Article(id=1321790774388306014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24149, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24149, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737302400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-20, onlineDate=1793069078298, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1752076800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793069078298, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793069078298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793069078298, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321790773536866550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='489', pageEnd='663', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752076800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793069078096, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793069146158, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321791059068310443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321791059068310444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1321790773536866550, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=562, endPage=572, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321790774631575647, articleId=1321790774388306014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=New Leaf Architecture Classification of Mahonia (Berberidaceae), columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION Mahonia (Berberidaceae), a basal eudicot lineage, ranks as the second largest genus in the family, comprising approximately 100 species distributed across subtropical to temperate regions of East Asia and North America. The genus exhibits a classic East Asia-Western North America (EA/WNA) disjunction. Notably, Mahonia preserves abundant leaf fossil records in Cenozoic strata of the Northern Hemisphere, reflecting its prolonged evolutionary history. Characterized by distinctive foliar architecture that differs markedly from other angiosperm groups, this genus holds significant potential as a invaluable biological proxy or model plant for investigating the formation of intercontinental disjunct distribution patterns. Its unique morphological traits and biogeographic history provide critical opportunities to trace genus-level morphological evolution and spatio-temporal dynamics against the backdrop of global tectonic movements and climatic shifts.

RATIONALE Through comprehensive morphological surveys of extant Mahonia species, we established a novel leaf architecture classification framework designed for application to fossil leaf typology. This system aims to elucidate the genus’ foliar evolutionary trajectory since the Cenozoic and unravel the historical processes underlying its intercontinental disjunct distribution.

RESULTS Traditionally taxonomist divides Mahonia into two groups based on venation patterns: the palmately veined Group Orientales and the pinnately veined Group Occidentales. Building upon previous studies, we analyzed leaf architecture across 46 extant species and developed a refined subclade classification system using four diagnostic traits: leaflet margin type, serration density (teeth per edge), serration height, and leaflet length-to-width ratio. The Group Oriental was subdivided into seven foliar types (Microphylla, Japonica, Cardiophylla, Bodinieri, Polyodonta, Fortunei, and Nervosa), while the Occidental clade yielded six types (Chochoco, Dictyota, Volcania, Pumila, Lanceolata, and Aquifolium), accompanied by a diagnostic key. Distributional analyses revealed that within Group Orientales, geographic range expands with increasing serration height, whereas in Group Occidentales, distribution range correlates positively with serration density. The framework’s utility was further validated through taxonomic reclassification of two disputed fossil specimens, demonstrating its applicability to paleobotanical studies.

CONCLUSION Our refined foliar classification system for Mahonia represents a significant advancement in precision and granularity over previous systems. This framework holds substantial promise for standardizing Cenozoic leaf fossil typology across the Northern Hemisphere, while providing critical insights into the genus’ foliar evolution and the historical assembly of its intercontinental disjunct distribution pattern.

Retrieval and line drawings of leaf architecture of Mahonia

, authors=Bailong Zhao1, 2, 3, Yeliang Li4, Yufei Wang1, 2, 3, Bin Sun1, 2, authorsList=Bailong Zhao, Yeliang Li, Yufei Wang, Bin Sun, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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小檗科十大功劳属(Mahonia)是典型的东亚-北美洲际间断分布属, 在北半球新生代地层中有丰富的叶化石记录。其叶结构特征特殊, 易与其它被子植物类群区分, 有潜力成为一个独特的生物代用指标或模式植物, 用于追踪东亚-北美物种间断分布格局形成过程。传统分类依据叶结构特征将十大功劳属分为掌状脉的东方组和羽状脉的西方组。在前人研究的基础上, 依据详细的叶结构特征将该属进一步细分为东方组的7个叶片类型(Microphylla类型、Japonica类型、Cardiophylla类型、Bodinieri类型、Polyodonta类型、Fortunei类型和Nervosa类型)和西方组的6个叶片类型(Chochoco类型、Dictyota类型、Volcania类型、Pumila类型、Lanceolata类型和Aquifolium类型)。新建的十大功劳属叶结构分型体系将有极大潜力服务于该属化石叶的分型及追踪其叶形态演化和洲际间断分布式样的形成。

, authors=赵白龙1, 2, 3, 李业亮4, 王宇飞1, 2, 3, 孙斌1, 2, *, authorsList=赵白龙, 李业亮, 王宇飞, 孙斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙斌, 博士, 助理研究员。研究领域为植物演化生物学。主要聚焦于中生代晚期至新生代植物演化及新生代古环境重建。先后主持国家自然科学基金及中国科学院生物分类科学家项目。以第一作者身份在Science Bulletin和Scientific Reports等期刊发表多篇研究论文。E-mail:
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Showing its morphology and habitat (photoed by Mr. Ziyu Wang from China National Botanical Garden (South Garden).

