Article(id=1320018901774221909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1320018843771187282, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24110, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24110, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1734105600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-14, onlineDate=1792646630948, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792646630948, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792646630948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792646630948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320018843771187282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='151', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741536000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792646617118, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792646680189, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320019108373054318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1320018843771187282, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320019108373054319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1320018843771187282, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=172, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320018902067823190, articleId=1320018901774221909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Changes in the Expression of the Soybean TPS Gene Family Under Salt Stress and Haplotype Selection Analysis, columnId=1317485691135706105, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=RESEARCH ARTICLES, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

INTRODUCTION Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of trehalose and has been reported to participate in regulating photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, growth and development, and stress responses in various species. Currently, reports on TPS genes in soybean are scarce.

RATIONALE TPS is a stable non-reducing disaccharide, whose synthesis, decomposition and regulation not only provide energy for plant, but also play an important role in plant growth and development and stress tolerance. The in-depth study of soybean TPS genes and its relationships with salt stress is of great significance in elucidating the molecular mechanism of soybean salt tolerance and improving soybean yield.

RESULTS This study identified 20 soybean TPS genes and their associated 10 conserved protein motifs in the soybean genome. Molecular analysis of the promoter elements revealed that the TPS gene promoters are rich in stress-responsive elements. After salt stress treatment, the expression of 17 TPS genes changed, with 12 genes up-regulated and 5 genes down-regulated. Haplotype and selection analyses revealed two major allelic variations in TPS8, TPS13, TPS15, TPS17, and TPS18. Notably, variants carrying TPS15H2, TPS13H2, TPS17H2, and TPS18H2 were significantly enriched in improved cultivars that underwent strong artificial selection.

CONCLUSION This study reveals the molecular characteristics of the soybean TPS gene family, their expression patterns under salt stress, and their evolutionary history, providing a theoretical basis and genetic material for further elucidating the functions of soybean TPS genes and breeding salt-tolerant soybean varieties.

TPS genes were subjected to intense artificial selection. The natural variations of TPS8, TPS13, TPS15, TPS17, and TPS18 have been subjected to strong artificial selection during soybean domestication and improvement, with the variants carrying TPS15H2, TPS13H2, TPS17H2, and TPS18H2 being heavily enriched in improved cultivars.

, authors=Jie Cao1, Qiulian Lu1, Jianping Zhai1, Baohui Liu1, 2, Chao Fang1, 2, Shichen Li1, 2, *, Tong Su1, 2, *, authorsList=Jie Cao, Qiulian Lu, Jianping Zhai, Baohui Liu, Chao Fang, Shichen Li, Tong Su, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shichen Li, Tong Su, authorNote=

†These authors contributed equally to this paper

, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ;
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海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶(trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS)是合成海藻糖的关键酶, 已在多个物种中被报道参与调节光合作用、糖代谢、生长发育和逆境响应等生理过程。目前, TPS在大豆(Glycine max)中的报道极少。该文在大豆全基因组中鉴定了20个TPS基因及其包含的10种重要蛋白保守基序。启动子元件分析显示, 大豆TPS基因的启动子区富含大量胁迫响应元件; 盐胁迫处理后, 17个TPS基因的表达发生变化, 其中12个基因上调表达, 5个基因下调表达。对TPS进行单倍型和选择趋势分析, 发现TPS8、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18存在2种主要的等位变异, 其中携带TPS15H2、TPS13H2、TPS17H2和TPS18H2的品种在栽培品种中大量富集, 受到强烈的人工选择。该研究揭示了大豆TPS基因家族的分子特征以及在盐胁迫下的表达模式和进化历史, 旨在为进一步解析大豆TPS基因的功能以及培育耐盐大豆品种提供理论依据和遗传材料。

, authors=曹婕1, †, 卢秋连1, †, 翟健平1, 刘宝辉1, 2, 方超1, 2, 李世晨1, 2, *, 苏彤1, 2, *, authorsList=曹婕, 卢秋连, 翟健平, 刘宝辉, 方超, 李世晨, 苏彤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李世晨, 苏彤, authorNote=

†共同第一作者

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Phylogenomics of the genus Glycine sheds light on polyploid evolution and life-strategy transition. Nat Plants 8, 233-244., articleTitle=Phylogenomics of the genus Glycine sheds light on polyploid evolution and life-strategy transition, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1320018911496618669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, awardId=2023A1515011668, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2023A1515011668), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1320018911714722478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, awardId=LH2021C078, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2021C078), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1320018911802802864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, awardId=22326316D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省现代种业科技创新专项(22326316D), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320018905486180968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018905502958185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, companyId=1320018905486180968, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Innovative Research Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution/College of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018905511346794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, companyId=1320018905486180968, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广州大学生命科学学院/分子遗传与进化创新研究中心, 广州 510006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320018905578455659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018905586844268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, companyId=1320018905578455659, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320018905591038573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, companyId=1320018905578455659, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广东省植物适应性与分子设计重点实验室, 广州 510006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320018910229938849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Phylogenetic tree of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) from Arabidopsis and legumes

The TPS proteins from Arabidopsis and legumes are divided into two clades (clade I and clade II). The soybean TPS proteins are highlighted in red. At: Arabidopsis thaliana; Gm: Glycine max; Pv: Phaseolus vulgaris; Mt: Medicago truncatula; Lj: Lotus japonicus

