Article(id=1321852214931468708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24191, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24191, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733673600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1710691200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-18, onlineDate=1793083726866, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793083726866, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793083726866, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793083726866, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321852178331979976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='859', pageEnd='1035', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793083718140, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793083787009, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321852467248223111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321852467252417416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=914, endPage=930, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321852215145378214, articleId=1321852214931468708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Differences in the Adaptive Development of Suberin in the Tobacco Root Endothelial Layer under Different Potassium Levels, columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION: Apoplastic barriers differentiated from the root endoderm play important roles in plant stress resistance and nutrient uptake, and the development of suberin lamellae has become a popular research topic in recent years.
RATIONALE: Hydroponic experiments with potassium concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 mmol∙L-1 were conducted, using the cultivated tobacco variety Zhongyan 100 as the experimental material, to explore the effects of different potassium supplies on the endodermal suberization and its physiological and molecular mechanisms.
RESULTS: Low potassium (0.1 mmol∙L-1) stress significantly enhanced the endodermal suberization: the absolute length of the fully suberized region ranged from 0-2 cm in the control to 4-6 cm, and the relative proportion increased from 0-15.0% to 33.2%-44.3%. These findings indicate that suberization is one of the key morphological adaptation mechanisms in tobacco under low potassium stress. Phenotypic analysis revealed that under low potassium stress, root elongation increased while plant biomass decreased, and the potassium ion content and accumulation in both the aboveground and root parts decreased. Additionally, the flow rate and potassium ion concentration in the xylem sap decreased, indicating reduced transport efficiency. Endogenous hormone analysis revealed that low potassium stress increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content in roots while suppressing ethylene and methyl jasmonate levels, forming a specific hormonal regulatory network. The transcriptome data further supported the molecular basis of suberization development, showing significant upregulation of genes related to suberin synthesis and transport (e.g., CYP86, GPAT, and ABCG) and their upstream positive regulatory factors (MYB36, MYB41, MYB92, and MYB93).
CONCLUSION: This study is the first to reveal that low potassium stress regulates the suberization developmental program of tobacco roots through ABA-mediated hormonal signaling reprogramming, providing a novel perspective for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of plants to potassium stress.

Fluorescence imaging of transverse sections of the endodermis development in tobacco roots under three potassium concentrations (bars=130 μm)

, authors=Yunxiang Xu1, 2, Liwen Zhang1, 2, Peng Wang1, Yingchen Gu1, 2, Madan Lal Kolhi1, 2, Biao Zhang1, 2, Yingying Zhu1, Haiwei Liu1, *, authorsList=Yunxiang Xu, Liwen Zhang, Peng Wang, Yingchen Gu, Madan Lal Kolhi, Biao Zhang, Yingying Zhu, Haiwei Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haiwei Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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根内皮层分化的质外体屏障在植物抗逆和养分吸收过程中均发挥重要作用, 其中木栓层发育为近年的研究热点。以烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)栽培品种中烟100为材料, 通过0.1-4.0 mmol∙L-1钾浓度梯度水培实验, 探讨供钾水平对根内皮层木栓化发育的影响及其生理和分子机制。结果表明, 低钾胁迫(0.1 mmol∙L-1)显著增强内皮层木栓化: 完全木栓化区域绝对长度由对照的0-2 cm延长至4-6 cm, 相对占比从0-15.0%提升至33.2%-44.3%, 表明木栓化是烟草响应低钾胁迫的关键形态适应机制之一。表型分析显示, 低钾胁迫下植株根系伸长但生物量下降, 地上部与根系钾离子含量及积累量均减少, 木质部伤流液流量及钾离子运输效率降低。内源激素含量检测发现, 低钾胁迫提高根系内源脱落酸含量, 并降低乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯含量, 形成特异性激素调控网络。转录组数据进一步佐证木栓化发育的分子基础, 木栓质合成与转运相关基因(如CYP86、GPAT和ABCG)及其上游正调控基因MYB36/41/92/93显著上调表达。综上, 该研究阐明了低钾胁迫下烟草通过脱落酸介导的激素信号调控木栓化发育程序, 为解析作物钾胁迫适应机制提供了全新视角。

, authors=许耘祥1, 2, 张莉汶1, 2, 王朋1, 顾迎晨1, 2, 张标1, 2, 朱莹莹1, 刘海伟1, *, authorsList=许耘祥, 张莉汶, 王朋, 顾迎晨, 张标, 朱莹莹, 刘海伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘海伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘海伟, 博士, 副研究员, 硕士生导师, 青年学术带头人。主要从事营养元素迁移转化规律和施肥技术的研究工作。主持中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费、山东省自然科学基金面上项目、国家烟草专卖局创新平台经费专项、山东省烟草公司、山东中烟工业有限公司等项目; 参与国家重点研发计划、国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项、国家烟草专卖局重大专项、上海烟草集团、山东中烟及贵州、四川、湖南、江西、山东省烟草公司项目等。以第一或通讯作者在Science of the Total Environment、Chemosphere、Journal of Hazardous Materials及《植物学报》《中国烟草科学》等期刊发表论文30余篇。授权国家发明专利6项(第一完成人)。主编专著3部, 获神农中华农业科技三等奖及中国烟草总公司科技进步二等奖等省部级奖励。E-mail:
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Root endodermal suberization induced by nitrate stress regulate apoplastic pathway rather than nitrate uptake in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 216, 109166., articleTitle=Root endodermal suberization induced by nitrate stress regulate apoplastic pathway rather than nitrate uptake in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852235399672402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=2, pageStart=25, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Zhang B, Xu YX, Zhang LW, Zhu YY, Liu HW, journalName=Chin Tob Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang B, Xu YX, Zhang LW, Zhu YY, Liu HW (2024). Mechanism of low NO3- stress inhibiting apoplastic transport in tobacco roots. Chin Tob Sci 45(2), 25-34. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Mechanism of low NO3- stress inhibiting apoplastic transport in tobacco roots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852235470975571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=2, pageStart=25, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=38, authorNames=张标, 许耘祥, 张莉汶, 朱莹莹, 刘海伟, journalName=中国烟草科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张标, 许耘祥, 张莉汶, 朱莹莹, 刘海伟 (2024). 低NO3-胁迫抑制烟草根系质外体运输的机制研究. 中国烟草科学 45(2), 25-34., articleTitle=低NO3-胁迫抑制烟草根系质外体运输的机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852235613581909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=null, pageStart=1993, pageEnd=2006, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Zhou Y, An YP, Ma R, Wang P, journalName=Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Y, An YP, Ma R, Wang P (2024). Transcriptional regulation of suberin and its response to the environment. Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin 44, 1993-2006. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Transcriptional regulation of suberin and its response to the environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321852235722633814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=null, pageStart=1993, pageEnd=2006, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=40, authorNames=周月, 安永平, 马蓉, 王沛, journalName=西北植物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周月, 安永平, 马蓉, 王沛(2024). 木栓质的转录调控及其对环境的响应. 西北植物学报 44, 1993-2006., articleTitle=木栓质的转录调控及其对环境的响应, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321852228357435938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, awardId=202417, language=CN, fundingSource=中国烟草总公司山东省公司科技重大专项(202417), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321852228428739107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, awardId=ZR2023MC150, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MC150), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321852228500042276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, awardId=ASTIP-TRIC03, language=CN, fundingSource=中国农业科学院科技创新工程(ASTIP-TRIC03), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321852219050275267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852219058663876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, companyId=1321852219050275267, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Tobacco Research of CAAS, Qingdao 266101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852219067052485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, companyId=1321852219050275267, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国农业科学院烟草研究所/农业农村部烟草生物学与加工重点实验室, 青岛 266101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1321852219150938566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852219159327175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, companyId=1321852219150938566, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321852219163521480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, companyId=1321852219150938566, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国农业科学院研究生院, 北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321852226029597189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Growth and root morphological development of tobacco plants under different potassium concentrations

