None PeLF和PsLFY P. edulis和
P. suberosa
调控开花时间和花器官发育的核心功能 LFY基因整合内外信号, 精准调控花器官发育基因表达, 与其它因子协作决定花的形态与功能 Cutri, 2009; Cutri and Dornelas, 2012
YABBY YAB1 Arabidopsis thaliana 调控叶片背腹轴分化与边缘扩展, 并在花器官发育中发挥关键作用 通过特异性表达调控叶片背腹轴发育, 与植物激素信号协作确保花器官形态特化 Eshed et al., 2001; Cutri and Dornelas, 2012
CIPK VvCIPK14 V. vinifera 可能参与卷须发育 未知 闫朝辉等, 2017
), ArticleFig(id=1321852204470882653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

花起源的卷须调控基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因家族 基因 物种 功能 机制 来源
PEBP VvTFL1A和VvFT Vitis vinifera 在卷须发育的早期阶段维持分生组织的活性, 并调控花序分化 抑制开花促进基因表达, 维持分生组织未分化状态, 并通过调控开花时间平衡营养生长与生殖生长 Carmona et al., 2007
MADS-box PeFU、VFUL-L、PeAP1、VAP1和PeSEP3 Passiflora edulis和V. vinifera 调控果实发育、花序分化和开花时间, 确保卷须发育正常进行 通过与LFY和CAL等基因形成复合体控制植物开花进程, 协调卷须发育 Calonje et al., 2004; Immink et al., 2009
None PeLF和PsLFY P. edulis和
P. suberosa
调控开花时间和花器官发育的核心功能 LFY基因整合内外信号, 精准调控花器官发育基因表达, 与其它因子协作决定花的形态与功能 Cutri, 2009; Cutri and Dornelas, 2012
YABBY YAB1 Arabidopsis thaliana 调控叶片背腹轴分化与边缘扩展, 并在花器官发育中发挥关键作用 通过特异性表达调控叶片背腹轴发育, 与植物激素信号协作确保花器官形态特化 Eshed et al., 2001; Cutri and Dornelas, 2012
CIPK VvCIPK14 V. vinifera 可能参与卷须发育 未知 闫朝辉等, 2017
), ArticleFig(id=1321852204546380126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regulatory genes of tendrils of leaf origin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因家族 基因 物种 功能 机制 来源
HD-ZIP TL Pisum sativum、Lathyrus odoratus、Vicia sativa、V. narbonensis和Lens culinaris 调控卷须和叶片的分化, 优化植物攀缘能力 整合植物激素信号, 调控卷须和叶片的分化比例, 确保结构和功能适应性 Hofer et al., 2009
None UNI和MFP P. sativum UNI促进小叶和卷须发育; MFP调控复叶结构, 促进卷须发育 UNI调控复叶原基芽生区; MFP蛋白通过START结构域与TL蛋白互作, 调控卷须发育 Weigel et al., 1992; Hofer et al., 1997; Kumar et al., 2004; Mishra et al., 2009
WOX LATH P. sativum 调控叶片与卷须的分化, 平衡两者发育, 增强攀缘能力并提高资源利用效率 调控卷须与叶片特化基因表达, 协调分化以适应复杂环境 Tadege et al., 2011; Zhuang et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2013
KNOX STM Arabidopsis thaliana、Bignonia callistegioides、Dolichandra unguis-cati和Amphilophium buccinatorium 调控植物器官和攀缘结构发育 STM基因通过维持分生组织未分化状态, 调控细胞分裂以适应植物发育需求 Sousa-Baena et al., 2014a, 2014b
ARP BcPHAN和PHAN B. callistegioides、D. unguis- cati和A. buccinatorium 通过调控叶片背腹性和卷须形成支持植物攀缘功能 通过调控目标基因, 促进叶片背腹极性和卷须形成 Waites and Hudson, 1995; Kim et al., 2003
), ArticleFig(id=1321852204638654815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852197768384828, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

叶起源的卷须调控基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因家族 基因 物种 功能 机制 来源
HD-ZIP TL Pisum sativum、Lathyrus odoratus、Vicia sativa、V. narbonensis和Lens culinaris 调控卷须和叶片的分化, 优化植物攀缘能力 整合植物激素信号, 调控卷须和叶片的分化比例, 确保结构和功能适应性 Hofer et al., 2009
