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The plant cell wall, which is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, is a dynamically changing network structure, that not only plays the role of a key line of defense in the process of plant resistance to external pressure and adaptation to environmental changes, but also plays the role of an information hub in the process of signal transmission. When the cell wall is damaged, cells sense cell wall changes and initiate early immune responses, such as hormonal changes, alterations in wall composition and modifications, and the production of disease-resistant secondary metabolites. Although the importance of the cell wall in plant immunity is widely recognized, the specific molecular mechanisms by which cell wall damage triggers immune responses remain poorly understood. The application of in situ unlabeled imaging techniques in plant cells is gradually increasing and has become an important tool for studying cell wall structure and function. This paper describes the interaction mechanism between the plant cell wall and the immune response to provide a scientific basis for a deeper understanding of plant life activities and improve crop disease resistance, and describes in situ non-labeled imaging of the cell wall to provide more technological options for advancing the study of the cell wall in the immune response.

, authors=Wang Xiao1, 2, 3, 4, Xu Changwen1, 2, 3, 4, Qian Hongping1, 2, 3, 4, Li Sibo1, 2, 3, 4, Lin Jinxing1, 2, 3, 4, Cui Yaning1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Wang Xiao, Xu Changwen, Qian Hongping, Li Sibo, Lin Jinxing, Cui Yaning, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cui Yaning, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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植物细胞壁由纤维素、半纤维素、果胶和木质素等成分构成, 是一个动态变化的网络结构, 不仅在植物抵御外界压力和适应环境变化过程中发挥关键防线作用, 还在信号传递过程中作为信息枢纽。当细胞壁受损后, 细胞会感知细胞壁变化并做出早期免疫响应, 如激素变化、壁成分与修饰改变以及抗病次生代谢产物的生成。尽管细胞壁在植物免疫中的重要性已得到广泛认可, 但对于细胞壁损伤引发免疫反应的具体分子机制仍然知之甚少。原位非标记成像技术在植物细胞中的应用逐渐增多, 成为研究细胞壁结构与功能的重要手段。该文综述了植物细胞壁与免疫反应之间的相互作用机制研究进展, 为深入理解植物生命活动规律和提高作物病害抵抗能力提供科学依据; 同时介绍了细胞壁原位非标记成像技术, 为推进细胞壁在免疫反应中的作用研究提供更多技术选择。

, authors=王笑1, 2, 3, 4, 徐昌文1, 2, 3, 4, 钱虹萍1, 2, 3, 4, 李思博1, 2, 3, 4, 林金星1, 2, 3, 4, 崔亚宁1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=王笑, 徐昌文, 钱虹萍, 李思博, 林金星, 崔亚宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=崔亚宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*崔亚宁, 北京林业大学副教授, 硕士/博士生导师。2023年入选北京市科技新星。目前担任Journal of Plant Physiology和Advanced Biotechnology等期刊的青年编委及中国电子显微镜学会共聚焦专业委员会委员(秘书)等职务。长期从事植物逆境胁迫过程中囊泡运输的功能及蛋白活性调控机制研究。在Molecular Plant、eLife、New Phytologist和Plant Physiology等国际期刊上发表SCI论文多篇。先后主持国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、北京市科技新星项目、科技部高端外国专家引进计划项目及博士后特别资助项目等。以第一发明人身份申请发明专利10余项。荣获中国电子显微镜学会优秀青年学者奖、Science China Life Sciences杂志社优秀论文奖等多项奖励。E-mail:
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Hortic Res 6, 72., articleTitle=Label-free visualization of lignin deposition in loquats using complementary stimulated and spontaneous Raman microscopy, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1319998837947748818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, awardId=32370740, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32370740), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1319998838006469075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, awardId=32000483, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32000483), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1319998838081966548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, awardId=20230484251, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市科技新星计划(20230484251), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1319998838140686805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, awardId=B13007, language=CN, fundingSource=高等学校学科创新引智计划(B13007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1319998834017685896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834038657417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834017685896, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1National Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834130932106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834017685896, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 林木遗传育种全国重点实验室, 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319998834193846667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834206429580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834193846667, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834214818189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834193846667, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 林木育种与生态修复国家工程研究中心, 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319998834294509966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834302898575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834294509966, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory of Bioengineering for Tree and Flower Breeding, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834311287184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834294509966, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 树木花卉育种生物工程国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1319998834370007441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834378396050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834370007441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1319998834386784659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, companyId=1319998834370007441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1319998837293437388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Pathways of action of cell wall damage signaling and activation of immune response after plant cell wall damage

Cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) damage to the cell wall results in the production of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), while cell wall integrity maintenance mechanisms sense cell wall changes, promote the expression of PROPEP1/3 and PROSCOOP18, and induce the production of endogenous immunopeptides (EIPs) (e.g., SCOOP18 and Pep1/3), and DAMPs and EIPs bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface, activating downstream signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca²+, etc., which activate transcription factors (TF) to initiate the expression of defense genes, ultimately triggering an enhanced pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response in plants. The solid lines represent verified pathways, while the dashed line indicates hypothesized pathway that has not yet been verified.