(A) Root and leaf conditions of tobacco seedlings after 15 days of treatment (bars=10 cm); (B) Length of the longest root; (C) Total root length; (D) Root surface area; (E) Root volume; (F) Number of root tips. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=dIuAMlVwa3pQLaa+O/3OlA==, figureFileBig=VcsPXRx11iZ7g4CFlqpSBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226105094662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同浓度钾处理下烟草生长及根系形态发育状况

(A) 处理15天后烟苗根、叶状况(bars=10 cm); (B) 最长根长; (C) 总根长; (D) 根表面积; (E) 根总体积; (F) 根尖数。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=dIuAMlVwa3pQLaa+O/3OlA==, figureFileBig=VcsPXRx11iZ7g4CFlqpSBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226348364296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Potassium concentration in tobacco plants and xylem sap under different potassium concentration treatments

(A) Potassium ion concentrations of the aboveground and underground parts; (B) Xylem sap collection volume; (C) Potassium accumulation in the aboveground and underground parts; (D) Potassium ion concentration in the xylem sap. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=xW6blaTM9mv4+Jt6pyxXLw==, figureFileBig=1PpcTUI8Qr6Yw7WnFRMaSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226428056073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度钾处理下烟草植株及木质部伤流液的钾浓度

(A) 地上部/地下部钾离子浓度; (B) 木质部伤流液收集量; (C) 地上部/地下部钾素积累量; (D) 木质部伤流液的钾离子浓度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=xW6blaTM9mv4+Jt6pyxXLw==, figureFileBig=1PpcTUI8Qr6Yw7WnFRMaSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226549690890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Differences in the levels of endogenous hormones in tobacco roots under different potassium concentrations

(A) Root endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) concentration; (B) Root endogenous ethylene (ETH) concentration; (C) Root endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) concentration. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=KmyM9rNhnA1qYZmOvsYdBQ==, figureFileBig=vAhx6cPBa8+N/qiqVNy/8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226662937100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同钾浓度处理下烟草根系内源激素水平差异

(A) 根系内源脱落酸(ABA)浓度; (B) 根系内源乙烯(ETH)浓度; (C) 根系内源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)浓度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=KmyM9rNhnA1qYZmOvsYdBQ==, figureFileBig=vAhx6cPBa8+N/qiqVNy/8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226742628877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Imaging and schematic diagram of the three types of suberin development stages

Bars=130 μm

, figureFileSmall=IvbnvOhQ8pUFniTv+MAFtg==, figureFileBig=bF8OSvtx/oze/Tm5f+63DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226818126350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图4, caption=3种木栓化发育时期的荧光成像及示意图

Bars=130 μm

, figureFileSmall=IvbnvOhQ8pUFniTv+MAFtg==, figureFileBig=bF8OSvtx/oze/Tm5f+63DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852226910401039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Developmental status of three suberized regions in the endodermis of tobacco roots under different potassium concentration treatments

(A) Absolute lengths; (B) Relative lengths. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=dE41iktu/qXUdcau0ecOLA==, figureFileBig=/NHEgmVk2/wJLc/zRL99JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227002675728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度钾处理下烟草根内皮层的3种木栓化发育状况

(A) 绝对长度; (B) 相对长度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=dE41iktu/qXUdcau0ecOLA==, figureFileBig=/NHEgmVk2/wJLc/zRL99JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227082367505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Fluorescence images of transverse sections of endodermis development in tobacco roots at three potassium concentrations

(A) Schematic diagram of the suberization development in the endodermis of tobacco roots at three potassium concentrations; (B) FY 088 fluorescence imaging of different root segment cross-sections of tobacco at three potassium concentrations (bars=130 μm); (C) Absolute length and relative length of suberization development in the endodermis of tobacco roots at three potassium concentrations

, figureFileSmall=ubJtxWbFH/vUcDHRM9WEjg==, figureFileBig=8/c/ffrt9oWn56zzPDpoXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227216585234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图6, caption=3种浓度钾处理下烟草根内皮层木栓化发育的横切片荧光成像

(A) 3种钾浓度下烟草根内皮层木栓化发育示意图; (B) 3种钾浓度下烟草不同根段横切片的FY 088荧光成像(bars=130 μm); (C) 3种钾浓度下烟草根内皮层木栓化发育的绝对长度和相对长度

, figureFileSmall=ubJtxWbFH/vUcDHRM9WEjg==, figureFileBig=8/c/ffrt9oWn56zzPDpoXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227338220052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Differential expression of genes response to 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+ treatment

FC: Fold change

, figureFileSmall=bPr6dziUv09F7U1kl8N34A==, figureFileBig=M66Q2hzI8daNZtJ4d++Onw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227422106133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图7, caption=响应0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理的差异表达基因数

FC: 差异倍数

, figureFileSmall=bPr6dziUv09F7U1kl8N34A==, figureFileBig=M66Q2hzI8daNZtJ4d++Onw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227510186518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=KEGG and GO enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+ treatment

MF: Molecular function; CC: Cellular component; BP: Biological process

, figureFileSmall=OAq+oIqHAI1NEUoU2AIkrQ==, figureFileBig=el4H9/6vYGopIHJROLBc8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227573101079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图8, caption=在0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析及GO富集分析

MF: 分子功能; CC: 细胞组分; BP: 生物过程

, figureFileSmall=OAq+oIqHAI1NEUoU2AIkrQ==, figureFileBig=el4H9/6vYGopIHJROLBc8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227665375769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Expression levels of endodermal suberization-related genes, MYB transcription factors, and potassium transporter-related genes among the differentially expressed genes under 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+ treatment, figureFileSmall=zLJsoaUvLVYJbxSD24KwTw==, figureFileBig=q9e+Q9UrEdIueYLQHVB82Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227778621978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=图9, caption=在0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下差异表达基因中内皮层木栓化相关基因、MYB转录因子及钾转运相关基因的表达水平, figureFileSmall=zLJsoaUvLVYJbxSD24KwTw==, figureFileBig=q9e+Q9UrEdIueYLQHVB82Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852227866702363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preparation methods for the reagents required for suberization fluorescence staining of tobacco root