, figureFileSmall=bE1UO/PGmARiAKzOp+0MeA==, figureFileBig=+d2uhwicFfvlEri69FixXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790782965657756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790774388306014, language=CN, label=图1, caption=十大功劳属模式植物北美十大功劳

图示植株形态与生境(王孜宇拍摄于国家植物园南园)。

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(A) Group Orientales leaf types (modified from Huang et al., 2016), with red lines indicating basal palmate venation (primary veins), purple and green (secondary veins) as well as blue (tertiary veins) lines indicating festooned structures; (B) Microphylla type; (C) Japonica type; (D) Cardiophylla type; (E) Bodinieri type; (F) Nervosa type; (G) Polyodonta type; (H) Fortunei type

, figureFileSmall=Ziq3WOxaqrRKi4cq7OS0mw==, figureFileBig=ouM8AHiD6D6knmbMq/lfNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790783435419806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790774388306014, language=CN, label=图2, caption=十大功劳属东方组叶片类型的检索图及线描图

(A) 东方组叶片类型(改自Huang等, 2016), 红色线条表示基出掌状脉(主脉序), 紫色和绿色(二级脉序)以及蓝色(三级脉序)线条表示花环状结构; (B) Microphylla类型; (C) Japonica类型; (D) Cardiophylla类型; (E) Bodinieri类型; (F) Nervosa类型; (G) Polyodonta类型; (H) Fortunei类型

, figureFileSmall=Ziq3WOxaqrRKi4cq7OS0mw==, figureFileBig=ouM8AHiD6D6knmbMq/lfNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321790783510917279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1321790774388306014, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Retrieval and line drawings of leaf types of the Group Occidentales in the genus Mahonia

(A) Group Occidentales leaf types (modified from Huang et al., 2016), with red line indicating primary vein and green lines indicating pinnate venation (secondary veins); (B) Chochoco type; (C) Dictyota type; (D) Volcania type; (E) Pumila type; (F) Lanceolata type; (G) Aquifolium type

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(A) 西方组叶片类型(改自Huang等, 2016), 红色线条表示主脉, 绿色线条表示羽状脉(二级脉序); (B) Chochoco类型; (C) Dictyota类型; (D) Volcania类型; (E) Pumila类型; (F) Lanceolata类型; (G) Aquifolium类型

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十大功劳属(小檗科)叶结构分型新体系
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赵白龙 1, 2, 3 , 李业亮 4 , 王宇飞 1, 2, 3 , 孙斌 1, 2, *
植物学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(4): 562-572
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植物学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (4) : 562 -572
十大功劳属(小檗科)叶结构分型新体系
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赵白龙1, 2, 3, 李业亮4, 王宇飞1, 2, 3, 孙斌1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院植物研究所, 植物多样性与特色经济作物全国重点实验室, 北京 100093
  • 2国家植物园, 北京 100093
  • 3中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 4河南中医药大学, 郑州 450046
通讯作者:
*孙斌, 博士, 助理研究员。研究领域为植物演化生物学。主要聚焦于中生代晚期至新生代植物演化及新生代古环境重建。先后主持国家自然科学基金及中国科学院生物分类科学家项目。以第一作者身份在Science Bulletin和Scientific Reports等期刊发表多篇研究论文。E-mail:
New Leaf Architecture Classification of Mahonia (Berberidaceae)
Bailong Zhao1, 2, 3, Yeliang Li4, Yufei Wang1, 2, 3, Bin Sun1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
  • 2China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-07-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24149
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小檗科十大功劳属(Mahonia)是典型的东亚-北美洲际间断分布属, 在北半球新生代地层中有丰富的叶化石记录。其叶结构特征特殊, 易与其它被子植物类群区分, 有潜力成为一个独特的生物代用指标或模式植物, 用于追踪东亚-北美物种间断分布格局形成过程。传统分类依据叶结构特征将十大功劳属分为掌状脉的东方组和羽状脉的西方组。在前人研究的基础上, 依据详细的叶结构特征将该属进一步细分为东方组的7个叶片类型(Microphylla类型、Japonica类型、Cardiophylla类型、Bodinieri类型、Polyodonta类型、Fortunei类型和Nervosa类型)和西方组的6个叶片类型(Chochoco类型、Dictyota类型、Volcania类型、Pumila类型、Lanceolata类型和Aquifolium类型)。新建的十大功劳属叶结构分型体系将有极大潜力服务于该属化石叶的分型及追踪其叶形态演化和洲际间断分布式样的形成。

十大功劳属  /  叶结构  /  分型  /  形态演化  /  东亚-北美间断分布

INTRODUCTION Mahonia (Berberidaceae), a basal eudicot lineage, ranks as the second largest genus in the family, comprising approximately 100 species distributed across subtropical to temperate regions of East Asia and North America. The genus exhibits a classic East Asia-Western North America (EA/WNA) disjunction. Notably, Mahonia preserves abundant leaf fossil records in Cenozoic strata of the Northern Hemisphere, reflecting its prolonged evolutionary history. Characterized by distinctive foliar architecture that differs markedly from other angiosperm groups, this genus holds significant potential as a invaluable biological proxy or model plant for investigating the formation of intercontinental disjunct distribution patterns. Its unique morphological traits and biogeographic history provide critical opportunities to trace genus-level morphological evolution and spatio-temporal dynamics against the backdrop of global tectonic movements and climatic shifts.