, figureFileSmall=Ogmo211qMQdH0Ma0NIIgFA==, figureFileBig=eLSnuNg0hoy6R22RTLK3fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910309630626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=CN, label=图1, caption=拟南芥和豆科植物海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶(TPS)的系统发育树

拟南芥和豆科植物TPS蛋白分为2类(clade I和clade II)。红色的为大豆TPS蛋白。At: 拟南芥; Gm: 大豆; Pv: 菜豆; Mt: 蒺藜苜蓿; Lj: 百脉根

, figureFileSmall=Ogmo211qMQdH0Ma0NIIgFA==, figureFileBig=eLSnuNg0hoy6R22RTLK3fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910510957219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Conserved protein motif of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) in soybean

Phylogenetic relationships among TPS members and distribution of conserved protein motifs in soybean, ten motifs were identified. The bottom scale represents the amino acid sequence length (aa).

, figureFileSmall=Nh0R8wOV+RlslFTdH78Mtw==, figureFileBig=Fqn3tn6afpHF1zK54wvavA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910586454692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大豆海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶(TPS)的蛋白保守基序

大豆TPS成员之间的系统发育关系与蛋白保守基序的分布, 共鉴定到10个保守基序。底部刻度尺代表氨基酸序列长度(aa)。

, figureFileSmall=Nh0R8wOV+RlslFTdH78Mtw==, figureFileBig=Fqn3tn6afpHF1zK54wvavA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910674535077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Chromosomal distribution and inter-chromosomal relationships of TPS genes in soybean

Red curves connecting pairs of genes indicate segmental duplications.

, figureFileSmall=WGtdnTOtuaKQke4jFGahfQ==, figureFileBig=ZTibBbft/eRIVG3kULd/Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910737449638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大豆TPS基因的染色体分布及染色体间关系

红色曲线连接片段表示复制的基因对。

, figureFileSmall=WGtdnTOtuaKQke4jFGahfQ==, figureFileBig=ZTibBbft/eRIVG3kULd/Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910817141415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Cis-element analysis of TPS genes in soybean

The cis-elements in the 2 Kb upstream promoter regions of each TPS gene are mapped, with different types of cis-elements represented by different colors, as indicated on the right. The scale bars at the bottom of the figure represent the length of the promoter sequence (bp).

, figureFileSmall=rPNYAo30I1a/jdUdYQW+3g==, figureFileBig=SS+ZwxHeGmBS0A9In3bkZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910880055976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=CN, label=图4, caption=大豆TPS基因的顺式作用元件

基因上游2 Kb启动子区域中的顺式作用元件被映射到每个TPS基因上, 以不同颜色标记不同类型的顺式作用元件, 右侧显示顺式作用元件类型。图中底部的刻度尺表示启动子序列的长度(bp)。

, figureFileSmall=rPNYAo30I1a/jdUdYQW+3g==, figureFileBig=SS+ZwxHeGmBS0A9In3bkZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018910963942057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=qRT-PCR analysis of the TPS genes expression under salt stress

From left to right and top to bottom in the picture, they are TPS1 to TPS20 in sequence. * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; N.S. indicate no significant difference.

, figureFileSmall=88bqZAHvz8P3b9xlrNswKw==, figureFileBig=4vrqJ4YctqLnwseXLf/law==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018911031050922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=CN, label=图5, caption=qRT-PCR分析盐胁迫下TPS基因的表达量

图中从左往右, 从上至下依次为TPS1-TPS20。* P<0.05; ** P<0.01; N.S.表示无显著性差异。

, figureFileSmall=88bqZAHvz8P3b9xlrNswKw==, figureFileBig=4vrqJ4YctqLnwseXLf/law==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018911303680683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=TPS genes subjected to intense artificial selection

(A), (C), (E), (G), and (I) represent the haplotypes of TPS8, TPS13, TPS15, TPS17, and TPS18, respectively. The figure shows several important TPS haplotypes. (B), (D), (F), (H), and (J) represent the proportions of different alleles in wild (W) soybeans, Landraces (L) and cultivated varieties (C), respectively. Data were obtained from 559 sequenced accessions (121 wild soybeans, 207 landraces, and 231 improved cultivars).

, figureFileSmall=+uRGKVeq15xsTM78FgLS1Q==, figureFileBig=yQe61IngK+oSh4YiIp4mHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320018911383372460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1320018901774221909, language=CN, label=图6, caption=受到人工选择的TPS基因

(A)、(C)、(E)、(G)和(I)分别代表TPS8、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18的单倍型。图中所展示的为部分TPS重要位点的单倍型。(B)、(D)、(F)、(H)和(J)分别代表不同等位变异在野生大豆(W)、农家品种(L)和栽培品种(C)中所占的比例。数据来自559份已测序的材料(121份野生大豆、207份农家品种和231份栽培品种)。

