Article(id=1319334595724685445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1319334515705754160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11983/CBB24106, pmid=null, cstr=32102.14.CBB24106, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1734105600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-14, onlineDate=1792483479672, onlineDateStr=2026-10-20, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792483479672, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792483479672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792483479672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1319334515705754160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='315', pageEnd='482', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1746806400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792483460594, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792483678409, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1319335429350994324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1319334515705754160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1319335429355188629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, issueId=1319334515705754160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=460, endPage=471, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1319334595972149382, articleId=1319334595724685445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, language=EN, title=Advances in Iron Deficiency-induced Coumarin Biosynthesis and Their Functions in Iron Absorption in Plants, columnId=1317485676040409248, journalTitle=Chinese Bulletin of Botany, columnName=SPECIAL TOPICS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coumarins are a class of phenolic compounds with benzopyrones as the parent ring structure, categorized into simple and complex coumarins, and widely distributed in higher plants. In recent years, studies have shown that root-secreted coumarins can promote iron absorption in plants. Here, the recent progress in the discovery and identification of genes related to the biosynthesis and regulation of plant iron deficiency-induced coumarins is reviewed, and the molecular mechanisms of the biosynthesis, storage, secretion, and regulation of iron deficiency-induced coumarins are further elaborated. The mechanism by which coumarins could promote plant iron uptake has also been discussed. Finally, this paper provides a preliminary outlook on the future research directions to gain knowledge of these mechanisms, which could offer novel opportunities to generate iron deficiency-tolerant crops and iron-biofortified crops.

, authors=Zhou Jing1, Gao Fei2, *, authorsList=Zhou Jing, Gao Fei, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gao Fei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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香豆素类化合物是一类以苯并吡喃酮为母环结构的酚类化合物, 可分为简单香豆素和复杂香豆素, 广泛存在于自然界的高等植物中。研究表明, 缺铁条件下, 植物根部分泌的简单香豆素类化合物能够促进铁离子的吸收。该文对近年来发现和鉴定的植物缺铁诱导型香豆素合成及调控相关基因研究进展进行综述, 进一步详细阐述缺铁诱导型香豆素的生物合成、储存、分泌及其调控机制, 探讨其促进植物铁吸收的分子机制。同时, 展望该领域未来的研究方向。

, authors=周婧1, 高飞2, *, authorsList=周婧, 高飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*高飞, 博士, 湖南农业大学农学院副教授, 硕士生导师, 湖南省“百人计划”青年学者。长期从事植物铁吸收、转运、存储及其分子调控机制研究。利用多组学、遗传学、生物化学与分子生物学等手段挖掘鉴定相关关键基因, 揭示模式植物拟南芥以及水稻铁稳态调控的分子机理。近年来, 主持国家自然科学基金等省部级项目4项。以第一作者或通讯作者在The Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science和Journal of Experimental Botany等国内外权威学术期刊发表论文10余篇。E-mail:
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PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H: Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-coumarate:CoA ligases; HCT: Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; C3′H: 4-coumaroyl shikimate/quinate 3′-hydroxylase; CCoAOMT: Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; F6′H1: Feruloyl-CoA 6′-hydroxylase; COSY: Coumarin synthase; S8H: Scopoletin 8-hydroxylase; CYP82C4: Cytochrome P450 family enzymes

, figureFileSmall=t9AKIYVnmpRqlgjy9FZ74A==, figureFileBig=Ciyh27iLNDNnvmm/MxFy6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334600053207207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334595724685445, language=CN, label=图1, caption=拟南芥缺铁诱导型香豆素类化合物生物合成途径

PAL: 苯丙氨酸解氨酶; C4H: 肉桂酸-4-羟化酶; 4CL: 4-香豆酸:辅酶A连接酶; HCT: 羟基肉桂酰辅酶A莽草酸/奎宁酸羟基肉桂酰转移酶; C3′H: 4-香豆酰莽草酸/奎宁酸3′-羟化酶; CCoAOMT: 咖啡酰辅酶A O-甲基转移酶; F6′H1: 阿魏酰辅酶A 6′-羟化酶; COSY: 香豆素合成酶; S8H: 莨菪亭8-羟化酶; CYP82C4: 细胞色素P450家族酶

, figureFileSmall=t9AKIYVnmpRqlgjy9FZ74A==, figureFileBig=Ciyh27iLNDNnvmm/MxFy6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334600300671144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334595724685445, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Regulation of iron deficiency-induced coumarin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

