Article(id=1321852179686731908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24150, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24150, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727798400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737302400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-20, onlineDate=1793083718462, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1762704000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793083718462, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793083718462, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793083718462, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321852178331979976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='859', pageEnd='1035', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762704000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793083718140, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793083787009, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321852467248223111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321852467252417416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321852178331979976, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=875, endPage=887, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321852181460922502, articleId=1321852179686731908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Establishment of an Efficient Transient Transformation System for Tagetes erecta Corollas and Analysis on the Promoter Activity of TeCYC2c Gene, columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION: Marigold (Tagetes erecta), an important ornamental and medicinal plant, has a unique capitulum characteristic of the Asteraceae family with distinct ray and disc florets. However, the lack of efficient genetic transformation system has limited the research on the mechanism of floral organ development of marigold. Floral transient transformation system offers a rapid approach to study the function of genes expressed specifically in floral organs. This study aimed to establish an efficient transient transformation system for marigold corollas and to analyze the promoter activity of TeCYC2c, which highly expressed in corollas, thereby laying the technical foundation for the rapid verification of floral gene function.
RATIONALE: A fusion expression vector, incorporating the CaMV35S promoter and the GUS reporter gene, was constructed to facilitate the transient transformation in marigold corollas. The study delved into the effects of bacterial strain type (GV3101, LBA4404, EHA105), bacterial suspension concentration (OD600 values 0.5-2.0), infection duration (10- 40 min), and co-culture time (1-4 d) on the transient transformation efficiency of the GUS gene. Based on this transient transformation system for the marigold corollas, the promoter activity of the TeCYC2c gene was investigated. A 1 735 bp upstream sequence of the TeCYC2c gene was cloned and four promoter deletion expression vectors, with the GUS gene as the reporter gene, were constructed based on the distribution and quantity of elements predicted by PlantCARE. Subsequently, these vectors were employed for transient transformation of marigold corollas to facilitate an in-depth analysis of promoter activity.
RESULTS: The transient transformation efficiency in marigold corollas demonstrated that the GV3101 strain achieved the highest infection efficiency; the bacterial suspension concentration, quantified at an OD600 value of 1.0, yielded the most robust transformation efficiency; the infection time was observed to exert no substantial influence on transient transformation efficacy; moreover, a co-culture time of 24 hours was identified as the optimal condition for the process. The results of GUS staining and GUS activity assay revealed that the core region of the promoter was located at -650 to -1 bp. It was speculated that the light-responsive elements within this region positively up-regulated the expression of downstream genes, while the hormone-responsive and stress-responsive elements unique to pTeCYC2c (-1 735) and pTeCYC2c (-1 406) might have an inhibitory effect on promoter-driven downstream gene expression.
CONCLUSION: This study established an efficient transient transformation system for marigold corollas, optimized through strain selection and parameter tuning. The identification of the TeCYC2c promoter core region (-650 to -1 bp) and its regulatory elements provides critical insights into the regulatory mechanism of the TeCYC2c gene. The transient transformation system and promoter analysis method lay a technical foundation for accelerating functional studies of floral development genes in marigold, with potential applications in the genetic improvement of ornamental plants.

GUS staining of marigold (Tagetes erecta) corollas under different transient transformation conditions. (A) GUS staining of marigold corollas infected by three different bacterial strains; (B) GUS staining under four different concentrations (OD600) of bacterial suspension; (C) GUS staining under four different infection duration; (D) GUS staining under four different co-culture time. (A)-(D) Bars=1 cm

, authors=Linlin Dou1, Yu Zhu1, Cuicui Liu1, Yunping Zang2, Zhengguo Tao3, Manzhu Bao1, Yanhong He1, *, authorsList=Linlin Dou, Yu Zhu, Cuicui Liu, Yunping Zang, Zhengguo Tao, Manzhu Bao, Yanhong He, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanhong He, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* E-mail:
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为建立万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)花冠高效瞬时转化体系并探究花器官对称性形成关键调控基因TeCYC2c的启动子活性, 将CaMV35S启动子与GUS基因的融合表达载体瞬时转化万寿菊花冠, 探究菌株类型、菌液浓度、侵染时间和共培养时间对GUS基因瞬时转化效率的影响。结果显示, GV3101菌株的侵染效率最高; 菌液浓度OD600=1.0时转化效率最高; 侵染时间对瞬时转化效率无显著影响; 共培养1天为最佳培养时间。基于建立的万寿菊花冠瞬时转化体系, 对TeCYC2c基因的启动子活性进行探究。克隆了TeCYC2c基因上游1 735 bp序列, 并通过PlantCARE预测的元件分布位置及数量构建了4个启动子缺失表达载体, 以GUS基因为报告基因, 瞬时转化万寿菊花冠进行不同长度启动子活性研究。结果显示, 启动子核心区域位于ATG上游-650 - -1 bp, 推测该区域内的光响应元件正调控下游基因的表达, 而pTeCYC2c (-1 735)和pTeCYC2c (-1 406)所特有的植物激素响应和逆境响应元件可能具有抑制启动子驱动下游基因表达的功能。结合万寿菊花冠瞬时转化体系的建立和TeCYC2c启动子活性分析, 可为进一步快速解析花发育相关基因的功能奠定技术基础。