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大豆TPS基因家族在盐胁迫下的表达变化及单倍型选择规律分析
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曹婕 1, † , 卢秋连 1, † , 翟健平 1 , 刘宝辉 1, 2 , 方超 1, 2 , 李世晨 1, 2, * , 苏彤 1, 2, *
植物学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(2): 172-185
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植物学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (2) : 172 -185
大豆TPS基因家族在盐胁迫下的表达变化及单倍型选择规律分析
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曹婕1, †, 卢秋连1, †, 翟健平1, 刘宝辉1, 2, 方超1, 2, 李世晨1, 2, * , 苏彤1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1广州大学生命科学学院/分子遗传与进化创新研究中心, 广州 510006
  • 2广东省植物适应性与分子设计重点实验室, 广州 510006
通讯作者:
作者简介:

†共同第一作者

Changes in the Expression of the Soybean TPS Gene Family Under Salt Stress and Haplotype Selection Analysis
Jie Cao1, Qiulian Lu1, Jianping Zhai1, Baohui Liu1, 2, Chao Fang1, 2, Shichen Li1, 2, * , Tong Su1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Innovative Research Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution/College of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24110
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海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶(trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS)是合成海藻糖的关键酶, 已在多个物种中被报道参与调节光合作用、糖代谢、生长发育和逆境响应等生理过程。目前, TPS在大豆(Glycine max)中的报道极少。该文在大豆全基因组中鉴定了20个TPS基因及其包含的10种重要蛋白保守基序。启动子元件分析显示, 大豆TPS基因的启动子区富含大量胁迫响应元件; 盐胁迫处理后, 17个TPS基因的表达发生变化, 其中12个基因上调表达, 5个基因下调表达。对TPS进行单倍型和选择趋势分析, 发现TPS8、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18存在2种主要的等位变异, 其中携带TPS15H2、TPS13H2、TPS17H2和TPS18H2的品种在栽培品种中大量富集, 受到强烈的人工选择。该研究揭示了大豆TPS基因家族的分子特征以及在盐胁迫下的表达模式和进化历史, 旨在为进一步解析大豆TPS基因的功能以及培育耐盐大豆品种提供理论依据和遗传材料。

大豆  /  海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶  /  表达分析  /  耐盐  /  人工选择

INTRODUCTION Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of trehalose and has been reported to participate in regulating photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, growth and development, and stress responses in various species. Currently, reports on TPS genes in soybean are scarce.

RATIONALE TPS is a stable non-reducing disaccharide, whose synthesis, decomposition and regulation not only provide energy for plant, but also play an important role in plant growth and development and stress tolerance. The in-depth study of soybean TPS genes and its relationships with salt stress is of great significance in elucidating the molecular mechanism of soybean salt tolerance and improving soybean yield.

RESULTS This study identified 20 soybean TPS genes and their associated 10 conserved protein motifs in the soybean genome. Molecular analysis of the promoter elements revealed that the TPS gene promoters are rich in stress-responsive elements. After salt stress treatment, the expression of 17 TPS genes changed, with 12 genes up-regulated and 5 genes down-regulated. Haplotype and selection analyses revealed two major allelic variations in TPS8, TPS13, TPS15, TPS17, and TPS18. Notably, variants carrying TPS15H2, TPS13H2, TPS17H2, and TPS18H2 were significantly enriched in improved cultivars that underwent strong artificial selection.

CONCLUSION This study reveals the molecular characteristics of the soybean TPS gene family, their expression patterns under salt stress, and their evolutionary history, providing a theoretical basis and genetic material for further elucidating the functions of soybean TPS genes and breeding salt-tolerant soybean varieties.

TPS genes were subjected to intense artificial selection. The natural variations of TPS8, TPS13, TPS15, TPS17, and TPS18 have been subjected to strong artificial selection during soybean domestication and improvement, with the variants carrying TPS15H2, TPS13H2, TPS17H2, and TPS18H2 being heavily enriched in improved cultivars.

