Article(id=1317485676472419194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1317485675247685791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB25025, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB25025, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750435200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-21, onlineDate=1792042662970, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042662970, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042662970, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042662970, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317485675247685791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='169', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042662679, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792140573918, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317896344832946412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1317485675247685791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317896344832946413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1317485675247685791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=146, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317485676677940091, articleId=1317485676472419194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Regulatory Mechanism and Biological Function of DA1 Peptidase in Plants, columnId=1317485676040409248, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=SPECIAL TOPICS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

DA1 peptidase is a key plant protease that and plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. In recent years, with the improvement of gene editing technology, the function mechanism of DA1 peptidase have gradually been elucidated. All studies show that DA1 peptidase is regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Although there are plenty of studies on specific biological functions of DA1 peptidase, there still lacks systematic and comprehensive summaries of the research progress on DA1. This review briefly describes the molecular structure of DA1 peptidase, summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of DA1 peptidase, and focuses on its biological functions in regulating organ size, responding to salt and drought stresses, and activating immune responses to biological stresses. In addition, we have summarized the role of DA1 peptidase in the regulation of vascular cambium activity and auxin signal transduction. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex functions and regulatory networks of DA1 peptidase.

, authors=Hang Zhang, Yuan Liu, Yingying Chen, Dingjie Wu, Ruoxin Duan, Zhenfang Lu, Ruili Li*, authorsList=Hang Zhang, Yuan Liu, Yingying Chen, Dingjie Wu, Ruoxin Duan, Zhenfang Lu, Ruili Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruili Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317485677734904705, articleId=1317485676472419194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=CN, title=植物DA1肽酶的调控及其生物学功能研究进展, columnId=1317485676191404194, journalTitle=植物学报, columnName=专题论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

植物DA1肽酶是一种关键的蛋白酶,在植物生长发育和环境适应中扮演着至关重要的角色。近年来,随着基因编辑技术的不断进步,DA1肽酶的作用机制和功能逐渐被阐释。研究表明,DA1基因的表达受转录水平调控,而其蛋白活性则受翻译后修饰调控。尽管对DA1肽酶生物学功能的研究很多,但是缺少对DA1肽酶不同功能系统而全面的总结。因此,该文主要介绍DA1肽酶的分子结构,重点阐述其在调控器官大小、参与盐胁迫、干旱适应以及免疫激活等胁迫响应中的生物学功能,总结了DA1肽酶在维管形成层活性调节和生长素信号转导中的作用,旨在加深人们对DA1肽酶复杂功能和调控网络的理解。

, authors=张航, 刘源, 陈盈盈, 吴丁洁, 段若昕, 卢振芳, 李瑞丽*, authorsList=张航, 刘源, 陈盈盈, 吴丁洁, 段若昕, 卢振芳, 李瑞丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李瑞丽, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

张航:撰写论文初稿和绘制图表;刘源、陈盈盈和吴丁洁:参与论文和图版修改;段若昕和卢振芳:参与文献收集和整理;李瑞丽:确定文章主题,审阅论文初稿,提供资金支持。

李瑞丽,北京林业大学教授,博士生导师。中国植物学会植物整合组学专业委员会委员,中国电子显微学会农林专业委员会委员,《广西植物》青年编委等。围绕国家种业振兴与生态修复建设重大需求,创立了植物单分子研究新技术,创新了树木年周期发育和木材形成的表观遗传调控机制,鉴定了树木抗逆和细胞壁发育的关键调控模块,显著推动了新品种创制和良种规模化繁育。研究成果以第一作者或通讯作者发表在Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science、Plant Physiology、Plant Journal和Horticulture Research等TOP学术期刊。申请发明专利6项。作为主要完成人参编专著1部。近年来,先后主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项,国家自然科学基金面上项目3项,科技创新2030-重大项目子课题1项,科技部高端外国专家项目1项,北京林业大学“5·5工程”科研创新团队项目1项。

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李瑞丽,北京林业大学教授,博士生导师。中国植物学会植物整合组学专业委员会委员,中国电子显微学会农林专业委员会委员,《广西植物》青年编委等。围绕国家种业振兴与生态修复建设重大需求,创立了植物单分子研究新技术,创新了树木年周期发育和木材形成的表观遗传调控机制,鉴定了树木抗逆和细胞壁发育的关键调控模块,显著推动了新品种创制和良种规模化繁育。研究成果以第一作者或通讯作者发表在Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science、Plant Physiology、Plant Journal和Horticulture Research等TOP学术期刊。申请发明专利6项。作为主要完成人参编专著1部。近年来,先后主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项,国家自然科学基金面上项目3项,科技创新2030-重大项目子课题1项,科技部高端外国专家项目1项,北京林业大学“5·5工程”科研创新团队项目1项。