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reagent Configuration method
0.01% (w/v)
FY 088
Dissolve 0.01 g of FY 088 powder in 100 mL of distilled water, mix well, and heat to 70°C before using
0.05% (w/v)
toluidine Blue O
Dissolve 0.05 g of toluidine blue O powder in 100 mL of distilled water, mix well and store away from light
4% (w/v) agar Dissolve 4 g of agar powder in 100 mL of distilled water, mix well and heat in a microwave oven over medium heat for 3 min
50% (v/v)
glycerol-ethanol
Mix absolute ethanol 1:1 with glycerol well
), ArticleFig(id=1321852227954782748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟草根木栓化荧光染色所需试剂配制方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reagent Configuration method
0.01% (w/v)
FY 088
Dissolve 0.01 g of FY 088 powder in 100 mL of distilled water, mix well, and heat to 70°C before using
0.05% (w/v)
toluidine Blue O
Dissolve 0.05 g of toluidine blue O powder in 100 mL of distilled water, mix well and store away from light
4% (w/v) agar Dissolve 4 g of agar powder in 100 mL of distilled water, mix well and heat in a microwave oven over medium heat for 3 min
50% (v/v)
glycerol-ethanol
Mix absolute ethanol 1:1 with glycerol well
), ArticleFig(id=1321852228030280223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Differences in tobacco biomass and the root/shoot ratio under different concentrations of potassium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatments (mmol∙L-1 K+) Shoot fresh
weight (g)
Root fresh
weight (g)
Shoot dry
weight (g)
Root dry
weight (g)
Root-shoot ratio
0.1 7.32±0.96 c 0.70±0.08 b 0.30±0.04 b 0.06±0 b 0.19±0.02 a
0.5 10.51±2.25 bc 0.84±0.08 ab 0.47±0.09 a 0.06±0 b 0.14±0.03 bc
1.0 12.33±2.43 b 0.93±0.07 ab 0.53±0.10 a 0.06±0.01 ab 0.12±0.03 c
2.0 13.24±2.51 ab 1.09±0.41 ab 0.54±0.13 a 0.08±0.02 a 0.16±0.01 b
4.0 16.03±2.76 a 1.03±0.26 a 0.60±0.10 a 0.08±0.02 a 0.14±0.01 bc
), ArticleFig(id=1321852228244189728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852214931468708, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同浓度钾处理下烟草生物量及根冠比差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatments (mmol∙L-1 K+) Shoot fresh
weight (g)
Root fresh
weight (g)
Shoot dry
weight (g)
Root dry
weight (g)
Root-shoot ratio
0.1 7.32±0.96 c 0.70±0.08 b 0.30±0.04 b 0.06±0 b 0.19±0.02 a
0.5 10.51±2.25 bc 0.84±0.08 ab 0.47±0.09 a 0.06±0 b 0.14±0.03 bc
1.0 12.33±2.43 b 0.93±0.07 ab 0.53±0.10 a 0.06±0.01 ab 0.12±0.03 c
2.0 13.24±2.51 ab 1.09±0.41 ab 0.54±0.13 a 0.08±0.02 a 0.16±0.01 b
4.0 16.03±2.76 a 1.03±0.26 a 0.60±0.10 a 0.08±0.02 a 0.14±0.01 bc
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不同钾水平下烟草根内皮层木栓化的适应性发育差异
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许耘祥 1, 2 , 张莉汶 1, 2 , 王朋 1 , 顾迎晨 1, 2 , , 张标 1, 2 , 朱莹莹 1 , 刘海伟 1, *
植物学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 914-930
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植物学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 914 -930
不同钾水平下烟草根内皮层木栓化的适应性发育差异
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许耘祥1, 2, 张莉汶1, 2, 王朋1, 顾迎晨1, 2, , 张标1, 2, 朱莹莹1, 刘海伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国农业科学院烟草研究所/农业农村部烟草生物学与加工重点实验室, 青岛 266101
  • 2 中国农业科学院研究生院, 北京 100081
通讯作者:
* 刘海伟, 博士, 副研究员, 硕士生导师, 青年学术带头人。主要从事营养元素迁移转化规律和施肥技术的研究工作。主持中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费、山东省自然科学基金面上项目、国家烟草专卖局创新平台经费专项、山东省烟草公司、山东中烟工业有限公司等项目; 参与国家重点研发计划、国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项、国家烟草专卖局重大专项、上海烟草集团、山东中烟及贵州、四川、湖南、江西、山东省烟草公司项目等。以第一或通讯作者在Science of the Total Environment、Chemosphere、Journal of Hazardous Materials及《植物学报》《中国烟草科学》等期刊发表论文30余篇。授权国家发明专利6项(第一完成人)。主编专著3部, 获神农中华农业科技三等奖及中国烟草总公司科技进步二等奖等省部级奖励。E-mail:
Differences in the Adaptive Development of Suberin in the Tobacco Root Endothelial Layer under Different Potassium Levels
Yunxiang Xu1, 2, Liwen Zhang1, 2, Peng Wang1, Yingchen Gu1, 2, Madan Lal Kolhi1, 2, Biao Zhang1, 2, Yingying Zhu1, Haiwei Liu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Tobacco Research of CAAS, Qingdao 266101, China
  • 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24191
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根内皮层分化的质外体屏障在植物抗逆和养分吸收过程中均发挥重要作用, 其中木栓层发育为近年的研究热点。以烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)栽培品种中烟100为材料, 通过0.1-4.0 mmol∙L-1钾浓度梯度水培实验, 探讨供钾水平对根内皮层木栓化发育的影响及其生理和分子机制。结果表明, 低钾胁迫(0.1 mmol∙L-1)显著增强内皮层木栓化: 完全木栓化区域绝对长度由对照的0-2 cm延长至4-6 cm, 相对占比从0-15.0%提升至33.2%-44.3%, 表明木栓化是烟草响应低钾胁迫的关键形态适应机制之一。表型分析显示, 低钾胁迫下植株根系伸长但生物量下降, 地上部与根系钾离子含量及积累量均减少, 木质部伤流液流量及钾离子运输效率降低。内源激素含量检测发现, 低钾胁迫提高根系内源脱落酸含量, 并降低乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯含量, 形成特异性激素调控网络。转录组数据进一步佐证木栓化发育的分子基础, 木栓质合成与转运相关基因(如CYP86、GPAT和ABCG)及其上游正调控基因MYB36/41/92/93显著上调表达。综上, 该研究阐明了低钾胁迫下烟草通过脱落酸介导的激素信号调控木栓化发育程序, 为解析作物钾胁迫适应机制提供了全新视角。

木栓化  /  钾  /  根内皮层  /  激素

INTRODUCTION: Apoplastic barriers differentiated from the root endoderm play important roles in plant stress resistance and nutrient uptake, and the development of suberin lamellae has become a popular research topic in recent years.
RATIONALE: Hydroponic experiments with potassium concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 mmol∙L-1 were conducted, using the cultivated tobacco variety Zhongyan 100 as the experimental material, to explore the effects of different potassium supplies on the endodermal suberization and its physiological and molecular mechanisms.
RESULTS: Low potassium (0.1 mmol∙L-1) stress significantly enhanced the endodermal suberization: the absolute length of the fully suberized region ranged from 0-2 cm in the control to 4-6 cm, and the relative proportion increased from 0-15.0% to 33.2%-44.3%. These findings indicate that suberization is one of the key morphological adaptation mechanisms in tobacco under low potassium stress. Phenotypic analysis revealed that under low potassium stress, root elongation increased while plant biomass decreased, and the potassium ion content and accumulation in both the aboveground and root parts decreased. Additionally, the flow rate and potassium ion concentration in the xylem sap decreased, indicating reduced transport efficiency. Endogenous hormone analysis revealed that low potassium stress increased the abscisic acid (ABA) content in roots while suppressing ethylene and methyl jasmonate levels, forming a specific hormonal regulatory network. The transcriptome data further supported the molecular basis of suberization development, showing significant upregulation of genes related to suberin synthesis and transport (e.g., CYP86, GPAT, and ABCG) and their upstream positive regulatory factors (MYB36, MYB41, MYB92, and MYB93).
CONCLUSION: This study is the first to reveal that low potassium stress regulates the suberization developmental program of tobacco roots through ABA-mediated hormonal signaling reprogramming, providing a novel perspective for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of plants to potassium stress.