, figureFileSmall=pLHFv1MZbZZqxBbAdKdDWw==, figureFileBig=RqJN2HhGsIV1TFhD9bvoRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319998837356351949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, language=CN, label=图1, caption=植物细胞壁遭受破坏后, 细胞壁损伤信号转导并激活免疫响应的作用途径

细胞壁降解酶(CWDEs)损伤细胞壁后, 产生损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs), 同时细胞壁完整性维持机制感知细胞壁变化, 促进PROPEP1/3和PROSCOOP18的表达, 诱导内源性免疫肽(EIPs) (如SCOOP18和Pep1/3)的产生, DAMPs和EIPs与细胞表面的模式识别受体(PRRs)结合, 激活下游信号通路, 包括丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)级联信号、活性氧(ROS)和Ca²+等, 激活转录因子(TF)启动防御基因的表达, 最终引发植物的模式触发免疫(PTI)反应增强。实线箭头为已验证的通路, 虚线箭头为推测的通路。

, figureFileSmall=pLHFv1MZbZZqxBbAdKdDWw==, figureFileBig=RqJN2HhGsIV1TFhD9bvoRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319998837557678542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in intracellular cell wall-immunity related gene expression after pathogen infection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因(编码蛋白) 作用 识别病原体后的变化 参考文献
纤维素 CesA (cellulose synthase) 正向调节纤维素合成 下调, 纤维素合成减少 Wojtasik et al., 2016; Molina et al., 2024
半纤维素 GMT (glucomannan 4β-mannosyltransferase)
GGT (galactomannan galactosyltransferase)
XXT (xyloglucan xylosyltransferase)
XYN (endo-1,4-β-xylanase)
正向调节半纤维素合成 下调, 半纤维素合成减少 Wojtasik et al., 2016; Molina et al., 2024
XYLa (1,4-α-xylosidase)
GS (α-galactosidase)
正向调节半纤维素降解 上调, 半纤维素降解增多
果胶 GAE (UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase)
GAUT1/7 (galacturonosyltransferase 1/7)
RGXT (rhamnogalacturonan II xylosyltransferase)
ARAD (arabinose transferase)
PMT (pectin methyltransferase)
正向调节果胶合成 下调, 果胶合成
减少
Wojtasik et al., 2016; Molina et al., 2024
PG (polygalacturonase)
PaL (pectin lyase)
正向调节果胶裂解 上调, 果胶降解
增多
木质素 PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase)
HCT (p-hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: quinate/shikimate p-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase)
CCoAOMT (caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase)
COMT (caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid 3/5-O-methyltransferase)
SAD (synaptic dehydrogenase)
GT (glucosyltransferase)
CAD1 (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1)
正向调节木质素合成 上调, 木质素合成增多 Wojtasik et al., 2016; Li et al., 2024a; Molina et al., 2024
水杨酸
合成
ICS1 (isochorismate synthase 1)
PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase)
PAD4 (phytoalexin-deficient 4)
EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1)
SAGT1 (salicylic acid glucosyltransferase 1)
BSMT1 (benzoic acid and salicylic acid methyltransferase 1)
与水杨酸(SA)合成相关, 参与植物防御反应 ICS1、PAD4、EDS1和SAGT1上调/BSMT1下调, SA合成增多 Silverman et al., 1995; Wildermuth et al., 2001; Dong et al., 2024
茉莉酸
合成
VSP1 (vegetative storage protein 1)
LOX1 (lipoxygenase 1)
MYC2 (myelocytomatosis protein 2)
AOC (allene oxide cyclase)
与茉莉酸(JA)合成相关, 参与植物防御反应 VSP1、LOX1和AOC上调/MYC2下调, JA合成增多 Wasternack and Strnad, 2016; Dong et al., 2024
乙烯合成 ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase) 与乙烯(ET)合成相关, 参与植物防御反应 上调, ET合成增多 Alonso et al., 2024
抗病次生代谢产物 PR (pathogenesis-related)
PDF (plant defensin)
与抗病次生代谢产物生成有关 上调, 防御素和凝集素合成增多 Babosha, 2008; Rawat et al., 2017
), ArticleFig(id=1319998837645758927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

病原体侵染后细胞内细胞壁-免疫相关基因的表达变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因(编码蛋白) 作用 识别病原体后的变化 参考文献
纤维素 CesA (cellulose synthase) 正向调节纤维素合成 下调, 纤维素合成减少 Wojtasik et al., 2016; Molina et al., 2024
半纤维素 GMT (glucomannan 4β-mannosyltransferase)
GGT (galactomannan galactosyltransferase)
XXT (xyloglucan xylosyltransferase)
XYN (endo-1,4-β-xylanase)
正向调节半纤维素合成 下调, 半纤维素合成减少 Wojtasik et al., 2016; Molina et al., 2024
XYLa (1,4-α-xylosidase)
GS (α-galactosidase)
正向调节半纤维素降解 上调, 半纤维素降解增多
果胶 GAE (UDP-glucuronate 4-epimerase)
GAUT1/7 (galacturonosyltransferase 1/7)
RGXT (rhamnogalacturonan II xylosyltransferase)
ARAD (arabinose transferase)
PMT (pectin methyltransferase)
正向调节果胶合成 下调, 果胶合成
减少
Wojtasik et al., 2016; Molina et al., 2024
PG (polygalacturonase)
PaL (pectin lyase)
正向调节果胶裂解 上调, 果胶降解
增多
木质素 PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase)
HCT (p-hydroxycinnamoyl CoA: quinate/shikimate p-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase)
CCoAOMT (caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase)
COMT (caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid 3/5-O-methyltransferase)
SAD (synaptic dehydrogenase)
GT (glucosyltransferase)
CAD1 (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1)
正向调节木质素合成 上调, 木质素合成增多 Wojtasik et al., 2016; Li et al., 2024a; Molina et al., 2024
水杨酸
合成
ICS1 (isochorismate synthase 1)
PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase)
PAD4 (phytoalexin-deficient 4)
EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1)
SAGT1 (salicylic acid glucosyltransferase 1)
BSMT1 (benzoic acid and salicylic acid methyltransferase 1)
与水杨酸(SA)合成相关, 参与植物防御反应 ICS1、PAD4、EDS1和SAGT1上调/BSMT1下调, SA合成增多 Silverman et al., 1995; Wildermuth et al., 2001; Dong et al., 2024
茉莉酸
合成
VSP1 (vegetative storage protein 1)
LOX1 (lipoxygenase 1)
MYC2 (myelocytomatosis protein 2)
AOC (allene oxide cyclase)
与茉莉酸(JA)合成相关, 参与植物防御反应 VSP1、LOX1和AOC上调/MYC2下调, JA合成增多 Wasternack and Strnad, 2016; Dong et al., 2024
乙烯合成 ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase) 与乙烯(ET)合成相关, 参与植物防御反应 上调, ET合成增多 Alonso et al., 2024