, authors=窦淋琳1, 朱钰1, 刘翠翠1, 臧运平2, 陶正国3, 包满珠1, 何燕红1, *, authorsList=窦淋琳, 朱钰, 刘翠翠, 臧运平, 陶正国, 包满珠, 何燕红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何燕红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 何燕红, 1982年10月生, 江苏常州人, 现为华中农业大学园艺林学学院园林系副教授。2005-2010年华中农业大学博士毕业后留校任教, 2015年在佛罗里达大学访学1年。长期从事万寿菊、月季和百合等花卉的遗传育种研究。主持国家重点研发计划子课题、国家自然科学基金等项目近10项; 荣获湖北省科技进步一等奖1项(2013年, 第二完成人), 广东省科技进步二等奖1项(2019年, 第6完成人); 审定或授权新品种5个; 申请专利6项; 制定标准3项; 主编或副主编教材和专著3部; 在Horticulture Research、Plant Science、BMC Plant Biology及《中国农业科学》和《植物学报》等期刊发表科研论文30余篇。E-mail:
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(A) GUS staining of marigold corollas infected by three different bacterial strains; (B) GUS staining under four different concentrations (OD600) of bacterial suspension; (C) GUS staining under four different infection duration; (D) GUS staining under four different co-culture time. (A)-(D) Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=vhKV5XFHkPYxNzVF+Z195w==, figureFileBig=6pYww5ggkPHx5fvkRmNVGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852187840458964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同瞬时转化条件下的万寿菊花冠GUS染色

(A) 3种不同菌株侵染万寿菊花冠的GUS染色; (B) 4种菌液浓度(OD600)侵染条件下的GUS染色; (C) 4种侵染时间条件下的GUS染色; (D) 4种共培养时间条件下的GUS染色。(A)-(D) Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=vhKV5XFHkPYxNzVF+Z195w==, figureFileBig=6pYww5ggkPHx5fvkRmNVGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852188092117206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The influence of strain type (A), bacterial suspension concentration (B), infection time (C), and co-culture time (D) on the transient transformation efficiency of Tagetes erecta corollas Different lowercase letters on the histogram indicate significant differences at the P<0.05 level., figureFileSmall=Kbf79eUWMZHA9QzzGIGmAw==, figureFileBig=wBGlV80afFpJIKpoOwzm/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852188171808983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株类型(A)、菌液浓度(B)、侵染时间(C)和共培养时间(D)对万寿菊花冠瞬时转化效率的影响柱形图上不同小写字母表示在P<0.05水平差异显著。, figureFileSmall=Kbf79eUWMZHA9QzzGIGmAw==, figureFileBig=wBGlV80afFpJIKpoOwzm/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852188251500760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Schematic diagram of the design of TeCYC2c gene promoter deletion fragments and cloning of different length fragments of the promoter

(A) Schematic diagram of the design of TeCYC2c gene promoter deletion fragments (Box 4: Light-responsive element; ACE: Light-responsive element; TCT-motif: Light-responsive element; GT1-motif: Light-responsive element; AE-box: Light-responsive element; ARE: Anaerobic induction element; MBS: Drought induction element; CGTCA-motif: MeJA-responsive element; ABRE: ABA-responsive element; TATC-box: GA-responsive element; LTR: Low-temperature responsive element; the numerical values in the figure are in bp); (B) Cloning of different length fragments of the TeCYC2c gene promoter (M: DL2000 marker; 1-4: Representing pTeCYC2c (-1 735), pTeCYC2c (-1 406), pTeCYC2c (-1 000), and pTeCYC2c (-650), respectively).

, figureFileSmall=yAoYvDHui1cNa1DyRRjjeg==, figureFileBig=XzUdhtvHbjpjT4KxHLiLYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852188331192537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TeCYC2c基因启动子缺失片段设计示意图及启动子不同长度片段克隆

(A) TeCYC2c基因启动子缺失片段设计示意图(Box 4: 光响应元件; ACE: 光响应元件; TCT-motif: 光响应元件; GT1-motif: 光响应元件; AE-box: 光响应元件; ARE: 厌氧诱导元件; MBS: 干旱诱导元件; CGTCA-motif: MeJA响应元件; ABRE: ABA响应元件; TATC-box: GA响应元件; LTR: 低温响应元件; 图中数值单位为bp); (B) TeCYC2c基因启动子不同长度片段克隆(M: DL2000 marker; 1-4: 分别代表pTeCYC2c (-1 735)、pTeCYC2c (-1 406)、pTeCYC2c (-1 000)和pTeCYC2c (-650))。

, figureFileSmall=yAoYvDHui1cNa1DyRRjjeg==, figureFileBig=XzUdhtvHbjpjT4KxHLiLYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852188410884315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=GUS staining and GUS activity assay driven by the promoters with different lengths

(A) Negative control; (B) GUS staining under the influence of pTeCYC2c (-1 735); (C) GUS staining under the influence of pTeCYC2c (-1 406); (D) GUS staining under the influence of pTeCYC2c (-1 000); (E) GUS staining under the influence of pTeCYC2c (-650); (F) Determination of GUS activity driven by the promoters with different length. Different lowercase letters on the bar graph indicate significant differences at the P<0.05 level. (A)-(E) Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=pTNJo4nfyqfDE2oG4K5d8w==, figureFileBig=n59XCikE5VmXyUpJnzL9zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852188486381788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同长度启动子作用下的GUS染色及GUS活性测定

(A) 阴性对照; (B) pTeCYC2c (-1 735)作用下的GUS染色; (C) pTeCYC2c (-1 406)作用下的GUS染色; (D) pTeCYC2c (-1 000)作用下的GUS染色; (E) pTeCYC2c (-650)作用下的GUS染色; (F) 不同长度启动子作用下的GUS活性测定。柱形图上不同小写字母表示在P<0.05水平差异显著。(A)-(E) Bars=1 cm