RATIONALE Through comprehensive morphological surveys of extant Mahonia species, we established a novel leaf architecture classification framework designed for application to fossil leaf typology. This system aims to elucidate the genus’ foliar evolutionary trajectory since the Cenozoic and unravel the historical processes underlying its intercontinental disjunct distribution.

RESULTS Traditionally taxonomist divides Mahonia into two groups based on venation patterns: the palmately veined Group Orientales and the pinnately veined Group Occidentales. Building upon previous studies, we analyzed leaf architecture across 46 extant species and developed a refined subclade classification system using four diagnostic traits: leaflet margin type, serration density (teeth per edge), serration height, and leaflet length-to-width ratio. The Group Oriental was subdivided into seven foliar types (Microphylla, Japonica, Cardiophylla, Bodinieri, Polyodonta, Fortunei, and Nervosa), while the Occidental clade yielded six types (Chochoco, Dictyota, Volcania, Pumila, Lanceolata, and Aquifolium), accompanied by a diagnostic key. Distributional analyses revealed that within Group Orientales, geographic range expands with increasing serration height, whereas in Group Occidentales, distribution range correlates positively with serration density. The framework’s utility was further validated through taxonomic reclassification of two disputed fossil specimens, demonstrating its applicability to paleobotanical studies.

CONCLUSION Our refined foliar classification system for Mahonia represents a significant advancement in precision and granularity over previous systems. This framework holds substantial promise for standardizing Cenozoic leaf fossil typology across the Northern Hemisphere, while providing critical insights into the genus’ foliar evolution and the historical assembly of its intercontinental disjunct distribution pattern.