抗病次生代谢产物 PR (pathogenesis-related)
PDF (plant defensin)
与抗病次生代谢产物生成有关 上调, 防御素和凝集素合成增多 Babosha, 2008; Rawat et al., 2017
), ArticleFig(id=1319998837754810832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Advantages, disadvantages and applications of in situ non-labeled imaging techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术 优点 缺点 应用 参考文献
傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared, FTIR) 无损, 可获得多维信息, 适用范围广 空间分辨率受限, 水吸收影响成像, 不适合活体成像 研究细胞壁成分特性, 研究发育和抗病过程中的成分变化 Song et al., 2023; Das et al., 2024; Zhu et al., 2024
共聚焦拉曼光谱成像(confocal Raman microscopy, CRM) 高光谱和空间分辨率, 非侵入性, 分辨率可达微米级 成像速度慢, 拉曼散射效应弱, 荧光背景干扰限制成像质量 监测细胞壁成分变化 Jin et al., 2019; He
et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2023
受激拉曼光谱成像(stimulated Raman scattering, SRS) 高成像速度, 可进行定量分析, 具有高空间分辨率和高信噪比 对待测物质丰度要求高, 设备成本高 实时监测高度动态过程中的细胞壁成分与结构变化 Zhu et al., 2019; Yao et al., 2024
), ArticleFig(id=1319998837851279825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319998832507736451, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

原位非标记成像技术的优缺点及应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术 优点 缺点 应用 参考文献
傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared, FTIR) 无损, 可获得多维信息, 适用范围广 空间分辨率受限, 水吸收影响成像, 不适合活体成像 研究细胞壁成分特性, 研究发育和抗病过程中的成分变化 Song et al., 2023; Das et al., 2024; Zhu et al., 2024
共聚焦拉曼光谱成像(confocal Raman microscopy, CRM) 高光谱和空间分辨率, 非侵入性, 分辨率可达微米级 成像速度慢, 拉曼散射效应弱, 荧光背景干扰限制成像质量 监测细胞壁成分变化 Jin et al., 2019; He
et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2023
受激拉曼光谱成像(stimulated Raman scattering, SRS) 高成像速度, 可进行定量分析, 具有高空间分辨率和高信噪比 对待测物质丰度要求高, 设备成本高 实时监测高度动态过程中的细胞壁成分与结构变化 Zhu et al., 2019; Yao et al., 2024
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植物细胞壁参与免疫反应的机制及其原位非标记成像方法
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王笑 1, 2, 3, 4 , 徐昌文 1, 2, 3, 4 , 钱虹萍 1, 2, 3, 4 , 李思博 1, 2, 3, 4 , 林金星 1, 2, 3, 4 , 崔亚宁 1, 2, 3, 4, *
植物学报 | 特邀综述 2025,60(5): 773-785
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植物学报 |特邀综述 2025 , 60 (5) : 773 -785
植物细胞壁参与免疫反应的机制及其原位非标记成像方法
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王笑1, 2, 3, 4, 徐昌文1, 2, 3, 4, 钱虹萍1, 2, 3, 4, 李思博1, 2, 3, 4, 林金星1, 2, 3, 4, 崔亚宁1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 林木遗传育种全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 2北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 林木育种与生态修复国家工程研究中心, 北京 100083
  • 3北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 树木花卉育种生物工程国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 4北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 北京 100083
通讯作者:
*崔亚宁, 北京林业大学副教授, 硕士/博士生导师。2023年入选北京市科技新星。目前担任Journal of Plant Physiology和Advanced Biotechnology等期刊的青年编委及中国电子显微镜学会共聚焦专业委员会委员(秘书)等职务。长期从事植物逆境胁迫过程中囊泡运输的功能及蛋白活性调控机制研究。在Molecular Plant、eLife、New Phytologist和Plant Physiology等国际期刊上发表SCI论文多篇。先后主持国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、北京市科技新星项目、科技部高端外国专家引进计划项目及博士后特别资助项目等。以第一发明人身份申请发明专利10余项。荣获中国电子显微镜学会优秀青年学者奖、Science China Life Sciences杂志社优秀论文奖等多项奖励。E-mail:
Mechanisms Involving Plant Cell Walls in the Immune Response and Its In Situ Non-labeled Imaging Technique
Wang Xiao1, 2, 3, 4, Xu Changwen1, 2, 3, 4, Qian Hongping1, 2, 3, 4, Li Sibo1, 2, 3, 4, Lin Jinxing1, 2, 3, 4, Cui Yaning1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Bioengineering for Tree and Flower Breeding, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-09-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB25034
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植物细胞壁由纤维素、半纤维素、果胶和木质素等成分构成, 是一个动态变化的网络结构, 不仅在植物抵御外界压力和适应环境变化过程中发挥关键防线作用, 还在信号传递过程中作为信息枢纽。当细胞壁受损后, 细胞会感知细胞壁变化并做出早期免疫响应, 如激素变化、壁成分与修饰改变以及抗病次生代谢产物的生成。尽管细胞壁在植物免疫中的重要性已得到广泛认可, 但对于细胞壁损伤引发免疫反应的具体分子机制仍然知之甚少。原位非标记成像技术在植物细胞中的应用逐渐增多, 成为研究细胞壁结构与功能的重要手段。该文综述了植物细胞壁与免疫反应之间的相互作用机制研究进展, 为深入理解植物生命活动规律和提高作物病害抵抗能力提供科学依据; 同时介绍了细胞壁原位非标记成像技术, 为推进细胞壁在免疫反应中的作用研究提供更多技术选择。

植物细胞壁  /  植物免疫  /  信号感知与传递  /  原位非标记成像技术

The plant cell wall, which is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, is a dynamically changing network structure, that not only plays the role of a key line of defense in the process of plant resistance to external pressure and adaptation to environmental changes, but also plays the role of an information hub in the process of signal transmission. When the cell wall is damaged, cells sense cell wall changes and initiate early immune responses, such as hormonal changes, alterations in wall composition and modifications, and the production of disease-resistant secondary metabolites. Although the importance of the cell wall in plant immunity is widely recognized, the specific molecular mechanisms by which cell wall damage triggers immune responses remain poorly understood. The application of in situ unlabeled imaging techniques in plant cells is gradually increasing and has become an important tool for studying cell wall structure and function. This paper describes the interaction mechanism between the plant cell wall and the immune response to provide a scientific basis for a deeper understanding of plant life activities and improve crop disease resistance, and describes in situ non-labeled imaging of the cell wall to provide more technological options for advancing the study of the cell wall in the immune response.