None UNI和MFP P. sativum UNI促进小叶和卷须发育; MFP调控复叶结构, 促进卷须发育 UNI调控复叶原基芽生区; MFP蛋白通过START结构域与TL蛋白互作, 调控卷须发育 Weigel et al., 1992; Hofer et al., 1997; Kumar et al., 2004; Mishra et al., 2009
WOX LATH P. sativum 调控叶片与卷须的分化, 平衡两者发育, 增强攀缘能力并提高资源利用效率 调控卷须与叶片特化基因表达, 协调分化以适应复杂环境 Tadege et al., 2011; Zhuang et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2013
KNOX STM Arabidopsis thaliana、Bignonia callistegioides、Dolichandra unguis-cati和Amphilophium buccinatorium 调控植物器官和攀缘结构发育 STM基因通过维持分生组织未分化状态, 调控细胞分裂以适应植物发育需求 Sousa-Baena et al., 2014a, 2014b
ARP BcPHAN和PHAN B. callistegioides、D. unguis- cati和A. buccinatorium 通过调控叶片背腹性和卷须形成支持植物攀缘功能 通过调控目标基因, 促进叶片背腹极性和卷须形成 Waites and Hudson, 1995; Kim et al., 2003
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植物卷须发生及调控机制研究进展
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植物卷须发生及调控机制研究进展
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罗号东, 刘勇波*
作者信息
  • 中国环境科学研究院, 生态环境部区域生态过程与功能评估重点实验室, 北京 100012
通讯作者:
* 刘勇波, 中国环境科学研究院研究员, 博士生导师。研究团队长期从事生物多样性与生物安全研究, 聚焦于生物资源保护与可持续利用、濒危物种的濒危机制解析、植物多倍化与进化、生态系统稳定性及生物技术应用的生物安全评价等领域。E-mail:
Research Progress in the Development and Regulatory Mechanisms of Plant Tendrils
Haodong Luo, Yongbo Liu*
Affiliations
  • MEE Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Functional Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB25064
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植物卷须是一种特化的攀缘器官, 在植物的生存与环境适应中发挥关键作用。通过提供结构支撑、增强光能捕获能力以及降低地面资源竞争, 卷须显著提升了植物的生态适应性。卷须由花序、叶片和枝茎等器官衍生而来, 由TCP、HD-ZIP和MADS-box等基因家族调控, 并受到生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素和茉莉酸等植物激素的影响。卷须在功能、形态及分子机制上表现出趋同进化现象, 并呈现独立演化特征, 这反映了植物对生存环境的适应策略。该文系统综述了植物卷须的生物学特性和发育的分子机制, 展望了未来卷须形成与调控机制研究应关注跨物种的演化机制、环境信号与植物激素的相互调控等方面。

植物卷须  /  生态适应性  /  植物激素  /  分子机制  /  功能基因

Tendrils are specialized climbing organs that play a key role in the survival and environmental adaptation of plants. Through structural support, light capture, and resources competition, tendrils significantly improve the ecological adaptability of plants. Tendrils are derived from inflorescences, leaves, stems and other organs. The occurrence of tendrils is regulated by gene families such as TCP, HD-ZIP, and MADS-box families, and is influenced by auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid and other plant hormones. Tendrils exhibit convergent evolution in function, morphology, and molecular mechanisms, and display characteristics of independent evolution, reflecting the adaptive strategies of plants to their living environment. This review systematically synthesizes the biological characteristics and molecular mechanisms of development in plant tendrils. Future studies will focus on evolutionary mechanisms across species and interactions between environmental signals and plant hormones for plant tendrils.