Retrieval and line drawings of leaf architecture of Mahonia

Mahonia  /  leaf architecture  /  classification  /  morphological evolution  /  East Asia-North America disjunction
赵白龙, 李业亮, 王宇飞, 孙斌. 十大功劳属(小檗科)叶结构分型新体系. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 562 -572 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24149
Bailong Zhao, Yeliang Li, Yufei Wang, Bin Sun. New Leaf Architecture Classification of Mahonia (Berberidaceae)[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (4) : 562 -572 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24149
十大功劳属(Mahonia)隶属真双子叶植物基部类群的小檗科(The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016), 为小檗科第二大属(Hsieh et al., 2022), 约有100种, 分布于东亚大陆和北美大陆的亚热带至温带地区(Yu and Chung, 2017), 呈典型的东亚-北美洲际间断分布格局(Chen et al., 2020)。十大功劳属在北半球新生代地层中有丰富的叶化石记录(Manchester, 2000; Kayseri, 2010; Kvaček et al., 2011; Güner and Denk, 2012; Postigo-Mijarra et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2017; Doweld, 2018; Kvaček and Teodoridis, 2019; Tang et al., 2023), 表明其有悠久的演化历史。同时, 由于十大功劳属具有独特的叶结构特征, 如主脉序为掌状脉或羽状脉, 二级脉弓形, 三级脉具花环状结构, 末级脉无或游离, 不分支, 明显区别于其它被子植物类群(Manchester, 2001; Güner and Denk, 2012; Huang et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2017)。因此, 十大功劳属极有潜力成为研究东亚-北美西洲际间断分布格局形成的代表性研究类群, 在全球板块运动和气候变化背景下, 用于追踪该属的形态演化和时空分布。
十大功劳属的模式种为北美十大功劳(Mahonia aquifolium) (图1)。该种为林下常绿小灌木, 单回奇数羽状复叶, 互生, 有或几无叶柄; 生在茎秆顶端; 侧生小叶对生, 常近无小叶柄, 顶生小叶常有明显的小叶柄; 叶革质; 小叶边缘具刺齿, 茎上有刺。花序顶生, 由多个簇生的总状花序或圆锥状花序组成, 花呈黄色, 雄蕊6枚; 浆果深蓝色至黑色(Ahrendt, 1961; Ying et al., 2011)。
十大功劳属的叶片特征(叶柄长度、小叶对数、小叶边缘类型、小叶形状及小叶边缘齿数量等)被分类学家视为重要的种间鉴定性状(Ahrendt, 1961; Ying et al., 2011)。依据叶脉类型, 该属可分为具掌状脉的东方组(63种)和具羽状脉的西方组(38种) (Chen et al., 2020)。其中东方组的绝大多数物种分布在东亚, 仅有M. nervosa分布在北美西部; 而西方组的所有物种均分布在北美西部(Ahrendt, 1961; Güner and Denk, 2012; Yu and Chung, 2017)。
武建勇(2008)研究发现, 小叶数目、小叶锯齿数目及着生位置、顶端小叶大小及小叶柄长度、叶柄长度和最下面1对小叶与其余小叶的比较具有分类价值。除小叶锯齿数目及着生位置外, 以上性状都需要观察完整的复叶, 这对于十大功劳属现存物种很容易获得, 可以据此进行种间区分。然而, 对于十大功劳属化石记录, 除1例种子化石(Mai and Walther, 1988)外, 已发表的该属叶化石都是以独立的小叶或者部分复叶保存, 未见完整的复叶保存(Güner and Denk, 2012; Tang et al., 2023)。因此, 武建勇(2008)提出的十大功劳属种间鉴定特征不适用于化石材料鉴定。
Güner和Denk (2012)将全球发表的十大功劳属化石种的叶片化石分成东方组的M. fortueni-eurybracteata类型、M. fortunei类型、M. nervosa类型和西方组的M. aquifolium/fremontii类型共4种类型。Huang等(2016)依据十大功劳属小叶叶形、小叶长宽比、每边齿数和齿大小, 将东方组化石种分为4个叶片(小叶)类型, 即Nervosa、Simplex、Fortunei和Malheuren类型, 未涉及西方组化石种以及该属的现存类群叶片分型。
鉴于此, 基于对十大功劳属现存物种叶片形态的广泛调查, 本研究建立了该属叶片分型新体系, 旨在将其应用于该属化石叶片分型, 以期为研究该属新生代以来叶形态演化趋势和东亚-北美洲际间断分布式样的形成提供关键依据。
基于最新的小檗科十大功劳属系统发育框架(Yu and Chung, 2017; Chen et al., 2020), 在涵盖属下10个主要支系的前提下, 选择了46个物种, 尽可能覆盖叶形态变异的最大范围。我们查阅了中国科学院植物研究所植物标本馆的实体标本记录以及多个在线植物标本数据库, 收集了十大功劳属46个物种的叶片性状信息。对每个物种统计了100枚叶片的长宽比、300枚叶片的每边齿数以及300个齿的高度。46个现代物种的详细信息见网络资源(https://github.com/WDragon101/Mahonia-classification-resources), 标本信息采集方法见附图1。
在选择用于十大功劳属叶片分型的性状时, 我们首先考虑Huang等(2016)使用的小叶叶形、小叶长宽比、每边齿数和齿高度。由于小叶叶形变异很大(武建勇, 2008), 故不适用于建立叶片分型体系; 而小叶长宽比、每边齿数和齿高度则用来建立叶片分型体系。此外, 我们还选用小叶叶脉脉式及其叶缘类型作为叶片分型标准。
首先, 我们建立了基于十大功劳属现存物种的新分型体系。然后, 为了让新标准能够扩展应用到该属的叶片化石种, 在不影响本分型标准中每个叶片类型判断标准的原则下, 我们将本分型标准中数量性状的范围尽量扩大, 如东方组Nervosa类型的标准范围为叶缘具齿, 每边齿数多于5和小叶长宽比小于2。