plant cell wall  /  plant immunity  /  signal sensing and transmission  /  in situ non-labeled imaging techniques
王笑, 徐昌文, 钱虹萍, 李思博, 林金星, 崔亚宁. 植物细胞壁参与免疫反应的机制及其原位非标记成像方法. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 773 -785 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25034
Wang Xiao, Xu Changwen, Qian Hongping, Li Sibo, Lin Jinxing, Cui Yaning. Mechanisms Involving Plant Cell Walls in the Immune Response and Its In Situ Non-labeled Imaging Technique[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (5) : 773 -785 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25034
自然界中, 植物以独特生命形式呈现出强大的生命力与适应性。植物细胞壁位于细胞最外层, 犹如坚固壁垒守护生命核心, 其功能呈现出多元性特征, 且成分与结构在不同植物物种之间存在显著差异, 从而导致其在植物生命活动中所发挥的作用也各有不同(Malinovsky et al., 2014)。细胞壁具有多种重要的生物学作用, 为植物正常生理活动创造条件(Zhang et al., 2021a)。在植物生长发育过程中, 它既是结构支架和物理屏障, 又是化学信号源, 对植物生长发育和环境适应意义重大(Cosgrove, 2024)。因此, 深入研究植物细胞壁的成分与结构, 对于揭示植物生命活动具有重要的理论和实践意义。
植物在应对外界各种压力的过程中, 细胞最外层的细胞壁发挥至关重要的作用, 犹如坚固的“盔甲”一般。在复杂多变的自然环境中, 植物面临来自生物和非生物的多重胁迫, 如病原菌侵袭、害虫啃食、干旱、盐碱和极端温度。细胞壁在植物的生存与生长中至关重要, 它能够激活免疫反应, 使得植物可以在面临外界压力时迅速做出反应, 从而更好地适应不断变化的环境(De Lorenzo et al., 2019; Wan et al., 2021)。细胞壁不仅是一道物理屏障, 阻止病原体直接入侵, 还参与植物体内复杂的信号转导网络, 在感知外界压力并启动免疫防御机制方面扮演核心角色。例如, 已有研究表明, 当细胞壁受损后, Pep1/3和SCOOP18等内源性免疫肽(endogenous immunopeptides, EIPs)的表达被激活, 分别与PEPR1/2和MIK2等受体结合, 进而增强了模式触发免疫(pattern-triggered immunity, PTI)反应(Engelsdorf et al., 2018; Zhai et al., 2024) (图1), 这些内源性免疫小肽将细胞壁损伤与免疫响应连接起来, 证实了细胞壁与免疫反应之间具有紧密联系。然而, 目前虽然已经认识到细胞壁与免疫反应存在关联, 但对于其具体的作用机制, 包括细胞壁如何精准感知不同类型的外界压力信号、信号在细胞壁-细胞内的传递途径和调控网络以及细胞壁成分和结构的动态变化如何影响免疫反应的强度与特异性等方面, 仍存在许多未知之处。因此, 深入探究植物细胞壁与免疫反应的具体作用机制, 对于揭示植物的免疫防御奥秘及提高植物的抗逆性具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文将聚焦于植物细胞壁在免疫反应中的作用机制, 综合现有研究成果, 从细胞壁的结构与组成、细胞壁损伤信号的感知与传递、细胞壁相关信号分子与免疫反应的调控等多个方面进行详细阐述。同时, 本文重点介绍了几种实时、动态观察细胞壁结构和成分变化的原位非标记成像技术, 并展望了未来该领域的研究方向, 以期为进一步探索植物的生存适应机制提供有益的参考。
植物细胞壁是细胞生长发育、适应环境和抵御胁迫的关键结构, 主要由纤维素、半纤维素和果胶等多糖以及蛋白质和其它辅助成分组成(de Souza et al., 2023)。纤维素作为细胞壁的主要成分, 由纤维素合成酶复合体(cellulose synthase complex, CSC)合成, 进而形成高度有序的晶体结构, 为细胞壁提供机械支撑力(Rongpipi et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2021a)。半纤维素、纤维素和果胶构成复杂网络, 从而增强细胞壁的硬度和稳定性(Berglund et al., 2020; Cosgrove, 2024)。半纤维素与木质素相互作用增强疏水性, 可以防止细胞内的水分流失(Azelee et al., 2023)。果胶作为细胞壁的基质成分, 赋予细胞壁弹性和韧性, 其含量也影响壁的硬度和黏性, 维持组织完整性(Du et al., 2022)。细胞壁中的蛋白质在结构支持和信号转导方面发挥重要作用。例如, 伸展蛋白影响细胞生长与扩张, 纤维素合酶和果胶甲酯酶等酶类参与多糖合成、修饰与降解, 进而调节细胞壁可塑性(Wu et al., 2018)。受体蛋白如细胞壁相关激酶(wall-associated kinases, WAKs)感知细胞壁状态变化, 识别细胞壁损伤(cell wall damage, CWD), 参与细胞壁完整性维持(cell wall integrity, CWI)机制, 调控防御反应(Zhang et al., 2021b; Lee and Santiago, 2023)。酚类化合物和抗氧化剂等辅助性小分子含量虽不高, 但在维护结构完整性、信号转导及提高环境适应性方面作用显著。例如, 蜡质和脂质调节水分平衡(Philippe et al., 2020)。
