Article(id=1321790810291548498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24151, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24151, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728489600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737302400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-20, onlineDate=1793069086859, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793069086859, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793069086859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793069086859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321790773536866550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='489', pageEnd='663', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793069078096, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793069146158, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321791059068310443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321791059068310444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=597, endPage=610, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321790810543206739, articleId=1321790810291548498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Establishment of Regeneration and Genetic Transformation System for Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’, columnId=1317485704066748799, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=TECHNIQUES AND METHODS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION Chrysanthemum × morifolium is one of the ten most famous traditional flowers in China, and it has a rich variety of cultivars with diverse floral colour and shapes. However, varieties with blue floral colour have not been found in the natural chrysanthemum, therefore, breeding blue chrysanthemums has always been a goal pursued by researchers.

RATIONALE The total flavonoid extract of C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ could turn blue when adding appropriate concentration of Fe3+, and its living petal cells could also turn blue with the participation of Fe3+, which proved the feasibility of breeding blue chrysanthemums with Fe3+. Meanwhile, C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ can bloom both in summer and autumn, with early flowering and long flowering period, which is also an important material for the study of flowering period. Therefore, in order to cultivate blue chrysanthemums and achieve the targeted improvement of flowering period, it is particularly important to establish an efficient and stable regeneration and genetic transformation system for the C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’. However, chrysanthemum has a long history of cultivation and complex genetic background, so the regeneration and genetic transformation system is not universal among different varieties.

RESULTS In this study, C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ was used as the experimental material to study the effects of different explant types with different combinations of plant growth regulators on its regeneration, and to investigate the effects of relevant factors on the efficiency of genetic transformation with the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. The experimental results showed that the most suitable explants for the regeneration of C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ was the transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs), and the optimal culture medium was MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.6 mg∙L-1 NAA. The highest differentiation rate was 70.06% and an adventitious bud coefficient was 3.37. The kanamycin selection pressures for the differentiation of the tTCLs and the adventitious bud rooting were 7.5 mg∙L-1 and 5.0 mg∙L-1, respectively. The optimal procedure for genetic transformation was pre-culture for 1 day, OD600=0.8, treatment for 5 minutes, and co-culture in the dark for 3 days. Fifteen resistant plantlets were screened on kanamycin medium, and two positive plantlets were confirmed by PCR amplification, with a transformation efficiency of 13.33%.

CONCLUSION This study laid the foundation for the gene function analysis and targeted improvement molecular breeding of chrysanthemum by using this kind of unique variety resource, and provided reference for the establishment of regeneration and transformation system for other chrysanthemum varieties.

, authors=Jingjing Li, Yanfei Li, Anqi Wang, Jiaying Wang, Chengyan Deng, Min Lu, Jianying Ma, Silan Dai, authorsList=Jingjing Li, Yanfei Li, Anqi Wang, Jiaying Wang, Chengyan Deng, Min Lu, Jianying Ma, Silan Dai, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Silan Dai, authorNote=

†These authors contributed equally to this paper

, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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†共同第一作者

, correspAuthorsNote=
*戴思兰, 北京林业大学园林学院教授, 博士生导师, 享受国务院政府特殊津贴。现任国家林业和草原局菊花产业国家创新联盟理事长, 中国风景园林学会菊花分会副理事长, 《植物学报》资深编委。曾获首届全国林业教学名师、宝钢优秀教师奖、中国观赏园艺特别荣誉奖、教育部自然科学二等奖等荣誉奖励。先后主持30余项国家和省部级科研项目。发表学术论文400余篇, 出版著作2部。其研究团队以菊花为主要材料, 从菊花的历史文化、品种资源收集、整理和评价到花色、花型、开花期和抗逆性等观赏品质形成的遗传调控机理, 以及菊花优异新种质创制、产业化栽培技术等进行全面研究, 取得了一系列重要突破性进展和研究成果。E-mail:
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Phytochemistry 56, 373-376., articleTitle=A malonylated anthocyanin and flavonols in blue Meconopsis flowers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1321790831988683239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=94, issue=null, pageStart=60, pageEnd=67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Yoshida K, Negishi T, journalName=Phytochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yoshida K, Negishi T (2013). The identification of a vacuolar iron transporter involved in the blue coloration of cornflower petals. Phytochemistry 94, 60-67., articleTitle=The identification of a vacuolar iron transporter involved in the blue coloration of cornflower petals, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1321790823906259376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, awardId=32171849, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32171849), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321790823990145457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, awardId=32371948, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32371948), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1321790824078225842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, awardId=2022S0004, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省科技计划(2022S0004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321790813999313249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321790814011896162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, companyId=1321790813999313249, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321790814024479075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, companyId=1321790813999313249, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京林业大学园林学院, 城乡生态环境北京实验室, 花卉种质创新与分子育种北京市重点实验室, 国家花卉工程技术研究中心, 北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321790818529161614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The structure of plant expression vector pBI121

RB: Right border of T-DNA region; NOS-pro: Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase gene promoter; KanR: Kanamycin resistance screening marker gene; NOS-ter: A. tumefaciens nopaline synthase gene terminator; CaMV35S-pro: Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; CcVIT: Centaurea cyanus vacuolar iron transport protein gene; LB: Left border of T-DNA region

, figureFileSmall=WzzfFyHvxYWrny+dw7vEOQ==, figureFileBig=v875ynG/YfzJIEDZHoROLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790818625630607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=图1, caption=植物表达载体pBI121的结构

RB: T-DNA区段右边界; NOS-pro: 农杆菌胭脂碱合成酶基因启动子; KanR: 卡那霉素抗性筛选标记基因; NOS-ter: 农杆菌胭脂碱合成酶基因终止子; CaMV35S-pro: 花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子; CcVIT: 矢车菊液泡铁离子转运蛋白基因; LB: T-DNA区段左边界

, figureFileSmall=WzzfFyHvxYWrny+dw7vEOQ==, figureFileBig=v875ynG/YfzJIEDZHoROLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790818835345808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Regeneration of different explants of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

(A)-(C) State of leaf, petioles, and transverse thin cell layers cultured in A7 medium (Table 1) for 0 day; (D)-(F) Regeneration of leaf, petioles, and transverse thin cell layers cultured in A7 medium for 35 days. Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=n5F9wdPvWF6DM/Q6cJeFkQ==, figureFileBig=GExqORaH1iFheiRw4Msj6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790818898260369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菊花万代风光不同外植体的再生状况