Fluorescence imaging of transverse sections of the endodermis development in tobacco roots under three potassium concentrations (bars=130 μm)

suberization  /  potassium  /  root endodermis  /  hormone
许耘祥, 张莉汶, 王朋, 顾迎晨, 张标, 朱莹莹, 刘海伟. 不同钾水平下烟草根内皮层木栓化的适应性发育差异. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 914 -930 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24191
Yunxiang Xu, Liwen Zhang, Peng Wang, Yingchen Gu, Madan Lal Kolhi, Biao Zhang, Yingying Zhu, Haiwei Liu. Differences in the Adaptive Development of Suberin in the Tobacco Root Endothelial Layer under Different Potassium Levels[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (6) : 914 -930 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24191
水分和矿质养分通过植物根系得以吸收、转运和利用, 该过程受到多种途径调节, 根内皮层细胞在根内径向转运环节中的调节作用是其中的重要一环。内皮层细胞壁会逐渐发育形成分别由木质素(lignin)和木栓质(suberin)构成的凯氏带(Casparian strip)和木栓质片层(suberin lamella)两种物理屏障结构(Naseer et al., 2012; Andersen et al., 2015)。木栓质最初被认为是凯氏带的组分, 然而后来研究发现凯氏带质外体屏障功能缺陷突变体esb1-1 (enhanced suberin1- 1)表现出木栓质沉积增强(补偿木栓化)现象(Baxter et al., 2009), 同时多荧光定位表明内皮层木栓质沉积不参与典型的凯氏带质外体屏障功能建成(Naseer et al., 2012)。因此, 区别于木质素构成的凯氏带, 木栓质沉积屏障存在独立的功能。
植物根内皮层的木栓化结构参与抵御盐、重金属和养分胁迫等多种非生物逆境。内皮层木栓质屏障通过直接阻碍镉离子(Cd2+)在根系内皮层细胞的质外体/跨细胞转运降低植物对镉的积累(Tao et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023); 通过阻碍钠离子(Na+)内流与钾离子(K+)外排来抵御高盐胁迫(Wang et al., 2020); 通过适应性发育响应环境养分的变化, 调控养分的质外体/跨细胞转运(Pfister et al., 2014; Barberon et al., 2016; Melino et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2024; 张标等, 2024)。木栓质与K+之间也存在互作: 在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中, 包括钾在内的多种元素缺乏会诱导木栓化发育(Barberon et al., 2016), 同时内皮层木栓化发育缺陷会导致植株钾素含量减少(Baxter et al., 2009; Pfister et al., 2014; Barberon et al., 2016)。
根内皮层木栓化受激素信号通路调控。脱落酸信号通路为内皮层木栓化发育所必需(Barberon et al., 2016; Tao et al., 2019)。乙烯信号通路则会延迟木栓化的发育或者促进已发育的木栓质沉积降解(Barberon et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2021, 2022)。近期又有研究发现茉莉酸甲酯参与周皮和愈伤创面的木栓质沉积(Wei et al., 2023, 2024b)。检测上述植物内源激素的变化有助于辅助判断木栓质发育状况。荧光黄088 (Fluorol Yellow 088, FY 088)是一种亲脂性多环芳烃有机染料, 大量应用研究表明其是一种良好的木栓质沉积显影剂(Lux et al., 2005; Baxter et al., 2009; Naseer et al., 2012; Barberon et al., 2016), 应用FY 088染色-荧光成像技术能够获得木栓化发育的可靠图像信息。
烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)是典型的喜钾富钾作物, 钾素含量对烟叶生产具有双重关键作用。首先, 在产量形成方面, 钾作为多种生化反应的必需元素, 既是光合作用、物质同化和呼吸代谢中关键酶的激活因子, 又通过调节细胞渗透压和气孔运动直接影响光合效率, 从而优化同化产物的积累(杨铁钊等, 2002)。其次, 在品质构建层面, 钾离子通过调控碳氮代谢动态抑制蛋白质等大分子过度合成, 促进苹果酸等小分子有机酸的形成, 为香气物质合成建立适宜的前体物质基础。充足的钾营养可提升烟叶燃烧性能28%- 35%, 延长阴燃时间40秒以上, 同时使香气成分总量增加15%-20%, 并显著降低焦油释放量12%-15% (闫慧峰等, 2013)。这些协同效应表明, 钾素水平是决定烟叶农艺性状与工业可用性的核心调控因子。因此提升烟株钾素含量、提高烟草钾肥利用率是烟草产业发展的主流方向。根内皮层木栓化发育或是提高作物钾肥利用率的新切入点, 因此, 研究不同浓度钾处理下根内皮层木栓化对于钾素养分的高效吸收利用具有积极意义, 然而目前尚未见有关烟草根内皮层木栓化与钾素相关的研究报道。
基于上述信息, 本研究探讨了不同浓度钾离子处理下烟草生物量、根系形态、植株地上地下部钾含量、木质部伤流液钾含量、3种根系内源激素含量以及根内皮层木栓化荧光成像情况, 同时进行低钾胁迫下的转录组分析, 探究不同钾浓度下内皮层木栓化发育的规律。研究结果将以内皮层木栓化发育为基础, 为烟草大田生产和品种改良提供新思路。
供试材料为普通型红花烟草品种中烟100 (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘Zhongyan100’)。种子由国家烟草种质资源中期库(青岛)提供。
试验于2024年6月在中国农业科学院烟草研究所人工气候培养室采用水培方式开展。培养温度26°C/20°C (昼/夜), 相对湿度70%/85% (昼/夜), 光周期为10小时光照/14小时黑暗, 光照强度为280 µmol∙m-2∙s-1。营养液每5天更换1次, 每隔2小时向水培系统中通气0.5小时。
将供试材料种子播于50孔基质穴盘中生长25天左右, 选择长势一致的两叶一心期烟草幼苗, 移入1/2改良版霍格兰营养液中缓苗6天, 然后移入正常营养液进行处理。改良版霍格兰营养液配方为: 2 mmol∙L-1 Ca(NO3)2、0.25 mmol∙L-1 NaH2PO4、1 mmol∙L-1 K2SO4、0.25 mmol∙L-1 MgSO4、10 μmol∙L-1 Fe-EDTA、184 μmol∙L-1 H3BO3、36 μmol∙L-1 MnCl2、3.2 μmol∙L-1 ZnSO4、1.2 μmol∙L-1 CuSO4、2 μmol∙L-1 Na2MoO4。用NaOH调节营养液pH至6.0±0.1。
施用单一钾源K2SO4, 设置5个不同的钾离子浓度处理, 分别为0.1、0.5、1、2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+。以正常培养条件下(K+浓度为2 mmol∙L-1)的烟苗作为对照。低于对照供钾水平的采用硫酸钠(Na2SO4)以补充营养液中的SO42-。处理15天后收获所有植株。
取各处理植株, 用吸水纸擦干, 在根茎结合处切断, 用分析天平称取并记录植株地上部/根系鲜重。将鲜样放入烘箱中于105°C杀青30分钟, 之后调整烘箱温度为75°C将样品烘至恒重, 后称取并记录植株地上部/根系干重。以根系干重/地上部干重计算根冠比。