, figureFileSmall=pTNJo4nfyqfDE2oG4K5d8w==, figureFileBig=n59XCikE5VmXyUpJnzL9zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321852188557684957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Sequences (5′→3′) Function
pTeCYC2c-F (-1735) ACGACAATGAAGTTTGAAGACACAG Promoter cloning
pTeCYC2c-F (-1406) ATTTGAAGTTGCAACTCTGTCATAAAT Promoter deletion fragments cloning
pTeCYC2c-F (-1000) AACCATTAGGGCCGTGTCG Promoter deletion fragments cloning
pTeCYC2c-F (-650) GGTGTCTTGGTAATTTTAAAAAAACG Promoter deletion fragments cloning
pTeCYC2c-R TGTATTTTGGAATTGAAATGTGAAATAA Promoter deletion fragments cloning
), ArticleFig(id=1321852190281543902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Sequences (5′→3′) Function
pTeCYC2c-F (-1735) ACGACAATGAAGTTTGAAGACACAG Promoter cloning
pTeCYC2c-F (-1406) ATTTGAAGTTGCAACTCTGTCATAAAT Promoter deletion fragments cloning
pTeCYC2c-F (-1000) AACCATTAGGGCCGTGTCG Promoter deletion fragments cloning
pTeCYC2c-F (-650) GGTGTCTTGGTAATTTTAAAAAAACG Promoter deletion fragments cloning
pTeCYC2c-R TGTATTTTGGAATTGAAATGTGAAATAA Promoter deletion fragments cloning
), ArticleFig(id=1321852190398984416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of the cis-acting elements in the TeCYC2c promoter

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cis-regulatory elements Sequences and position Number Description
ARE AAACCA: -1359, -1296 2 Cis-acting regulatory element essential for the anaerobic induction
LAMP-element CTTTATCA: -1661 1 Part of a light responsive element
MBS CAACTG: -1712 1 MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility
TCT-motif TCTTAC: -603 1 Part of a light responsive element
Box 4 ATTAAT: -1420, -429, -413, -409 4 Part of a conserved DNA module involved in light responsiveness
ACE CTAACGTATT: -630 1 Cis-acting element involved in light responsiveness
CGTCA-motif CGTCA: -1690, -1347, -1235, -797, -713 5 Cis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA- responsiveness
MBSI aaaAaaC(G/C)GTTA: -633 1 MYB binding site involved in flavonoid biosynthetic genes regulation
GT1-motif GGTTAA: -1002, -67 2 Light responsive element
ABRE ACGTG: -1349 1 Cis-acting element involved in the abscisic acid responsiveness
TATC-box TATCCCA: -1708 1 Cis-acting element involved in gibberellin-responsiveness
G-box CACGAC: -1655, -1504 2 Cis-acting regulatory element involved in light responsiveness
O2-site GATGATGTGG: -981 1 Cis-acting regulatory element involved in zein metabolism regulation
AE-box AGAAACAA: -74 1 Part of a module for light response
LTR CCGAAA: -1496 1 Cis-acting element involved in low-temperature responsiveness
), ArticleFig(id=1321852190499647713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321852179686731908, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TeCYC2c启动子顺式作用元件分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cis-regulatory elements Sequences and position Number Description
ARE AAACCA: -1359, -1296 2 Cis-acting regulatory element essential for the anaerobic induction
LAMP-element CTTTATCA: -1661 1 Part of a light responsive element
MBS CAACTG: -1712 1 MYB binding site involved in drought-inducibility
TCT-motif TCTTAC: -603 1 Part of a light responsive element
Box 4 ATTAAT: -1420, -429, -413, -409 4 Part of a conserved DNA module involved in light responsiveness
ACE CTAACGTATT: -630 1 Cis-acting element involved in light responsiveness
CGTCA-motif CGTCA: -1690, -1347, -1235, -797, -713 5 Cis-acting regulatory element involved in the MeJA- responsiveness
MBSI aaaAaaC(G/C)GTTA: -633 1 MYB binding site involved in flavonoid biosynthetic genes regulation
GT1-motif GGTTAA: -1002, -67 2 Light responsive element
ABRE ACGTG: -1349 1 Cis-acting element involved in the abscisic acid responsiveness
TATC-box TATCCCA: -1708 1 Cis-acting element involved in gibberellin-responsiveness
G-box CACGAC: -1655, -1504 2 Cis-acting regulatory element involved in light responsiveness
O2-site GATGATGTGG: -981 1 Cis-acting regulatory element involved in zein metabolism regulation
AE-box AGAAACAA: -74 1 Part of a module for light response
LTR CCGAAA: -1496 1 Cis-acting element involved in low-temperature responsiveness
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万寿菊花冠高效瞬时转化体系的建立及TeCYC2c基因启动子活性分析
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窦淋琳 1 , 朱钰 1 , 刘翠翠 1 , 臧运平 2 , 陶正国 3 , 包满珠 1 , 何燕红 1, *
植物学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 875-887
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植物学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 875 -887
万寿菊花冠高效瞬时转化体系的建立及TeCYC2c基因启动子活性分析
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窦淋琳1, 朱钰1, 刘翠翠1, 臧运平2, 陶正国3, 包满珠1, 何燕红1, *
作者信息
  • 1 华中农业大学园艺林学学院, 果蔬园艺作物种质创新与利用全国重点实验室, 武汉 430070
  • 2 云南立达尔生物科技有限公司, 文山 663100
  • 3 广州立达尔生物科技股份有限公司, 广州 510663
通讯作者:
* 何燕红, 1982年10月生, 江苏常州人, 现为华中农业大学园艺林学学院园林系副教授。2005-2010年华中农业大学博士毕业后留校任教, 2015年在佛罗里达大学访学1年。长期从事万寿菊、月季和百合等花卉的遗传育种研究。主持国家重点研发计划子课题、国家自然科学基金等项目近10项; 荣获湖北省科技进步一等奖1项(2013年, 第二完成人), 广东省科技进步二等奖1项(2019年, 第6完成人); 审定或授权新品种5个; 申请专利6项; 制定标准3项; 主编或副主编教材和专著3部; 在Horticulture Research、Plant Science、BMC Plant Biology及《中国农业科学》和《植物学报》等期刊发表科研论文30余篇。E-mail:
Establishment of an Efficient Transient Transformation System for Tagetes erecta Corollas and Analysis on the Promoter Activity of TeCYC2c Gene
Linlin Dou1, Yu Zhu1, Cuicui Liu1, Yunping Zang2, Zhengguo Tao3, Manzhu Bao1, Yanhong He1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2 Yunnan Lidaer Biological Technology Co. LTD, Wenshan 663100, China
  • 3 Guangzhou Lidaer Biotechnology Co. LTD, Guangzhou 510663, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-11-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24150
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为建立万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)花冠高效瞬时转化体系并探究花器官对称性形成关键调控基因TeCYC2c的启动子活性, 将CaMV35S启动子与GUS基因的融合表达载体瞬时转化万寿菊花冠, 探究菌株类型、菌液浓度、侵染时间和共培养时间对GUS基因瞬时转化效率的影响。结果显示, GV3101菌株的侵染效率最高; 菌液浓度OD600=1.0时转化效率最高; 侵染时间对瞬时转化效率无显著影响; 共培养1天为最佳培养时间。基于建立的万寿菊花冠瞬时转化体系, 对TeCYC2c基因的启动子活性进行探究。克隆了TeCYC2c基因上游1 735 bp序列, 并通过PlantCARE预测的元件分布位置及数量构建了4个启动子缺失表达载体, 以GUS基因为报告基因, 瞬时转化万寿菊花冠进行不同长度启动子活性研究。结果显示, 启动子核心区域位于ATG上游-650 - -1 bp, 推测该区域内的光响应元件正调控下游基因的表达, 而pTeCYC2c (-1 735)和pTeCYC2c (-1 406)所特有的植物激素响应和逆境响应元件可能具有抑制启动子驱动下游基因表达的功能。结合万寿菊花冠瞬时转化体系的建立和TeCYC2c启动子活性分析, 可为进一步快速解析花发育相关基因的功能奠定技术基础。