(A)-(C) 叶片、叶柄和茎间薄层在A7培养基(表1)中培养0天的状态; (D)-(F) 叶片、叶柄和茎间薄层在A7培养基中培养35天的再生状况。Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=n5F9wdPvWF6DM/Q6cJeFkQ==, figureFileBig=GExqORaH1iFheiRw4Msj6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790818977952146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of kanamycin on transverse thin cell layers of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

(A)-(F) Growth of transverse thin cell layers in A3 culture medium (Table 1) containing 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 mg∙L-1 kanamycin. Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=TWwjtOYKU2yMZ9E7CuHItg==, figureFileBig=jgFn21/qC4VW4uGbgd+ByA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819040866707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=图3, caption=卡那霉素对菊花万代风光茎间薄层分化的影响

(A)-(F) 茎间薄层在含0、2.5、5、7.5、10和15 mg∙L-1卡那霉素的A3培养基(表1)中的生长状况。Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=TWwjtOYKU2yMZ9E7CuHItg==, figureFileBig=jgFn21/qC4VW4uGbgd+ByA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819112169876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of kanamycin on rooting of adventitious bud of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

(A)-(F) Rooting of adventitious buds in MS culture media containing 0, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12 mg∙L-1 kanamycin. Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=YJGwZRWk8tOQ6NxsfsQk1A==, figureFileBig=flNWM53A7pjp0aBLygxu6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819229610389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=图4, caption=卡那霉素对菊花万代风光不定芽生根的影响

(A)-(F) 不定芽在含0、3、5、7.5、10和12 mg∙L-1卡那霉素的MS培养基中的生根状况。Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=YJGwZRWk8tOQ6NxsfsQk1A==, figureFileBig=flNWM53A7pjp0aBLygxu6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819300913558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Genetic transformation screening of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

(A)-(I) Growth of transverse thin cell layers in treatments 1-9 (see Table 2). Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=HdtNXo5eEHUGX065Gv9cvQ==, figureFileBig=DARxpNxl/5k/JL/RdG+5BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819372216727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=图5, caption=菊花万代风光遗传转化体系筛选

(A)-(I) 茎间薄层在处理1-9 (同表2)中的生长状况。Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=HdtNXo5eEHUGX065Gv9cvQ==, figureFileBig=DARxpNxl/5k/JL/RdG+5BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819460297112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=PCR amplification on the resistant plantlets of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

M: DL2000 plus DNA marker; 1-15: 抗性苗; CK1: ddH2O; CK2: 野生型; CK3: 质粒

M: DL2000 plus DNA marker; 1-15: Resistant plantlets; CK1: ddH2O; CK2: Wild type; CK3: Plasmid

, figureFileSmall=bsVYDrsKDCJEh5/23iKM1w==, figureFileBig=90jQ6cDA7+KLut2d1hMVyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819632263577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=图6, caption=菊花万代风光抗性苗PCR检测, figureFileSmall=bsVYDrsKDCJEh5/23iKM1w==, figureFileBig=90jQ6cDA7+KLut2d1hMVyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790819934253466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Culture media for callus induction and adventitious bud differentiation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. 6-BA (mg∙L-1) KT (mg∙L-1) NAA (mg∙L-1) 2,4-D (mg∙L-1)
A1 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.0
A2 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.0
A3 1.5 0.0 0.6 0.0
A4 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.2
A5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4
A6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.6
A7 0.0 1.5 0.2 0.0
A8 0.0 1.5 0.4 0.0
A9 0.0 1.5 0.6 0.0
A10 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.2
A11 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.4
A12 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820064276891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

愈伤组织诱导及不定芽分化培养基配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. 6-BA (mg∙L-1) KT (mg∙L-1) NAA (mg∙L-1) 2,4-D (mg∙L-1)
A1 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.0
A2 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.0
A3 1.5 0.0 0.6 0.0
A4 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.2
A5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4
A6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.6
A7 0.0 1.5 0.2 0.0
A8 0.0 1.5 0.4 0.0
A9 0.0 1.5 0.6 0.0
A10 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.2
A11 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.4
A12 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820357878172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experimental table for genetic transformation screening of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatments Pre-cul- ture time (d) Concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (OD600) Infection time (min) Co-culture time (d)
1 0 0.6 5 1
2 0 0.8 10 2
3 0 1.0 15 3
4 1 0.6 10 3
5 1 0.8 15 1
6 1 1.0 5 2
7 2 0.6 15 2
8 2 0.8 5 3
9 2 1.0 10 1
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820445958557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菊花万代风光遗传转化体系筛选正交试验表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatments Pre-cul- ture time (d) Concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (OD600) Infection time (min) Co-culture time (d)
1 0 0.6 5 1
2 0 0.8 10 2
3 0 1.0 15 3
4 1 0.6 10 3
5 1 0.8 15 1
6 1 1.0 5 2
7 2 0.6 15 2
8 2 0.8 5 3
9 2 1.0 10 1
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820534038942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different plant growth regulators combinations on the regeneration of different explants of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Leaf Petioles Transverse thin cell layers
Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production
A1 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 57.32±6.87 a 1.85±0.29 a 36.51±5.50 c 3.37±0.28 a
A2 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 42.79±4.28 b 2.53±0.32 b
A3 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 70.06±2.84 a 3.37±0.22 a
A4 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 f 0.00±0.00 g
A5 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 9.79±2.29 e 1.11±0.19 ef
A6 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 f 0.00±0.00 g
A7 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 36.35±3.38 b 1.62±0.60 a 45.93±1.28 b 1.51±0.31 d
A8 8.59±0.44 b 1.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 41.95±1.88 b 1.62±0.21 d
A9 19.44±4.81 a 1.28±0.25 a 22.56±4.55 c 1.11±0.19 b 46.30±3.21 b 2.73±0.22 b
A10 8.33±0.00 b 1.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 31.31±3.50 c 1.44±0.27 de
A11 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 16.67±0.00 d 1.00±0.00 f
A12 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 8.33±0.00 d 1.00±0.00 b 34.98±3.90 c 2.07±0.12 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820605342111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同植物生长调节剂组合对菊花万代风光不同外植体再生的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Leaf Petioles Transverse thin cell layers
Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production
A1 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 57.32±6.87 a 1.85±0.29 a 36.51±5.50 c 3.37±0.28 a
A2 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 42.79±4.28 b 2.53±0.32 b
A3 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 70.06±2.84 a 3.37±0.22 a
A4 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 f 0.00±0.00 g
A5 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 9.79±2.29 e 1.11±0.19 ef
A6 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 f 0.00±0.00 g
A7 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 36.35±3.38 b 1.62±0.60 a 45.93±1.28 b 1.51±0.31 d
A8 8.59±0.44 b 1.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 41.95±1.88 b 1.62±0.21 d
A9 19.44±4.81 a 1.28±0.25 a 22.56±4.55 c 1.11±0.19 b 46.30±3.21 b 2.73±0.22 b
A10 8.33±0.00 b 1.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 31.31±3.50 c 1.44±0.27 de
A11 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 e 0.00±0.00 c 16.67±0.00 d 1.00±0.00 f
A12 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 c 8.33±0.00 d 1.00±0.00 b 34.98±3.90 c 2.07±0.12 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820747948448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of kanamycin on transverse thin cell layers of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of kanamycin (mg∙L-1) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%)
0 97.22±4.81 ab 69.44±12.73 a
2.5 100.00±0.00 a 16.67±8.34 b
5 80.44±4.72 bc 5.56±4.81 bc
7.5 63.89±12.73 cd 0.00±0.00 c
10 50.00±8.33 de 0.00±0.00 c
15 33.33±16.67 e 0.00±0.00 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820831834529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