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李瑞丽,北京林业大学教授,博士生导师。中国植物学会植物整合组学专业委员会委员,中国电子显微学会农林专业委员会委员,《广西植物》青年编委等。围绕国家种业振兴与生态修复建设重大需求,创立了植物单分子研究新技术,创新了树木年周期发育和木材形成的表观遗传调控机制,鉴定了树木抗逆和细胞壁发育的关键调控模块,显著推动了新品种创制和良种规模化繁育。研究成果以第一作者或通讯作者发表在Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science、Plant Physiology、Plant Journal和Horticulture Research等TOP学术期刊。申请发明专利6项。作为主要完成人参编专著1部。近年来,先后主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项,国家自然科学基金面上项目3项,科技创新2030-重大项目子课题1项,科技部高端外国专家项目1项,北京林业大学“5·5工程”科研创新团队项目1项。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485689629950960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶冬梅 (2023). 烟草NtDA1基因调控器官发育的功能初探. 硕士论文. 重庆: 西南大学. pp. 1–85, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485689701254129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu K, Li YH, Lan XG (2010). Structure and function of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase in plants. Plant Physiol Commun46, 1001–1006. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485689768362994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于凯, 李玉花, 蓝兴国 (2010). 植物类受体胞质激酶的结构和功能. 植物生理学通讯 46, 1001–1006, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485689839666163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J, Hou SW (2019). Role of post-translational modification of proteins in ABA signaling transduction. Chin Bull Bot54, 300–315. (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485689915163636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张静, 侯岁稳 (2019). 蛋白质翻译后修饰在ABA信号转导中的作用. 植物学报 54, 300–315, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485689982272501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang SQ, Hu NN, Yu FF (2024). Insights into a functional model of key deubiquitinases UBP12/13 in plants. New Phytol242, 424–430, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485690049381366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao M, Gu YZ, He LL, Chen QS, He CY (2015). Sequence and expression variations suggest an adaptive role for the DA1-like gene family in the evolution of soybeans. BMC Plant Biol15, 120, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317485690112295927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao YQ, Lu KF, Zhang WL, Guo W, Chao EK, Yang QS, Zhang HX (2023). PagDA1a and PagDA1b expression improves salt and drought resistance in transgenic poplar through regulating ion homeostasis and reactive oxygen species scavenging. 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图示不同物种DA1蛋白的氨基酸序列比对及其结构域分布,包括拟南芥(AtDA1)、甘蓝型油菜(BnDA1)、杨树(PagDA1a/b)以及玉米(ZmDA1)。DA1蛋白包含2个主要结构域:UIM(Ubiquitin Interaction Motif)和LIM(Lin-11、Isl-1和Mec-3)结构域,图中标明了UIM和LIM结构域的相对位置。

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(A)在基因转录层面,BZR1通过与CUC2和CUC3相互作用促进DA1 mRNA的生成,而OTU1则直接调控DA1肽酶的转录抑制;(B)在翻译后修饰层面,DA1蛋白经历泛素化、去泛素化和磷酸化过程。泛素化由RING E3连接酶DA2和BB共同参与,而去泛素化过程通过UBP12和UBP13去泛素化酶与DA1结合。磷酸化由BAK1/BRI1和MPK3/MPK6激酶复合物介导。这些修饰过程共同调控DA1肽酶的活性和稳定性。

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Advances in the studies on the function of plant DA1 proteins

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物种基因名称功能DA1相关调控因子调控机制参考文献
拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtDA1使拟南芥茎、叶、花、果实和种子等器官变小/DA1通过控制细胞增殖的时间影响器官大小Li et al.,2008
参与生长素信号转导,影响细胞扩增TMK1生长素促进DA1切割TMK1,促进顶钩的形成,抑制生长素介导的基因表达,影响细胞扩增Gu et al.,2022
参与植物免疫反应,限制病原体生长CHS3/DAR4病原体效应子降低DAR3水平,提高DA1活性,携带抗病基因的植物中,CHS3/DAR4传感器NLR识别到DA1活性变化后,激活植物防御机制Gu et al.,2023
参与调控根尖分生组织干细胞的分化WOX5DA1裂解WOX5,下调WOX5的表达,将拟南芥中的细胞分裂素(CK)信号转导与根干细胞的功能联系起来Cui et al.,2024b
水稻(Oryza sativa)OsDA1使水稻籽粒变宽TCPDA1通过与TCP家族互作,影响籽粒细胞大小,正调控器官大小Li et al.,2024
HDR3使水稻籽粒变长、变宽GW6aDA1同源基因HDR3增强GW6a的泛素化和稳定性,影响籽粒细胞数量,正调控水稻籽粒大小Gao et al.,2021
烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)NtDA1使烟草花冠的花瓣缺刻变大,弧度变小,更圆润;使种子变小;使腋芽个数减少/烟草DA1基因抑制与细胞增殖相关转录因子的表达,参与烟草花冠和种子生长发育调控叶冬梅,2023
甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)BnDA1使油菜种子、幼苗、叶、花器官、角果和茎等器官变小/通过下调甘蓝型油菜DA1基因,改善种子重量和器官大小Wang et al.,2017
小麦(Triticum aestivum)TaDA1使小麦籽粒变小GW2小麦DA1基因和GW2在泛素-蛋白酶体途径中相互作用,产生加性效应,共同调控粒重Liu et al.,2020
棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)GhDA1GhDA1-1AR301K突变体使拟南芥种子、幼苗和花等器官增大/棉花GhDA1-1AR301K突变基因在拟南芥中过表达显著增加了种子大小和重量Yang et al.,2021
大豆(Glycine soja)GsoDA1提高植物耐盐性/大豆DA1基因参与调控耐盐途径基因的表达,提高植物的耐盐性Zhao et al.,2015
玉米(Zea mays)ZmDA1使玉米穗长变短,穗粒数变少,种子变小/玉米DA1基因通过调控糖分向胚乳转运调控胚乳的多少,最终影响籽粒大小Xie et al.,2018
杨树(Populus alba × P. glandulosa)PagDA1降低杨树植株株高和鲜重,提高植株耐盐性和耐旱性/杨树DA1基因通过调节高盐和干旱胁迫下的离子稳态和活性氧清除作用,提高对盐和干旱胁迫的抵抗力Zhao et al.,2023
参与调控维管形成层活性PagWOX4杨树DA1以DA2介导的泛素依赖性方式调节PagWOX4的稳定性,间接控制次生木质部的形成和植物的次生生长Tang et al.,2022
), ArticleFig(id=1317485683128779705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1317485676472419194, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