The legends of PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3′H, CCoAOMT1, F6′H1, COSY, S8H, and CYP82C4 are the same as shown in Figure 1. IVc bHLH: Arabidopsis IVc bHLH subfamily transcription factors; Ib bHLH: Arabidopsis Ib bHLH subfamily transcription factors; FIT: Arabidopsis bHLH29 transcription factor

, figureFileSmall=7NcoJvEAMUJ9LmPF3UECZA==, figureFileBig=x+fWZ4k2qCJ3T7UvI/7GNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334600388751529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334595724685445, language=CN, label=图2, caption=拟南芥缺铁诱导型香豆素类化合物合成调控

PAL、C4H、4CL、HCT、C3′H、CCoAOMT1、F6′H1、COSY、S8H和CYP82C4同图1。IVc bHLH: 拟南芥IVc bHLH亚家族转录因子; Ib bHLH: 拟南芥Ib bHLH亚家族转录因子; FIT: 拟南芥bHLH29转录因子

, figureFileSmall=7NcoJvEAMUJ9LmPF3UECZA==, figureFileBig=x+fWZ4k2qCJ3T7UvI/7GNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1319334600455860394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334595724685445, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Genes responsible for the biosynthesis and regulation of iron deficiency-induced coumarins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能分类 基因 功能 缺铁应答 参考文献
香豆素前体合成 PAL 反式肉桂酸合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
C4H 4-香豆酸合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
4CL1/2 香豆酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
HCT 咖啡酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
CCoAOMT1 阿魏酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
香豆素合成 F6H'1 6'-羟基阿魏酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Kai et al., 2008; Schmid et al., 2014
COSY 莨菪亭合成 诱导型 Vanholme et al., 2019
S8H 秦皮素合成 诱导型 Siwinska et al., 2018; Tsai et al., 2018
CYP82C4 Sideretin合成 诱导型 Murgia et al., 2011
香豆素分泌 PDR9 香豆素类化合物外排分泌 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Fourcroy et al., 2014
BGLU42 莨菪苷去糖基化 诱导型 Ziegler et al., 2017
调控 FIT 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Schmid et al., 2014; Ziegler et al., 2016
MYB72 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Stringlis et al., 2018
MYB63 正调控香豆素合成 ? DeLoose et al., 2024
bHLH121 正调控香豆素合成 组成型 Gao et al., 2020a
MYB15 正调控香豆素合成 ? Schwarz and Bauer, 2020
KFB1 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Zhang et al., 2015; Chezem et al., 2017
KFB20 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Zhang et al., 2015; Chezem et al., 2017
KFB50 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Zhang et al., 2015; Chezem et al., 2017
), ArticleFig(id=1319334600543940779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781310003478668, articleId=1319334595724685445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