soybean  /  trehalose-6-phosphate synthase  /  expression analysis  /  salt tolerance  /  artificial selection
曹婕, 卢秋连, 翟健平, 刘宝辉, 方超, 李世晨, 苏彤. 大豆TPS基因家族在盐胁迫下的表达变化及单倍型选择规律分析. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 172 -185 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24110
Jie Cao, Qiulian Lu, Jianping Zhai, Baohui Liu, Chao Fang, Shichen Li, Tong Su. Changes in the Expression of the Soybean TPS Gene Family Under Salt Stress and Haplotype Selection Analysis[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (2) : 172 -185 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24110
大豆(Glycine max)是全球广泛种植的重要经济作物, 为人类提供了超过四分之一的蛋白质和油分。然而, 随着土壤盐碱化问题日益严峻, 全球作物年产量平均减少50%-80%, 已成为制约农作物生长发育的主要因素之一(Hayes et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2021)。在盐胁迫环境下, 植物会经历脱水、代谢毒性、营养缺乏以及膜功能障碍等, 导致组织损伤和早衰等现象(Essah et al., 2003; Papiernik et al., 2005; Munns and Tester, 2008)。大豆是一种盐敏感作物, 深入研究大豆的耐盐机制, 筛选耐盐相关基因及其优异等位变异, 对于培育耐盐品种, 提高土地利用率具有重要意义。
盐胁迫会诱导植物细胞产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 引发氧化应激反应, 对细胞组分造成损伤。植物进化出多种防御机制来缓解ROS引起的氧化胁迫。例如, 拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) GIGANTEA同源基因E2的等位突变正向调控ROS清除相关基因的表达, 提高大豆的耐盐性(Dong et al., 2022)。此外, 一方面GmCONSTANS-like 1a通过抑制ROS的生成增强大豆的耐盐性(Xu et al., 2023)。另一方面, miR160a通过切割生长素反应因子(auxin- response facotor, ARF) GmARF16的转录本促进大豆耐盐, 而GmARF16会激活编码bHLH转录因子的GmMYC2, 通过调控脯氨酸的生物合成降低大豆对盐胁迫的适应性(Wang et al., 2023)。GmSIN1 (Salt Induced NAC1)促进大豆根系生长并增强耐盐性, 有助于在盐胁迫下提高产量(Li et al., 2019)。
海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶(trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS)是高等植物中合成海藻糖的关键酶, 在植物应对盐胁迫反应中发挥重要作用(Van Dijken et al., 2004)。已在拟南芥中鉴定出11个TPS基因, 分为2个亚群, I类AtTPS1-AtTPS4和II类AtTPS5- AtTPS11 (Vandesteene et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012)。I类基因编码的蛋白具有TPS催化活性, 在拟南芥中已证实可以恢复酵母TPS缺失突变体tsps1的海藻糖合成能力(Lunn, 2007; Ramon et al., 2009; Delorge et al., 2015)。而II类基因编码的蛋白与I类结构相似, 但并不具有TPS催化活性。水稻(Oryza sativa)中同样具有11个TPS基因, 它们已被证实可提高水稻对低温、脱水和盐的抗性(Li et al., 2011)。在盐处理条件下, 小麦(Triticum aestivum)和蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)的TPS基因活性显著增强(El-Bashiti et al., 2005; Song et al., 2021)。甘薯(Ipomoea batatas) IbTPS在盐胁迫条件下促进耐逆相关基因的上调表达, 从而增强耐盐性(Jiang et al., 2014)。甜瓜(Cucumis melo) CmTPS4参与ABA信号转导, 调控植物对低温和盐碱胁迫的耐受性(Yuan et al., 2021)。在鳞叶卷柏(Selaginella lepidophylla)中, SlTPS1响应盐和热胁迫(Zentella et al., 1999)。随着植物基因组数据库的建立, 越来越多物种的TPS基因被鉴定, 涵盖杨树(Populus sp.)、苹果(Malus pumila)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)、小麦和苜蓿(M. sativa)等(Lunn, 2007; Yang et al., 2012; Xie et al., 2015; Mu et al., 2016; Du et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2017; Song et al., 2021)。然而, 对于大豆TPS基因家族的研究却极为有限, 其在盐胁迫响应中的作用并不清晰。