plant tendrils  /  ecological adaptability  /  plant hormones  /  molecular mechanisms  /  functional genes
罗号东, 刘勇波. 植物卷须发生及调控机制研究进展. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 993 -1004 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25064
Haodong Luo, Yongbo Liu. Research Progress in the Development and Regulatory Mechanisms of Plant Tendrils[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (6) : 993 -1004 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25064
卷须是一种特有的攀援器官, 对植物的生存与环境适应具有重要作用, 体现了植物应对多样生态环境的适应策略。卷须使植物能够依附于周围的支撑物体以获取更多的光照资源, 同时有效避免来自其它植物的资源竞争(Jaffe and Galston, 1968; Narasimhan, 2024)。卷须的灵活性使其在遇到障碍物时能调整方向继续攀附和生长(Sousa-Baena et al., 2018b), 这不仅增强了植物的竞争力, 还影响植物与环境及其它生物之间的相互作用。目前, 大部分卷须发生机制研究主要集中在园艺植物(张彦苹等, 2013; 曾康等, 2020), 这可能与园艺植物的经济和观赏价值较大有关。
植物卷须的起源器官有茎-叶结构、叶和花序(图1), 如葡萄科的葡萄(Vitis vinifera) (张彦苹等, 2013)、豆科植物豌豆(Pisum sativum)以及葫芦科的西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)、甜瓜(C. melo)和黄瓜(C. sativus) (Sousa-Baena et al., 2018a; 曾康等, 2020), 这种多样化的起源反映了卷须在不同植物类群中独立进化的特征。植物卷须发育的调控机制主要通过植物激素作用于下游靶蛋白或通过基因家族编码的转录因子网络调控卷须的生长发育。不同器官起源的卷须其调控机制不同, 茎起源的卷须主要通过TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS)基因家族中的特化基因调控(Mizuno et al., 2015); 叶起源的卷须主要是HD-ZIP (HOMODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER)家族基因在叶片与卷须的分化过程中起关键调节作用(Hofer et al., 2009); 花序起源的卷须主要通过MADS-box基因家族调控(Calonje et al., 2004)。在卷须的形成过程中, 多种植物激素发挥关键调控作用。生长素(auxin)的浓度梯度调节决定了卷须的生长方向(庄丹等, 2014; Wang et al., 2015); 赤霉素(gibberellins, GA)促进卷须的伸长并抑制花器官的发生(Ameha et al., 1998); 细胞分裂素(cytokinins, CTK)能够诱导卷须向花序转化(Srinivasan and Mullins, 1978); 而茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)则与机械刺激的感应相关, 调控卷须对外界刺激的适应性(Weiler et al., 1993)。
本文综述了植物卷须的形态、功能及进化特征, 根据起源器官的不同分析其发育的分子调控机制, 梳理与卷须发育相关的关键基因、植物激素及其相互作用机制, 旨在探讨植物为适应环境压力而使部分器官特化的分子机制。