从全球生物多样性信息网络数据库(Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF) (Feijó等, 2021)和中国数字植物标本馆(Chinese Virtual Herbarium, CVH)中获取十大功劳属现存物种的分布数据集(https://github.com/WDragon101/Mahonia-classification-resources)。首先, 根据全球植物在线(Plants of the World Online, POWO)记录的十大功劳属现存物种的原生分布区, 剔除数据集中非原生区内的分布记录。然后, 清洗去除数据集中的重复记录和错误记录。最后, 为了剔除栽培记录或坐标信息错误的记录, 我们使用R语言CoordinateCleaner软件包删除坐标在首都半径10 km内、国家中心点半径5 km内、在1 km半径内生物多样性机构、在GBIF总部(哥本哈根, 丹麦) 1°半径、在纵向/纬度坐标原点(0, 0)半径0.5°内的所有记录。接着将数据集中的物种整理归纳到新的叶片分型标准。最后, 使用R语言ggspatial软件包将每个叶片类型的物种分布数据标定在地图上。
十大功劳属叶形多为卵圆形、长卵形、椭圆形、披针形, 少数为倒卵形和线形。一般来说, 顶生小叶基部对称, 而侧生小叶基部不对称; 叶基为截形、阔圆形、阔楔形、楔形, 偶尔为近心形; 叶尖主要为急尖、渐尖, 有时为钝状或圆形, 大多数叶尖具刺; 叶缘极少全缘, 大部分有稀疏齿, 偶尔有密集齿。齿的主脉序呈直线型, 居中走向, 侧脉与主脉相汇聚; 主叶脉为掌状或羽状脉式, 二级脉为弓形脉, 三级脉与主脉和二级脉形成随机网状结构, 四级脉形成规则的四边形脉间区, 末级脉游离或无, 不分支(Ahrendt, 1961; Güner and Denk, 2012; Huang et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2017)。
东方组特征: 主叶脉为掌状脉式, 二级脉为弓形脉, 三级脉与主脉和二级脉形成随机网状结构, 四级脉形成规则的四边形脉间区, 末级脉游离或无, 不分支。
西方组特征: 主叶脉为羽状脉式, 二级脉为弓形脉, 三级脉与主脉和二级脉形成随机网状结构, 四级脉形成规则的四边形脉间区, 末级脉游离或无, 不分支。
我们观察分析了十大功劳属46个现存物种的叶片形态特征, 统计了每个物种的小叶每边齿数、小叶长宽比和齿高度等信息(https://github.com/WDragon101/ Mahonia-classification-resources)。首先, 十大功劳属的现代物种可以根据主脉序为掌状脉或羽状脉分为东方组和西方组。东方组除M. microphylla外, 所有物种叶片均具齿; 西方组除M. chochoco外, 所有物种叶片均具齿。所有具齿物种的叶片每边齿数有差异。以每边齿数等于5为界线, 可明显观察到东方组中每边齿数不多于5的物种有17个, 多于5的物种有15个; 西方组中每边齿数少于5的物种有2个, 不少于5的物种有10个。
进一步以小叶长宽比为依据, 可观察到东方组中每边齿数不多于5的17个物种中, 有5个物种的小叶长宽比小于2, 其余12个物种的小叶长宽比不小于2; 东方组中每边齿数多于5的15个物种中, 有3个物种的小叶长宽比小于2, 3个物种的小叶长宽比不小于4, 9个物种的小叶长宽比介于2-4之间。西方组中每边齿数少于5的2个物种其小叶长宽比均不小于2; 在每边齿数不少于5的10个物种中有4个物种的小叶长宽比小于2, 其余6个物种的小叶长宽比不小于2。
最后, 以小叶齿高度为依据, 可观察到在东方组中, 小叶每边齿数不多于5、小叶长宽比小于2的5个物种的齿高度变异大且重叠范围大, 不宜进一步区分, 可归为一类; 小叶每边齿数不多于5、小叶长宽比不小于2的12个物种中有2个物种的齿高度小于2 mm, 其余10个物种的齿高度不小于2 mm, 可相应分为2类; 小叶每边齿数多于5、小叶长宽比小于2的3个物种的齿高度变异范围相似, 可归为一类; 小叶每边齿数多于5、小叶长宽比不小于4的3个物种的齿高度均小于2 mm且变异范围相似, 可归为一类; 小叶每边齿数多于5、小叶长宽比介于2-4之间的9个物种中, 尽管有个别物种的齿高度不小于2 mm, 但它们的变异范围过大, 甚至已经包含其余物种, 故将这9个物种归为一类。在西方组中, 小叶每边齿数少于5、小叶长宽比小于2的2个物种的齿高度均小于2 mm, 可归为一类; 小叶每边齿数不少于5、小叶长宽比小于2的4个物种中有2个物种的齿高度小于2 mm, 2个物种的齿高度不小于2 mm, 分别归入一类; 小叶每边齿数不少于5、小叶长宽比不小于2的6个物种中有3个物种的齿高度小于2 mm, 3个物种的齿高度不小于2 mm, 分别归入一类。
我们提出新的十大功劳属叶片分型标准共包含13个叶片类型(图2, 图3), 根据小叶叶脉脉序, 十大功劳属可分为掌状脉式的东方组(图2A)和羽状脉式的西方组(图3A)。根据小叶长宽比、叶缘类型及叶缘齿高度等性状特征组合, 进一步将东方组分为7个类型(图2)、西方组分为6个类型(图3)。
东方组
1. Microphylla类型(M. microphylla): 叶脉脉序为掌状脉, 小叶叶缘全缘(图2B), 小叶长宽比通常不小于2。
2. Japonica类型(M. napaulensis、M. decipiens、M. japonica和M. longibracteata): 叶脉脉序为掌状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数不多于5, 小叶长宽比小于2 (图2C), 齿高度变异范围很大, 从不足1 mm到12 mm。
3. Cardiophylla类型(M. shenii和M. cardiophylla): 叶脉脉序为掌状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数不多于5, 小叶长宽比不小于2, 齿高度小于2 mm (图2D)。
4. Bodinieri类型(M. bodinieri、M. oiwakensis、M. nitens、M. bracteolata、M. breviracema、M. imbricata、M. subimbricata、M. sheridaniana、M. philippinensis和M. monyulensis): 叶脉脉序为掌状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数不多于5, 小叶长宽比不小于2, 齿高度不小于2 mm (图2E)。
5. Nervosa类型(M. nervosa、M. retinervis和M. conferta): 叶脉脉序为掌状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数多于5, 小叶长宽比小于2 (图2F), 齿高度整体变异范围相对较小, 主要集中在1-2.5 mm。