卡那霉素对菊花万代风光茎间薄层分化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of kanamycin (mg∙L-1) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%)
0 97.22±4.81 ab 69.44±12.73 a
2.5 100.00±0.00 a 16.67±8.34 b
5 80.44±4.72 bc 5.56±4.81 bc
7.5 63.89±12.73 cd 0.00±0.00 c
10 50.00±8.33 de 0.00±0.00 c
15 33.33±16.67 e 0.00±0.00 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820907332002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of kanamycin on rooting of adventitious bud of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of kanamycin (mg∙L-1) Rooting rate (%) Average number of roots
0 88.89±19.25 a 3.56±1.02 a
3 30.44±4.72 b 0.50±0.17 b
5 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
7.5 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
10 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
12 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321790820991218083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

卡那霉素对菊花万代风光不定芽生根的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of kanamycin (mg∙L-1) Rooting rate (%) Average number of roots
0 88.89±19.25 a 3.56±1.02 a
3 30.44±4.72 b 0.50±0.17 b
5 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
7.5 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
10 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
12 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321790821129630116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of different transformation conditions on the growth of resistant buds of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatments Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
1 80.91±10.48 bc 3.33±5.77 c 0.33±0.58 b 0.00±0.00 c
2 94.84±4.51 a 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 c
3 86.96±5.54 b 1.85±3.21 c 0.33±0.58 b 0.00±0.00 c
4 71.11±7.70 cd 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 c
5 79.55±9.91 bc 8.84±0.44 bc 1.33±0.58 a 0.00±0.00 c
6 64.07±7.56 d 14.44±6.76 ab 1.83±1.04 a 28.52±5.70 a
7 81.85±3.61 bc 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b 18.15±3.61 b
8 95.96±3.51 a 21.00±9.78 a 1.38±0.40 a 0.00±0.00 c
9 96.08±6.79 a 1.96±3.40 c 0.33±0.58 b 0.00±0.00 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321790822757020069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同转化条件对菊花万代风光抗性芽生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatments Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
1 80.91±10.48 bc 3.33±5.77 c 0.33±0.58 b 0.00±0.00 c
2 94.84±4.51 a 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 c
3 86.96±5.54 b 1.85±3.21 c 0.33±0.58 b 0.00±0.00 c
4 71.11±7.70 cd 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b 0.00±0.00 c
5 79.55±9.91 bc 8.84±0.44 bc 1.33±0.58 a 0.00±0.00 c
6 64.07±7.56 d 14.44±6.76 ab 1.83±1.04 a 28.52±5.70 a
7 81.85±3.61 bc 0.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 b 18.15±3.61 b
8 95.96±3.51 a 21.00±9.78 a 1.38±0.40 a 0.00±0.00 c
9 96.08±6.79 a 1.96±3.40 c 0.33±0.58 b 0.00±0.00 c
), ArticleFig(id=1321790822857683366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effect of pre-culture time on the growth of resistant buds in Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pre-cultivation time (d) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Brow-
ning rate (%)
0 87.57 a 1.73 a 0.22 b 0.00 a
1 71.58 b 7.76 a 1.06 a 9.51 a
2 91.29 a 7.66 a 0.57 ab 6.05 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321790822987706791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

预培养时间对菊花万代风光抗性芽生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pre-cultivation time (d) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Brow-
ning rate (%)
0 87.57 a 1.73 a 0.22 b 0.00 a
1 71.58 b 7.76 a 1.06 a 9.51 a
2 91.29 a 7.66 a 0.57 ab 6.05 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823063204264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Effect of Agrobacterium concentration on the growth of resistant buds in Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of Agrobacterium (OD600) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
0.6 77.96 b 1.11 b 0.11 b 6.05 a
0.8 90.11 a 9.95 a 0.90 a 0.00 a
1.0 82.37 ab 6.09 ab 0.83 ab 9.51 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823151284649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

农杆菌菌液浓度对菊花万代风光抗性芽生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Concentration of Agrobacterium (OD600) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
0.6 77.96 b 1.11 b 0.11 b 6.05 a
0.8 90.11 a 9.95 a 0.90 a 0.00 a
1.0 82.37 ab 6.09 ab 0.83 ab 9.51 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823272919466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Effect of infection time on the growth of resistant buds in Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Infection time (min) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
5 80.31 a 12.93 a 1.18 a 9.51 a
10 87.34 a 0.65 b 0.11 b 0.00 a
15 82.78 a 3.56 b 0.56 ab 6.05 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823390359979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

