Article(id=1321790774388306014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24149, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24149, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737302400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-20, onlineDate=1793069078298, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793069078298, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793069078298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793069078298, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321790773536866550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='489', pageEnd='663', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793069078096, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793069146158, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321791059068310443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321791059068310444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=562, endPage=572, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321790774631575647, articleId=1321790774388306014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=New Leaf Architecture Classification of
Mahonia (Berberidaceae), columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
INTRODUCTION Mahonia (Berberidaceae), a basal eudicot lineage, ranks as the second largest genus in the family, comprising approximately 100 species distributed across subtropical to temperate regions of East Asia and North America. The genus exhibits a classic East Asia-Western North America (EA/WNA) disjunction. Notably, Mahonia preserves abundant leaf fossil records in Cenozoic strata of the Northern Hemisphere, reflecting its prolonged evolutionary history. Characterized by distinctive foliar architecture that differs markedly from other angiosperm groups, this genus holds significant potential as a invaluable biological proxy or model plant for investigating the formation of intercontinental disjunct distribution patterns. Its unique morphological traits and biogeographic history provide critical opportunities to trace genus-level morphological evolution and spatio-temporal dynamics against the backdrop of global tectonic movements and climatic shifts.
RATIONALE Through comprehensive morphological surveys of extant Mahonia species, we established a novel leaf architecture classification framework designed for application to fossil leaf typology. This system aims to elucidate the genus’ foliar evolutionary trajectory since the Cenozoic and unravel the historical processes underlying its intercontinental disjunct distribution.
RESULTS Traditionally taxonomist divides Mahonia into two groups based on venation patterns: the palmately veined Group Orientales and the pinnately veined Group Occidentales. Building upon previous studies, we analyzed leaf architecture across 46 extant species and developed a refined subclade classification system using four diagnostic traits: leaflet margin type, serration density (teeth per edge), serration height, and leaflet length-to-width ratio. The Group Oriental was subdivided into seven foliar types (Microphylla, Japonica, Cardiophylla, Bodinieri, Polyodonta, Fortunei, and Nervosa), while the Occidental clade yielded six types (Chochoco, Dictyota, Volcania, Pumila, Lanceolata, and Aquifolium), accompanied by a diagnostic key. Distributional analyses revealed that within Group Orientales, geographic range expands with increasing serration height, whereas in Group Occidentales, distribution range correlates positively with serration density. The framework’s utility was further validated through taxonomic reclassification of two disputed fossil specimens, demonstrating its applicability to paleobotanical studies.
CONCLUSION Our refined foliar classification system for Mahonia represents a significant advancement in precision and granularity over previous systems. This framework holds substantial promise for standardizing Cenozoic leaf fossil typology across the Northern Hemisphere, while providing critical insights into the genus’ foliar evolution and the historical assembly of its intercontinental disjunct distribution pattern.

Retrieval and line drawings of leaf architecture of Mahonia
, authors=Bailong Zhao
1, 2, 3, Yeliang Li
4, Yufei Wang
1, 2, 3, Bin Sun
1, 2, authorsList=Bailong Zhao, Yeliang Li, Yufei Wang, Bin Sun, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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小檗科十大功劳属(Mahonia)是典型的东亚-北美洲际间断分布属, 在北半球新生代地层中有丰富的叶化石记录。其叶结构特征特殊, 易与其它被子植物类群区分, 有潜力成为一个独特的生物代用指标或模式植物, 用于追踪东亚-北美物种间断分布格局形成过程。传统分类依据叶结构特征将十大功劳属分为掌状脉的东方组和羽状脉的西方组。在前人研究的基础上, 依据详细的叶结构特征将该属进一步细分为东方组的7个叶片类型(Microphylla类型、Japonica类型、Cardiophylla类型、Bodinieri类型、Polyodonta类型、Fortunei类型和Nervosa类型)和西方组的6个叶片类型(Chochoco类型、Dictyota类型、Volcania类型、Pumila类型、Lanceolata类型和Aquifolium类型)。新建的十大功劳属叶结构分型体系将有极大潜力服务于该属化石叶的分型及追踪其叶形态演化和洲际间断分布式样的形成。
, authors=赵白龙
1, 2, 3, 李业亮
4, 王宇飞
1, 2, 3, 孙斌
1, 2, *, authorsList=赵白龙, 李业亮, 王宇飞, 孙斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙斌, 博士, 助理研究员。研究领域为植物演化生物学。主要聚焦于中生代晚期至新生代植物演化及新生代古环境重建。先后主持国家自然科学基金及中国科学院生物分类科学家项目。以第一作者身份在Science Bulletin和Scientific Reports等期刊发表多篇研究论文。E-mail:
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1State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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1中国科学院植物研究所, 植物多样性与特色经济作物全国重点实验室, 北京 100093
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1State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Mahonia aquifolium, the type of Mahonia Showing its morphology and habitat (photoed by Mr. Ziyu Wang from China National Botanical Garden (South Garden).
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十大功劳属模式植物北美十大功劳 图示植株形态与生境(王孜宇拍摄于国家植物园南园)。
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Retrieval and line drawings of leaf types of the Group Orientales in the genus Mahonia (A) Group Orientales leaf types (modified from Huang et al., 2016), with red lines indicating basal palmate venation (primary veins), purple and green (secondary veins) as well as blue (tertiary veins) lines indicating festooned structures; (B) Microphylla type; (C) Japonica type; (D) Cardiophylla type; (E) Bodinieri type; (F) Nervosa type; (G) Polyodonta type; (H) Fortunei type
, figureFileSmall=Ziq3WOxaqrRKi4cq7OS0mw==, figureFileBig=ouM8AHiD6D6knmbMq/lfNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790783435419806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790774388306014, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
十大功劳属东方组叶片类型的检索图及线描图 (A) 东方组叶片类型(改自Huang等, 2016), 红色线条表示基出掌状脉(主脉序), 紫色和绿色(二级脉序)以及蓝色(三级脉序)线条表示花环状结构; (B) Microphylla类型; (C) Japonica类型; (D) Cardiophylla类型; (E) Bodinieri类型; (F) Nervosa类型; (G) Polyodonta类型; (H) Fortunei类型
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Retrieval and line drawings of leaf types of the Group Occidentales in the genus Mahonia (A) Group Occidentales leaf types (modified from Huang et al., 2016), with red line indicating primary vein and green lines indicating pinnate venation (secondary veins); (B) Chochoco type; (C) Dictyota type; (D) Volcania type; (E) Pumila type; (F) Lanceolata type; (G) Aquifolium type
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十大功劳属西方组叶片类型的检索图及线描图 (A) 西方组叶片类型(改自Huang等, 2016), 红色线条表示主脉, 绿色线条表示羽状脉(二级脉序); (B) Chochoco类型; (C) Dictyota类型; (D) Volcania类型; (E) Pumila类型; (F) Lanceolata类型; (G) Aquifolium类型
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