植物DA1蛋白的功能研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种基因名称功能DA1相关调控因子调控机制参考文献
拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtDA1使拟南芥茎、叶、花、果实和种子等器官变小/DA1通过控制细胞增殖的时间影响器官大小Li et al.,2008
参与生长素信号转导,影响细胞扩增TMK1生长素促进DA1切割TMK1,促进顶钩的形成,抑制生长素介导的基因表达,影响细胞扩增Gu et al.,2022
参与植物免疫反应,限制病原体生长CHS3/DAR4病原体效应子降低DAR3水平,提高DA1活性,携带抗病基因的植物中,CHS3/DAR4传感器NLR识别到DA1活性变化后,激活植物防御机制Gu et al.,2023
参与调控根尖分生组织干细胞的分化WOX5DA1裂解WOX5,下调WOX5的表达,将拟南芥中的细胞分裂素(CK)信号转导与根干细胞的功能联系起来Cui et al.,2024b
水稻(Oryza sativa)OsDA1使水稻籽粒变宽TCPDA1通过与TCP家族互作,影响籽粒细胞大小,正调控器官大小Li et al.,2024
HDR3使水稻籽粒变长、变宽GW6aDA1同源基因HDR3增强GW6a的泛素化和稳定性,影响籽粒细胞数量,正调控水稻籽粒大小Gao et al.,2021
烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)NtDA1使烟草花冠的花瓣缺刻变大,弧度变小,更圆润;使种子变小;使腋芽个数减少/烟草DA1基因抑制与细胞增殖相关转录因子的表达,参与烟草花冠和种子生长发育调控叶冬梅,2023
甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)BnDA1使油菜种子、幼苗、叶、花器官、角果和茎等器官变小/通过下调甘蓝型油菜DA1基因,改善种子重量和器官大小Wang et al.,2017
小麦(Triticum aestivum)TaDA1使小麦籽粒变小GW2小麦DA1基因和GW2在泛素-蛋白酶体途径中相互作用,产生加性效应,共同调控粒重Liu et al.,2020
棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)GhDA1GhDA1-1AR301K突变体使拟南芥种子、幼苗和花等器官增大/棉花GhDA1-1AR301K突变基因在拟南芥中过表达显著增加了种子大小和重量Yang et al.,2021
大豆(Glycine soja)GsoDA1提高植物耐盐性/大豆DA1基因参与调控耐盐途径基因的表达,提高植物的耐盐性Zhao et al.,2015
玉米(Zea mays)ZmDA1使玉米穗长变短,穗粒数变少,种子变小/玉米DA1基因通过调控糖分向胚乳转运调控胚乳的多少,最终影响籽粒大小Xie et al.,2018
杨树(Populus alba × P. glandulosa)PagDA1降低杨树植株株高和鲜重,提高植株耐盐性和耐旱性/杨树DA1基因通过调节高盐和干旱胁迫下的离子稳态和活性氧清除作用,提高对盐和干旱胁迫的抵抗力Zhao et al.,2023
参与调控维管形成层活性PagWOX4杨树DA1以DA2介导的泛素依赖性方式调节PagWOX4的稳定性,间接控制次生木质部的形成和植物的次生生长Tang et al.,2022
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植物DA1肽酶的调控及其生物学功能研究进展
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张航 , 刘源 , 陈盈盈 , 吴丁洁 , 段若昕 , 卢振芳 , 李瑞丽 *
植物学报 | 专题论坛 2026,61(1): 146-156
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植物学报 |专题论坛 2026 , 61 (1) : 146 -156
植物DA1肽酶的调控及其生物学功能研究进展
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李瑞丽,北京林业大学教授,博士生导师。中国植物学会植物整合组学专业委员会委员,中国电子显微学会农林专业委员会委员,《广西植物》青年编委等。围绕国家种业振兴与生态修复建设重大需求,创立了植物单分子研究新技术,创新了树木年周期发育和木材形成的表观遗传调控机制,鉴定了树木抗逆和细胞壁发育的关键调控模块,显著推动了新品种创制和良种规模化繁育。研究成果以第一作者或通讯作者发表在Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science、Plant Physiology、Plant Journal和Horticulture Research等TOP学术期刊。申请发明专利6项。作为主要完成人参编专著1部。近年来,先后主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项,国家自然科学基金面上项目3项,科技创新2030-重大项目子课题1项,科技部高端外国专家项目1项,北京林业大学“5·5工程”科研创新团队项目1项。