现代作物是通过野生亲缘种的驯化和遗传渐渗, 以及在新环境中的适应性分化而形成(夏正俊, 2017; Lu et al., 2022)。驯化的过程较为漫长, 且伴随有意识和无意识的人工选择, 导致驯化的植物与它们的野生祖先之间发生了剧烈的形态和生理变化(Hammer, 1984)。与野生大豆(G. soja)相比, 栽培大豆的耐盐性更弱(Li et al., 2024)。目前, 已在大豆中鉴定出多个响应盐胁迫的基因, 且有的耐盐基因等位变异在驯化过程中经历了人工选择。例如, 乙烯响应因子(ethylene response factor, ERF)是参与植物响应多种生物和非生物胁迫反应的重要转录因子。大豆中包含153个ERF家族基因, ERF158H1、ERF166H2和ERF170H1单倍型是能够显著提高大豆耐盐性的自然等位变异。ERF170H1在大豆驯化过程中受到微弱的人工选择, ERF158H1和ERF166H2在驯化过程中逐渐丢失, 重新鉴定优异的等位变异可为培育耐盐大豆新品种提供重要的基因资源(高超升等, 2024)。脱水反应元件结合蛋白(dehydration responsive element binding protein, DREB)对植物的非生物胁迫反应至关重要。DREB3a和DREB3b的自然变异与大豆耐盐性的差异有关, 且DREB3b可能经历了自然选择和人工选择, 与栽培大豆的DREB3bRef相比, 来自野生大豆的DREB3b39Del提高了耐盐性。DREB3b等位基因的鉴定为提高大豆的产量提供了重要信息(Hou et al., 2022)。
我国是大豆的主要消费国, 每年消费量超过1× 108 t, 然而国产大豆产量相对较低, 大部分需求严重依赖进口, 导致国家粮食安全风险突出。我国拥有广阔的盐碱地资源, 预计至少有0.3×108 hm2具有开发利用潜力(胡炎等, 2023)。如果能通过分子育种改良和培育耐盐大豆品种, 不仅可以有效提高盐碱地大豆的产量和品质, 还能增强国家粮食安全保障能力。因此, 本研究在全基因组水平系统鉴定了大豆TPS基因, 对其保守基序、共线性和顺式作用元件进行了生物信息学分析。利用定量PCR分析了大豆TPS基因在盐胁迫下的表达模式。在此基础上, 结合大豆重测序数据对TPS的单倍型及选择规律进行分析, 以期获得受到选择的关键TPS自然变异, 为大豆TPS基因的功能鉴定及培育耐盐大豆品种提供优异的遗传资源。
供试材料为大豆品种Williams 82 (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Williams 82’) (以下简称Wm82), 在温度为25°C, 相对湿度为70%, 光照条件为长日照(光周期为16小时光照/8小时黑暗)的温室中进行种植(Dong et al., 2022)。具体操作方法: 首先将干净的大豆种子在蛭石中萌发5天, 然后转移到含有霍格兰营养液的培养箱中, 继续生长至V1发育时期(Fehr et al., 1971); 随后加入200 mmol∙L-1 NaCl作为盐胁迫处理, 对照组则继续在无NaCl的营养液中生长(Dong et al., 2022); 在盐胁迫处理第4小时分别取叶片和根。将收集的样品用铝箔包裹后放入液氮中, 于-80°C冰箱保存备用。每个样品均设3次生物学重复。整个培养过程中保持培养液中有充足的氧气供应, 以促进根系呼吸。
为了获取大豆的TPS蛋白序列, 本研究采用Phytozome网站(https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/)的BLASTP算法, 以拟南芥TPS蛋白序列作为参考模板, 根据最小序列同源性为50%, E-value≤10e-20的标准, 下载大豆TPS蛋白序列。为了扩展数据, 本研究同时从Phytozome网站收集了菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)、苜蓿和百脉根(Lotus japonicus)的TPS蛋白序列。使用CLUSTALW算法对这些检索到的TPS序列进行多序列比对, 并利用MEGA11软件的最大似然法(maximum likelihood method)构建系统发育树, 通过1 000次bootsrap分析评估其可靠性(Tamura et al., 2021)。最后, 使用在线工具iTOL (https://itol.embl.de/index.shtml)优化系统发育树(Letunic and Bork, 2021)。所有基因号见附表1。
将所获得的大豆TPS蛋白序列导入MEME (https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme)在线工具, 进行保守基序预测和分析(Bailey et al., 2009)。将最大的保守基序设定为10, 其它参数保持默认设置。将所获得的信息导入TBtools软件中, 可视化MEME结果(Chen et al., 2023)。
从Phytozome网站下载大豆基因组fasta文件和相应的gff注释文件。使用TBtools软件中的MCScanX插件对这些文件进行处理和分析(Wang et al., 2012)。使用Circos功能将结果可视化(Krzywinski et al., 2009)。
从Phytozome网站下载大豆TPS基因上游2 Kb启动子序列, 并使用PlantCARE (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)在线工具对序列进行分析, 以明确推测的顺式作用元件(Kelley et al., 2015)。然后, 使用TBtools对识别到的顺式作用元件进行可视化(Chen et al., 2023)。顺式作用元件的详细信息见附表2。
根据Dong等(2022)所述实验方法, 分别取长日照下200 mmol∙L-1 NaCl处理和无NaCl处理大豆的叶片和根, 并用康为超纯RNA提取试剂盒(CWBIO, 中国)提取总RNA。使用PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser试剂盒(Takara, 日本)将1 μg RNA反转录成cDNA。采用实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒(Takara, Cat No.RR430)和Roche light Cycler480仪器进行qRT-PCR。每个反应总体积为10 μL, 含1 μL稀释5倍的cDNA, 0.2 μL 10 μmol∙L-1引物, 5 μL SYBR Green Mater Mix, 用ddH2O补足至终体积10 μL。差异表达分析采用2−∆∆CT方法(Livak and Schmittgen, 2001)。实验设3次生物学重复。基因表达量分析以Tubulin作为内参基因并进行归一化处理。采用Excel进行双尾的Student’s t检验, 进行显著性分析。大豆TPS基因的qRT-PCR引物序列见附表3。