缺铁诱导型香豆素类化合物合成与调控相关基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能分类 基因 功能 缺铁应答 参考文献
香豆素前体合成 PAL 反式肉桂酸合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
C4H 4-香豆酸合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
4CL1/2 香豆酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
HCT 咖啡酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
CCoAOMT1 阿魏酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013
香豆素合成 F6H'1 6'-羟基阿魏酰辅酶A合成 诱导型 Kai et al., 2008; Schmid et al., 2014
COSY 莨菪亭合成 诱导型 Vanholme et al., 2019
S8H 秦皮素合成 诱导型 Siwinska et al., 2018; Tsai et al., 2018
CYP82C4 Sideretin合成 诱导型 Murgia et al., 2011
香豆素分泌 PDR9 香豆素类化合物外排分泌 诱导型 Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Fourcroy et al., 2014
BGLU42 莨菪苷去糖基化 诱导型 Ziegler et al., 2017
调控 FIT 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Schmid et al., 2014; Ziegler et al., 2016
MYB72 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Stringlis et al., 2018
MYB63 正调控香豆素合成 ? DeLoose et al., 2024
bHLH121 正调控香豆素合成 组成型 Gao et al., 2020a
MYB15 正调控香豆素合成 ? Schwarz and Bauer, 2020
KFB1 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Zhang et al., 2015; Chezem et al., 2017
KFB20 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Zhang et al., 2015; Chezem et al., 2017
KFB50 正调控香豆素合成 诱导型 Zhang et al., 2015; Chezem et al., 2017
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植物缺铁诱导型香豆素合成及其在铁吸收中的功能研究进展
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周婧 1 , 高飞 2, *
植物学报 | 专题论坛 2025,60(3): 460-471
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植物学报 |专题论坛 2025 , 60 (3) : 460 -471
植物缺铁诱导型香豆素合成及其在铁吸收中的功能研究进展
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周婧1, 高飞2, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南农业大学生物科学技术学院, 长沙 410128
  • 2湖南农业大学农学院, 长沙 410128
通讯作者:
*高飞, 博士, 湖南农业大学农学院副教授, 硕士生导师, 湖南省“百人计划”青年学者。长期从事植物铁吸收、转运、存储及其分子调控机制研究。利用多组学、遗传学、生物化学与分子生物学等手段挖掘鉴定相关关键基因, 揭示模式植物拟南芥以及水稻铁稳态调控的分子机理。近年来, 主持国家自然科学基金等省部级项目4项。以第一作者或通讯作者在The Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science和Journal of Experimental Botany等国内外权威学术期刊发表论文10余篇。E-mail:
Advances in Iron Deficiency-induced Coumarin Biosynthesis and Their Functions in Iron Absorption in Plants
Zhou Jing1, Gao Fei2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.11983/CBB24106
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香豆素类化合物是一类以苯并吡喃酮为母环结构的酚类化合物, 可分为简单香豆素和复杂香豆素, 广泛存在于自然界的高等植物中。研究表明, 缺铁条件下, 植物根部分泌的简单香豆素类化合物能够促进铁离子的吸收。该文对近年来发现和鉴定的植物缺铁诱导型香豆素合成及调控相关基因研究进展进行综述, 进一步详细阐述缺铁诱导型香豆素的生物合成、储存、分泌及其调控机制, 探讨其促进植物铁吸收的分子机制。同时, 展望该领域未来的研究方向。

铁缺乏  /  香豆素类化合物  /  生物合成  /  调控  /  铁吸收

Coumarins are a class of phenolic compounds with benzopyrones as the parent ring structure, categorized into simple and complex coumarins, and widely distributed in higher plants. In recent years, studies have shown that root-secreted coumarins can promote iron absorption in plants. Here, the recent progress in the discovery and identification of genes related to the biosynthesis and regulation of plant iron deficiency-induced coumarins is reviewed, and the molecular mechanisms of the biosynthesis, storage, secretion, and regulation of iron deficiency-induced coumarins are further elaborated. The mechanism by which coumarins could promote plant iron uptake has also been discussed. Finally, this paper provides a preliminary outlook on the future research directions to gain knowledge of these mechanisms, which could offer novel opportunities to generate iron deficiency-tolerant crops and iron-biofortified crops.