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李瑞丽,北京林业大学教授,博士生导师。中国植物学会植物整合组学专业委员会委员,中国电子显微学会农林专业委员会委员,《广西植物》青年编委等。围绕国家种业振兴与生态修复建设重大需求,创立了植物单分子研究新技术,创新了树木年周期发育和木材形成的表观遗传调控机制,鉴定了树木抗逆和细胞壁发育的关键调控模块,显著推动了新品种创制和良种规模化繁育。研究成果以第一作者或通讯作者发表在Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science、Plant Physiology、Plant Journal和Horticulture Research等TOP学术期刊。申请发明专利6项。作为主要完成人参编专著1部。近年来,先后主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项,国家自然科学基金面上项目3项,科技创新2030-重大项目子课题1项,科技部高端外国专家项目1项,北京林业大学“5·5工程”科研创新团队项目1项。

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张航, 刘源, 陈盈盈, 吴丁洁, 段若昕, 卢振芳, 李瑞丽*
作者信息
  • 1北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院林木遗传育种全国重点实验室林木育种与生态修复国家工程研究中心林木、花卉遗传育种教育部重点实验室树木花卉育种生物工程国家林业和草原局重点实验室北京100083
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

张航:撰写论文初稿和绘制图表;刘源、陈盈盈和吴丁洁:参与论文和图版修改;段若昕和卢振芳:参与文献收集和整理;李瑞丽:确定文章主题,审阅论文初稿,提供资金支持。

李瑞丽,北京林业大学教授,博士生导师。中国植物学会植物整合组学专业委员会委员,中国电子显微学会农林专业委员会委员,《广西植物》青年编委等。围绕国家种业振兴与生态修复建设重大需求,创立了植物单分子研究新技术,创新了树木年周期发育和木材形成的表观遗传调控机制,鉴定了树木抗逆和细胞壁发育的关键调控模块,显著推动了新品种创制和良种规模化繁育。研究成果以第一作者或通讯作者发表在Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science、Plant Physiology、Plant Journal和Horticulture Research等TOP学术期刊。申请发明专利6项。作为主要完成人参编专著1部。近年来,先后主持国家自然科学基金青年科学基金1项,国家自然科学基金面上项目3项,科技创新2030-重大项目子课题1项,科技部高端外国专家项目1项,北京林业大学“5·5工程”科研创新团队项目1项。

Research Progress on the Regulatory Mechanism and Biological Function of DA1 Peptidase in Plants
Hang Zhang, Yuan Liu, Yingying Chen, Dingjie Wu, Ruoxin Duan, Zhenfang Lu, Ruili Li*
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Bioengineering of Tree and Flower BreedingNational Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest and Flower Genetics and Breeding Ministry of EducationForest Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationNational Engineering Research Center State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB25025
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植物DA1肽酶是一种关键的蛋白酶,在植物生长发育和环境适应中扮演着至关重要的角色。近年来,随着基因编辑技术的不断进步,DA1肽酶的作用机制和功能逐渐被阐释。研究表明,DA1基因的表达受转录水平调控,而其蛋白活性则受翻译后修饰调控。尽管对DA1肽酶生物学功能的研究很多,但是缺少对DA1肽酶不同功能系统而全面的总结。因此,该文主要介绍DA1肽酶的分子结构,重点阐述其在调控器官大小、参与盐胁迫、干旱适应以及免疫激活等胁迫响应中的生物学功能,总结了DA1肽酶在维管形成层活性调节和生长素信号转导中的作用,旨在加深人们对DA1肽酶复杂功能和调控网络的理解。

肽酶  /  DA1  /  转录调控  /  翻译后修饰  /  功能研究

DA1 peptidase is a key plant protease that and plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. In recent years, with the improvement of gene editing technology, the function mechanism of DA1 peptidase have gradually been elucidated. All studies show that DA1 peptidase is regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Although there are plenty of studies on specific biological functions of DA1 peptidase, there still lacks systematic and comprehensive summaries of the research progress on DA1. This review briefly describes the molecular structure of DA1 peptidase, summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of DA1 peptidase, and focuses on its biological functions in regulating organ size, responding to salt and drought stresses, and activating immune responses to biological stresses. In addition, we have summarized the role of DA1 peptidase in the regulation of vascular cambium activity and auxin signal transduction. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex functions and regulatory networks of DA1 peptidase.