根据大豆TPS基因的染色体位置, 使用vcftools软件生成目标基因在559份材料中的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)注释文件和基因型文件(Su et al., 2024)。随后对目标区段的基因区域进行分类, 选择外显子区作为主要研究对象, 并对此区域内的SNP进行单倍型分析, 比较野生大豆、农家品种和育成品种的组成。利用vcftools软件在559份大豆自然种质资源中, 分析大豆TPS基因前后各1 Mb重测序数据中SNP的Fst (群体间遗传分化指数)和π (种群核苷酸多样性)值, 以明确其驯化选择过程。
实验数据采用Excel软件进行双尾的Student’s t检验, *表示P<0.05; **表示P<0.01; N.S.表示无显著性差异。在qRT-PCR分析中, 每个样本至少进行3次技术重复, 以确保结果的可靠性。
本研究基于已知的拟南芥TPS蛋白, 在Phytozome网站进行BLASTP搜索, 以确定大豆基因组中的全部TPS蛋白。我们鉴定到21个大豆TPS蛋白, 并按照拟南芥的命名规则和染色体顺序, 将21个大豆TPS蛋白分别命名为GmTPS1-GmTPS21 (附表1) (谢翎等, 2014)。为探明大豆、拟南芥和其它豆科植物中TPS蛋白的系统发育关系, 我们选取拟南芥(At)、大豆(Gm)、菜豆(Pv)、苜蓿(Mt)和百脉根(Lj)共71条TPS蛋白序列构建系统发育树(图1)。根据系统发育树的拓扑结构, 我们发现与已报道的植物TPS特征相符, 这些TPS蛋白可分为2类, 分别为Clade I和Clade II (杜姣林等, 2023)。Clade I包含AtTPS1-AtTPS4, GmTPS1- GmTPS4、GmTPS20, PvTPS1-PvTPS3, MtTPS1、MtTPS4、MtTPS10和MtTPS12, LjTPS1-LjTPS4, 共20个TPS蛋白。Clade II包含其余51个TPS蛋白。
随后, 我们利用MEME程序对大豆TPS蛋白的保守基序进行分析, 共鉴定到10个motifs, 除TPS21外,所有大豆TPS蛋白均具有Motif 2和Motif 8 (图2; 附图1)。这些TPS蛋白主要分为5类。第一类包括所有Clade I类中的TPS1-TPS4和TPS20, 具有6个蛋白保守基序, 即Motif 1、Motif 2、Motif 5、Motif 7、Motif 8和Motif 9。Clade II中的TPS12和TPS19各自为一类, 均包含7个蛋白保守基序, 但其中存在2个motif的不同。第4类包括TPS5、TPS8-TPS10、TPS17和TPS18, 具有9个蛋白保守基序。最后一类包括TPS6、TPS7、TPS11、TPS13-TPS16, 具有9个蛋白保守基序, 与第4类的区别在于其包含Motif 4, 而非Motif 10。考虑到TPS21蛋白保守基序极少, 缺少其它TPS常见的Motif 2和Motif 8, 我们推测其可能是序列不完整基因, 导致蛋白功能缺失, 因此TPS21未纳入后续的大豆TPS分析中。
串联重复和片段重复是基因家族扩展的关键机制(Cannon et al., 2004)。一般而言, 串联重复指同一条染色体上出现2个相邻的同源基因, 通常它们之间不超过5个插入的基因。片段重复则导致基因组中存在大量重复的染色质区域(Wang et al., 2023)。为探究大豆TPS基因家族的扩展机制, 我们利用MCScanX程序对其进行共线性分析。结果显示, 在大豆基因组中, 有26对与大豆TPS基因相关的片段重复事件, 但并未发现串联重复的情况(图3)。这表明大豆TPS基因家族的扩增可能主要源自片段重复而非串联重复。
顺式作用元件在基因表达的转录调控中至关重要。为探究大豆TPS基因可能参与的调控通路, 本研究提取了20个大豆TPS基因上游2 Kb启动子序列, 并采用PlantCARE程序分析顺式调控元件。结果显示, 在大豆TPS基因的启动子区共鉴定到16种顺式调控元件, TPS的启动子区域存在大量与环境胁迫相关的顺式作用元件和光响应元件, 暗示TPS基因可能参与大豆对环境变化的应答(图4)。此外, 与激素相关的元件数量也较多, 包括生长素、赤霉素、脱落酸和水杨酸等响应元件。TPS基因的顺式作用元件还与基因在胚乳、种子和根中的特异表达相关。
大豆TPS基因启动子区存在许多与环境胁迫应答相关的顺式作用元件。为了检测其是否受盐胁迫调控, 本研究对V1时期的Wm82植株进行盐处理, 并在处理后4小时分别取处理组和对照组的叶片和根进行定量PCR, 分析TPS在两组大豆样品中的表达变化。
结果显示, 在20个TPS基因中, 除TPS3、TPS4和TPS14外, 其它基因的表达均在盐处理后发生显著变化。其中, 5个TPS基因在叶片或根中受盐胁迫负向调控, 12个TPS基因则表现出受盐胁迫诱导的表达模式。TPS2和TPS5在盐处理后的叶片和根中下调表达, 而TPS1、TPS18和TPS20在盐处理后的根和叶片中表达模式不同, TPS1在盐处理后的根中下调表达, 在叶片中无明显表达差异, 而TPS18和TPS20在盐处理后的叶片中下调表达, 在根中的表达量无显著变化, 说明它们在不同部位的调控机制可能不同, 导致仅在特定部位受到盐胁迫调控(图5; 附图2)。TPS6、TPS7、TPS8、TPS9、TPS10、TPS11、TPS12、TPS13、TPS15、TPS16、TPS17和TPS19在盐处理后的叶片和根中表达量均显著增加, 说明它们在叶片和根中可能共享相似的上游调控信号, 或在地上部和地下部组织中可能具有类似的耐盐功能(图5; 附图2)。