侵染时间对菊花万代风光抗性芽生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Infection time (min) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
5 80.31 a 12.93 a 1.18 a 9.51 a
10 87.34 a 0.65 b 0.11 b 0.00 a
15 82.78 a 3.56 b 0.56 ab 6.05 a
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823507800492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Effect of co-culture time on the growth of resistant buds in Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Co-culture time (d) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
1 85.51 a 4.71 a 0.67 a 0.00 b
2 80.25 a 4.81 a 0.61 a 15.56 a
3 84.68 a 7.62 a 0.57 a 0.00 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823600075181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

共培养时间对菊花万代风光抗性芽生长的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Co-culture time (d) Callus formation rate (%) Differentiation rate (%) Coefficient of adventitious bud production Browning rate (%)
1 85.51 a 4.71 a 0.67 a 0.00 b
2 80.25 a 4.81 a 0.61 a 15.56 a
3 84.68 a 7.62 a 0.57 a 0.00 b
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823667184046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Range analysis of resistance bud differentiation rate of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ under different transformation conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factors Pre-cultivation
time (d)
Concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (OD600) Infectation time (min) Co-culture time (d)
K1 5.18 3.33 38.77 14.13
K2 23.28 29.84 1.96 14.44
K3 22.96 18.25 10.69 22.85
k1 1.73 1.11 12.92 4.71
k2 7.76 9.95 0.65 4.81
k3 7.65 6.08 3.56 7.62
R 5.93 8.84 12.27 2.80
), ArticleFig(id=1321790823742681519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790810291548498, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

不同转化条件下菊花万代风光抗性芽分化率的极差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factors Pre-cultivation
time (d)
Concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (OD600) Infectation time (min) Co-culture time (d)
K1 5.18 3.33 38.77 14.13
K2 23.28 29.84 1.96 14.44
K3 22.96 18.25 10.69 22.85
k1 1.73 1.11 12.92 4.71
k2 7.76 9.95 0.65 4.81
k3 7.65 6.08 3.56 7.62
R 5.93 8.84 12.27 2.80
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菊花品种万代风光再生及遗传转化体系的建立
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李晶晶 † , 李艳飞 † , 王安琪 , 王佳颖 , 邓成燕 , 卢敏 , 马剑英 , 戴思兰 *
植物学报 | 技术方法 2025,60(4): 597-610
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植物学报 |技术方法 2025 , 60 (4) : 597 -610
菊花品种万代风光再生及遗传转化体系的建立
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李晶晶†, 李艳飞†, 王安琪, 王佳颖, 邓成燕, 卢敏, 马剑英, 戴思兰*
作者信息
  • 北京林业大学园林学院, 城乡生态环境北京实验室, 花卉种质创新与分子育种北京市重点实验室, 国家花卉工程技术研究中心, 北京 100083
通讯作者:
*戴思兰, 北京林业大学园林学院教授, 博士生导师, 享受国务院政府特殊津贴。现任国家林业和草原局菊花产业国家创新联盟理事长, 中国风景园林学会菊花分会副理事长, 《植物学报》资深编委。曾获首届全国林业教学名师、宝钢优秀教师奖、中国观赏园艺特别荣誉奖、教育部自然科学二等奖等荣誉奖励。先后主持30余项国家和省部级科研项目。发表学术论文400余篇, 出版著作2部。其研究团队以菊花为主要材料, 从菊花的历史文化、品种资源收集、整理和评价到花色、花型、开花期和抗逆性等观赏品质形成的遗传调控机理, 以及菊花优异新种质创制、产业化栽培技术等进行全面研究, 取得了一系列重要突破性进展和研究成果。E-mail:
作者简介:

†共同第一作者

Establishment of Regeneration and Genetic Transformation System for Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’
Jingjing Li, Yanfei Li, Anqi Wang, Jiaying Wang, Chengyan Deng, Min Lu, Jianying Ma, Silan Dai
Affiliations
  • National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24151
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菊花品种万代风光(Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’)的色素背景适宜利用分子育种技术调控花瓣铁离子浓度进而培育蓝色花, 且其在夏秋两季均可开花, 是研究菊花开花期分子调控机理的重要材料, 但缺少高效的再生体系和遗传转化体系。以该品种为实验材料, 研究不同外植体类型和植物生长调节剂组合对其再生的影响, 并探讨农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法中相关因素对遗传转化效率的影响。结果表明, 适宜菊花万代风光再生的最适外植体为茎间薄层, 最适培养基为MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.6 mg∙L-1 NAA, 分化率为70.06%, 不定芽生成系数为3.37; 实验确定茎间薄层分化和不定芽生根的卡那霉素选择压分别为7.5 mg∙L-1和5.0 mg∙L-1。预培养1天、OD600=0.8、处理5分钟及黑暗条件下共培养3天为最佳遗传转化体系。经过卡那霉素筛选共获得抗性苗15株, PCR鉴定发现2株阳性苗, 转化效率为13.33%。研究结果为利用这一独特品种资源解析菊花基因功能和进行定向改良的分子育种奠定了基础, 也为其它菊花品种的再生和转化体系建立提供参考。
菊花  /  外植体  /  遗传转化体系  /  再生体系  /  茎间薄层

INTRODUCTION Chrysanthemum × morifolium is one of the ten most famous traditional flowers in China, and it has a rich variety of cultivars with diverse floral colour and shapes. However, varieties with blue floral colour have not been found in the natural chrysanthemum, therefore, breeding blue chrysanthemums has always been a goal pursued by researchers.

RATIONALE The total flavonoid extract of C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ could turn blue when adding appropriate concentration of Fe3+, and its living petal cells could also turn blue with the participation of Fe3+, which proved the feasibility of breeding blue chrysanthemums with Fe3+. Meanwhile, C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ can bloom both in summer and autumn, with early flowering and long flowering period, which is also an important material for the study of flowering period. Therefore, in order to cultivate blue chrysanthemums and achieve the targeted improvement of flowering period, it is particularly important to establish an efficient and stable regeneration and genetic transformation system for the C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’. However, chrysanthemum has a long history of cultivation and complex genetic background, so the regeneration and genetic transformation system is not universal among different varieties.