万寿菊  /  TeCYC2c  /  启动子  /  瞬时转化  /  GUS活性

INTRODUCTION: Marigold (Tagetes erecta), an important ornamental and medicinal plant, has a unique capitulum characteristic of the Asteraceae family with distinct ray and disc florets. However, the lack of efficient genetic transformation system has limited the research on the mechanism of floral organ development of marigold. Floral transient transformation system offers a rapid approach to study the function of genes expressed specifically in floral organs. This study aimed to establish an efficient transient transformation system for marigold corollas and to analyze the promoter activity of TeCYC2c, which highly expressed in corollas, thereby laying the technical foundation for the rapid verification of floral gene function.
RATIONALE: A fusion expression vector, incorporating the CaMV35S promoter and the GUS reporter gene, was constructed to facilitate the transient transformation in marigold corollas. The study delved into the effects of bacterial strain type (GV3101, LBA4404, EHA105), bacterial suspension concentration (OD600 values 0.5-2.0), infection duration (10- 40 min), and co-culture time (1-4 d) on the transient transformation efficiency of the GUS gene. Based on this transient transformation system for the marigold corollas, the promoter activity of the TeCYC2c gene was investigated. A 1 735 bp upstream sequence of the TeCYC2c gene was cloned and four promoter deletion expression vectors, with the GUS gene as the reporter gene, were constructed based on the distribution and quantity of elements predicted by PlantCARE. Subsequently, these vectors were employed for transient transformation of marigold corollas to facilitate an in-depth analysis of promoter activity.
RESULTS: The transient transformation efficiency in marigold corollas demonstrated that the GV3101 strain achieved the highest infection efficiency; the bacterial suspension concentration, quantified at an OD600 value of 1.0, yielded the most robust transformation efficiency; the infection time was observed to exert no substantial influence on transient transformation efficacy; moreover, a co-culture time of 24 hours was identified as the optimal condition for the process. The results of GUS staining and GUS activity assay revealed that the core region of the promoter was located at -650 to -1 bp. It was speculated that the light-responsive elements within this region positively up-regulated the expression of downstream genes, while the hormone-responsive and stress-responsive elements unique to pTeCYC2c (-1 735) and pTeCYC2c (-1 406) might have an inhibitory effect on promoter-driven downstream gene expression.
CONCLUSION: This study established an efficient transient transformation system for marigold corollas, optimized through strain selection and parameter tuning. The identification of the TeCYC2c promoter core region (-650 to -1 bp) and its regulatory elements provides critical insights into the regulatory mechanism of the TeCYC2c gene. The transient transformation system and promoter analysis method lay a technical foundation for accelerating functional studies of floral development genes in marigold, with potential applications in the genetic improvement of ornamental plants.