peptidase  /  DA1  /  transcriptional regulation  /  post-translational modification  /  functional research
张航, 刘源, 陈盈盈, 吴丁洁, 段若昕, 卢振芳, 李瑞丽. 植物DA1肽酶的调控及其生物学功能研究进展. 植物学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 146 -156 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25025
Hang Zhang, Yuan Liu, Yingying Chen, Dingjie Wu, Ruoxin Duan, Zhenfang Lu, Ruili Li. Research Progress on the Regulatory Mechanism and Biological Function of DA1 Peptidase in Plants[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2026 , 61 (1) : 146 -156 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB25025
植物生长发育是一个复杂而精细的过程,受多种内外因素调控。蛋白质的合成与降解在这一过程中扮演至关重要的角色(刘锴栋和袁长春,2009)。其中,泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径是调控蛋白质合成与降解的关键机制之一,该过程中泛素活化酶(E1)、泛素结合酶(E2)和泛素蛋白连接酶(E3)使泛素分子结合到受体蛋白上,结合了多聚泛素的蛋白随后被26S蛋白酶体降解,释放的泛素再循环利用(宋素胜和谢道昕,2006)。泛素受体是泛素/26S蛋白酶体途径中的重要组分,它们能够识别并结合泛素化的靶蛋白,介导这些蛋白的降解或功能调控。作为泛素受体蛋白酶的关键成员,DA1编码一种含有2个泛素互作基序UIM和1个LIM结构域的蛋白(Li et al.,2008;Chen et al.,2021)。前人的研究表明,DA1肽酶受转录水平以及泛素化、去泛素化、磷酸化等翻译后修饰水平调控,进而影响植物的生长发育。
大量研究表明,DA1肽酶通过切割多个生长调控因子调控多种下游底物的稳定性,参与植物器官发育、生长素信号转导、细胞分裂和扩张等关键生长发育过程(Li et al.,2008;Du et al.,2014;Gu et al.,2022)。随着分子生物学技术的发展,人们对DA1肽酶的认识逐渐深入。DA1肽酶不仅参与植物的正常生长发育,还在植物对环境变化的适应中发挥重要作用(Li et al.,2020)。前人研究表明,DA1参与植物对盐和干旱以及对病原体等胁迫的响应过程(Gu et al.,2023;Zhao et al.,2023)。此外,DA1还参与生长素信号转导,调节生长素介导的基因表达和细胞扩展(Gu et al.,2022)。对DA1功能的深入研究,为改良作物的抗逆性提供了新视角。
DA1肽酶在植物生长发育中的调控机制及其功能研究,对于理解植物生长发育过程的复杂性至关重要。本文简要介绍了DA1肽酶的结构特征,详细阐述了其调控机制,并重点介绍了DA1在植物中的功能研究进展,不仅加深了人们对DA1肽酶作用机制的理解,而且为农业生产和林木分子改良提供了理论依据。
肽酶是一类能够催化肽键水解的酶(Turk,2006;Rawlings et al.,2012),在生物体多种生理过程中发挥作用,包括细胞信号转导、蛋白质合成和降解等(Bond,2019)。Li等(2008)在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中克隆到DA1蛋白。研究发现,DA1蛋白包含2个泛素相互作用基序(ubiquitin interaction motifs,UIM)(Hicke et al.,2005)、1个锌指结合的LIM(Lin-11、Isl-1和Mec-3)结构域(LIM domain)和1个C末端肽酶结构域(Li et al.,2008;Dong et al.,2017)(图1)。2个UIM基序在DA1活性调控中发挥重要作用,含UIM基序的蛋白能结合泛素并发生单泛素化(Li et al.,2008;Chen et al.,2021),进而促进受体构象发生改变,调控受体活性或与其它蛋白的结合能力,并启动级联信号途径(Klein and Cobb,2014)。LIM结构域含有2个独立的锌指,其可作为蛋白互作的媒介,参与多种生物学过程。在植物中,根据LIM结构域的数量,可以将LIM蛋白分为单结构域LIM蛋白和双结构域LIM蛋白,DA1是常见的单结构域LIM蛋白(Srivastava and Verma,2017)。LIM结构域的突变会消除DA1的泛素化,其肽酶结构域的功能也会受到影响(Dong et al.,2017)。DA1含有的LIM和UIM结构域预示其可能在泛素蛋白酶途径中发挥与泛素化的底物互作从而促进其降解的作用。Li等(2008)还发现拟南芥基因组编码7个DA1相关(DAR)基因,其中DAR1和DAR2是与DA1最密切相关的家族成员,它们与DA1蛋白的氨基酸序列很相似,在其各自的N末端区域中含有多个UIM,共同调控植物器官的生长发育(Peng et al.,2015)。
近年来,通过遗传和蛋白质组学方法筛选鉴定出多个DA1调节因子,下文将从转录水平和翻译后修饰水平对DA1基因转录调控及蛋白活性调控进行总结(图2)。