RESULTS In this study, C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ was used as the experimental material to study the effects of different explant types with different combinations of plant growth regulators on its regeneration, and to investigate the effects of relevant factors on the efficiency of genetic transformation with the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. The experimental results showed that the most suitable explants for the regeneration of C. × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’ was the transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs), and the optimal culture medium was MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.6 mg∙L-1 NAA. The highest differentiation rate was 70.06% and an adventitious bud coefficient was 3.37. The kanamycin selection pressures for the differentiation of the tTCLs and the adventitious bud rooting were 7.5 mg∙L-1 and 5.0 mg∙L-1, respectively. The optimal procedure for genetic transformation was pre-culture for 1 day, OD600=0.8, treatment for 5 minutes, and co-culture in the dark for 3 days. Fifteen resistant plantlets were screened on kanamycin medium, and two positive plantlets were confirmed by PCR amplification, with a transformation efficiency of 13.33%.

CONCLUSION This study laid the foundation for the gene function analysis and targeted improvement molecular breeding of chrysanthemum by using this kind of unique variety resource, and provided reference for the establishment of regeneration and transformation system for other chrysanthemum varieties.

chrysanthemum  /  explant  /  genetic transformation system  /  regeneration system  /  transverse thin cell layers
李晶晶, 李艳飞, 王安琪, 王佳颖, 邓成燕, 卢敏, 马剑英, 戴思兰. 菊花品种万代风光再生及遗传转化体系的建立. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 597 -610 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24151
Jingjing Li, Yanfei Li, Anqi Wang, Jiaying Wang, Chengyan Deng, Min Lu, Jianying Ma, Silan Dai. Establishment of Regeneration and Genetic Transformation System for Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (4) : 597 -610 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24151
菊花(Chrysanthemum × morifolium)原产中国, 已有3 000多年的栽培历史, 是中国传统十大名花和世界四大切花之一。菊花栽培品种多样, 花色花型丰富, 但在天然菊花品种类群中, 尚未发现蓝色菊花品种, 因此培育蓝色菊花始终是育种者追求的目标(洪艳, 2012; 戴思兰和洪艳, 2016)。基因工程技术的发展使育种研究突破物种遗传背景限制, 为培育蓝色花提供了可能。目前, 通过重建飞燕草素(delphinidin, Dp)途径已成功培育出蓝色菊花, 但花色多呈现蓝紫色且蓝色饱和度较低, 需要进一步改良(Brugliera et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2013; Noda et al., 2013, 2017; Han et al., 2021)。
除飞燕草素途径外, 矢车菊素(cyanidin, Cy)途径也是花瓣呈现蓝色的重要机制。矢车菊(Centaurea cyanus)和大花绿绒蒿(Meconopsis grandis)均能基于矢车菊素途径产生靓丽的蓝色花, 这一过程中铁离子的参与至关重要(Takeda et al., 1996, 2005; Tanaka et al., 2001; Shiono et al., 2005)。在基于Dp途径的郁金香(Tulipa gesneriana)花瓣中瞬时表达TgVIT1基因可以提高液泡中铁离子浓度, 从而将紫色细胞转化为蓝色细胞(Shoji et al., 2007, 2010; Momonoi et al., 2009)。同样, 在基于Cy途径的蓝色矢车菊液泡铁离子转运蛋白CcVIT的氨基酸替换导致蓝色花转变为紫色(Yoshida and Negishi, 2013)。Li等(2024)发现, 菊花品种万代风光的总黄酮提取液在加入适当浓度铁离子时可变为蓝色, 其活体花瓣细胞也能够在Fe3+参与下变蓝, 证明基于Cy途径培育蓝色菊花的可行性。同时, 菊花万代风光在夏季和秋季均能开花, 开花早且花期长, 是研究菊花开花期的重要材料。因此, 为了培育蓝色菊花并实现花期的定向改良, 建立菊花品种万代风光高效且稳定的再生及遗传转化体系尤为重要。