茎-叶结构起源的卷须主要由TCP基因家族中的特化基因调控。TCP家族是一类植物中特有的转录因子, 依据其进化分支分为I类和II类(Kosugi and Ohashi, 2002; Viola et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2022; 韩新蕊等, 2025; 陈靖彧等, 2025)。TCP结构域Helix-I区内1个高度保守的丙氨酸(A)被替换为丝氨酸(S), 从而演变为葫芦科特有的TCP1基因(Mizuno et al., 2015) (表1)。在野豌豆族中也发现了类似的现象, 卷须调控关键因子HD-ZIP I的DNA结合域(Helix-3区)中1个丙氨酸(A)被替换为苏氨酸(T) (Hofer et al., 2009)。丙氨酸为非极性疏水氨基酸, 而丝氨酸和苏氨酸为极性亲水氨基酸, 并且能够被激酶修饰。
对葫芦科植物甜瓜突变体ctl和黄瓜突变体ten的研究结果表明, TCP1基因具有特异的DNA结合特性, 与腋生分生组织及侧向器官的发育密切相关(Mizuno et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015)。而后Yang等(2020)揭示了TCP家族成员TEN的独特调控机制: 其C端通过结合基因组内的新型增强子基序CTCCGCC, 直接激活乙烯合成关键基因(如ACO1)和信号响应基因(如ERF1); 同时, TEN蛋白的N端作为非典型组蛋白乙酰转移酶(HAT), 特异性乙酰化组蛋白H3的K56和K122位点, 促进染色质松弛和靶基因的高效转录。这种“转录因子-表观修饰酶”的双重身份, 展现了植物器官特化的全新调控范式。ten突变基因位于黄瓜5号染色体CsTEN基因区域的CNNFYFP基序中, 由原来的CNNFYFP突变为CYNFYFP (N338Y) (Wang et al., 2015)。黄瓜卷须特异性基因CsTEN的起源可追溯至葫芦科早期的一次全基因组重复事件(CucWGD1), 其通过调控分生组织活性决定卷须形态(Guo et al., 2020), 这一发现提示基因组重复事件可能参与驱动卷须的演化。CNNFYFP基序为葫芦科特有, 可能对葫芦科卷须进化起到关键作用(Wang et al., 2015)。甜瓜ctl突变体是由于CmTCP1第1外显子中存在单一碱基插入/缺失变异, CmTCP1位于甜瓜9号染色体的一个约200 kb的区域(Mizuno et al., 2015)。正常的CTL基因编码1个II类TCP特有的富含精氨酸的R结构域, 而ctl突变体缺乏包括R结构域在内的一段序列(Mizuno et al., 2015)。这种单个碱基突变导致的染色体结构变化暗示豆科和葫芦科等不同植物卷须独立进化过程中在分子机制上具有趋同性。
除TCP基因家族, 其它基因在茎-叶结构起源卷须中也表现出调控作用。黄瓜uft突变体与野生型顶芽之间基因表达差异研究表明, CsUFO可能通过调控关键发育基因的表达介导花和卷须发育(Chen et al., 2021)。Chen等(2017)从黄瓜无卷须突变体tendril- less 1中鉴定到参与黄瓜卷须发育调控的关键基因CsGCN5。CsGCN5是酵母Gcn5和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) AtGCN5的同源基因, 编码组蛋白乙酰转移酶(HAT), 是真核生物中基因调控的转录激活因子(Allfrey et al., 1964; Turner, 1991; Tian and Chen, 2001)。LAS (LATERAL SUPPRESSOR)是植物中与侧芽发育和腋芽分生组织形成相关的重要基因, 属于GRAS基因家族, 在西瓜中的同源基因为ClLS。Jiang等(2023)发现敲除ClLS会抑制卷须的起始, 酵母双杂交和pull-down实验证实西瓜中ClLS通过与TCP同源的ClTEN形成复合物介导卷须的起始。同为GRAS同源基因的CsTL参与黄瓜卷须发育, 敲除CsTL导致卷须形成被抑制, 过表达CsTL导致单个叶腋部位产生多个卷须(Shen et al., 2024); CsTL通过与CsTEN相互作用, 激活下游CsUFO的转录来调控黄瓜卷须的发育(Hong et al., 2023; Shen et al., 2024)。Yi等(2023)在无卷须西瓜突变体中鉴定出1个关键基因ClTFL1, 其在突变体与亲本间存在非同义突变, ClTFL1被认为是西瓜卷须发育的关键候选基因。植物中的重要基因途径miR156/157-SPL不仅调控植物成年/成花和次生代谢物累积等, 还调控黄瓜卷须发育(汪淑雯等, 2021)。黄瓜卷须生长存在年龄依赖性且受miR156-SPL信号通路与TCP基因协同调控。在幼苗阶段高表达的CsmiR156通过抑制CsSPLs限制卷须伸长, 形成非功能性短卷须(nonF-tendril); 随着年龄的增长, CsmiR156水平降低, 释放CsSPLs, 后者通过激活赤霉素生物合成基因促进细胞扩张, 驱动功能性长卷须(F-tendril)的形成(Hong et al., 2024)。这一发现为茎-叶起源卷须的发育时序调控提供了新视角。