转录调控在植物发育中具有重要作用,涉及不同的组蛋白修饰酶和转录因子。在拟南芥中,Keren等(2020)发现组蛋白泛素化可以调控DA1的转录。半胱氨酸蛋白酶OTU1(OTU deubiquitinase 1)作为一种组蛋白去泛素化酶,可以去除组蛋白上的单泛素化标记,参与DA1染色质的去泛素化。组蛋白单泛素化在植物的表观遗传调控中发挥重要作用。例如,H2B单泛素化影响植物生长、种子休眠、根和叶生长、生物钟、开花时间和光形态建成(Fleury et al.,2007;Liu et al.,2007;Gu et al.,2009;Bourbousse et al.,2012;Himanen et al.,2012;Keren and Citovsky,2016)。OTU1参与调控DA1基因的染色质去泛素化和转录抑制,影响拟南芥种子及器官大小,而OTU1的功能丧失会导致DA1染色质中积累H2B单泛素化及H3三甲基化和超乙酰化等染色质标记,进而激活DA1的转录(Keren et al.,2020)。在OTU1 T-DNA插入突变体中,DA1染色质区域的H2B单泛素化水平显著上升,导致DA1基因表达量增加。这一现象表明,OTU1通过负向调控H2B的单泛素化参与对DA1的转录抑制。
DA1的表达也受NAC家族转录因子CUC2(cup-shaped cotyledon 2)和CUC3的调控(Li et al.,2020)。作为近年来新发现的具有多种生物学功能的植物特有转录因子,CUC2在茎分生组织形成中发挥重要作用(Vroemen et al.,2003)。Li等(2020)研究发现,CUC2和CUC3作为腋生分生组织(axillary meristem,AM)起始的正调节因子,直接与DA1启动子结合并激活其表达。同时,CUC2和CUC3的活性受到油菜素内酯信号转导途径中关键转录因子BZR1(brassinazole-resistant 1)的负调控。这种调控关系构成了一个复杂的调控通路:BZR1负调控CUC2和CUC3的活性,进而影响DA1基因表达水平,从而精细调控植物的器官大小和形态建成。
DA1的蛋白活性在泛素化、去泛素化和磷酸化等多个层面受到严格调控(张静和侯岁稳,2019)。
DA1肽酶活性受到2种RING E3连接酶BB(BIG BROTHER)和DA2的泛素化调控。泛素连接酶BB与DA1相互作用,通过限制细胞增殖来调控器官大小(Li et al.,2008;Du et al.,2014)。BB蛋白C末端含有H型RING结构域,使其在泛素级联反应中充当E3泛素连接酶,与E2-泛素硫酯结合并激活泛素分子的释放,进而泛素化激活DA1(Xia et al.,2013)。Disch等(2006)研究发现,BB的RING结构域突变产生bb突变体,从而抑制泛素分子的释放,进而抑制DA1的泛素化,增强da1-1的表型,使器官显著增大。
DA2可与DA1相互作用并使DA1单泛素化,从而导致该蛋白酶的催化活化(Xia et al.,2013)。E3泛素连接酶DA2通过限制细胞增殖来调控器官大小,主要在发育阶段的根、子叶、叶和花序中表达。DA2通过保守的RING结构域使DA1被释放的泛素分子激活,进而影响器官大小。Xia等(2013)将DA2的RING结构域突变,获得了da2-1突变体,其E3连接酶活性被破坏,抑制DA1泛素化,产生更大的植物器官。与BB类似,Xia等(2013)还发现双突变体da1-1/da2-1会产生比单突变体更大的器官,表明DA1和DA2可能作用于同一遗传途径。
DA1肽酶的去泛素化依赖于泛素酶/去泛素化酶(deubiquitinating enzyme,DUB)的作用,其中泛素特异性蛋白酶(ubiquitin-specific proteases,UBPs)是最大的家族(Chen et al.,2021)。UBP12和UBP13作为分子量最大的UBP,包含1个独特的meprin和TRAF同源(MATH)结构域,与DA1共定位并相互作用,使DA1去泛素化,最终引发植物叶面积减小和生长迟缓等表型变化(Vanhaeren et al.,2020)。研究表明,DA1肽酶在BB和DA2的作用下,发生泛素化后被激活,而UBP12和UBP13与激活的DA1结合并使DA1发生去泛素化,进而抑制其肽酶活性(Vanhaeren et al.,2020;Chen et al.,2021)。此外,Zhang等(2024)发现,UBP12和UBP13不仅使DA1去泛素化,还能使E3连接酶BB和DA2去泛素化,因此它们与BB和DA2之间存在拮抗作用。
DA1肽酶活性受磷酸化调控影响(Dong et al.,2017)。DA1是植物生长激素油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)的受体激酶BRI1(brassinosteroid-insensitive 1)及其共受体BAK1(BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1)的底物。Chen等(2021)研究发现,DA1的功能区域上特定的氨基酸残基(如T90、S91和S97以及S363、T367、S369和T370)与DA1的泛素相互作用基序(UIM)和活性位点相邻,可以被BRI1和BAK1磷酸化,从而降低其肽酶活性,维持DA1底物(如UBP15)的水平,促进细胞增殖。尽管磷酸化影响DA1肽酶的活性,但并不影响DA1的泛素化修饰(Dong et al.,2017)。
在拟南芥中,Wu等(2022)发现受体激酶ER(ERECTA)激活的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MPK3/6能够磷酸化调控DA1。该通路中ER激活的MPK3/6直接与DA1相互作用并将其磷酸化,从而降低DA1蛋白的稳定性并使其降解,引起DA1下游裂解底物UBP15的积累,促进外珠被细胞的增殖,调控植物器官和种子大小(Wu et al.,2022)。