iron deficiency  /  coumarin  /  biosynthesis  /  regulation  /  iron uptake
周婧, 高飞. 植物缺铁诱导型香豆素合成及其在铁吸收中的功能研究进展. 植物学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 460 -471 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24106
Zhou Jing, Gao Fei. Advances in Iron Deficiency-induced Coumarin Biosynthesis and Their Functions in Iron Absorption in Plants[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025 , 60 (3) : 460 -471 . DOI: 10.11983/CBB24106
铁是植物必需的矿质微量元素之一。作为一种过渡态金属, 铁具有较强的得失电子能力, 广泛参与植物体内光合作用、呼吸作用、蛋白质和DNA合成等多种生理代谢过程, 在电子传递和酶促反应中扮演着十分重要的角色(Hänsch and Mendel, 2009)。尽管铁在土壤中丰度较高, 但是其通常以难溶性的氧化物和氢氧化物形式存在, 尤其在中性-碱性土壤中, 高pH显著降低铁的溶解性和生物有效性(Schmidt, 2003)。据统计, 全球超过30%的耕地面积存在潜在的缺铁问题, 严重影响植物生长发育和农业生产(Guerinot and Yi, 1994)。此外, 缺铁导致农作物籽粒等可食用部分铁含量降低, 从而间接影响人类铁营养状况。全球范围内, 超过20亿人受缺铁影响, 尤其多发于以植物性食物为主的发展中国家(World Health Organization, 2003)。通过“生物强化”(biofortification)提高植物铁含量, 成为解决人类缺铁问题的一种经济且可持续的方法。因此, 深入研究植物铁吸收、转运、存储及其调控机制具有重要意义。
在植物漫长的进化过程中, 为适应不同的低铁环境, 植物进化出不同的铁吸收机制。Römheld和Mar-schner (1986)首次将植物铁吸收机制分为机理I和机理II。机理I植物主要包括双子叶和非禾本科单子叶植物, 采用还原机制(reduction-based strategy)。在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中, 该机制主要包括3个步骤。首先, 植物通过根表皮细胞上的H+-ATPase泵系统(AHA2), 分泌H+降低根际环境的pH, 促进铁的溶解; 其次, 根表皮细胞质膜表面的铁氧化还原酶FRO2 (ferric reduction oxidase 2)将Fe3+还原成Fe2+; 最后, Fe2+通过质膜表面高亲和性的铁转运蛋白IRT1 (iron-regulated transporter 1)吸收进入细胞质(Gao and Dubos, 2021)。机理II植物主要包括禾本科植物, 采用螯合机制(chelation-based strategy)。水稻(Ory- za sativa)合成分泌麦根酸(mugineic acid, MA)家族的铁载体(phytosiderophores, PS)到根际土壤中, 直接与土壤中的Fe3+结合形成螯合物, 然后通过YSL家族转运蛋白(YELLOW STRIPE1-like)吸收至胞内, 再释放出Fe3+供植物体利用(Gao et al., 2020a, 2020b; Gao and Dubos, 2021)。
目前, 关于植物铁吸收、转运和储存的分子机制已研究得较为详细, 有多篇综述报道(吴慧兰等, 2007; 李利敏等, 2010; 申红芸等, 2011; Kobayashi and Nishizawa, 2012; Briat et al., 2015; Brumbarova et al., 2015)。此外, 植物体内存在复杂且精细的铁稳态调控系统, 机理I植物拟南芥和机理II植物水稻中与铁吸收相关的主要调控因子得到大量的发掘鉴定与研究。Gao等(2019)、Gao和Dubos (2021)、Riaz和Guerinot (2021)以及赵安娜等(2021)已有综述报道。
非禾本科植物中, 根部分泌的简单香豆素类化合物可以活化土壤环境中的铁, 从而促进植物的铁吸收(Tsai and Schmidt, 2017; Robe et al., 2021b)。虽然这一铁活化机制长期受到关注, 但其重要性被严重低估。近年来研究表明, 在高pH的中性-碱性土壤中, 由于植物铁吸收机理I中的铁氧化还原酶FRO2活性降低, 此时根分泌型香豆素类化合物在铁的还原、活化以及吸收中发挥关键作用(Tsai and Schmidt, 2017; Robe et al., 2021b)。本文综述了近年来在模式植物拟南芥中根分泌型香豆素的合成、储存、分泌、分子调控机制及其在植物铁吸收中的生理功能最新研究进展, 旨在总结并深入探讨根分泌型香豆素在植物铁吸收中的重要功能, 为进一步解析植物铁吸收的分子机制提供重要线索, 同时为开发缺铁耐受型以及铁强化型农作物提供理论依据。
缺铁条件下, 植物根系分泌的低分子量次生代谢产物与植物铁吸收相关研究已经被报道了近半个世纪(Brown and Ambler, 1973; Takemoto et al., 1978; Hether et al., 1984)。禾本科植物中, Takemoto等(1978)发现大麦(Hordeum vulgare)根部可以分泌具有铁螯合能力的次生代谢产物麦根酸到根际, 后续研究表明麦根酸家族化合物可以直接螯合Fe3+形成复合物, 该复合物被禾本科植物根表皮细胞的YSL家族转运蛋白直接吸收进入植物细胞(Römheld and Mars-chner, 1986)。