细胞壁中的这些成分经过折叠和交联, 共同构成壁的基本框架, 从而确保结构的稳定性和生理功能(Cosgrove, 2024)。最早提出的植物细胞壁结构模型是基于对酶降解产物的表征(Keegstra et al., 1973), 之后随着电子显微镜的使用和聚合物结构的分析, 发现细胞壁的结构因物种和环境不同而异, 主要包括初生壁、次生壁和胞间层(Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993; Cosgrove, 2001; Keegstra, 2010)。近年来, 多项研究中运用核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)和遗传分析等手段, 证实了初生壁中纤维素-果胶网络和次生壁中纤维素-木聚糖网络连接是壁结构中的主要框架(Simmons et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2018; Kang et al., 2019)。Peaucelle等(2011)使用原子力显微镜(atomic force microscopy, AFM)对细胞壁力学进行解析, 发现果胶作为细胞壁成分, 其去甲酯化修饰在连接细胞壁多糖中具有重要作用, 还与植物组织的弹性有一定关联。Grantham等(2017)对完整细胞进行固态NMR, 结果表明木聚糖取代的均匀模式使得木聚糖与纤维素原纤维的亲水面相互作用, 对于植物次生细胞壁的正常发育至关重要。植物细胞壁的复杂结构所形成的动态网络是其发挥生理作用的重要前提, 使细胞壁在抵御外界侵害及参与自身免疫中不可或缺。
细胞壁是植物细胞抵御外界侵害的首道坚固防线, 作为保护防御屏障在抵抗病原菌的直接入侵、外界机械压力和病原菌产生的细胞壁降解酶中均发挥重要作用。细胞壁将细胞与周围环境分隔开, 这意味着病原菌若要入侵细胞, 首先必须突破细胞壁这一屏障。细胞壁具有复杂的成分, 与细胞膜相比, 它的强度和硬度更大, 可以在一定程度上阻挡或减缓病原菌的入侵, 从而防止病菌直接对细胞内部结构产生损伤。同时, 细胞壁的高强度还使其能够有效抵抗外界病原菌入侵时带来的机械压力。已有研究表明, 丝状植物病原体入侵时会运用机械力来刺穿宿主表面, 部分疫霉病原体通过一种特殊的侵入性顶端生长来切开植物表面(Bronkhorst et al., 2022)。在此过程中, 细胞壁的存在对于细胞抵抗外界机械压力并维持细胞的形态发挥关键作用。
此外, 当外界的病原菌对植物细胞展开攻击时, 会分泌大量的细胞壁降解酶(cell wall-degrading enzymes, CWDEs), 如果胶裂解酶(pectin lyase, PNL)、果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase, PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase, PG)和木聚糖酶(endoxylanases)来分解细胞壁的成分。而细胞壁基质或细胞壁微纤丝中存在细胞壁降解酶抑制因子(cell wall- degrading enzymes inhibitors, CWDEIs), 能够在一定程度上抵御这些酶的作用, 进一步保护细胞免受侵害。例如, 从甜菜(Beta vulgaris)根细胞壁中分离出的果胶裂解酶抑制剂(PNL inhibitor protein, PNLIP)可以非竞争性地抑制来自多种真菌的果胶裂解酶(Bugbee, 1993); 细胞壁中的果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(PME inhibitors, PMEIs)可以抑制PME对细胞壁果胶的甲基化(Wormit and Usadel, 2018); Albersheim和Anderson (1971)研究发现了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制剂(PG inhibitor proteins, PGIPs), 其与细胞壁中的果胶结合, 抑制病原体分泌的PGs; 木聚糖酶抑制剂广泛存在于单子叶植物的细胞壁, 目前研究较多的为TAXI (triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor)、XIP (xylanase inhibitor protein)和TL-XI (thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitor)三种, 它们能阻止木聚糖酶对壁成分的降解(Lagaert et al., 2009)。因此, 细胞壁可以直接作为屏障在一定程度上阻断细胞与病菌的直接接触, 并抵抗机械压力, 细胞壁中的CWDEIs也会在病原菌与细胞接触的第一时间对病原菌产生的降解酶进行抑制, 进而保护细胞。
细胞壁在植物免疫系统中发挥双重作用, 既作为物理屏障阻止病原体入侵, 又作为重要的信号感知和传递平台。细胞壁相关激酶(WAKs)通过其胞外结构域与细胞壁果胶交联, 形成连接质膜和细胞壁的关键受体系统, 持续监测细胞壁状态变化并调控防御反应。多项研究证实了WAKs家族成员在植物免疫中的核心作用。Brutus等(2010)研究发现, 与野生型相比, 过表达AtWAK1的转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)对病原菌的抗性增强。Bot等(2019)证实AtWAKL10敲除突变体表现出更高的感病性, 另有研究通过对比Col-0和Ty-0两种拟南芥对外界病菌的抗性, 证实WAKL22的引入可显著提升植物对特定病原菌的抗性(Diener and Ausubel, 2005)。这类受体在番茄(Solanum lycopersicum) (Zhang et al., 2020)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum) (Yang et al., 2021b)和油菜(Brassica napus) (Larkan et al., 2020)等双子叶植物, 以及小麦(Triticum aestivum) (Yang et al., 2014)、水稻(Oryza sativa) (Cayrol et al., 2016; Delteil et al., 2016)、玉米(Zea mays) (Yang et al., 2019)和大麦(Hordeum vulgare) (Yang et al., 2014)等单子叶植物中广泛存在。
关于类受体激酶FERONIA在感知细胞壁完整性信号传递中的作用取得重要进展。研究表明, 该蛋白可特异性识别去甲酯化果胶片段进而实现细胞壁锚定(Tang et al., 2022; Lin et al., 2022)。美国马萨诸塞大学Alice Y. Cheung与Hen-Ming Wu团队研究显示, FERONIA的功能依赖于其与快速碱化因子(rapid alkalization factor, RALF)的相互作用, 形成果胶-RALF-FER-LLG1三元缩合物(Liu et al., 2024)。于峰团队发现, FERONIA在稳态下抑制基础免疫, 而在病原入侵时通过RALF23诱导产生截短型FERONIA (FERN)激活局部免疫(Chen et al., 2024)。此外, FERONIA与模式识别受体FLS2/EFR形成功能复合体调控PTI信号(崔晓敏等, 2016)。