GUS staining of marigold (Tagetes erecta) corollas under different transient transformation conditions. (A) GUS staining of marigold corollas infected by three different bacterial strains; (B) GUS staining under four different concentrations (OD600) of bacterial suspension; (C) GUS staining under four different infection duration; (D) GUS staining under four different co-culture time. (A)-(D) Bars=1 cm

marigold (Tagetes erecta)  /  TeCYC2c  /  promoter  /  transient transformation  /  GUS activity
窦淋琳, 朱钰, 刘翠翠, 臧运平, 陶正国, 包满珠, 何燕红. 万寿菊花冠高效瞬时转化体系的建立及TeCYC2c基因启动子活性分析. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 875 -887 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24150
Linlin Dou, Yu Zhu, Cuicui Liu, Yunping Zang, Zhengguo Tao, Manzhu Bao, Yanhong He. Establishment of an Efficient Transient Transformation System for Tagetes erecta Corollas and Analysis on the Promoter Activity of TeCYC2c Gene[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (6) : 875 -887 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24150
万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)隶属菊科万寿菊属(Tagetes), 为一年生草本, 花大色艳, 观赏性好, 同时也是提取叶黄素的植物原材料。目前, 对万寿菊的研究主要集中在花型发育(王文静等, 2023)、叶黄素合成(王瑞鹏等, 2023)和雄性不育(Ai et al., 2016)等方面, 定向进行万寿菊分子育种的研究较少。已建立了万寿菊稳定遗传转化体系, 但转化效率较低。杨帆(2011)、张嫔(2012)和余晓敏等(2023)分别采用超声波法、真空负压法及农杆菌介导法, 以万寿菊下胚轴、带腋芽茎段及叶片为外植体, 获得转基因植株, 但转化效率最高仅为4%。此外, 万寿菊稳定转化周期较长, 通常需4个月以上, 且操作步骤烦琐。再者, 万寿菊再生效率和稳定转化效率在很大程度上受基因型限制(王亚琴等, 2020)。鉴于万寿菊的遗传转化受多种因素制约, 故无法实现万寿菊基因功能的快速高效验证。与稳定的遗传转化相比, 瞬时转化可在短时间内实现对外源基因的表达, 有助于加快基因的功能研究。Godoy-Hernández等(2006)以携带β-葡萄糖苷酸酶(β-glucuronidase)基因GUS的植物表达载体pCAMBIA2301侵染万寿菊的下胚轴、根、叶和茎尖, 组织化学染色结果显示, GUS基因在瞬时转化3天后表达, 但尚未研究花冠中的瞬时转化体系。
菊科植物的头状花序大多由两侧对称、无雄蕊的舌状花和辐射对称、雄蕊可育的管状花组成, 两型花发育成为菊科植物的研究热点。研究发现, TCP转录因子参与两型花发育和调控(Hileman, 2014; Yuan et al., 2020)。在双子叶植物谱系中, 属于TCP转录因子家族的ECE分支在进化过程中发生过2次重大基因复制事件, 分别产生了CYC1、CYC2和CYC3三个亚支(Howarth and Donoghue, 2006), 其中CYC2调控花瓣的对称性发育、花瓣大小和雄蕊发育(Broholm et al., 2008; Juntheikki-Palovaara et al., 2014)。但在菊科不同物种中, CYC2类基因经历了次数不等的基因复制事件, 最终形成不同的拷贝数。例如, 向日葵(Helianthus annuus)具有8个CYC2类同源基因(Fambrini and Pugliesi, 2017), 非洲菊(Gerbera hybrida)具有5个CYC2类同源基因(Tahtiharju et al., 2012), 而万寿菊有7个CYC2类同源基因(Zhu et al., 2023), 且在不同物种中由不同的CYC2类基因控制小花的对称性发育。目前, 关于CYC2c基因的功能研究较多(Broholm et al., 2008; Juntheikki-Palovaara et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2016; Fambrini and Pugliesi, 2017), 但对其转录调控研究较少。万寿菊TeCYC2c基因在花冠中特异性高表达(Zhu et al., 2023), 但是其调控机制尚不明确。
我们以β-葡萄糖苷酸酶基因为报告基因, 建立万寿菊花冠高效瞬时转化体系, 同时构建TeCYC2c基因启动子缺失表达载体并瞬时转化万寿菊花冠, 分析TeCYC2c启动子活性。本研究建立了万寿菊花器官特异表达基因的启动子活性快速验证技术, 为解析花发育相关基因的功能奠定基础。
万寿菊(Tagetes erecta L.)培养方法如下: 将万寿菊种子(品种里程碑∙黄色, 购自赤峰塞诺园艺有限公司)播种于基质:泥炭:蛭石=2:1:1 (v/v/v)的混合物中, 在温度为25°C、湿度为60%、光周期为16小时光照/8小时黑暗条件下培养。在万寿菊舌状花花冠展开的第2天, 选取大小较为一致的花冠用于农杆菌侵染。农杆菌感受态细胞购自上海唯地生物技术有限公司, 携带GUS基因的质粒DX2181G由华中农业大学园艺林学学院张蔚老师惠赠。