取长势一致的烟苗, 展开平铺在黑色塑料板上, 用直尺测量根基部到根尖的长度并记录(精确到0.1 cm)。收获植株根系后, 徒手处理使得次级侧根可以清晰扫描, 用根系扫描仪(Expression 11000XL, Epson, JPN)扫描成像, 分别测定根总长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数, 设4次重复。
将收集的植株地上/地下部干样磨粉, 采用H2SO4- H2O2法消解后所得试液用于检测钾离子浓度。木质部伤流液的收集参考Liu等(2023)的方法。首先称量脱脂棉与自封袋的空重(m1); 取各处理烟株, 小心地用大量蒸馏水冲洗根部后放入盛有原培养液的50 mL离心管中, 然后在烟草根与茎临界处以上2-3 cm处切开, 迅速用去离子水冲洗, 然后用吸水纸吸干切口余液并去除切口破碎细胞。用脱脂棉套在切口上并用皮筋固定, 使木质部伤流液能源源不断地渗入脱脂棉内, 套自封袋固定。收集伤流液12小时后称取自封袋与脱脂棉重量(m2)。通过差重法(m2-m1)获得木质部伤流液收集量。润洗自封袋得到的润洗液连同脱脂棉一道在25 mL比色管中稀释, 取出脱脂棉并挤干、润洗后在比色管中定容并收集试液。最终以火焰光度计(Model 410, Sherwood, UK)检测木质部伤流液及植株地上/地下部钾离子含量, 设4次重复。
采用上海酶联生物植物(Plant)激素脱落酸(ABA) ELISA检测试剂盒、植物(Plant)茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA) ELISA检测试剂盒以及上海科艾博植物乙烯(ETH) ELISA酶联免疫分析试剂盒, 进行酶联免疫吸附实验。均采用双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附法, 分别向预先包被激素(ABA、ETH和MeJA)抗体的包被微孔中依次加入标本、标准品及HRP标记的检测抗体, 经过温育并彻底洗涤。用底物TMB显色, TMB在过氧化物酶的催化下转化成蓝色, 并在酸的作用下转化成最终的黄色。颜色的深浅与样品中的激素(ABA、ETH和MeJA)含量呈正相关。用酶标仪(Infinite F50, TECAB, CH)在450 nm波长下测定吸光值(OD值), 获得样品浓度即可分别计算根系内源脱落酸、乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯含量, 设5次重复。
荧光染色所需试剂的配制参考表1。选取各处理最长的根, 以去离子水清洗后用滤纸吸掉多余水分; 于FY 088染液中70°C染色60小时后用去离子水洗净; 将烟草根转移至甲苯胺蓝染色液中室温避光染色30分钟, 用去离子水洗净。染色完成的样本分别用作纵向及横向切片荧光观察。
(1) 在载玻片上反贴刻度贴纸, 将染色后的根在载玻片上展平并平行于刻度, 滴1滴50% (v/v)的甘油-乙醇及1滴抗荧光猝灭剂, 用盖玻片封片并擦掉多余试剂作为纵向观察切片, 设3次重复。
(2) 自根基起每隔2 cm取点, 即分别在距根基2、4、6、8、10和12 cm处选择健康根段, 预切长约0.5 cm根段用4% (w/v)琼脂包埋, 修块使得样品垂直于切面, 应用振动切片机(VT1200, Leica, DE)对包埋样品切片, 取所得切片滴加1× PBS后于4°C、100%相对湿度下保存, 滴1滴50% (v/v)甘油-乙醇及1滴抗荧光猝灭剂封片, 用作横切观察; 制得纵向及横切片样本, 用正倒置一体荧光显微镜(RVL-100-G, Echo, USA)观察, 选择FITC通道, 纵向样本通过载玻片上的刻度贴纸记录长度。
对0.1和2.0 mmol∙L-1 K+处理15天后的烟草根系取样, 用去离子水清洗后用吸水纸轻轻吸掉多余水分, 使用手术剪切下根样(>0.3 g), 包裹在锡纸袋中迅速放入液氮中速冻。1小时后将锡纸袋移入干冰泡沫盒中, 寄送杭州广科安德生物科技有限公司。从组织样品中提取总RNA, 利用Nanodrop2000检测RNA的浓度和纯度, 通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA完整性, 采用Agilent5300测定RQN值。将检测合格的RNA样品进行mRNA富集、片段化、双链cDNA合成、连接adaptor、片段筛选和文库富集, 利用NovaSeq X Plus/DNBSEQ-T7平台上机进行转录组测序。参考基因组为NtaSR1 (Wang et al., 2024)。本研究通过比较TPM值来表征目的基因的表达差异。以上设3次生物学重复。
实验数据用Microsoft Office Excel 2019及GNU PSPP 2.0.0软件进行统计分析, 方差分析显著性水平为P< 0.05。采用Origin 2021 Pro和CNSknowall软件作图。
不同浓度钾处理对烟草生长发育产生显著影响, 整体呈现出生物量随培养液K+浓度降低而降低的趋势(表2)。0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 植株地上部干、鲜重以及地下部干、鲜重分别达到最低值(0.30、6.89、0.06和0.70 g); 4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理分别使地上部干、鲜重达到最大值(0.60和16.03 g), 2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理则分别使地下部干、鲜重达到最大值(0.08和1.09 g)。根冠比受不同浓度K+处理显著影响, 随着培养液中K+浓度降低, 根冠比不断上升, 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下根冠比达到最大值(0.19)。
烟苗根系形态也随各处理培养液钾浓度的不同发生了适应性发育(图1A)。首先, 随着各处理培养液K+浓度降低, 根长总体呈现增长趋势(图1B)。2、4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下根长均为最小均值(12.6 cm), 显著短于其它处理; 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下根长均值达到峰值(19.4 cm), 显著长于其它处理组; 各处理中, 仅2、4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间根长无显著差异。
各处理总根长、根表面积、根总体积和根尖数4项指标与干、鲜重生物量指标的变化趋势一致, 随着培养液K+浓度降低呈现降低趋势(图1C-F)。0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 总根长、根表面积、根总体积和根尖数分别达到最低值(156.96 cm、20.63 cm2、0.22 cm3和534.75个); 2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下根尖数达到最大值(1 561.25个), 4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下总根长、根表面积和根总体积达到最大值(分别为600.76 cm、79.46 cm2及0.839 cm3)。K+浓度低于2 mmol∙L-1时, 在总根长、根表面积、根总体积和根尖数4项指标中均未表现显著差异。而当培养液K+达到2 mmol∙L-1后情况则发生了变化, 2、4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 烟株的总根长、根表面积和根总体积3项指标数值均显著大于0.1、0.5和1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理组, 同时4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下3指标亦显著大于2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理组。