茎-叶结构卷须的发生和发育受多层次遗传调控网络控制, 其核心机制围绕TCP转录因子家族的功能演化和光信号通路的适应性调控展开。在CmTCP1功能缺失突变体中, 卷须被侧枝完全替代(Mizuno et al., 2015), 而杂合体(CTL/ctl)的基部保留茎的特征, 顶端则特化为叶状结构, 表明卷须是茎-叶复合器官的演化产物(Mizuno et al., 2015)。与CmTCP1同源的CsTEN基因通过隐性等位突变导致卷须被分枝状器官替代, CsTEN蛋白在保守的TCP和R结构域外具有葫芦科特有的氨基酸替换(Wang et al., 2015), 可能通过改变蛋白互作或DNA结合特异性, 驱动卷须这一器官在葫芦科内独立演化。另一条调控通路涉及表观遗传基因CsGCN5 (组蛋白乙酰转移酶基因)。CsGCN5突变体(td-1)中卷须完全缺失且无替代器官, 由于AtGCN5参与光信号响应基因的激活, 推测CsGCN5可能通过整合光信号与表观调控影响卷须的定向生长(Chen et al., 2017)。光信号通路也在卷须发育中扮演重要角色, 光敏色素B (phyB)通过感知红光/远红光比例(R:FR)的变化触发遮阴综合征(帅海威等, 2018), 低R:FR比例诱导TB1/BRC1 (TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/BRANCHED1)表达以抑制侧芽生长(Nicolas and Cubas, 2015)。野生型黄瓜在低R:FR下卷须产量显著增加(López-Juez et al., 1990), 暗示其通过TCP基因的功能重编程将遮阴信号转化为卷须增殖的动力。
葡萄科植物卷须起源于花器官的变态发育, MADS-box基因家族的FUL/AP1 (FRUITFULL/APETALA1)基因主要负责调控花序发育和生殖分化。葡萄科中的同源基因VFUL-L/VAP1参与卷须发育过程(Calonje et al., 2004) (表2)。在葡萄卷须的形态建成过程中, VFUL-L与VAP1表现出区域特异性高水平表达, VFUL-L在整个卷须的区域结构中均有高水平表达, 而VAP1仅在卷须臂区中高表达, 在其它区域低表达或无表达(Calonje et al., 2004); 而且VFUL-L和VAP1的表达不依赖于植物生殖信号, 直接与卷须发育密切相关(Calonje et al., 2004)。VFUL-L/VAP1在葡萄生殖发育中具有双峰表达特性, 即2个基因的表达跨越2个连续的生长季, 该特性也在温带多年生木本植物中被观察到, 提示猕猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)与蔷薇科(Rosaceae)等植物中可能存在与卷须类似的结构(Sung et al., 1999; Kotoda et al., 2000; Walton et al., 2001; Calonje et al., 2004)。TFL1/FT (TERMINAL FLOWER 1/FLOWERING LOCUS T)同源基因VvTFL1A/VvFT属于PEBP (Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine-Binding Protein)基因家族, 同样与卷须发育密切相关。该基因通过调控开花时间来维持分生组织活性, 促进卷须发育(Carmona et al., 2007)。葡萄中参与多种逆境信号转导网络的CIPK (CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase)基因VvCIPK14呈现组织特异性表达, 大量表达于卷须组织中, 推测可能参与葡萄卷须的生长发育过程(闫朝辉等, 2017)。