细胞壁降解产物作为损伤相关分子模式(damage associated molecular patterns, DAMPs)的研究也取得重要发现。中国科学院微生物研究所刘俊团队鉴定出稻瘟病菌分泌酶水解产生的特异性寡糖BGTRIB和BGTETB可激活OsCERK1-OsRac1信号通路(Yang et al., 2021a)。Xiao等(2024)解析了PGIP劫持病原菌PG酶活性促进长链免疫活性寡聚半乳糖醛酸产生的分子机制。已知的DAMPs还包括同型半乳糖醛酸酯降解产物OGs (Ferrari et al., 2013; Cervone et al., 2015)、纤维素降解产物纤维糊精(Aziz et al., 2007; de Azevedo Souza et al., 2017)以及半纤维素衍生的木葡聚糖(Claverie et al., 2018)。这些片段与病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)均被模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors, PRRs)识别, 激活活性氧爆发、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)级联、钙依赖型蛋白激酶(calmodulin-domain protein kinase, CDPK)激活和胼胝质沉积等防御反应(崔亚宁等, 2020) (图1)。
当外界病原菌突破细胞壁的阻碍并对其造成损伤后, 植物细胞能够识别到这种损伤, 并迅速启动一系列响应机制, 以减少病原菌对细胞的侵害, 这一过程涉及细胞壁成分和修饰的改变、激素水平的变化以及抗病次生代谢产物的增加等多个方面。植物细胞免疫反应被激活后, 细胞壁的成分以及相关代谢途径会发生改变, 从而触发防御反应。病原菌侵染植物细胞会破坏CWI, 此时植物细胞内部分基因被激活, 细胞壁中纤维素、半纤维素和果胶等多糖的合成与修饰相关基因表达发生变化(Molina et al., 2024)。这些变化可能增强细胞壁的强度和稳定性, 从而阻止病原菌进一步侵入(Munzert and Engelsdorf, 2025)。例如, Wojtasik等(2016)对感染病原性尖孢镰刀菌的亚麻(Linum usitatissimum)幼苗进行研究, 发现参与细胞壁聚合物代谢的基因表达受到影响(表1), 证实受到病原菌侵染后, 细胞壁聚合物代谢基因表达的改变对于植物免疫响应极为关键。Wang等(2023)研究表明, 当外界病原菌存在时, SHOU4/4L对纤维素合成的抑制作用被解除, 从而促进纤维素合成, 这一过程有助于弥补外界病原刺激所导致的CWD。Li等(2024a)研究发现, 月季(Rosa chinensis)受到灰霉病病原菌侵染后, 木质素生物合成基因RhCAD1被相关转录因子激活, 使得木质素合成增加, 从而提高月季对灰霉病的抗性。
在病原菌侵染期间, 植物能够识别病原菌分泌的细胞壁降解酶并激活相应的防御反应。研究表明, 番茄可以特异性识别青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)分泌的果胶分解酶PehC, 该酶通过水解植物细胞壁果胶产生寡聚半乳糖醛酸(OGs), 进而触发植物的免疫反应(Ke et al., 2023)。与之类似, Zhang等(2014)发现拟南芥通过富含亮氨酸重复序列(leucine- rich repeat, LRR)的受体样蛋白RBPG1 (AtRLP42)识别多种真菌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PGs), 并与受体样激酶SOBIR1相互作用, 从而激活防御信号通路。另外, 研究发现大豆(Glycine max) LRR受体蛋白RXEG1则能够特异性识别疫霉菌分泌的糖苷水解酶XEG1, 通过与BAK1和SOBIR1形成受体复合物传递防御信号(Wang et al., 2018)。近年来, 王源超团队系统解析了疫霉菌与寄主植物细胞壁的分子博弈机制, 并通过与柴继杰教授合作, 发现RXEG1受体具有“免疫识别”与“酶活抑制”双重功能: 其N端结构域通过结合XEG1的催化位点直接抑制该糖苷水解酶活性, 而C端胞内结构域则通过激活BAK1/SOBIR1复合体传递免疫信号, 这种双功能机制显著提升了植物对疫霉菌的防御能力(Sun et al., 2022)。与此同时, 植物还会上调CWDEI的表达, 以维持细胞壁的完整性(Xia et al., 2024)。
植物在应对外界病原菌侵害时, 除了细胞壁成分和修饰发生变化之外, 细胞内相关激素水平也会改变(Dong et al., 2024) (表1), 以此来精确调控生物胁迫反应, 同时诱导抗病次生代谢产物增加, 从多方面协同抑制病原菌对细胞的进一步侵害。在植物应对外界生物胁迫时, 水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)和乙烯(ethylene, ET)这3种激素发挥主要作用。植物中SA主要通过异分支酸(isochorismate synthase, ICS)途径和苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL)途径合成, 在生物胁迫下, ICS1被显著诱导上调表达(Wildermuth et al., 2001)。PAL途径在水稻(Silverman et al., 1995)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum) (Yalpani et al., 1993)和大豆(Shine et al., 2016)中也得到验证, 病原菌诱导后, PAL基因表达上调, SA合成增加, 激活防御相关基因的表达。植物受到病菌攻击后, JA会大量积累。以番茄为例, JA合成途径中的关键酶烯醛环化酶(allene oxide cyclase, AOC)表达量增加, 促进JA积累, 进而激活相关信号通路(Wasternack and Strnad, 2016)。然而, JA与SA之间存在拮抗作用(Reymond and Farmer, 1998), 植物会根据入侵病原体的类型对JA和SA的分泌进行调控(Sultana et al., 2025)。在外界病原体胁迫下, ET合成的关键酶ACC合酶(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase)被激活, ET合成大量增加, ET可以与JA和SA信号途径交叉互作, 共同防御病原菌的入侵(Alonso et al., 2024)。