对烟草植株地上部/地下部干样消解后检测钾素含量, 结果表明, 培养环境中的K+含量与烟草地上部/地下部钾浓度和钾素积累量呈正相关, 且随浓度梯度变化趋势明显(图2A, C)。在地上部、地下部的钾素浓度检测中, 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下分别检测到最小值(50.51和41.06 mg∙g-1), 1、2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间, 地上部、地下部钾浓度则无显著差异, 同时各处理烟草地上部钾离子浓度均明显高于地下部。
营养液钾离子浓度及流量与取得木质部伤流液的量及其钾浓度亦呈正相关, 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下取得木质部伤流液平均0.82 mL, 显著低于其它处理, 而其它K+处理间无显著差异(图2B)。0.1、0.5和1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间木质部伤流液钾离子浓度存在显著差异, 更高浓度K+处理间差异不显著。值得注意的是, 同时发现木质部伤流液钾浓度高于营养液的钾离子浓度(图2D)。
检测不同浓度钾处理下根系内源脱落酸、乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯含量, 发现营养液钾浓度与内源激素含量间存在明显的相关性。随着培养液钾浓度的降低, 脱落酸含量显著升高, 乙烯与茉莉酸甲酯浓度则随之降低(图3A-C)。各处理中, 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下内源脱落酸含量最高(794.27 ng∙g-1); 乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯含量最低, 分别达35.15 ng∙g-1和4.02 pmol∙g-1。相反, 在各处理中, 4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下内源脱落酸含量表现为最小值, 均值为455.08 ng∙g-1; 内源乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯含量则处于最高点(分别为74.72 ng∙g-1和9.22 pmol∙g-1)。各处理间内源脱落酸的检测结果中, 仅2与4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理组间不存在显著差异; 内源乙烯的检测结果则仅有1与2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理组间不存在显著差异; 内源茉莉酸甲酯的检测结果则显示0.1、1和2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理组间存在显著差异。值得注意的是, 与对照(2 mmol∙L-1 K+)相比, 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下3种内源激素水平差异均超过了极显著水平。
FY 088是木栓质专性荧光染剂, 其荧光成像能充分表征木栓化发育状况。本研究中, 从各处理纵向样本的荧光成像中观察到类似于Melino等(2021)的结果, FY 088荧光在根中逐渐密集, 大致包括3种分布状况(图4), 即内皮层细胞间荧光印迹不明显状态、荧光补丁状不连续分布状态以及荧光密集分布状态; 分别对应未发生木栓化发育、不完全的木栓化发育以及完全木栓化发育状态。
通过判断3种木栓化发育状况的变换位点, 分别记录了3种木栓化状态的根区在整根中的绝对长度(图5A)和相对长度(图5B)。结果表明, 低钾胁迫在诱导根长增加的同时也诱导内皮层木栓化的发育, 完全木栓化发育及不连续木栓化发育的起始点至根基的长度有所增加, 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下荧光密集分布区域长度均值最大(7.73 cm); 2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下完全木栓化区域长度最小(为3.80 cm); 1、2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间无显著差异, 而0.1和0.5 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 完全木栓化区域长度显著长于1、2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理。不连续木栓化发育起始位点距根基的长度同样表现为0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下值最大(为12.57 cm), 4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下为最小值(5.67 cm); 0.5和1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间以及2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间无显著差异。另外, 各处理间未发生木栓化区域的长度, 即根尖至不连续木栓化发育起始位点的绝对长度无显著差异。
统计各区域的相对长度后, 发现低钾胁迫明显延长了完全木栓化区域的相对长度, 同时减少了未发生木栓化区域的相对长度(图5B)。一方面, 0.1、0.5、1、2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 完全木栓化区域的相对长度分别为39.8%、38.4%、32.34%、30.2%和33.3%, 0.1和0.5 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间及1、2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理间无显著差异, 同时0.1和0.5 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 完全木栓化区域相对长度均显著长于1、2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理。另一方面, 5个处理中未发生木栓化发育的相对长度分别为35.1%、40.5%、36.0%、44.9%和55.1%, 其中0.1、0.5和1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理完全木栓化区域相对长度显著短于2和4 mmol∙L-1 K+处理。
为进一步验证钾浓度对烟草根内皮层木栓化发育的影响, 对另外的0.1、0.5和2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理根系制作横切片后进行荧光成像观察, 在根系内皮层细胞发现了明显的荧光印迹(图6B)。结果证实了低钾浓度下木栓化发育被诱导。沿根基方向各处理内皮层木栓化荧光, 均自无明显印迹发展至零星补丁状荧光印迹, 再逐渐发展至严密(图6A)。低钾胁迫下木栓化发育长度显著增加, 0.1、0.5和2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 内皮层荧光初次出现根段分别距根基10-12 cm、4-6 cm及2-4 cm, 分别在4-6 cm、0-2 cm及0-2 cm根段开始形成成熟稳定的严密木栓化结构。
低钾胁迫极大延长了木栓化区域的相对长度(图6C), 0.1、0.5和2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下, 完全木栓化区域相对长度分别达22.1%-33.2%、0-11.7%和0- 15.0%; 若按木栓质初次出现计算木栓化发育相对长度(完全木栓化与不连续木栓化区域长度之和)分别为55.3%-66.4%、23.4%-35.1%和15.0%-30.0%, 差异均较明显。
测序结果中所有样本的Q20、Q30和GC含量分别大于98.75%、95.97%和42.52%, 碱基错误率均低于0.012%, 表明转录组测序质量较好, 符合数据分析要求。样本与参考基因组的比率均在86.36%以上, 比对结果正常, 能够进行后续的基因功能注释和分析。