除了葡萄科, 西番莲科植物, 如西番莲(Passiflora edulis)和三角叶西番莲(P. trifasciata)的卷须也由花序变态发育而来。LFY (LEAFY)基因参与花分生组织的启动及花器官发育调控, 有研究显示西番莲与三角叶西番莲中的直向同源基因PeLFY和PsLFY可能参与西番莲卷须发育的调控(Cutri, 2009)。此外, AP1和FUL在西番莲中的直系同源基因PeAP1和PeFUL也参与卷须发育(Scorza et al., 2017)。PeAP1在花与卷须的分生组织中表达, 并贯穿整个卷须发育过程; PeFUL在幼年期和繁殖期的顶端分生组织中均有表达, 且广泛分布于包括卷须在内的多种营养和生殖器官中(Scorza et al., 2017)。假定的YAB1/FIL (YABBY1/FILAMENTOUS FLOWER)和SEP3 (SE- PALLATA 3)的直系同源基因在西番莲卷须中也有表达(Cutri and Dornelas, 2012)。YAB1在拟南芥中参与远轴器官的发育(Eshed et al., 2001), 其转录本在西番莲中主要分布于卷须原基、顶端分生组织及叶原基的近轴面。SEP3在拟南芥花的发育中发挥关键作用(Immink et al., 2009), 而SEP3在西番莲卷须原基及早期花分生组织中表达, 为西番莲科卷须由花序变态发育而来提供了证据支持。
葡萄科植物卷须来源于“未定型原基”(Pratt, 1974; Srinivasan and Mullins, 1976), 其发育与生殖发育通路高度关联。相关基因(如VAP1、VFUL-L、VvFT和VvTFL1A)在卷须发育早期即表达(Pajoro et al., 2014), 表明它们为卷须发育所必需, 而非开花诱导的产物(Calonje et al., 2004)。VvFT的表达标记了幼年向成年的转变, 并在发育的卷须臂中高表达(Carmona et al., 2007)。赤霉素在卷须发育中起关键作用。研究表明, 赤霉素促进野生型葡萄卷须发育并抑制花序形成, 而赤霉素不敏感突变体(Vvgai1)则发育出花序而非卷须(Boss and Thomas, 2002), 这一结果支持卷须来源于发育受阻的花序这一假说。西番莲科卷须起源于一个缩小的花序顶端(Prenner, 2014), PeLFY在植株首次产生卷须时开始表达, 初期分布于腋生分生组织, 后期局限于花分生组织和卷须尖端, 其表达模式不足以决定分生组织的命运分化(Cutri, 2009)。PeAP1和PeFUL同源基因在卷须中广泛表达, PeAP1在整个发育卷须中持续存在且表达量高于花, PeFUL在营养和生殖组织以及卷须中广泛表达, 进一步支持卷须与生殖结构的分子关联(Scorza et al., 2017; Sousa-Baena et al., 2018a)。
在豆科植物中, 卷须通常由复叶末端的小叶经过变态发育而形成。TL (Tendril-Less )基因在豌豆卷须形成中起关键作用, TL基因属于HD-ZIP基因家族, 该家族包含1个同源结构域和1个亮氨酸拉链, 在调控植物生长发育和环境响应中发挥重要作用(Hofer et al., 2009) (表3)。豌豆突变体tl-pet的TL基因表达水平降低(Bucher, 1990; Lescot, 2002), 抑制豌豆卷须发育。TL基因突变形成tl导致卷须的发育被替代为小叶, 这一现象在其它豆科植物中表现出较高的一致性, 具有显著的保守性(Hofer et al., 2009)。
其它基因通过与TL基因互作参与对叶卷须的调控。例如, 参与复叶原基边缘芽生区调控的UNI (UNIFOLIATA)基因(Bharathan et al., 2002), 存在于叶原基中部区域的LATH (LATHYROIDES)基因(Zhuang et al., 2012), 以及与叶片复叶结构形成密切相关的重要调控基因MFP (MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA) (Kumar et al., 2004; Mishra et al., 2009)。UNI基因是拟南芥LFY基因的豌豆直系同源基因(Weigel et al., 1992; Hofer et al., 1997), 在复叶分生组织潜能的维持中发挥重要作用, 调控成对卷须的形成; UNI和TL基因在卷须发育中发挥协同作用(Hofer et al., 2009)。LATH是一种WOX1 (WUSCHEL-related homeobox 1)调控基因, 通过促进植物器官侧边缘细胞增殖参与植物侧向生长调控和极性建成, 可调控TL基因的表达(Zhuang et al., 2012)。在豌豆lath突变体中, 卷须被小叶取代, LATH在调控TL表达方面至关重要(Tadege et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2013)。MFP蛋白通过START结构域与TL蛋白相互作用来调控豌豆卷须发育, 共同作为叶远端羽片分支的阻遏因子(Kumar et al., 2004; Mishra et al., 2009)。