采用同源重组法将CaMV35S启动子构建到含GUS报告基因的DX2181G载体上, 热激转化大肠杆菌(Es-
cherichia coli
)感受态细胞DH5α。将转化产物涂布于含50 mg·L-1硫酸卡那霉素的LB固体培养基上, 37°C培养12小时后进行菌落PCR鉴定。将阳性菌落送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序验证, 并且提取测序正确的菌液质粒。吸取100 ng阳性质粒, 通过液氮冻融法转化农杆菌感受态细胞, 然后涂布于含50 mg·L-1硫酸卡那霉素的LB固体培养基上, 28°C暗培养48小时。使用无菌牙签蘸取菌落进行PCR鉴定(引物组合为pCaMV35S-F: 5′-TGAGACTTTTCAACAAAGGGTAATTT-3′, D2181G-R: 5′-CAATAACATACGG CGTGACATC-3′), 挑取阳性菌落接种于含50 mg·L-1硫酸卡那霉素的LB液体培养基中, 28°C暗培养16小时。菌液按100:1 (v/v)的比例加入含50 mg·L-1硫酸卡那霉素的LB液体培养基中, 黑暗培养8小时。离心收集菌体后, 用含1 mmol·L-1 MgCl2、10 mmol·L-1 2-吗啉乙磺酸(2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, MES)和200 µmol·L-1乙酰丁香酮(acetosyringone, AS)的无菌水重悬, 并调整菌液OD600值至合适值, 然后在28°C条件下、25 ×g离心活化1小时。
基于菌液浸泡法(余晓敏等, 2023), 取大小和长势均匀的万寿菊花冠浸泡于重悬液中, 侵染固定期间, 每隔1分钟摇晃1次, 使菌液与花冠充分接触。侵染结束后, 用无菌水清洗花冠表面剩余菌液, 之后置于空培养皿上, 室温培养至对应天数。
菌株类型的确定: 将万寿菊花冠分别经菌液浓度OD600=1.0的GV3101、EHA105、LBA4404三种农杆菌侵染10分钟后, 花冠正面朝上置于空培养皿, 室温培养1天后进行GUS基因瞬时表达检测, 统计GUS基因的瞬时表达率。每个处理设3组重复, 每组重复40片花冠。
菌液浓度的确定: 菌液浓度OD600值设置为0.1、0.5、1和2, GV3101为侵染菌株, 侵染时间10分钟, 室温培养1天后对万寿菊花冠进行GUS基因表达检测, 统计瞬时转化效率。每个处理设3组重复, 每组重复40片花冠。
侵染时间的确定: 侵染时间设置为10、20、30和40分钟, GV3101为侵染菌株, 菌液浓度OD600= 1.0, 共培养1天后进行GUS基因表达检测, 统计瞬时转化效率。每个处理设置3组重复, 每组重复40片花冠。
共培养时间的确定: 共培养时间设置为1、2、3和4天, GV3101为侵染菌株, 菌液浓度OD600=1.0, 侵染时间为10分钟, 共培养结束后进行GUS基因表达检测, 统计瞬时转化效率。每个处理设3组重复, 每组重复40片花冠。
GUS瞬时表达率=(有蓝色斑点的花冠数/染色花冠总数)×100%。
以万寿菊新鲜叶片为材料, 采用CTAB法(何燕红, 2010)提取DNA。利用TBtools软件从万寿菊基因组(Tagetes erecta genome assembly: GCA_026213115.1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_026213115.1/)中提取TeCYC2c基因起始密码子上游2 000 bp序列作为启动子序列, 用Primer Primer 5.0设计扩增引物, 引物序列见表1。以万寿菊DNA为模板, 使用Vazyme高保真酶Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase进行PCR扩增。PCR反应程序为: 94°C预变性4分钟; 94°C变性30秒, 55°C退火30秒, 72°C延伸2分钟, 35个循环; 最后72°C延伸10分钟。PCR产物纯化后连接至TOPO载体, 并立即热激转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞DH5α, 菌落PCR检测后, 将阳性菌落送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。利用PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)在线数据库分析万寿菊TeCYC2c启动子调控元件。
基于PlantCARE预测的TeCYC2c基因启动子中的顺式作用元件位置, 设计了5′端启动子缺失克隆实验。分别设计了3对引物进行扩增, 3个5′端缺失片段与已克隆的启动子共用1个反向引物, 引物序列信息见表1。以携带1 735 bp长度启动子的TOPO载体质粒为模板, 通过PCR扩增获得不同长度的5′端缺失片段。PCR产物回收纯化后, 分别与TOPO载体连接, 之后的转化步骤同1.2.1节。
利用建立的万寿菊花冠瞬时转化方法将含有不同长度启动子的融合表达载体转化万寿菊花冠。对共培养结束后的花冠进行GUS染色和GUS酶活检测, 具体步骤参照Jefferson等(1987)的方法。
采用Microsoft Excel 2019软件进行数据处理。使用SPSS (版本21.0, SPSSInc., Chicago, Ill., USA)进行方差分析(ANOVA)和Duncan’s多重比较(P=0.05), 采用GraphPad Prism (版本9.5, GraphPad Software, San Diego, California USA, www.graphpad.com)绘图。
实验表明GV3101菌株的侵染能力最强(图1A), GUS基因的瞬时转化效率达79.33%, 显著高于EHA105和LBA4404菌株(其GUS瞬时转化效率分别为17.33%和18.67%) (图2A), 因此GV3101菌株为万寿菊花冠瞬时转化的最适农杆菌菌株。
瞬时转化过程中, 一定浓度范围内菌液浓度增加可提高GUS基因的瞬时转化效率(图1B, 图2B), 菌液浓度OD600值在0.1-1.0之间时, 随着菌液浓度的增加, 菌株的侵染能力增强, GUS基因的瞬时转化效率提高; 但当OD600值达到2.0时, 转化效率反而下降。故进行万寿菊花冠瞬时转化时, 选取菌液OD600值为1.0。