DA1在植物器官大小调控中扮演着关键角色。在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)中,NtDA1通过抑制与细胞增殖相关转录因子的表达,参与烟草花冠和种子生长发育调控(叶冬梅,2023)(表1)。在玉米(Zea mays)中,突变体Zmda1(ZmDA1)或Zmdar1(ZmDAR1)基因过表达改善籽粒的糖输入和淀粉合成,提高籽粒产量(Xie et al.,2018)。在甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)中,将BnDA1和AtDA1基因转化至拟南芥突变体da1-1中可以回补突变体表型,下调油菜BnDA1基因表达,可以改善种子重量和器官大小(Wang et al.,2017)。在小麦(Triticum aestivum)中,过表达TaDA1降低了小麦籽粒大小和重量,沉默TaDA1则出现相反现象,在泛素-蛋白酶体途径中,TaDA1和TaGW2发生物理相互作用,产生加性效应,增强籽粒大小的同时下调TaDA1和TaGW2的表达(Liu et al.,2020)。棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)GhDA1-1A301K(第301位丙氨酸突变为赖氨酸)在拟南芥中过表达显著增加了种子大小和重量,以及幼苗和花等器官的大小(Yang et al.,2021)。在杨树(Populus alba × P. glandulosa)中,过表达PagDA1导致形成层细胞分裂减弱,木质部宽度变小。而通过CRISPR/Cas9突变PagDA1导致形成层细胞活性增加,促进木质部分化,在该过程中PagDA1和PagWOX4产生拮抗作用,负调控形成层活性(Tang et al.,2022)。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,Mumtaz(2017)在水稻中发现OsDA1和DA1同源基因HDR3分别影响籽粒细胞大小和细胞数量,是籽粒大小的正向调控因子,这与DA1在拟南芥中负向调控籽粒大小的现象相反(Li et al.,2008;Gao et al.,2021)。
DA1通过切割裂解底物参与多个关键信号通路,对于器官大小的调控至关重要。UBP15是DA1的下游裂解底物(Du et al.,2014),作为UBP亚家族成员之一,含有MYND型锌指结构域,在与DA1蛋白的相互作用中发挥重要作用(Lutterbach et al.,1998)。Du等(2014)研究发现,UBP15的C端和DA1蛋白发生相互作用,然后DA1通过泛素介导的蛋白酶体降解途径对UBP15进行降解,共同调控细胞增殖。此外,Liu等(2008)在拟南芥中发现,UBP15可以正向调控器官大小。UBP15功能缺失突变体(ubp15)植株更小,叶片窄且呈锯齿状,苗期根更短,花更小,茎更短、细;相反,UBP15过表达通过刺激细胞增殖导致器官增大,开花延迟(Liu et al.,2008;Du et al.,2014)。因此,该研究揭示了DA1-UBP15通过负调控其下游裂解底物UBP15影响器官大小。
除了UBP15,一些转录因子也能够作为DA1的裂解底物参与调控器官大小。Peng等(2015)研究发现,TCP14和TCP15作为DA1的直接下游底物,与DA1相互作用并被其切割(Dong et al.,2017),这一过程通过调节细胞周期基因的表达来调节核内复制,进而调节器官大小。Dong等(2017)进一步揭示另一类TCP蛋白TCP22也被DA1切割,通过调节细胞增殖过程调控器官大小。Cui等(2024a)的研究则表明,DA1能够直接切割WUS,导致其蛋白不稳定。而细胞分裂素信号则通过抑制DA1蛋白活性增加WUS蛋白的稳定性(Snipes et al.,2018),导致植物生长发育过程中茎尖分生组织扩大,干细胞数量增加,调控植物茎尖分生组织的大小。此外,在拟南芥中,Cui等(2024b)还揭示DA1能够裂解WOX5,下调WOX5的表达,从而调控根尖分生组织干细胞的分化过程。
DA1在植物应对非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用(Zhao et al.,2023)。在木本植物转基因杨树中,PagDA1a和PagDA1b过表达提高了转基因白杨的耐盐性和抗氧化能力。PagDA1a和PagDA1b过表达增加了盐胁迫下转基因植物中K+/Na+比率,通过改变离子转运相关基因的表达来维持细胞内Na+稳态,从而增强耐盐性。而在盐和干旱胁迫条件下,PagDA1a和PagDA1b过表达也促进了抗氧化酶的积累和许多抗氧化酶编码基因的表达,增强了活性氧清除能力,从而提高转基因白杨的抗氧化能力。因此,过表达PagDA1a和PagDA1b的转基因杨树生长受到抑制,导致株高降低和鲜重下降,但是通过优化离子稳态和提高活性氧清除能力,使其对盐和干旱胁迫的抵抗力显著提高(Zhao et al.,2023)。
在草本植物中也有相似的结论。例如,过表达大豆(Glycine soja)GsoDA1基因降低了转基因拟南芥种子萌发对盐的敏感性,影响转基因拟南芥耐盐相关基因的表达,尽管过表达GsoDA1基因并未改变转基因拟南芥种子的大小,但显著提高了转基因植株对盐胁迫的耐受性(Zhao et al.,2015)。这些发现进一步证实了DA1基因在植物适应性中的重要性,并为提高作物抗胁迫能力提供了新思路。
在植物与病原体的相互作用中,生物胁迫响应是植物免疫系统激活的关键环节(Ngou et al.,2022)。植物中的免疫受体CHS3/DAR4属于含有LIM结构域的肽酶(LIM-peptidase)家族(Gu et al.,2023),其含有1种核苷酸结合的富含亮氨酸的重复序列(NLR),可以识别DA1活性变化,从而激活防御。Gu等(2023)研究发现,在拟南芥易感宿主中,病原体的效应子可以降低DAR3水平,DAR3作为DAR基因家族成员,与DA1互作并抑制其活性,DAR3水平降低可以释放抑制,导致DA1活性增强。但是在抗病植物中,CHS3/DAR4含有的NLR携带1个与DA1家族肽酶同源的集成域(ID),当整合到NLR中时,能够识别效应子活动和激活防御,检测出DA1的活性变化(Cesari et al.,2014;Sarris et al.,2015;Ortiz et al.,2017;Białas et al.,2021),随后CSA1-CHS3/DAR4复合体激活植物的防御机制,通过诱导细胞死亡限制病原体的扩散,或者以激活其它免疫相关基因的表达等方式来增强植物的抵抗力,限制病原体生长。