与豌豆类似, 紫葳科(Bignoniaceae)植物的卷须由复叶末端小叶发育而成, 复叶的发育由KNOX1 (Class I KNOTTED-like homeobox)基因STM (SHOOTMERISTEMLESS)调控(Sousa-Baena et al., 2014a, 2014b)。PHAN (PHANTASTICA)基因与STM基因的表达在时空上一致, 且同样调控复叶发育, phan突变会导致叶片的近轴极性丧失, 形成近轴针状叶(Waites and Hudson, 1995), 两者在功能上可能存在相互依赖(Kim et al., 2003)。
叶起源卷须的本质是小叶发育程序的截断形式, 通过抑制叶片发育实现形态转化(Sousa-Baena et al., 2018b)。豌豆卷须发育过程已被证实涉及TL、UNI、LATH及MFP间的相互作用, 但具体机制仍未被阐明。UNI在分生区表达, 能短暂维持叶原基的未定型期以促进小叶发育的起始并介导TL表达; LATH表达于叶原基中央区域, 负责激活TL表达并抑制远端区域的叶片扩展, 决定卷须与小叶的平衡, 其功能依赖保守的WUS-box结构域对HD-ZIP III等极性基因的转录抑制; MFP与TL协同作用以抑制小叶发育并转为卷须发育, 完成卷须发育的起始(Hofer et al., 1997, 2009; Gourlay et al., 2000; Zhuang et al., 2012; Sousa-Baena et al., 2018a)。紫葳科植物则依赖KNOX1基因家族STM维持未分化状态, 促进小叶和卷须原基的起始, PHAN通过近轴极性表达驱动卷须分枝, 同时LFY/FLO也参与极性建立, 形成与豌豆相异的KNOX1-PHAN调控模块。尽管豆科和紫葳科等利用不同的核心基因LFY/FLO和KNOX1, 但均为通过维持分生区未分化状态、极性调控及分枝抑制的模块化组合来实现小叶向卷须的转化。
生长素作为核心调控因子, 通过其分布与浓度梯度决定卷须的起始发育(李彬琪等, 2022)。研究发现CsaIAA29基因在黄瓜卷须中特异性表达, 而黄瓜无卷须突变体ten中生长素响应基因SAUR (Small auxin-up RNA)以及AUX/IAA (Auxin/Indole-3-acetic acid)家族基因显著下调表达, 证实生长素信号通路是卷须形态建成的关键分子开关(庄丹等, 2014; Wang et al., 2015)。Csa1G537400基因编码的CsPID蛋白通过调控生长素极性运输影响黄瓜卷须发生, 该基因突变导致卷须组织内生长素水平异常(Liu et al., 2019)。油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroid, BR)也参与卷须形成过程, 黄瓜极端无卷须突变体scp-1经外源BR处理后能恢复卷须形成(宋蒙飞等, 2022)。生长素是调节叶片发育最重要的植物激素(Bai and DeMason, 2006; DeMason and Chetty, 2011; 李艳艳和齐艳华, 2022), 尤其是在卷须发育中, 生长素更利于卷须形成(Gélinas-Marion et al., 2023), 其可以越过UNI直接调节TL表达和卷须发育(DeMason et al., 2013)。