对0.1与2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理的烟草根系组织进行差异表达基因分析, 结果显示相较于2 mmol∙L-1 K+处理, 0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理导致1 470个基因差异表达, 其中847个基因上调, 615个基因下调(图7)。
差异表达基因在KEGG数据库中注释到88条代谢通路(KEGG pathway)上, 筛选到富集上调的10条通路及富集下调的4条通路(图8)。上调途径中, 苯丙烷类合成途径(map00940)产生芳香族木栓质合成前体; 单萜类化合物合成途径(map00902)产生脱落酸前体; 角质、木栓质和蜡质合成途径(map00073)中包含部分内皮层木栓化关键基因; ABC转运蛋白(map02010)及内吞作用(map04144)涉及木栓质单体的运输; 甘油酯代谢(map00561)可能参与木栓质大分子的结构调整和降解。此外, 分析结果显示谷胱甘肽代谢途径(map00480)富集度最高, 玉米素合成(map00908)及α-亚麻酸代谢(map00592)途径也明显上调。下调途径中, 富集程度较高的包括内质网中蛋白质加工(map04141)、植物MAPK信号通路(map04016)、各种植物次生代谢产物的生物合成(map00999)以及植物-病原互作(map04626)。
利用COG (Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins)数据库在生物过程、分子功能和细胞组分3个分支中分别注释到260、20和213个二级条目, 分别筛选9、3和3个富集条目(图8)。与KEGG分析相一致, GO富集分析发现谷胱甘肽代谢过程(GO: 0006749)、谷胱甘肽转移酶转运活力(GO: 0004364)、氧化应激响应(GO: 0006979)及氧化还原酶活性(GO: 0016684)明显富集, 这表明0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下存在有效胁迫。木栓质生物合成(GO: 0010345)和苯丙烷类合成过程(GO: 0009699)涉及内皮层木栓化发育, 内皮层木栓质片层是夹在内皮层细胞壁中的多片层状结构, 因此植物细胞壁合成(GO: 0009832)、韧皮部及木质部(GO: 0010087)以及质外体发育(GO: 0048046)等同样与木栓化发育高度相关。脱落酸合成调控及激素信号响应与本研究脱落酸含量的测定结果一致, 同样出现了一定程度的富集。最后, 无机离子转运蛋白(GO: 0098660)、跨膜转运蛋白活性(GO: 0022857)及钾离子转运蛋白(GO: 0006813)与植株钾素吸收转运状况一致。
基于已有的研究, 结合KEGG和GO富集分析结果, 在差异表达基因中分别针对木栓化发育相关基因、调控木栓化发育基因表达的MYB转录因子以及钾离子吸收转运相关基因进行筛选(图9), 在0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下的目的功能基因筛选中均未发现表达下调的基因。筛选到脂肪族木栓质单体合成关键基因CYP86A1、CYP86B1、CYP94A1、CYP94A2、CYP94A5、FAR、KCS6和KCS20, 芳香族木栓质单体合成/大分子聚合HHT1同源基因、木栓质单体聚合基因GPAT4和GPAT5, 木栓质单体及小分子聚合物ABC转运蛋白G家族基因ABCG2、ABCG6和ABCG20, 上述基因在0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下均被诱导上调表达。MYB转录因子家族是目前研究得比较深入的木栓化发育相关基因表达的上游调控因子, 本研究筛选到正调控木栓化的MYB转录因子MYB36、MYB41、MYB92和MYB93受0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理诱导上调表达, 在差异表达基因中未发现负调控木栓化的MYB转录因子。最后, 我们针对钾离子吸收转运途径进行基因筛选, 分别筛选到1个钾离子通道蛋白(低亲和吸收) KAT3和5个高亲和钾离子转运体HAK5的同源基因在0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下上调表达。
钾作为烟草最重要的“品质元素”, 极大地影响烟草的产量和品质(闫慧峰等, 2013)。K+是几十种关键酶的活化剂, 涵盖光合反应链、蛋白质合成与代谢、糖类合成与转运等过程, 参与植物生长发育、干物质合成积累、逆境抗性和叶片衰老的调节(王立梅等, 2015)。根系是烟草矿质养分和水分的主要吸收器官, 其形态及内皮层屏障的发育是植物适应外部环境的重要机制。钾素供应水平极大影响根系形态发育, 促进根冠比的提高。在不同浓度钾水培烟草的研究中, 发现5 mmol∙L-1 K+水培分别为0.15 mmol∙L-1 K+培养下的烟草总根长、根表面积、根总体积和根尖数的2.37、2.46、2.42和4.39倍(郭泽等, 2019); 在组培西番莲(Passiflora edulis)的研究中(罗海斌等, 2022)也得出了类似的结果, 0.2 mol∙L-1钾处理的总根长、根表面积、根总体积和根尖数均最高, 分别为0.004 mol∙L-1钾处理下的2.84、5.17、11.27和3.85倍。本研究与前人的研究结果一致, 低钾培养下总根长、根表面积、根总体积和根尖数均显著低于对照, 而根长则明显增加。这表明低钾胁迫会诱导根系发育, 提高根冠比。
钾素不仅是重要的养分, 还能作为信息递质发挥作用。Barberon等(2016)为探讨养分供应状况与木栓化发育之间的关系进行了大量研究, 发现钾素与拟南芥内皮层木栓化之间存在关联。培养液中缺乏K+能够显著诱导拟南芥木栓化发育, 同时拟南芥K+转运缺陷突变体skor相较于野生型也较早在内皮层发生了木栓化沉积(Barberon et al., 2016; Barberon, 2017)。目前有关养分供应影响内皮层木栓化的报道较少, 而本研究通过检测不同浓度K+处理水培烟草植株的FY 088染色荧光成像, 发现在烟草中存在低钾胁迫诱导根内皮层木栓化发育的现象。
木栓质生物合成及转运相关基因的表达水平亦可用于衡量木栓化发育状况。木栓质的合成与沉积包括单体合成、小分子单体聚合、跨膜转运和定位沉积等多个复杂过程, 受木桶理论限制, 目前相关认识仍有不足。木栓化发育过程受多种酶调节(张标等, 2023), 目前已知长链酰基-CoA合成酶(LACSs)和脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(FACLs)调控长链脂肪酸的活化; β-酮酯酰-CoA合酶(KCSs)则是脂肪酸链延长复合酶系中的关键酶; 脂酰-CoA还原酶(FARs)介导脂肪酸链发生还原反应得到醇类木栓质单体; 负责调控氧化反应的细胞色素P450s加氧酶中的CYP86和CYP94家族则通过ω-羟基化得到ω-羟基酸及α, ω-二酸这2种对木栓质结构影响最大的单体。甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶(GPATs)参与3-磷酸甘油与酰基化脂肪酸聚合得到小分子聚合物的反应。最后, 木栓质单体及小分子聚合物的跨膜转运则多由ATP-结合盒式转运蛋白的G亚家族(ABCG)承担。前人在硝酸根诱导木栓化发育的研究中对以上基因的表达量进行表征(Melino et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024)。本研究也通过RNA-seq对上述关键基因进行表达量分析, 在差异表达基因中筛选到CYP86、CYP94、GPAT、FAR、KCS、ABCG、HHT以及CFP家族基因在0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下被诱导表达, 与我们通过荧光染色观察到的木栓化发育状况相一致。