在菊花再生体系建立中, 常以叶片(姜宁宁等, 2012; Naing et al., 2016; 李亚军等, 2018; 滕如萍等, 2025)、茎间薄层(Lim et al., 2012; 李亚军等, 2018)、叶柄(韩科厅, 2010)和花瓣等(Song et al., 2011; 魏曼曼等, 2014)为外植体, 在培养基中添加适量的细胞分裂素和生长素类植物生长调节剂, 诱导愈伤组织形成和不定芽分化。在菊花遗传转化体系建立中, 叶片是最常用的外植体。许志茹等(2013)以露地菊品种神韵(C. × morifolium ‘Shenyun’)叶片为外植体, 成功将BrDFR基因转入其体内。赵静雅等(2019)以叶片为外植体, 建立了匍匐型地被菊雨花落英(C. × morifolium ‘Yuhua Luoying’)的高效遗传转化体系。吴志苹等(2020)以叶片为外植体, 建立了日中性菊花金不凋(C. × morifolium ‘Jinbudiao’)的再生及遗传转化体系, 转基因阳性率为2.5%。但栽培菊花遗传背景复杂, 品种变异丰富, 再生及遗传转化体系不具有通用性。本研究组前期以菊花万代风光叶片为外植体, 利用已报道的菊花再生最优培养基, 始终无法获得较好的再生效果。本研究对外植体类型、植物生长调节剂种类及浓度等因素进行探索, 建立了菊花万代风光的再生体系, 并成功将外源基因导入。研究结果为实现该品种的转基因育种和相关基因功能解析奠定了基础。
本研究所用植物材料为菊花品种万代风光(Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Wandai Fengguang’), 种植于北京市绿地养护管理事务中心。无菌苗培养条件: 温度20-22°C, 日光灯光源, 光照强度为54 μmol·m-2·s-1, 光周期为16小时光照/8小时黑暗。
取生长健壮的插穗, 去除叶片, 保留顶芽, 在含有洗洁精的水中浸泡30分钟, 随后放入带纱布的广口瓶, 流水冲洗40分钟。在超净工作台中用75%乙醇溶液浸泡30秒, 无菌水冲洗2次, 用2%次氯酸钠溶液洗涤6分钟, 持续晃动洗涤瓶, 使插穗充分消毒, 用无菌水冲洗6次。将插穗基部剪平, 插入MS培养基中, 培养20天后获得无菌苗, 即可进行继代培养。
选取长势良好的组培苗。以叶片为外植体时, 取植株上部的幼嫩叶片, 剪成0.5 cm × 0.5 cm的叶盘, 在正面轻划2个切口, 平铺于培养基上。以叶柄为外植体时, 选取无菌苗中上部叶片的叶柄, 每段切0.15 cm。以茎间薄层为外植体时, 取植株茎尖以下1-3节茎段, 切成0.1 cm的薄层, 平放于培养基上。
选择6-BA和激动素(kinetin, KT)为主要细胞分裂素类植物生长调节剂, 萘乙酸(naphthylacetic acid, NAA)和2,4-D为主要生长素类植物生长调节剂, 共设置4种植物生长调节剂组合, 每种组合中设置3种不同浓度配比, 共计12种培养基(表1)。每处理接种16-20个外植体, 重复3次。培养35天后统计分化率和不定芽生成系数。
将茎间薄层分别接种于含0、2.5、5、7.5、10和15 mg∙L-1卡那霉素(kanamycin, Kan)的A3培养基(表1)中。共6种Kan浓度, 每种浓度设3次重复, 每次重复接种16个茎间薄层。培养35天后统计外植体出愈率和分化率, 筛选出有效抑制外植体分化的Kan浓度。取最适分化培养基中长出的不定芽, 分别接种于含0、3、5、7.5、10和12 mg∙L-1 Kan的MS培养基中。每种浓度接种4个不定芽, 重复4次。培养35天后统计不定芽的生根率, 筛选出抑制不定芽生根的最适Kan浓度。
从-80°C冰箱中取出含有植物表达载体pBI121 (图1)的GV3101农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌液, 置于冰上解冻后, 在超净工作台上用无菌小枪头蘸取少量菌液, 在含50 mg∙L-1 Kan和50 mg∙L-1利福平(rifampicin, Rif)的LB培养基上划线, 然后置于28°C培养箱倒置培养2天, 直至出现单克隆菌斑。用无菌小枪头挑取单菌落, 接种到含Kan和Rif的液体LB培养基中, 置于28°C摇床中振荡培养直至菌液变浑浊。通过菌液PCR检测农杆菌中是否含有矢车菊液泡铁离子转运蛋白基因CcVIT, 将含有目的基因的农杆菌以1:100比例进行扩大培养, 2 800 ×g离心10分钟后收集菌体, 用MS培养液重悬。
设计正交试验对影响遗传转化的因素进行筛选, 包括预培养时间、菌液浓度、侵染时间及共培养时间(表2)。共设9个处理, 每处理3次重复, 每个重复约10- 13个茎间薄层。30天后统计出愈率、分化率、不定芽生成系数及褐化率。
将茎间薄层置于A3培养基(表1)上进行预培养, 预培养时间分别为2、1和0天。
用MS培养液重悬农杆菌菌液, 用紫外分光光度计测定浓度, 调OD600值分别为0.6、0.8和1.0。将预培养后的茎间薄层置于农杆菌菌液中进行侵染, 侵染时间分别为5、10和15分钟, 期间持续晃动容器, 使菌液与外植体充分接触。
侵染结束后, 用滤纸吸去多余菌液, 将外植体置于最佳再生培养基中, 分别遮光共培养1、2和3天, 用400 mg∙L-1羧苄溶液冲洗10分钟, 无菌水冲洗3分钟, 用无菌滤纸吸干水分, 置于含7.5 mg∙L-1 Kan和400 mg∙L-1羧苄青霉素的A3培养基(表1)上。
取50 mg叶片, 采用Edwards法提取基因组DNA (郭兆奎等, 1999)。引物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司合成, 用引物35S-F (5′-GGAAAAGGAAGGTGGCTCCT-3′)和CcVIT-R (5′-ATAAGGGACTGACCACCCGGGCTAGCCTTGCACGACCTTC-3′)对矢车菊液泡铁离子转运蛋白基因CcVIT进行PCR检测。分别以ddH2O、野生型植株DNA和质粒作为空白对照、阴性对照及阳性对照模板。PCR反应体系: 2 μL DNA模板, 上、下游引物各1 μL, 10 μL PCR mix, 加ddH2O补足体积至20 μL。PCR反应程序: 95°C5分钟; 95°C15秒, 58°C15秒, 72°C15秒, 34个循环; 72°C5分钟。
利用以下公式计算各项指标(阳淑金等, 2015; 贾红梅等, 2017; 赵静雅等, 2019; 何姗, 2020)。
出愈率=(形成愈伤组织的外植体数/外植体总数)×100%;
分化率=(分化出不定芽的外植体数/外植体总数)×100%;
不定芽生成系数=分化出的不定芽总数/分化出不定芽的外植体数;
生根率=(生根的不定芽数量/接种的不定芽数量)×100%;
褐化率=(褐化的外植体数/外植体总数)×100%;
转化效率=(阳性苗数量/抗性苗数量)×100%。