6. Polyodonta类型(M. polyodonta、M. calamicaulis subsp. kingdon-wardiana、M. gracilipes、M. leptodonta、M. duclouxiana、M. taronensis、M. paucijuga、M. fordii和M. hancockiana): 叶脉脉序为掌状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数多于5, 小叶长宽比不小于2且不大于4 (图2G), 整体来看齿高度变异范围较大, 从不足0.5 mm到5.5 mm均有, 但大部分集中在1-2 mm。
7. Fortunei类型(M. fortunei、M. eurybracteata subsp. ganpinensis和M. setosa): 叶脉脉序为掌状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数多于5, 小叶长宽比不小于4 (图2H), 其齿高度是东方组中最小的一组, 通常为1 mm。
西方组
1. Chochoco类型(M. chochoco): 叶脉脉序为羽状脉, 小叶叶缘全缘(图3B), 小叶长宽比通常在2-4之间。
2. Dictyota类型(M. dictyota和M. alpina): 叶脉脉序为羽状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数少于5 (图3C), 齿高度变异范围较大, 通常不小于2 mm。
3. Volcania类型(M. volcania和M. repens): 叶脉脉序为羽状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数不少于5, 小叶长宽比小于2, 齿高度小于2 mm (图3D)。
4. Pumila类型(M. pumila和M. gracilis): 叶脉脉序为羽状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数不少于5, 小叶长宽比小于2, 齿高度不小于2 mm (图3E)。
5. Lanceolata类型(M. lanceolata、M. pallida和M. hartwegii): 叶脉脉序为羽状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数不少于5, 小叶长宽比不小于2, 齿高度小于2 mm (图3F)。
6. Aquifolium类型(M. aquifolium、M. pinnata和M. moranensis): 叶脉脉序为羽状脉, 小叶叶缘具齿, 每边齿数不少于5, 小叶长宽比不小于2, 齿高度不小于2 mm (图3G)。
基于十大功劳属46个现存物种的叶片性状数据, 我们按照小叶叶脉脉序, 分为具掌状脉的东方组和具羽状脉的西方组, 然后基于小叶叶缘类型、每边齿数、齿高度和小叶长宽比, 进行组下的叶片分型, 建立了该属的叶片分型体系并提供检索表(检索表1)。
检索表1 十大功劳属13个叶片类型的检索表
Key 1 Key to the 13 leaflets types of Mahonia
0. (Group Orientales) Venation: Palmate 1
1. Margin untoothed Microphylla type
1. Margin toothed 2
2. Number of teeth per side less than 5 3
3. Length-width ratio less than 2 Japonica type
3. Length-width ratio no less than 2 4
4. Size of teeth less than 2 mm Cardiophylla type
4. Size of teeth no less than 2 mm Bodinieri type
2. Number of teeth per side no less than 5 5
5. Length-width ratio less than 2 Nervosa type
5. Length-width ratio more than 2 6
6. Length-width ratio no more than 4 Polyodonta type
6. Length-width ratio more than 4 Fortunei type
0. (Group Occidentales) Venation: Pinnate 8
8. Margin untoothed Chochoco type
8. Margin toothed 9
9. Number of teeth per side fewer than 5 Dictyota type
9. Number of teeth per side no fewer than 5 10
10. Length-width ratio less than 2 11
11. Size of teeth less than 2 mm Volcania type
11. Size of teeth no less than 2 mm Pumila type
10. Length-width ratio no less than 2 12
12. Size of teeth less than 2 mm Lanceolata type
12. Size of teeth no less than 2 mm Aquifolium type
在掌状脉式的东方组中, 根据小叶叶缘类型可分为小叶全缘的Microphyla类型(图2B)和小叶叶缘具齿的其它6个类型。根据小叶叶缘每边齿数是否多于5, 可分为2类, 每类分别包含3个类型。在小叶叶缘每边齿数不多于5的类型中, 小叶长宽比小于2的仅有Japonica类型(图2C), 而Cardiophylla类型和Bodinieri类型的小叶长宽比均不小于2。根据齿高度可分辨出齿高度低于2 mm的Cardiophylla类型(图2D)和齿高度不低于2 mm的Bodinieri类型(图2E)。在小叶叶缘每边齿数多于5的类型中, 小叶长宽比小于2的仅有Nervosa类型(图2F), Polyodonta类型和Fortunei类型的小叶长宽比均不小于2。进一步, Polyodonta类型(图2G)的小叶长宽比不大于4, 而Forutnei类型(图2H)的小叶长宽比大于4。