在木本植物中,次生生长过程源自维管形成层的持续分裂活动(Pierre-Jerome et al.,2018)。WOX4作为调节形成层活性的关键转录因子,在维管形成层活性和次生生长中发挥重要调控作用(Tomescu and Groover,2019)。在木本植物杨树(Populus)中,Tang等(2022)利用酵母双杂交(yeast two-hybrid,Y2H)、双分子荧光互补(bimolecular fluorescence complementation,BiFC)以及免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)等多种方法,证实PagDA1可以与Pag-WOX4相互作用。研究还发现,PagDA2可使PagDA1发生泛素化,进而调控PagWOX4的稳定性,影响维管形成层活性和次生木质部的形成(Tang et al.,2022)。
受体样激酶跨膜激酶1(TMK1)是一种在植物中发现的跨膜激酶,属于类受体激酶(receptor-like kinases,RLKs)家族成员之一(于凯等,2010),在植物生长素(auxin)信号转导途径中发挥重要作用(Gu et al.,2022)。在拟南芥中,Gu等(2022)发现,TMK1被DA1家族肽酶切割,形成1个C-末端激酶结构域(TMK1C),从而调控顶钩的形成。生长素可以促进DA1切割TMK1,而在DA1突变体中,由于DA1功能缺失,TMK1切割减少,导致顶钩形成受到抑制。该过程促进TMK1C激酶结构域在细胞内的核定位,抑制生长素介导的基因表达,进而调控生长期间的差异细胞扩增(Gu et al.,2022)。
近年来,DA1肽酶作为植物生长发育中的关键调控因子,已经成为广泛的研究热点。随着基因编辑技术的发展,DA1肽酶的作用机制和功能逐渐在多个物种中被揭示。DA1肽酶不仅通过其蛋白酶活性调控植物器官大小,还涉及复杂的信号网络和环境响应机制,为理解植物生长发育的分子机制提供了新视角。尽管DA1肽酶的研究已取得显著进展,但目前仍存在一些问题需要深入探究。
(1)DA1基因在许多单、双子叶植物中表现出相似的功能,说明DA1具有较高的保守性。然而,对于金银木(Lonicera maackii)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)和杨树等一些重要的木本植物而言,DA1的调控机制是否同样保守,目前尚不清楚。借助CRISPR/Cas9技术,能够对林木DA1基因的启动子区域进行精准编辑,通过插入或删除特定的顺式作用元件,深入探究这些元件对DA1基因表达的调控作用。此外,在不同木本植物中对特定转录因子进行过表达或敲除,进而验证转录因子对DA1基因表达的调控机制。
(2)已有研究表明,DA1基因家族参与植物对盐和干旱等环境胁迫的响应,相关研究主要集中在拟南芥和豆科植物等少数物种中。而其它物种,尤其是林木的相关研究亟待进一步深化。未来应利用多组学测序技术分析林木物种中DA1基因家族在盐和干旱胁迫下的表达模式,鉴定差异基因,从而阐明DA1在林木逆境适应中的功能,为林木分子设计育种改良提供更加完善的理论依据。
(3)为深入探究DA1的相互作用蛋白及其调控机制,可以将先进的计算方法,如机器学习和深度学习技术纳入相关研究。例如,古海博等(2024)提出了一种融合蛋白质语言模型Ankh与深度神经网络的方法,用于预测植物中蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用,该方法在3种植物数据集上均获得了较好的预测结果。此外,深度学习方法,如卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)模型已被开发用于图像分类、区域分割、目标跟踪和超分辨率重建等任务,该技术也可以对DA1及其相互作用蛋白的细胞内定位和动态变化进行深入研究。结合先进的计算方法,特别是深度学习技术,有望揭示DA1在植物生长调节中的复杂网络,为植物生物学研究提供新的视角和方法。
(4)超分辨率显微镜技术可以研究DA1在细胞内的精细分布及其与其它分子的相互作用。例如,受激发射损耗显微镜(stimulated emission depletion microscopy,STED)和单分子定位显微镜等能够突破光学衍射极限,提供纳米级的成像分辨率。结合单分子亚单位计数方法,如利用深度学习技术进行单分子光漂白事件计数的CLDNN(convolutional and long-short-term memory deep neural network)架构,可以更准确地分析DA1及其相互作用蛋白的化学计量比,从而为理解其调控机制提供定量依据。
因此,DA1肽酶作为植物生长发育中一个多面性的重要因子,其研究前景广阔,在植物育种和农业领域的应用潜力逐渐显现。例如,在玉米中,借助CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术对DA1同源基因ZmDA1和ZmDAR1进行编辑,可大幅提高玉米籽粒中的糖输入和淀粉合成效率,进而显著增加籽粒产量;对小麦DA1基因进行编辑,不仅能提高小麦产量,还能改善其抗逆性和品质。未来应致力于实现对多物种DA1表达的精准调控,以及探索DA1在逆境适应中的功能,以满足不同植物改良的需求,为植物科学和农林技术的发展带来新的突破,推动植物产量和品质提升。

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doi: 10.11983/CBB25025
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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