利用Excel和SPSS软件对数据进行单因素方差分析。用Duncan’s多重比较法进行差异显著性分析, 用极差分析比较影响指标的主导因素。
分别选取菊花万代风光的叶片、叶柄和茎间薄层作为外植体, 设置12种不同植物生长调节剂组合的分化培养基, 培养35天后统计分化率和不定芽生成系数。结果表明, 叶片在培养14天时开始形成愈伤组织, 28天不定芽开始分化, 仅在A8、A9和A10培养基中分化, 且最高分化率仅有19.44%。以叶柄为外植体时, 培养12天时逐渐形成愈伤组织, 培养24天不定芽开始分化, 但仅在A1、A7、A9和A12培养基中分化, 其中在A1培养基中分化效果最好, 分化率达57.32%, 不定芽生成系数为1.85。以茎间薄层为外植体时, 培养8天形成愈伤组织, 培养18天不定芽开始分化, 除A4和A6培养基外, 在其余10种培养基中均能正常分化, 分化率最高可达70.06%, 不定芽生成系数为3.37 (表3; 图2)。综上, 以茎间薄层为外植体, 愈伤组织形成和不定芽分化所需时间最短, 分化率和不定芽生成系数最高, 因此菊花品种万代风光再生体系建立的最适外植体为茎间薄层, 其次为叶柄, 叶片不适合作为该品种再生的外植体。
在6-BA和NAA组合(A1-A3)中, 叶柄和茎间薄层均正常分化且分化效果最好, 其中叶柄分化的最适培养基为A1 (MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.2 mg∙L-1 NAA), 茎间薄层最适分化培养基为A3 (MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.6 mg∙L-1 NAA), 而叶片在此组合中不能正常分化, 说明不同外植体分化所需植物生长调节剂浓度不同。在6-BA和2,4-D组合(A4-A6)中叶片和叶柄均不能正常分化, 只有茎间薄层在A5培养基中能正常分化, 分化率仅为9.79%。叶片、叶柄和茎间薄层均可在KT、NAA (A7-A9)和KT、2,4-D (A10-A12)两种植物生长调节剂组合中正常分化, 且3种外植体均在KT和NAA的组合中分化效果更好, 说明再生过程中添加NAA的效果优于2,4-D。综上, 在菊花万代风光再生体系建立中, 6-BA和NAA是最佳植物生长调节剂组合, 适合菊花万代风光的叶柄和茎间薄层分化; 其次为KT和NAA组合, 适合叶片分化; 6-BA和2,4-D组合的再生效果最差。
Kan为转基因常用的标记抗生素, 对受体材料进行Kan测试有利于抗性植株的筛选。结果显示, 在不含Kan的对照培养基中, 茎间薄层形成绿色膨大的愈伤组织, 并能正常分化出不定芽。随着Kan浓度的增加, 愈伤组织诱导率和分化率逐渐降低, 茎间薄层逐渐呈白色, 生长异常。当Kan浓度为7.5 mg∙L-1时, 不定芽再生完全被抑制。因此选择7.5 mg∙L-1 Kan作为菊花万代风光茎间薄层的临界抗性选择压(表4; 图3)。
在不含Kan的MS培养基中, 不定芽生长健壮, 根系粗壮且数量多。随着Kan浓度的增加, 不定芽生根数量显著减少。当Kan浓度达5 mg∙L-1时, 不定芽生根完全被抑制, 植株出现褐化; 当Kan浓度达7.5 mg∙L-1时, 植株出现白化现象。因此选择5 mg∙L-1作为菊花万代风光不定芽生根的Kan临界抗性选择压(表5; 图4)。
预培养时间、菌液浓度、侵染时间和共培养时间是影响植物遗传转化的重要因素。本研究通过正交试验进行筛选, 培养30天后统计出愈率、分化率、不定芽生成系数和褐化率(表6; 图5)。
实验结果表明, 预培养0天时, 抗性芽分化率仅有1.73%, 不定芽分化系数仅为0.22; 经过1天预培养分化率可提高至7.76%, 不定芽生成系数提高至1.06 (表7)。综上, 菊花万代风光在转化前需要经过预培养以促进细胞分裂, 进而提升抗性芽的生长效果, 预培养最适时间为1天。
当农杆菌菌液浓度(OD600)为0.6时, 愈伤组织诱导率、分化率和不定芽生成系数均较低; 菌液浓度为0.8时, 愈伤组织诱导率达90.11%, 抗性芽分化率可提高至9.95%, 不定芽生成系数提高至0.9; 当菌液浓度为1.0时, 愈伤组织诱导率、抗性芽分化率和不定芽生成系数降低, 褐化率升高。综上, 菊花万代风光茎间薄层的最适农杆菌侵染浓度为OD600=0.8 (表8)。
农杆菌侵染5分钟, 抗性芽分化率和不定芽生成系数最高, 分别为12.93%和1.18; 农杆菌侵染时间增加至10或15分钟, 抗性芽分化率和不定芽生成系数显著降低(表9)。因此, 菊花万代风光茎间薄层的最适农杆菌侵染时间为5分钟。
将农杆菌侵染后的茎间薄层接种于共培养基, 在黑暗条件下进行共培养。结果显示(表10), 共培养时间仅对褐化率有显著影响, 而对愈伤组织诱导率、抗性芽分化率和不定芽生成系数均无显著影响, 其中共培养3天抗性芽分化率最高且褐化率最低。综上, 菊花万代风光茎间薄层的最适共培养时间为3天。
以抗性芽分化率作为主要评判指标, 极差分析结果显示(表11), 4个因素对遗传转化效率的影响大小排序为侵染时间>菌液浓度>预培养时间>共培养时间。根据4因素各水平分化率均值, 确定预培养1天、OD600= 0.8、侵染5分钟及共培养3天为菊花万代风光最佳遗传转化体系。
实验共侵染茎间薄层341个, 通过Kan抗性筛选, 最终获得15株抗性苗。对抗性苗进行DNA水平的鉴定, 有2株抗性苗经过PCR检测扩增出长度正确的目的条带, 与阳性对照一致, 其余13株均未扩增到目的条带, 且ddH2O和野生型DNA中均未扩增出目的条带(图6)。由此判定矢车菊液泡铁离子转运蛋白基因CcVIT已成功转入菊花万代风光基因组中, 共获得2株阳性苗, 阳性率为13.33%。
菊花再生可选用的外植体类型多样, 叶片、茎段、花瓣、花蕾和花托均可诱导再生, 但不同器官的生长发育状态和再生能力差别显著, 因此选择适宜的外植体是成功建立再生体系的关键环节。由于取材方便且取材时间较长, 大多数研究者选择叶片或茎段作为外植体(王碧玉, 2017; 刘明星, 2020; 马琦, 2020)。徐式近和徐忠传(2013)以9个菊花品种的叶片和茎段为外植体, 研究外植体类型对不同菊花品种再生的影响, 结果表明多数菊花品种茎段的再生能力高于叶片。王自布等(2015)以菊花不同外植体为试材进行再生培养, 发现以花蕾和花瓣为外植体不定芽诱导率较高, 其次为茎段, 叶片的再生能力最差。本研究用菊花品种万代风光不同外植体进行再生诱导, 发现茎间薄层的再生效果最好, 其次为叶柄, 叶片的再生效果最差, 与前人的研究结果一致。然而在有些菊花品种中则是叶片的再生效果优于茎间薄层(李亚军等, 2018), 这也说明菊花基因型对再生体系建立有重要影响, 不同菊花品种再生的最适外植体类型不同。