本研究中, 侵染时间对GUS基因瞬时转化效率无显著影响(图1C)。侵染时间设置为10、20、30和40分钟4个时间梯度, 万寿菊花冠瞬时转化效率无显著差异(图2C)。
瞬时转化后的万寿菊花冠共培养1天后, GUS基因的瞬时转化效率显著高于其它几个处理(图1D, 图2D)。随着共培养时间的增加, GUS基因的瞬时转化效率逐渐降低。故进行万寿菊花冠瞬时转化时, 共培养时间选取1天。
根据万寿菊基因组序列信息设计TeCYC2c启动子扩增引物, 通过常规PCR克隆获得ATG上游1 735 bp的启动子序列。利用PlantCARE在线预测网站预测TeCYC2c启动子中可能存在的元件类型及数量。结果显示, 该启动子除包含CAAT-box和TATA-box等核心元件外, 还含有多种光应答、植物激素响应和环境胁迫响应元件(表2)。值得注意的是, 该序列中有13个参与光响应及光调控的元件, 3个植物激素应答元件CGTCA-motif、ABRE和TATC-box, 3个环境胁迫应答元件ARE、MBS和LTR。此外, 还有1个参与黄酮类生物合成基因调控元件MBSI和1个参与玉米醇溶蛋白代谢调节元件。
通过分析上述顺式作用元件, 发现光响应元件主要分布在ATG上游650 bp区间内, 而在ATG上游1 735和650 bp区间主要分布的是植物激素响应(CGTCA-motif、ABRE和TATC-box)以及逆境胁迫响应元件(ARE、MBS和LTR)。为探究光、植物激素和逆境胁迫响应元件的特殊功能, 通过PCR克隆获得4个长度分别为650、1 000、1 406和1 735 bp的5′端片段, 将其分别命名为pTeCYC2c (-650)、pTeCYC2c (-1 000)、pTeCYC2c (-1 406)和pTeCYC2c (-1 735) (图3)。其中, pTeCYC2c (-650)启动子仅含有光响应元件、pTeCYC2c (-1 000)启动子仅含有MeJA响应元件、pTeCYC2c (-1 406)启动子在含有光响应和MeJA响应元件的基础上, 增加了ABA响应和厌氧诱导响应元件, 而pTeCYC2c (-1 735)所特有的元件主要包括干旱诱导和低温响应元件。
为探明TeCYC2c启动子不同片段的活性情况, 将4个不同长度启动子与GUS基因的融合表达载体瞬时转化万寿菊花冠, 共培养1天之后进行GUS化学染色和活性测定。万寿菊花冠染色结果表明, pTeCYC2c (-1 735)、pTeCYC2c (-1 406)、pTeCYC2c (-1 000)和pTeCYC2c (-650)瞬时转化的万寿菊花冠均能被染上蓝色(图4), 表明4个启动子片段均能驱动GUS基因的表达。通过GUS酶活测定分析不同长度启动子活性, 结果表明pTeCYC2c (-650)和pTeCYC2c (-1 000)片段驱动GUS基因表达的活性无显著差异, 且这个启动子片段活性显著高于pTeCYC2c (-1 406)和pTeCYC2c (-1 735), 而pTeCYC2c (-1 735)活性显著强于pTeCYC2c (-1 406) (图4F)。由此推测启动子核心区域位于-650 - -1 bp之间, 该区间内存在光应答增强元件, 而在启动子-1 000 - -1 735 bp区间内存在植物激素和逆境胁迫负调控元件, 在启动子-1 406 - -1 735 bp区间内同样存在光应答增强元件。
瞬时表达周期短且重复性好, 克服了稳定转化方式周期长和转化效率低等缺点, 常用于亚细胞定位及验证蛋白质之间或蛋白质与DNA的互作等, 对验证植物基因功能有重要意义。目前, 已建立了多种植物的瞬时转化体系(Zheng et al., 2012)。万寿菊是重要的观赏植物和工业原材料, 其花冠是主要的研究对象, 在万寿菊花冠中实现基因瞬时转化有助于快速揭示花冠中特异表达基因的功能。本研究以万寿菊花冠为研究对象, 分析了农杆菌菌株类型、菌液浓度、侵染时间和共培养时间4个要素对瞬时表达效率的影响。
不同农杆菌菌株类型是影响外源基因瞬时表达效率的重要因素。孙敏等(2023)发现, 在苜蓿(Medicago sativa)叶片中实现外源基因的瞬时表达需要特定的农杆菌LBA4404。余晓敏等(2023)研究表明, LBA4404和EHA105菌株介导的万寿菊叶片GUS瞬时表达率高于GV3101菌株。Godoy-Hernández等(2006)发现, LBA4404农杆菌介导的万寿菊不同外植体的GUS基因瞬时转化效率存在差异。本研究发现, GV3101菌株相较于LBA4404和EHA105菌株介导的万寿菊花冠中瞬时转化效率更高。推测不同农杆菌介导的基因瞬时转化效率不同可能与植物种类、部位以及对农杆菌的亲和性和对农杆菌菌株的敏感性不同有关。
在瞬时转化过程中, 较高菌液浓度和长时间的共培养可能会降低外源基因的表达。本研究发现随着GV3101菌液浓度的增加, GUS基因在万寿菊花冠中的瞬时转化效率呈现先上升后下降趋势, 菌液OD600为1.0时GUS基因的表达效率最高。共培养1天时GUS基因的瞬时表达效率最高, 延长共培养时间会降低GUS的表达。可能是由于农杆菌的毒性抑制了植物的代谢活动(Moënne-Loccoz et al., 2015)。此外, 万寿菊的花冠较薄, 且不能进行光合作用, 外源基因依靠细胞原本储存的底物和能量进行蛋白表达, 随着共培养时间的延长, 细胞中的物质和能量减少, 且农杆菌对细胞的毒害作用增强, GUS基因的表达和积累水平逐渐下降。后续, 本研究组会进一步探索其它因素, 如悬浮液中的MES和AS浓度等对GUS基因瞬时表达效率的影响。
CYC2c是调控植物花器官对称性形成的关键基因。本研究通过PCR技术克隆获得了1 735 bp的TeCYC2c启动子序列, 预测其包含多种顺式作用元件, 推测该基因受到多种因素诱导表达。TeCYC2c基因启动子序列中含有多种光响应元件, 如LAMP- element、TCT-motif、Box 4和ACE。研究表明, 花器官的形成和分化受光信号调控。例如, 蓝光对矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)花芽形成起关键作用, 而红光对花芽形成的作用取决于光照强度(Fukuda et al., 2016); 利用红光间断暗期可诱导光敏不育水稻(Oryza sativa)产生高不育性花粉, 而利用红光/远红光间断暗期可使花粉育性恢复(Tong et al., 1990), 暗示万寿菊中TeCYC2c基因的表达同样受光信号调控。此外, 序列中还含有3种植物激素响应元件, CGTCA-motif、ABRE和TATC-box。Ishiguro等(2001)研究表明, 茉莉酸类物质在调控植物花器官发育, 尤其是花粉发育和花药开裂中发挥重要作用, 推测TeCYC2c基因的表达可能与植物激素调节相关。除上述元件外, TeCYC2c启动子序列中还含有ARE、MBS和LTR等逆境胁迫响应元件, 暗示TeCYC2c可能参与植物响应非生物胁迫过程。此外, 该启动子序列中还含有玉米醇溶蛋白代谢调节元件和参与类黄酮生物合成基因调控的MYB结合位点, 表明TeCYC2c基因的表达还可能受到生理因素调控。