在羽状脉式的西方组中, 根据小叶叶缘特征分出小叶全缘的Chochoco类型(图3B)和小叶叶缘具齿的其它5个类型。对于叶缘具齿的十大功劳属物种, 根据小叶叶缘每边齿数是否少于5, 可分为2类。小叶叶缘每边齿数少于5的类型仅有Dictyota类型(图3C)。在每边齿数不少于5的类型中, 根据小叶长宽比是否小于2, 可分为2类, 每类分别包含2个类型。在小叶长宽比小于2的类型中, 叶缘齿高度低于2 mm的为Volcania类型(图3D), 而叶缘齿高度不低于2 mm的则为Pumila类型(图3E)。在小叶长宽比不小于2的类型中, 叶缘齿高度低于2 mm的为Lanceolata类型(图3F), 而叶缘齿高度不低于2 mm的则为Aquifolium类型(图3G)。
从十大功劳属整体来看, 该属的现存物种分布在北美大陆西侧和东亚大陆南侧, 呈典型的东亚-北美西洲际间断分布格局。根据叶脉类型, 该属可分为具掌状脉的东方组和具羽状脉的西方组。其中, 西方组仅分布在北美西部(附图2), 主要分布在加拿大西南地区、美国西部和墨西哥境内; 而东方组绝大部分分布在东亚南部(附图3), 主要分布在中国南部, 少量分布在菲律宾、不丹、印度、越南及柬埔寨等国境内, 东方组还有1个物种(M. nervosa)分布在美国西部(附图2)。
东方组7个叶片类型均分布在东亚南部(附图4), 仅Nervosa类型同时分布在东亚南部(附图10)和北美西部(附图9)。从分布范围上看, 无齿类型的分布范围很小, 局限在中国西南地区(附图5), 而所有有齿类型的分布范围都很广(附图6-附图12)。
相较于西方组其余5个叶缘具齿的类型(附图13), 叶缘全缘的Chochoco类型分布范围最小, 主要分布在墨西哥湾西侧(附图14)。在叶缘具齿的类型中, 同样仅在墨西哥湾附近分布的有Lanceolata类型(附图18), 但该类型比Chochoco类型的分布更偏南。分布范围最广的是Volcania类型(附图16)和Aquifolium类型(附图19)。Dictyota类型和Pumila类型的每边齿数和齿高度均不相同(图3C, E), 但它们的分布范围却非常相似(附图15, 附图17)。同样, Volcania类型和Aquifolium类型的小叶长宽比和齿高度均不相同(图3D, G), 但它们的分布范围十分相似(附图16, 附图19)。
经过分析该属各叶型现存物种的分布范围后, 我们发现东方组分布范围随着叶缘齿高度的增加而增大。首先, 分布范围最小的是叶缘全缘的Microphylla类型, 仅分布在中国西南部(附图5); 其次是叶缘齿高度低于2 mm的Cardiophylla类型, 同样分布在中国西南地区, 比Microphylla类型的分布区稍大(附图7); 其余5个叶缘齿高度不低于2 mm的叶片类型的分布范围更广, 但都集中在东亚南部地区(附图6, 附图8, 附图10-附图12), 除Nervosa类型在北美西部也有分布(附图9)。西方组分布范围随着叶缘齿数的增加而增大。首先, 分布范围最小的是叶缘全缘的Chochoco类型, 仅分布在墨西哥湾附近(附图14); 其次是叶缘齿数少于5的Dictyota类型, 该类型除了分布在墨西哥湾附近外, 还分布在美国加利福尼亚州(附图15); 其余4个叶缘齿数不少于5的叶片类型分布范围更大, 以Volcania类型和Aquifolium类型分布范围最大(附图16-附图19)。
十大功劳属叶片化石的分型工作最早由Güner和Denk (2012)提出, 根据叶片化石之间的形态相似性, 该属的叶片化石被划分为5个类型, 包括M. fortueni-eurybracteata类型、M. fortunei类型、M. nervosa类型、M. aquifolium/fremontii类型和M. haematocarpa类型, 其中前3个为东方组类型, 后2个为西方组类型。值得注意的是, 根据最新的十大功劳属种关系(Yu and Chung, 2017), M. haematocarpa类型的化石被划归到刺红檗属(Doweld, 2018)。随后, Huang等(2016)将十大功劳属东方组叶片化石种分为4个叶片(小叶)类型, 即Nervosa、Simplex、Fortunei和Malheuren类型, 但未涉及西方组化石种以及该属的现存类群。该工作存在一些不足, 如每边齿数为5的M. grimmii被归入每边齿数为2-4的Simplex类型, 以及小叶长宽比约为2.3的M. somaensis被归入小叶长宽比在3-4之间的Nervosa类型。
在前人工作的基础上, 本研究建立的十大功劳属叶片分型新体系共包含13个叶片类型, 东方组7个和西方组6个。在不影响新体系中每个叶片类型的判断标准的原则下, 我们将数量性状的范围限制尽量放开, 如小叶叶缘齿数是否多于5。
根据本研究提出的新体系, 可将M. grimmii归入叶脉脉序为掌状脉、小叶叶缘具齿、每边齿数不多于5、小叶长宽比不小于2、齿高度不小于2 mm的东方组Bodinier类型; 可将M. somaensis归入叶脉脉序为掌状脉、小叶叶缘具齿、每边齿数多于5、小叶长宽比不小于2且不大于4的东方组Polyodonta类型。
展望未来, 我们相信新建立的叶结构分型体系将有极大潜力服务于北半球新生代以来十大功劳属叶化石的分型, 并在追踪该属的叶形态演化及洲际间断分布式样的形成方面发挥积极作用。
赵白龙: 数据采集、处理及分析, 研究方案设计, 撰写并修改论文; 李业亮: 参与文章讨论; 王宇飞: 参与文章讨论及修订; 孙斌: 协助数据分析, 研究方案设计。
附图1 以Mahonia napaulensis的PE01034798标本展示数据采集过程
Appendix figure 1 A PE01034798 specimen from Mahonia napaulensis is used to illustrate the data collection process
附图2 十大功劳属现存物种在北美的分布
Appendix figure 2 Distribution of extant species of Mahonia on the North American continent
附图3 十大功劳属现存物种在东亚的分布
Appendix figure 3 Distribution of extant species of Mahonia on the East Asian continent
附图4 十大功劳属东方组7个叶片类型现存物种在东亚的整体分布情况
Appendix figure 4 The overall distribution of species of the seven leaf types in the Group Orientales of Mahonia on the East Asian continent
附图5 十大功劳属东方组Microphylla类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 5 Distribution of the Microphylla type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia
附图6 十大功劳属东方组Japonica类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 6 Distribution of the Japonica type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia
附图7 十大功劳属东方组Cardiophylla类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 7 Distribution of the Cardiophylla type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia
附图8 十大功劳属东方组Bodinieri类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 8 Distribution of the Bodinieri type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia
附图9 十大功劳属东方组Nervosa类型物种在北美的分布情况
Appendix figure 9 Distribution of the Nervosa type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia on the North American continent
附图10 十大功劳属东方组Nervosa类型物种在东亚的分布情况
Appendix figure 10 Distribution of the Nervosa type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia on the East Asian continent
附图11 十大功劳属东方组Polyodonta类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 11 Distribution of the Polyodonta type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia
附图12 十大功劳属东方组Fortunei类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 12 Distribution of the Fortunei type species in the Group Orientales of Mahonia
附图13 十大功劳属西方组6个叶片类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 13 Distribution of species of the six leaf types in the Group Occidentales of Mahonia
附图14 十大功劳属西方组Chochoco类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 14 Distribution of the Chochoco type species in the Group Occidentales of Mahonia
附图15 十大功劳属西方组Dictyota类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 15 Distribution of the Dictyota type species in the Group Occidentales of Mahonia
附图16 十大功劳属西方组Volcania类型的物种分布情况
Appendix figure 16 Distribution of the Volcania type species in the Group Occidentales of Mahonia
附图17 十大功劳属西方组Pumila类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 17 Distribution of the Pumila type species in the Group Occidentales of Mahonia
附图18 十大功劳属西方组Lanceolata类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 18 Distribution of the Lanceolata type species in the Group Occidentales of Mahonia
附图19 十大功劳属西方组Aquifolium类型物种分布情况
Appendix figure 19 Distribution of the Aquifolium type species in the Group Occidentales of Mahonia
  • 国家自然科学基金(31970233)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32000174)
  • 中国科学院重点研发计划(XDB26000000)
  • 中国科学院战略生物资源计划
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24149
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
  • 录用日期:2025-01-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(31970233)
国家自然科学基金(32000174)
中国科学院重点研发计划(XDB26000000)
中国科学院战略生物资源计划
作者信息
    1中国科学院植物研究所, 植物多样性与特色经济作物全国重点实验室, 北京 100093
    2国家植物园, 北京 100093
    3中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    4河南中医药大学, 郑州 450046

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*孙斌, 博士, 助理研究员。研究领域为植物演化生物学。主要聚焦于中生代晚期至新生代植物演化及新生代古环境重建。先后主持国家自然科学基金及中国科学院生物分类科学家项目。以第一作者身份在Science Bulletin和Scientific Reports等期刊发表多篇研究论文。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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