目前, 已有研究表明脱落酸、乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯信号通路参与调控木栓质沉积。脱落酸被广泛接受为诱导木栓质片层形成的激素, 对番茄(Solanum lycopersicum) (Leide et al., 2012)和马铃薯(S. tuberosum)块茎(Lulai et al., 2008)外源施加脱落酸后, 液相色谱-质谱联用和荧光定量分析均发现其愈伤组织的木栓化发育增强; Barberon等(2016)观察到外源脱落酸处理后3小时, GPAT5-GUS的荧光强度明显增强; 相较于正常植株, 脱落酸合成突变体aba2、abi3、abi4和abi5的木栓化发育也表现缺陷。而乙烯则与木栓化发育拮抗。乙烯前体1-氨基环丙烷羧酸(1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, ACC)的施用会引起与乙烯合成/受体突变体etr1和ein3相同的效应: 拟南芥内皮层木栓化发育延迟, 已形成的连续木栓质片层疑似被降解, 加入乙烯抑制剂则能恢复表型(Barberon et al., 2016)。另有研究发现, Cd处理下内皮层木栓质屏障的沉积需要通过抑制乙烯的合成来实现(Liu et al., 2021, 2022)。研究发现, 茉莉酸甲酯能促进机械损伤后山药(Dioscorea opposita)和猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)愈伤组织的木栓质沉积(Wei et al., 2023, 2024a, 2024b), 但尚未见茉莉酸甲酯对内皮层木栓化发育影响的相关报道。
目前, 有关激素调控内皮层木栓化的分子机制研究尚处于起步阶段, 而GRAS转录因子SHORT-ROOT与下游MYB转录因子的特异性互作(SHR/MYBs)网络被认为是脱落酸调控内皮层木栓化发育的重要机制(周月等, 2024)。根据对木栓化发育的调控功能, MYBs可分为正调控子和负调控子。正调控子中MYB36是研究最早、最成熟的调控子; MYB39是SHR/MYB36通路和ABA信号转导的共同下游调控子; MYB41、MYB53、MYB92与MYB93具有较高的同源性, 因此存在功能冗余; MYB68、MYB74和MYB84直接结合下游功能基因的启动子, 并作为ABA信号转导和内皮层分化的相互作用枢纽; 此外, MYB107和MYB9也参与木栓化发育的正向调控。MYB6、MYB122和MYB70是木栓化的负调控因子, MYB6通过抑制正调控因子MYB52和MYB93发挥作用; MYB122则抑制MYB9和MYB39; MYB70负调控过氧化物酶编码基因和木栓质生物合成相关基因的表达, 减少木栓质的沉积。此外, 正调控因子网络中各因子通过调控木栓化发育过程中的某1个或几个环节发挥作用, 同时正调控因子间也存在复杂的互调控关系。脱落酸信号通过下游关键信号成分AHG3 (PP2CA类蛋白)与MYB68和MYB74产生互作(Xu et al., 2019), 另一个脱落酸信号元件SnRK3.15也可直接与MYB74结合。脱落酸通过调控MYB74和MYB68影响整个MYBs调控网络, 进而调控木栓化发育各相关基因的表达, 这是目前的主流观点。然而由于木栓质大分子结构和单体的复杂多样性, 要阐明整个调控机制的具体细节仍然困难重重。
本研究分析了不同浓度钾处理下烟草根系内源激素水平的差异, 结合木栓化发育的检测结果来看, 与上述研究结果大致相同。低钾胁迫下内皮层木栓化发育的绝对长度与相对长度均显著增加, 根系内源脱落酸含量显著升高, 内源乙烯与茉莉酸甲酯含量则明显降低。同时, 转录组分析筛选到0.1 mmol∙L-1 K+处理下MYBs正向调控网络中的MYB36、MYB41、MYB92和MYB93表达上调, 侧面佐证了3种激素对内皮层木栓化发育的调控, 并在烟草中进行了相关研究。
在对拟南芥的多项研究中发现根内皮层木栓化发育状况与钾素含量呈正相关。对凯氏带质外体功能缺陷同时木栓质异位沉积增强(补偿木栓化)的突变体esb1-1养分进行检测, 发现K+含量提高了三分之一以上(Baxter et al., 2009); 后续的sgn3突变体在表现为木栓化缺陷的同时也发现K+含量降低(Pfister et al., 2014)。为进一步验证木栓质片层对养分吸收的影响, Barberon等(2016)在3个不同的实验室、3种不同的培养条件下分别鉴定了CDEF1过表达株系的养分情况。结果均表明, 在几乎不存在木栓质片层的CDEF1株系中K+含量显著低于野生型。因此, Doblas等(2017)认为木栓质屏障通过阻止K+在内皮层处向外渗漏来发挥作用。Vestenaa等(2024)对此也持有相同的看法, 他们认为铯(Cs)离子具有与钾(K)离子相似的物理化学特性, 在根系吸收模式上具有一定的趋同性, 与此同时在水培根系中还具备低浓度的特性, 便于使用具有细胞分辨率的激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, LA-ICP-MS)显影观察; 以铯离子作为钾离子的显影示踪剂对大麦(Hordeum vulgare)根系横切观察, 发现内皮层内部较外部具有更高的离子浓度。对拟南芥野生型和突变体(ELTP:: CDEF1和CASP1::CDEF1)进行木栓化发育染色检查, 明确突变体内皮层木栓化发育缺陷, 而后分别对野生型与突变体外源施加铯离子培养并进行成像, 发现突变体在中柱内具有更低浓度的铯离子分布。因此, 作者预测大麦根段的钾泄漏随着木栓质沉积的增加而减少。
低钾胁迫显著抑制烟草生长发育和物质积累, 在植株生长受抑制基础上促进根系发育; 低钾胁迫降低了烟株地上部及地下部钾浓度和地上部钾积累量, 降低了木质部伤流液流量及钾浓度; 低钾胁迫诱导根系内源脱落酸含量增高, 内源乙烯和茉莉酸甲酯含量降低; 低钾胁迫诱导内皮层木栓化发育, 提高根内皮层木栓化区域的绝对长度和相对长度; 低钾胁迫诱导内皮层木栓化发育相关家族基因CYP86、CYP94、GPAT、FAR、KCS、ABCG、HHT和CFP的表达上调, 诱导木栓化发育正调控MYB转录因子基因MYB36、MYB41、MYB92和MYB93上调表达, 诱导5个高亲和钾吸收蛋白转运体同源基因HAK5和1个低亲和钾吸收离子通道蛋白同源基因KAT3的上调。
许耘祥: 实验数据采集与处理, 撰写论文初稿; 张莉汶、顾迎晨和朱莹莹: 协助实施部分实验; 王朋: 转录组分析指导; Madan Lal Kolhi: 协助分析部分转录组数据; 张标: 分析部分数据, 参与论文讨论; 刘海伟: 实验整体方案设计指导、实验理论技术指导及论文修改完善。
  • 中国烟草总公司山东省公司科技重大专项(202417)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MC150)
  • 中国农业科学院科技创新工程(ASTIP-TRIC03)
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2025年第60卷第6期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24191
  • 接收时间:2024-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-09
  • 录用日期:2024-03-18
基金
中国烟草总公司山东省公司科技重大专项(202417)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MC150)
中国农业科学院科技创新工程(ASTIP-TRIC03)
作者信息
    1 中国农业科学院烟草研究所/农业农村部烟草生物学与加工重点实验室, 青岛 266101
    2 中国农业科学院研究生院, 北京 100081

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* 刘海伟, 博士, 副研究员, 硕士生导师, 青年学术带头人。主要从事营养元素迁移转化规律和施肥技术的研究工作。主持中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费、山东省自然科学基金面上项目、国家烟草专卖局创新平台经费专项、山东省烟草公司、山东中烟工业有限公司等项目; 参与国家重点研发计划、国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项、国家烟草专卖局重大专项、上海烟草集团、山东中烟及贵州、四川、湖南、江西、山东省烟草公司项目等。以第一或通讯作者在Science of the Total Environment、Chemosphere、Journal of Hazardous Materials及《植物学报》《中国烟草科学》等期刊发表论文30余篇。授权国家发明专利6项(第一完成人)。主编专著3部, 获神农中华农业科技三等奖及中国烟草总公司科技进步二等奖等省部级奖励。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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