赤霉素同样在卷须发育中扮演重要角色。豌豆中卷须发育关键调控基因UNI受赤霉素与生长素共同作用上调表达, 同时添加赤霉素与生长素能提高UNI的表达水平, 且UNI对赤霉素的调节更加敏感(Bai and DeMason, 2006)。在卷须伸长阶段, 赤霉素与细胞分裂素形成拮抗调控网络。赤霉素通过激活近端分生组织促进卷须快速生长, 外源GA处理不仅能诱导黄瓜卷须形成, 还能使葡萄花序向卷须转化(Ameha et al., 1998; Boss and Thomas, 2002)。GA通过葡萄中DELLA蛋白(如VvGAI1)来促进卷须发育, 在Vvgai1突变体中, DELLA蛋白持续抑制GA响应, 导致花序在卷须位置发育(Boss and Thomas, 2002)。相反, 细胞分裂素抑制卷须发育, 施用人工合成的细胞分裂素类化合物苄吡喃腺嘌呤(PBA)可促使葡萄卷须逆转为花序(Srinivasan and Mullins, 1978)。细胞分裂素被证实可以促进豌豆中生长素的产生和运输, 从而增强包括UNI在内的其它基因表达(Li and Bangerth, 2003; Bai and DeMason, 2006), 表明植物激素对卷须发育的复杂调控在不同物种中具有不同效果。
茉莉酸作为机械信号转导的核心介质(代宇佳等, 2019; 园园等, 2023), 在卷须感知接触刺激时发挥关键作用, 但具体调控机制与路径仍不清楚。机械触碰可快速诱导茉莉酸及其前体合成(张双玉等, 2017), 触发卷须的缠绕反应(Weiler et al., 1993)。该过程可能与生长素调控存在交叉作用, 形成从环境感知到形态适应的完整信号通路。
卷须作为植物的一种攀缘策略, 早在二叠纪就已出现(Krings et al., 2003; Vaughn and Bowling, 2010), 大多数卷须类型在被子植物内部经历了多次独立演化(Sousa-Baena et al., 2018b)。叶起源卷须在真双子叶植物中独立演化出显著分化的调控通路, 豆科植物主要通过UNI (LFY/FLO)与TL互作将小叶转化为卷须, 而紫葳科则依赖STM (KNOX1)和PHAN基因维持分生组织活性以实现类似转化。茎-叶起源卷须由TCP家族TEN基因(CsTEN/CmTCP1)调控侧枝特化形成, 其功能创新可能与葫芦科遮阴信号响应行为相关联。花起源卷须均招募花发育基因(AP1/FUL/ FT), 但发育的分子机制在不同科中出现分化, 葡萄科的卷须源于“未定型原基”且受GA抑制花序发育驱动, 西番莲科则通过花序顶端特化实现, 且FUL/AP1等基因的时空表达模式显著不同于葡萄科。在植物卷须演化过程中, 不同起源的植物卷须发生机制与功能基因表现出趋同与分化并存的演化机制。
尽管卷须的演化呈现出丰富的多样性和趋同创新, 基因参与卷须形成的调控机制已取得一些研究进展, 但当前的研究大多集中于黄瓜、豌豆和葡萄等已开发成熟的模式植物, 缺少对其它更多非模式卷须植物的研究, 且研究结果大多为单一物种中的基因调控机制。此外, 特定的温度和湿度, 以及植物激素特定时空表达对植物卷须发育调控的机制是相辅相成或各自作用, 仍有待深入研究。因此, 未来对卷须的研究应关注以下方向。(1) 研究其它非模式植物(藤山柳(Clematoclethra scandens)等藤本植物)的卷须进化机制; (2) 分析环境信号与植物激素如何调控植物卷须发育以及两者间是否存在相互作用网络。例如, 通过调节细胞分裂、伸长、分化和逆境响应等过程, 协调植物各个生理过程。未来的研究可以进一步结合生物物理学、工程学和生物技术等理论与技术, 推进卷须结构在生物工程等科技领域中的应用。
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doi: 10.11983/CBB25064
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
  • 录用日期:2025-07-29
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    中国环境科学研究院, 生态环境部区域生态过程与功能评估重点实验室, 北京 100012

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* 刘勇波, 中国环境科学研究院研究员, 博士生导师。研究团队长期从事生物多样性与生物安全研究, 聚焦于生物资源保护与可持续利用、濒危物种的濒危机制解析、植物多倍化与进化、生态系统稳定性及生物技术应用的生物安全评价等领域。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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