JA和SA等激素作为信号分子激活植物免疫, 会诱导植保素(camalexin)和植物防御蛋白等抗病次生代谢产物大量增加。植保素是一类在生物胁迫下诱导合成的具有抗菌性的低分子量次生代谢产物。Zhou等(2022)研究表明, ET和JA信号途径及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MPK3/MPK6信号途径可以协同诱导植保素的合成。植物防御蛋白, 如防御素(defensins)和凝集素(lectins)在受到病原体攻击后产生, 是对外界病原菌的特定分子具有抑制作用的蛋白质。Rawat等(2017)研究表明, 病菌处理后植物防御素基因PR12表达上调, 对真菌、细菌和病毒均具有抵抗能力, 且该过程受到JA调节。凝集素可以与细胞壁上的多糖等结合, 损伤病原菌细胞壁, 进而保护植物细胞。相关研究经过测量和统计后指出, 凝集素含量增加在感染初期通常与植物的抗病性相关(Babosha, 2008)。综上所述, 细胞壁感受到病原菌造成的损伤后, 通过壁成分和修饰变化、激素水平变化以及抗病次生代谢产物的增加等多种方式, 抑制病原菌对细胞的进一步侵害。
随着显微成像技术的进步, 人们对细胞结构和功能的认知不断深入。传统的细胞壁研究方法往往存在一定的局限性, 如需要对样本进行标记、固定或破坏处理, 这可能会改变细胞壁的天然状态, 从而影响研究结果的准确性和可靠性。因此, 原位非标记无损成像技术应运而生, 成为深入研究细胞壁的重要手段。近年来, 光学、光谱学和成像技术的交叉融合取得了显著成果, 为细胞壁研究带来了一系列先进的原位非标记无损成像技术。其中, 傅里叶红外光谱成像、共聚焦拉曼光谱成像和受激拉曼光谱成像技术凭借其独特的优势, 在细胞壁研究中应用越来越广泛。因此, 本文将概述这3种成像技术的原理、特点及优势, 总结其在细胞壁相关研究中的进展, 旨在为研究人员选择成像技术提供参考。
傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)作为一种精准的原位非标记分析技术,在解析植物细胞壁动态修饰与免疫信号转导机制研究中发挥独特作用。该技术通过检测物质对红外光的特征吸收光谱, 利用特征吸收峰强度的相对变化表征特定分子在研究区域的浓度分布, 能够直接捕捉病原体侵染或免疫激发子处理过程中细胞壁多糖(果胶、纤维素和木质素)的化学修饰动态。这种实时、无损的分析能力为阐明细胞壁作为免疫信号感知平台的分子机制提供了关键证据。例如, 通过监测果胶甲酯化程度变化可间接反映细胞壁相关激酶(WAKs)的激活状态, 而木质素特征峰的演变则能关联到活性氧爆发诱导的细胞壁加固过程(Zhao et al., 2019)。Song等(2023)利用FTIR定量分析杨树(Populus przewalskii)茎木质素沉积与PagUNE12基因表达的相关性, 不仅证实了细胞壁力学强度与免疫抗性呈正相关, 也揭示了次生壁修饰在系统获得性抗性(systemic acquired resistance, SAR)中的调控作用。近期, Zhu等(2024)在通过FTIR成像解析毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)细胞壁异质性时, 发现不同细胞类型的聚合物分布差异与病原体侵染的特异性防御策略存在空间关联, 这些发现为理解细胞壁在局部免疫反应中的分区调控提供了化学图谱基础。相较于其它显微成像技术, FTIR虽受限于微米级空间分辨率, 但其兼具无标记检测、微量样品需求和多组分同步分析等优势, 在构建细胞壁化学修饰动态与免疫信号转导网络中发挥不可替代的桥梁作用(Das et al., 2024)。
共聚焦拉曼光谱成像技术(confocal Raman microscopy, CRM)作为高特异性原位免标记成像技术, 为揭示植物细胞壁在免疫应答中的动态修饰机制提供了独特的分子解析手段。该技术通过检测纤维素、木质素和果胶等细胞壁组分的特征拉曼位移, 不仅能以微米级空间分辨率实现原位化学成分成像(He et al., 2020), 而且可动态捕捉病原体侵染或免疫激发子处理过程中细胞壁关键组分的构象变化。例如, 木质素单体比例的动态调整往往与活性氧爆发介导的细胞壁加固直接相关, 而果胶多糖酯化程度的变化则可能反映WAKs受体介导的免疫信号激活状态。Guo等(2023)通过对杨树次生壁木质素空间异质性进行CRM定量分析, 发现木质素沉积模式与病原体侵染位点存在显著的空间相关性, 这为阐明细胞壁在局部免疫反应中的分区防御策略提供了直接证据。Jin等(2019)利用CRM实时追踪脱木素动态过程, 不仅建立了细胞壁化学修饰与防御屏障功能增强的定量关系, 其揭示的选择性脱木素机制也为理解植物免疫防御与生长发育的平衡调控提供了新思路。尽管受限于拉曼散射截面较小的固有特性, 但CRM凭借其无标记和多组分同步检测的优势, 已成为研究细胞壁动态修饰与免疫信号网络互作的重要工具。特别是在与FTIR等技术联用时, 可构建从宏观化学组成到微观分子构象的多尺度分析体系。
受激拉曼光谱成像(stimulated Raman scattering, SRS)作为先进的无标记原位成像技术, 在解析植物细胞壁动态修饰与免疫信号转导的分子机制中具有独特优势。该技术通过探测化学键的固有振动频率, 不仅能对细胞壁主要组分(木质素、纤维素和半纤维素等)进行高灵敏度定量分析, 其毫秒级时间分辨率也能实时捕捉病原体侵染或免疫激发子处理引发的细胞壁瞬时化学变化(Zeng et al., 2016; Man et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2019)。值得注意的是, Yao等(2024)利用SRS技术发现, PagARGOS基因(生长调控基因)通过调控木质素-结晶纤维素比例重构细胞壁力学特性, 为“免疫-发育权衡”理论提供了细胞壁化学动态平衡的直接证据。
采用SRS技术揭示的木质素空间异质性分布特征与免疫激发子诱导的活性氧爆发位点呈现显著共定位, 表明细胞壁可能通过局部化学修饰形成“防御微域”来精准调控免疫信号(Zhu et al., 2019)。林金星团队开发的半纤维素乙酰化原位检测方法将研究精度提升至单细胞水平, 其发现的C型木质素特征沉积模式为解析受体样激酶(receptor-like kinases, RLKs)介导的免疫信号空间转导机制提供了纳米尺度的化学标记(Li et al., 2024b)。相较于传统技术, SRS兼具亚秒级时间分辨和无标记优势, 使其成为研究细胞壁化学波动与钙信号和活性氧爆发等快速免疫响应的理想工具。当与超分辨显微技术联用时, 该技术可构建从分子振动谱到纳米结构的跨尺度免疫应答解析体系。