在作物驯化和改良过程中, 通常将控制优异产量性状的基因组人为选择加以固定, 而忽略了对环境适应性相关基因组的选择和利用, 导致野生祖先的抗性等位变异在驯化过程中丢失。因此, 分析基因单倍型及各单倍型的选择规律, 对于挖掘优异等位变异十分重要(Huang et al., 2022; Zhuang et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2023)。为挖掘大豆TPS基因的等位变异, 本研究分析了TPS基因的单倍型及其在驯化和改良过程中的选择规律。研究发现, TPS3、TPS5、TPS6、TPS7、TPS9、TPS11、TPS12、TPS14、TPS16、TPS19和TPS20几乎没有非同义突变或者携带非同义突变的品种极少, 推测基因可能位于异染色质区, 不易发生突变, 或它们的功能较为保守, 突变可能会造成大豆生长缺陷或环境适应能力降低(附图3C, E-G, I, K, L, N, P, S, T)。TPS1、TPS2、TPS4、TPS8、TPS10、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18存在多种自然变异, 且携带每种自然变异的品种数目较多, 其中一些单倍型(如TPS1H2、TPS2H3、TPS4H1、TPS4H3、TPS10H1和TPS10H3)在栽培大豆中逐渐富集(附图3A, B, D, J)。值得注意的是, TPS基因家族中存在受到强烈人工选择的基因, 包含TPS8、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18。在TPS8的编码序列中存在1个主要的多态性位点, 导致该基因被划分为2个主要单倍型。TPS8H1在核苷酸2 276位置的G-T置换导致氨基酸759处的色氨酸(W)被亮氨酸(L)所取代, 形成了TPS8H2。野生大豆主要携带H1, 在大豆驯化和改良过程中, TPS8H1 的频率逐渐下降, 而携带TPS8H2的品种比例逐渐增加, 从野生大豆的12%增加到农家品种的41%, 再到栽培品种的59%, 表明TPS8H2在大豆驯化与改良过程中逐渐被优先选择(图6A, B)。TPS13主要存在2种自然变异, 其中TPS13H2相对于TPS13H1在多个位点发生非同义突变, 导致多个氨基酸发生改变(图6C)。
TPS13H2在野生大豆中的频率仅为42%, 在农家品种和栽培品种中却被大量固定, 这说明携带TPS13H2的大豆品种可能更适合人类选择(图6D)。与TPS15H1相比, TPS15H2在核苷酸989位置上发生T-A置换, 导致氨基酸从酪氨酸(Y)变为苯丙氨酸(F) (图6E)。携带TPS15H2的品种从野生大豆中的54%到农家品种中的72%, 再到栽培品种中的84%, 说明这一变异在大豆驯化和改良过程中逐渐积累(图6F)。TPS17和TPS18均在其编码区存在1个主要的多态性位点, 分别导致氨基酸发生改变, 产生2种单倍型(图6G, I)。携带TPS17H2和TPS18H2的野生大豆占种群比例不到20%, 但在农家品种和栽培品种中被大量固定, 特别是携带TPS17H2的栽培品种所占比例达97%, 而携带TPS18H2的农家品种所占比例较低, 但在栽培品种中被大量选择, 与TPS8H2类似(图6H, J)。上述结果表明, 大部分TPS基因几乎没有自然变异, 表明它们在大豆生长发育中发挥重要且保守的功能, 不可轻易突变。然而TPS8、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18的自然变异在大豆驯化和改良过程中受到强烈的人工选择, 这些变异可能与大豆在特定环境下的适应性及人类需求相关。进一步阐明这些重要变异的功能以及它们与盐胁迫响应的关系, 对于培育具有高耐盐性的大豆品种具有重要意义。此外, TPS基因家族的Fst和Pi分析显示, 20个大豆TPS基因并未处于驯化区间内, 说明它们并非驯化基因(附图4), 但与单倍型分析结果一致, 部分TPS基因受到强烈的人工选择, 如TPS17基因所在区域范围内栽培大豆的多态性极低, 与野生大豆中较高的多态性形成对比(附图4Q)。
耐盐性是植物适应盐碱地区的重要生态性状, 但目前对大豆这一性状的研究较少, 可应用的遗传材料极少。TPS是海藻糖合成的关键基因, 在植物耐盐胁迫中发挥重要作用。本研究在大豆全基因组水平鉴定到20个TPS基因, 包含10种不同的蛋白保守基序。共线性分析显示, 26对片段重复事件扩展了大豆TPS基因家族。TPS基因家族的启动子区富含光响应元件、激素响应元件以及胁迫响应元件, 表明TPS基因可能在大豆的开花、生物和非生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。基因表达分析显示, 17个大豆TPS基因的表达在盐胁迫下受到不同程度的诱导或抑制, 说明TPS基因在大豆盐胁迫响应中可能发挥重要作用。单倍型和驯化选择分析发现, TPS8、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18存在受到强烈人工选择的重要等位变异, 进一步解析其在盐胁迫下的功能, 对于揭示大豆耐盐机制, 培育高耐盐性的大豆品种具有重要意义。
海藻糖是一种稳定的非还原性二糖, 其合成、分解和调控不仅为植物体提供能量, 而且在植物生长发育和抗逆过程中发挥重要作用(Lunn et al., 2014; Kosar et al., 2019; Paul et al., 2020)。TPS是高等植物合成海藻糖的关键酶, 在多个物种中参与生物和非生物胁迫响应。本研究中顺式作用元件分析结果显示, TPS基因启动子区存在大量胁迫响应元件, 暗示其在大豆盐胁迫调控中具有潜在作用。随后, 通过盐处理大豆幼苗, 系统检测了盐处理后TPS基因的表达变化。其中, TPS2和TPS5在盐处理后的叶片和根中显著下调表达, 而TPS6、TPS7、TPS8、TPS9、TPS10、TPS11、TPS12、TPS13、TPS15、TPS16、TPS17和TPS19显著上调表达, 说明大豆TPS基因受到不同机制调节, 具有不同的功能(图5; 附图2)。
栽培大豆在6 000-9 000年前由野生大豆驯化而来, 但由于长期的人工选择和群体遗传瓶颈效应, 其遗传多样性远低于野生大豆(Hymowitz, 1970; Carter et al., 2004; Hyten et al., 2006; Lam et al., 2010)。这种遗传变异的减少导致一些关键基因或位点丢失, 特别是与耐盐性相关的重要遗传变异(Hou et al., 2022)。在大豆种质资源中挖掘基因的等位变异, 筛选关键变异类型, 将丰富作物的遗传多样性, 从而为作物分子育种提供重要遗传材料。本研究发现, TPS8、TPS13、TPS15、TPS17和TPS18的自然变异在大豆驯化和改良过程中受到强烈的人工选择, 其中携带TPS15H2、TPS13H2、TPS17H2和TPS18H2的品种大量富集在栽培品种中(图6)。对这些等位变异功能的进一步解析有助于培育高耐盐性大豆品种。鉴于耐盐性并不被认为是大豆的驯化性状, 目前尚不清楚为什么仅TPS15H2、TPS13H2、TPS17H2和TPS18H2在驯化过程中被强烈选择, 推测这些基因可能处于许多驯化和农艺性状的热点区域, 如开花时间、种子大小和株高。也有可能这些基因与控制大豆驯化性状的基因存在连锁, 当人们在选择驯化基因时, 同时也伴随着TPS15H2、TPS13H2、TPS17H2和TPS18H2等位基因型被选择。一般而言, 大豆对盐的抗性与产量呈负相关, 在驯化过程中人们倾向于选择提高产量的性状, 有可能这些TPS基因的选择对产量的影响较小, 导致它们也受到人工选择。