非禾本科植物中, Brown和Ambler (1973)首次发现缺铁条件下大豆(Glycine max)根部可以分泌某种还原性物质(reductants), 促进Fe3+还原为Fe2+, 从而增强大豆对铁的吸收。进一步在番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)和大豆等物种中的研究表明, 这类还原性物质主要包括酚类化合物、有机酸、糖类以及核黄素等(Römheld and Marschner, 1981; Welkie, 2000; Jin et al., 2007; Carvalhais et al., 2011; Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2011)。其中, 核黄素参与还原或者络合胞外铁, 同时可能参与桥接电子流到根表皮细胞上的铁氧化还原酶FRO2, 从而促进铁的吸收(Tsai and Schmidt, 2017)。而酚类化合物通常被认为是Fe3+潜在的还原剂和螯合剂(Brown and Ambler, 1973)。Jin等(2007)研究表明, 去除生长培养基中的酚类化合物, 可造成红菽草(Trifolium pratense)缺铁表型, 说明这些化合物在动员活化胞外铁中起重要作用。该研究进一步证实去除酚类物质会增强其它缺铁反应, 如质子释放和铁氧化还原酶活性增强, 表明酚类物质的产生和分泌不能通过其它缺铁响应反应来补偿(Jin et al., 2007)。近年来, 两篇报道揭示了模式植物拟南芥在缺铁条件下可以合成和释放荧光型酚类化合物-香豆素类化合物(Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Fourcroy et al., 2014)。尽管两项研究都表明香豆素类化合物对于防止缺铁条件下植物叶片黄化具有重要作用, 但均未阐明这些化合物如何提高植物应对有限铁供应的能力, 其确切的化学性质、生物合成途径以及作用机制仍然未知(Tsai and Schmidt, 2017)。
香豆素类化合物是一类以苯并吡喃酮为母环结构的酚类化合物, 来源于植物苯丙烷代谢途径(Waters et al., 2018)。苯丙烷代谢是最重要的植物次生代谢途径之一, 产生超过8 000种代谢物, 对植物生长发育及植物-环境互作有重要影响(Dong and Lin, 2021)。苯丙烷代谢途径中的木质素和黄酮等代谢通路已得到广泛研究, 然而直到近年, 缺铁诱导型简单香豆素的生物合成途径才得以初步解析(Robe et al., 2021b) (图1)。蛋白质组分析表明, 多个苯丙烷代谢途径关键酶在蛋白水平上响应缺铁处理(Lan et al., 2011; Pan et al., 2015)。其中包括苯丙烷代谢途径的第1个关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL1 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase1), 以及合成苯丙烷代谢途径的重要分支前体4-香豆酸辅酶A (4-coumaroyl-CoA)的关键酶4CL (4-coumarate:CoA ligases)。此外, 合成香豆素前体阿魏酰辅酶A (feruloyl-CoA)的关键酶羟基肉桂酰辅酶A莽草酸/奎宁酸羟基肉桂酰转移酶(hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, HCT)和咖啡酰辅酶A O-甲基转移酶1(caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase 1, CCoAOMT1)在蛋白水平上也响应缺铁处理(Lan et al., 2011; Pan et al., 2015) (表1)。在转录水平上, 缺铁和富铁处理之间差异基因的共表达分析表明, PAL1、PAL2、4CL1、4CL2和C4H (Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase)等香豆素前体合成相关的关键酶基因响应缺铁处理(Yang et al., 2010; Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Fourcroy et al., 2014) (表1)。综上所述, 香豆素前体合成相关的关键酶基因在转录水平和蛋白水平上响应缺铁处理, 从而促进香豆素前体合成, 为进一步合成下游的香豆素类化合物奠定基础。