为了使研究人员进一步了解这几种原位非标记成像技术, 我们对这些技术的主要优缺点以及在细胞壁-免疫研究中可能的应用进行总结(表2)。除以上几种技术外, AFM、结构光照明显微镜(structuredi- llumination microscopy, SIM)、随机光学重建显微镜(stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, STORM)以及全内反射荧光显微镜(total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, TIRFM)等成像技术, 也在细胞壁结构变化研究中发挥重要作用。AFM通过纳米级力学探测可实时量化细胞壁弹性模量和黏附力等力学参数的动态演变, 揭示物理屏障功能重构的力学基础; SIM和STORM能突破光学衍射极限, 以20-100 nm分辨率精准定位细胞壁纤维素微纤丝排布、胼胝质沉积或PRRs的空间重组, 阐明免疫响应的分子拓扑特征; TIRFM则擅长捕捉细胞壁-质膜界面囊泡运输和活性氧爆发等瞬态信号事件, 这些技术有望为后续细胞壁-免疫研究提供更广泛的技术选择。
在植物生物学和病害防控研究领域, 植物细胞壁与免疫反应的相互作用机制一直是备受关注的重要科学问题。植物细胞壁不仅是维持细胞形态的普通结构, 而且是植物先天免疫系统的重要组成部分, 在抵御病原体入侵过程中发挥关键的防御作用。目前, 植物细胞壁完整性感知机制及其触发的免疫信号级联反应仍是亟待深入研究的核心科学问题, 对这些问题的解答将有助于我们理解植物细胞壁与免疫系统之间复杂的分子互作网络。需要特别说明的是, 受限于本文的框架设计和篇幅容量, 部分细胞壁免疫相关领域具有重要学术价值的研究成果未能在文中充分展开论述, 相关领域的研究者可参考文后列出的延伸文献进行深入探究。
随着系统生物学技术的快速发展, 未来研究可借助转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等多组学整合分析策略, 系统鉴定细胞壁损伤响应中的关键信号分子及其调控基因网络。通过构建细胞壁相关信号通路的功能图谱, 有望阐明细胞壁组分与其它细胞器在免疫反应中的协同作用机制, 从而深入解析植物免疫反应的分子基础。此外, 随着基于原位非标记显微成像技术的不断发展, 有望为进一步揭示细胞壁在植物免疫中的作用提供强有力的技术支撑, 包括实时定量分析细胞壁成分动态变化与免疫响应的相关性; 可视化监测细胞壁损伤修复的时空特征; 追踪细胞壁免疫信号转导途径中关键分子的动态行为等。原位非标记成像技术的快速发展为解析细胞壁免疫机制提供了多维度工具。原子力显微镜等手段通过多模态技术融合, 有望在未来动态关联细胞壁力学特性与化学成分的共演化, 解析PAMPs识别、钙信号转导及抗病物质合成的时空耦合机制, 为揭示植物免疫“力学-化学”双信号调控网络提供新范式, 助力抗病育种和绿色农药研发。
值得关注的是, 随着CRISPR/Cas9等基因编辑技术的革新和合成生物学方法的突破, 研究者将能够实现对细胞壁免疫途径的精准调控和人工重构。通过整合分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学和生物物理学等多学科交叉的研究手段, 必将推动植物细胞壁与免疫反应互作机制研究的深入。这些研究不仅能增进我们对植物免疫系统的理解, 更为重要的是, 也将为作物抗病育种和绿色防控技术研发提供新的思路和策略, 对于推动农业可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。
王笑: 撰写初稿和绘制图表; 徐昌文: 参与论文和图版修改; 钱虹萍和李思博: 参与文献收集和整理; 林金星和崔亚宁: 确定文章主题, 审阅初稿, 提供资金支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32370740)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32000483)
  • 北京市科技新星计划(20230484251)
  • 高等学校学科创新引智计划(B13007)
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB25034
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
  • 录用日期:2025-05-07
基金
国家自然科学基金(32370740)
国家自然科学基金(32000483)
北京市科技新星计划(20230484251)
高等学校学科创新引智计划(B13007)
作者信息
    1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 林木遗传育种全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
    2北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 林木育种与生态修复国家工程研究中心, 北京 100083
    3北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 树木花卉育种生物工程国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100083
    4北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院, 北京 100083

通讯作者:

*崔亚宁, 北京林业大学副教授, 硕士/博士生导师。2023年入选北京市科技新星。目前担任Journal of Plant Physiology和Advanced Biotechnology等期刊的青年编委及中国电子显微镜学会共聚焦专业委员会委员(秘书)等职务。长期从事植物逆境胁迫过程中囊泡运输的功能及蛋白活性调控机制研究。在Molecular Plant、eLife、New Phytologist和Plant Physiology等国际期刊上发表SCI论文多篇。先后主持国家自然科学基金面上项目和青年项目、北京市科技新星项目、科技部高端外国专家引进计划项目及博士后特别资助项目等。以第一发明人身份申请发明专利10余项。荣获中国电子显微镜学会优秀青年学者奖、Science China Life Sciences杂志社优秀论文奖等多项奖励。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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