植物生长调节剂的种类和浓度对外植体的再生效果有显著影响。适宜的生长素能够较好地诱导愈伤组织,细胞分裂素则有利于愈伤组织的芽诱导和芽分化。通常以较高浓度的细胞分裂素和较低浓度的生长素进行组合, 有利于先形成愈伤组织后分化出芽(李辛雷等, 2004; 罗虹等, 2020; Bernula et al., 2020; Long et al., 2022; 廖敏凌等, 2023; 武晓云等, 2024)。菊花再生过程中, 6-BA和NAA是最常用的植物生长调节剂, 此外还有2,4-D、KT及IAA等(Renou et al.,1993; 时颂等, 2013; Adedeji et al., 2020)。滕如萍等(2025)对切花菊神马(C. × morifolium ‘Jimba’)的叶片再生体系进行优化, 发现在愈伤组织分化过程中6-BA和NAA组合效果优于6-BA和2,4-D组合。Naing等(2016)发现6-BA和NAA组合能获得更好的再生芽, 显著优于6-BA和IAA组合。本研究中, 6-BA和NAA组合是诱导再生芽的最佳植物生长调节剂组合, 其次是KT和NAA组合。本研究表明, 在菊花再生体系的建立中, 6-BA和NAA组合更有利于愈伤组织诱导和芽分化。
本研究中, 菊花万代风光茎间薄层最适再生培养基为MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.6 mg∙L-1 NAA, 叶柄最适再生培养基为MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.2 mg∙L-1 NAA。切花菊粉贵人(C. × morifolium ‘Fenguiren’)茎间薄层的最适分化培养基为MS+2 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1 mg∙L-1 NAA, 叶片最适分化培养基为MS+1 mg∙L-1 6-BA+1 mg∙L-1 NAA。菊花金不凋叶片不定芽分化最适培养基为MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.5 mg∙L-1 NAA。由此可见, 当菊花品种或外植体部位发生改变时, 最适的植物生长调节剂浓度配比也会不同。原因可能是不同品种菊花或不同器官的植物激素水平以及对植物生长调节剂的敏感性不同(李亚军等, 2018; 王亚琴等, 2020; 吴志苹等, 2020; 逯锦春等, 2022)。
在农杆菌介导的遗传转化中, 影响转化效率的因素主要包括预培养时间、农杆菌菌液浓度、农杆菌侵染时间和共培养时间等。在侵染前, 对外植体进行适当时间的预培养能够促进细胞分裂, 提高外源基因的整合效率。在侵染过程中, 菌液浓度过低或侵染时间太短, 农杆菌均不能成功附着; 而菌液浓度过高或侵染时间太长, 农杆菌会影响植物的生长发育, 两种情况均导致转化率降低。侵染结束后, 外植体与农杆菌的共培养时间也是影响遗传转化的重要因子, 共培养是目的基因整合到植物基因组中的关键阶段, 适当的共培养时间有利于提高转化效率(赵伶俐等, 2011; 亓帅等, 2014; 曲爱爱, 2016; 王想, 2018; 王亚琴, 2020; 余晓敏等, 2023)。
以菊花金不凋叶片为外植体, 经1天预培养, 在农杆菌菌液浓度OD600=0.6中侵染10分钟, 共培养2天, 延迟培养5天, 该最佳体系转化效率为2.5%。切花菊南农粉翠(C. × morifolium ‘Nannong Fencui’)预培养3天后, 以OD600=0.5的农杆菌侵染10分钟, 共培养3天, 延迟培养7天, 转化效率为5%。匍匐型地被菊雨花落英叶盘遗传转化的最优体系为预培养2天, 侵染5分钟, 共培养2天, 延迟培养5天, 阳性苗率为67% (曲爱爱, 2016; 赵静雅等, 2019; 吴志苹等, 2020)。本研究发现菊花万代风光茎间薄层在预培养1天、农杆菌菌液浓度OD600=0.8、侵染5分钟、共培养3天条件下遗传转化效果最好, 转化效率为13.33%。综上, 不同菊花品种对农杆菌的敏感性不同, 适宜的农杆菌侵染转化条件也不同, 但通常需要经过1-3天的预培养以促进细胞分裂, 用OD600=0.4-0.8的农杆菌菌液侵染5-10分钟, 共培养2-3天, 以促进农杆菌的T-DNA整合到菊花基因组中。
目前, 菊花转基因工程中存在基因型依赖性强、转化效率低及重复性差等问题, 限制了菊花的大规模分子育种。早期研究在建立菊花遗传转化体系时多使用叶片作为外植体, 但本研究使用的菊花品种万代风光以叶片为外植体时再生效果较差, 不适合建立遗传转化体系。因此, 本研究探讨了该品种的不同外植体类型以及不同植物生长调节剂组合对再生的影响, 筛选出适宜菊花品种万代风光再生的最适外植体为茎间薄层, 最佳培养基为MS+1.5 mg∙L-1 6-BA+0.6 mg∙L-1 NAA。以茎间薄层为外植体建立其遗传转化体系, 获得了较理想的转化效率。本研究为难以再生的菊花品种离体再生及遗传转化体系建立提供了技术支持, 为进一步改良菊花性状和解析基因功能奠定了基础。
李晶晶, 李艳飞: 构思并设计实验, 完成实验, 提供技术支持, 分析数据, 撰写论文; 王安琪, 王佳颖, 邓成燕, 卢敏: 文稿校对; 马剑英: 完成部分实验和数据采集; 戴思兰: 构思并设计实验, 提供技术和资金支持, 审阅文稿。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171849)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32371948)
  • 福建省科技计划(2022S0004)
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24151
  • 接收时间:2024-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10
  • 录用日期:2025-01-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(32171849)
国家自然科学基金(32371948)
福建省科技计划(2022S0004)
作者信息
    北京林业大学园林学院, 城乡生态环境北京实验室, 花卉种质创新与分子育种北京市重点实验室, 国家花卉工程技术研究中心, 北京 100083

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*戴思兰, 北京林业大学园林学院教授, 博士生导师, 享受国务院政府特殊津贴。现任国家林业和草原局菊花产业国家创新联盟理事长, 中国风景园林学会菊花分会副理事长, 《植物学报》资深编委。曾获首届全国林业教学名师、宝钢优秀教师奖、中国观赏园艺特别荣誉奖、教育部自然科学二等奖等荣誉奖励。先后主持30余项国家和省部级科研项目。发表学术论文400余篇, 出版著作2部。其研究团队以菊花为主要材料, 从菊花的历史文化、品种资源收集、整理和评价到花色、花型、开花期和抗逆性等观赏品质形成的遗传调控机理, 以及菊花优异新种质创制、产业化栽培技术等进行全面研究, 取得了一系列重要突破性进展和研究成果。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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