基因重复在植物中普遍存在, 为新基因功能提供了资源, 包括由重组、DNA重复和全基因组重复产生的串联和片段重复(Ramsey and Schemske, 1998; Wendel, 2000; Kondrashov et al., 2002; Conant and Wolfe, 2008)。本研究鉴定到来源于片段重复的20个大豆TPS基因, 这些基因主要分为2类(图1, 图2)。与其它物种中的TPS分类结果一致, Clade I中的TPS具有相同的蛋白保守基序, 表明它们可能存在功能冗余。而Clade II中的TPS不仅在蛋白保守基序上与Clade I差异较大, 其内部蛋白基序差异也较大, 说明这些TPS在功能上可能存在分化。
曹婕和卢秋连: 完成实验和分析数据; 翟健平: 分析数据; 刘宝辉: 构思实验, 监督和审阅文稿; 方超: 指导论文修改; 李世晨和苏彤: 设计实验, 撰写和修改论文。
附表1 拟南芥和豆科植物TPS基因家族
Appendix table 1 The TPS gene family in Arabidopsis and legumes
附表2 TPS基因家族顺式作用元件
Appendix table 2 Details of the cis-elements identified in the TPS gene family
附表3 用于TPS基因qRT-PCR分析的引物序列
Appendix table 3 Primer sequences of the TPS genes used for qRT-PCR
附图1 10个TPS基序的组成
Appendix figure 1 The composition of 10 TPS motifs
附图2 盐胁迫下TPS基因的表达变化
Appendix figure 2 Changes in the expression of TPS genes under salt stress
附图3 TPS基因单倍型
(A)–(O) 大豆TPS基因的单倍型。数据来自559份已测序材料(121份野生大豆、207份农家品种和231份栽培品种)。
Appendix figure 3 Analysis of TPS haplotypes
(A)–(O) Haplotypes of soybean TPS genes. The data were combined from 559 sequenced accessions (121 wild soybeans, 207 landraces and 231 improved cultivars).
附图4 在TPS基因周围2 Mb基因组区域内的野生大豆、农家品种和栽培品种的Fst和Pi
(A)–(T) 20个大豆TPS基因的Fst和Pi值。红色箭头表示TPS基因位置。数据来自559份已测序材料(121份野生大豆、207份农家品种和231份栽培品种)。
Appendix figure 4 Fst and Pi in wild soybeans, landraces and improved cultivars across the 2 Mb genomic region surrounding the TPS
(A)–(T) Fst and Pi of 20 soybean TPS genes. The red arrow represents the location of the TPS. The data were combined from 559 sequenced accessions (121 wild soybeans, 207 landraces and 231 improved cultivars).
广州大学分子遗传与进化创新研究中心和广东省植物适应性与分子设计重点实验室
实验室以大豆为主要研究对象, 收集了来自全世界的6 000多份野生大豆、农家品种和育成品种, 并进行全基因组重测序。研究中心拥有高效快速大豆转基因和基因编辑平台、分子生物学和生物化学基因功能鉴定平台及高效的基因组学和生物信息学分析平台; 还配备了完善的植物培养设施和多地田间试验基地。多次在Nature Genetics、Nature Communications、Nature Plants、Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA、Current Biology、Molecular Plant、Genome Biology以及Trends in Plant Science等国际经典期刊上发表重要研究成果。
  • 广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2023A1515011668)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2021C078)
  • 河北省现代种业科技创新专项(22326316D)
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2025年第60卷第2期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24110
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
  • 录用日期:2024-12-14
基金
广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2023A1515011668)
黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2021C078)
河北省现代种业科技创新专项(22326316D)
作者信息
    1广州大学生命科学学院/分子遗传与进化创新研究中心, 广州 510006
    2广东省植物适应性与分子设计重点实验室, 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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