启动子的核心区域对基因表达调控起关键作用, 缺失片段分析法是预测启动子核心区域的常用手段(文永等, 2020)。为探究TeCYC2c启动子的核心区域, 本研究以不同长度启动子片段调控GUS基因分别构建植物表达载体瞬时转化万寿菊花冠。GUS染色结果表明, 不同长度启动子均具有活性, 可启动下游基因表达。GUS酶活定量检测结果进一步表明, 启动子的核心区域位于ATG上游-650 - -1 bp处, 其中pTeCYC2c (-650)启动子活性显著高于pTeCYC2c (-1 406)和pTeCYC2c (-1 735)。推测pTeCYC2c (-650)启动子中的光应答元件增强了下游基因在万寿菊花冠中的表达, 而pTeCYC2c (-1 406)和pTeCYC2c (-1 735)启动子中的植物激素响应元件(ABRE、TATC)以及非生物胁迫响应元件(ARE和MBS等)可能抑制下游基因表达。值得注意的是, pTeCYC2c (-650)和pTeCYC2c (-1 000)启动子对下游基因的正向调控能力无显著差异, 推测CGTCA-motif元件不能调控TeCYC2c的表达, 或者其调控机制更为复杂。而pTeCYC2c (-1 735)启动子活性显著高于pTeCYC2c (-1 406), 推测pTeCYC2c (-1 735)中的光响应元件(Box 4和G-box等)可能具有增强下游基因表达的作用。前人研究表明, UV通过光应答、厌氧诱导和ABA响应元件调控花器官特异表达基因的转录(van der Meer et al., 1990)。光信号影响花器官发育的报道更加印证了光响应元件对下游基因表达具有正调控作用。有研究表明, 赤霉素对雄蕊、花瓣和子房的发育起重要调控作用, GA合成缺陷突变体会导致拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)花芽发育产生短花瓣与短雄蕊, 甚至会引起植株雄性不育或雌性不育(Goto and Pharis, 1999; Hu et al., 2008; Rieu et al., 2008)。ABA促进植株成花诱导, 但对花器官发育具抑制作用(Tanimoto et al., 1985; Su et al., 2002), 推测这些植物激素应答元件在万寿菊中通过抑制或减弱启动子活性来降低TeCYC2c基因在花冠中的表达, 从而实现对万寿菊花器官对称性形成和雄蕊发育的调控作用。目前, 关于非生物胁迫元件调控花器官发育的研究报道较少, 但根据本研究结果, 推测其同样负调控下游基因的表达。
本研究以万寿菊花冠为材料, GUS基因为报告基因, 初步建立了万寿菊花冠高效瞬时转化体系, 最优转化条件如下: 菌株类型为GV3101、菌液浓度为OD600=1.0、共培养时间为1天。基于万寿菊花冠高效瞬时转化体系, 对TeCYC2c启动子活性分析的结果表明, 4个不同长度启动子均具有启动子活性, 均能驱动下游基因表达, 但不同长度启动子活性存在差异, 推测TeCYC2c启动子的核心区域位于ATG上游-650 - -1 bp, 位于该区间内的光响应元件可能具有正调控下游基因表达的作用, 而pTeCYC2c (-1 406)和pTeCYC2c (-1 735)所特有的植物激素响应和逆境响应元件可能行使抑制启动子驱动下游基因表达的功能。
窦淋琳: 实施研究过程, 分析数据并撰写论文; 朱钰: 完成实验并分析数据; 刘翠翠: 分析数据并参与论文修改; 臧运平和陶正国: 提供样品与技术支持; 包满珠: 提出研究选题, 设计研究方案; 何燕红: 提出研究选题, 设计方案并提供支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32172616)
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2025年第60卷第6期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24150
  • 接收时间:2024-10-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-02
  • 录用日期:2025-01-20
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国家自然科学基金(32172616)
作者信息
    1 华中农业大学园艺林学学院, 果蔬园艺作物种质创新与利用全国重点实验室, 武汉 430070
    2 云南立达尔生物科技有限公司, 文山 663100
    3 广州立达尔生物科技股份有限公司, 广州 510663

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* 何燕红, 1982年10月生, 江苏常州人, 现为华中农业大学园艺林学学院园林系副教授。2005-2010年华中农业大学博士毕业后留校任教, 2015年在佛罗里达大学访学1年。长期从事万寿菊、月季和百合等花卉的遗传育种研究。主持国家重点研发计划子课题、国家自然科学基金等项目近10项; 荣获湖北省科技进步一等奖1项(2013年, 第二完成人), 广东省科技进步二等奖1项(2019年, 第6完成人); 审定或授权新品种5个; 申请专利6项; 制定标准3项; 主编或副主编教材和专著3部; 在Horticulture Research、Plant Science、BMC Plant Biology及《中国农业科学》和《植物学报》等期刊发表科研论文30余篇。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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