研究表明, 拟南芥根部可以合成并分泌具有铁活化能力的简单香豆素类化合物, 包括秦皮素fraxetin和sideretin和秦皮乙素esculetin (Rajniak et al., 2018)。首先, 香豆素前体阿魏酰辅酶A (feruloyl-CoA)在阿魏酰辅酶A 6′-羟化酶(feruloyl-CoA 6′-hydroxylase 1, F6′H1)的催化下生成6′-羟基阿魏酰辅酶A (6′-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA) (Kai et al., 2008; Schmid et al., 2014) (图1)。F6′H1是开启香豆素代谢通路的第1个关键酶, 编码F6′H1的基因功能缺失影响下游香豆素的合成。相比野生型拟南芥, f6′h1突变体在高pH或者低铁条件下生长受抑制, 呈现幼叶脉间黄化等典型的缺铁症状(Schmid et al., 2014)。进一步研究发现, 外源施加香豆素类化合物可以恢复f6′h1突变体的缺陷表型, 表明香豆素类化合物在铁吸收中具有重要作用(Schmid et al., 2014)。莨菪亭scopoletin是拟南芥中最主要的香豆素类化合物之一, 由6′-羟基阿魏酰辅酶A通过反式-顺式异构化和内酯化生成, 该反应步骤在某种程度上可以在光催化下自发进行。Vanholme等(2019)研究表明, BHAD酰基转移酶家族的香豆素合成酶(coumarin synthase, COSY)可以提高该步骤的反应效率, 并且在植物根部等无光照条件下促进莨菪亭的生物合成(Vanholme et al., 2019) (图1)。莨菪亭scopoletin是合成秦皮素fraxetin和sideretin的重要前体。莨菪亭scopoletin在莨菪亭8-羟化酶(scopoletin 8-hydroxylase, S8H)的催化下生成秦皮素(fraxetin) (Siwinska et al., 2018; Tsai et al., 2018), fraxetin进一步在细胞色素P450家族酶CYP82C4的催化下生成sideretin (图1)。然而, 关于秦皮乙素esculetin的生物合成仍有争议。Vanholme等(2019)发现香豆素合酶COSY可以在体外催化6′-hydroxycaffeoyl-CoA合成秦皮乙素esculetin, 但是该催化步骤未在植物体内得到证实。此外, Rajniak等(2018)研究发现, 在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)中瞬时表达F6'H1基因可以诱导秦皮乙素esculetin的合成, 推测秦皮乙素esculetin可能通过莨菪亭scopoletin去甲基化合成, 其反应合成步骤有待进一步研究。COSY、S8H和CYP82C4在转录水平上受缺铁和高pH诱导(表1), 且其基因缺失突变体相比野生型表现出对缺铁和高pH更敏感, 进一步证实这些基因参与合成的下游香豆素类化合物秦皮素fraxetin和sideretin在植物响应缺铁反应中具有重要功能(Murgia et al., 2011; Rajniak et al., 2018; Siwinska et al., 2018; Tsai et al., 2018; Vanholme et al., 2019)。
铁缺乏诱导拟南芥莨菪亭scopoletin、秦皮素fraxetin、秦皮乙素esculetin和sideretin等主要香豆素类化合物的合成(Robe et al., 2021b)。与其它酚类化合物类似, 香豆素类化合物不稳定且具有一定的细胞毒性, 因此通常被进一步糖基化形成香豆素糖苷(莨菪苷scopolin、秦皮苷fraxin、秦皮甲素esculin和sideretin糖苷), 并储存于液泡中(Werner and Matile, 1985; Knoblauch et al., 2015; de Brito Francisco and Martinoia, 2018)。然而, 研究表明植物根分泌物中的香豆素类化合物大部分以非糖苷形式存在, 因此在香豆素类化合物分泌前需要进行去糖基化反应(Ziegler et al., 2017; Lefèvre et al., 2018)。拟南芥中, 根部生毛细胞(trichoblast)特异性表达的β-葡萄糖苷酶BGLU42 (beta glucosidase 42)负责莨菪苷scopolin的去糖基化(Zamioudis et al., 2014) (表1)。bglu42突变体能够积累更多香豆素类化合物, 但是只有极少的香豆素类化合物被分泌到根际环境中, 说明BGLU42的去糖基化作用为香豆素类化合物分泌前加工所必需(Zamioudis et al., 2014)。Ahn等(2010)鉴定发现3个拟南芥根部表达的β-葡萄糖苷酶BGLU21、BGLU22和BGLU23在体外具有类似BGLU42的活性, 可以水解莨菪苷scopolin和秦皮甲素esculin生成其对应的苷元。尽管如此, 仍然需要通过体内实验进一步证实BGLU21、BGLU22和BGLU23的生物学功能。因此, 参与秦皮苷fraxin、秦皮甲素esculin和sideretin糖苷分泌前去糖基化的酶仍有待进一步挖掘鉴定。
近年来, 两项独立的研究显示香豆素类化合物的分泌主要依赖于ABCG37/PDR9转运蛋白(Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Fourcroy et al., 2014) (表1)。Rodríguez-Celma等(2013)报道, 与野生型拟南芥相比, pdr9突变体无法从低生物利用度铁源中吸收铁。此外, pdr9突变体在低铁或高pH条件下表现出更明显的缺铁表型(Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Fourcroy et al., 2014)。进一步研究显示, 相比野生型拟南芥, pdr9突变体无论在富铁还是缺铁条件下根部均能够积累更多的莨菪亭scopoletin及其衍生物, 而在根际分泌物中相关香豆素类化合物的含量显著降低, 证实PDR9在香豆素类化合物的分泌中具有重要功能 (Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Fourcroy et al., 2014)。同时, pdr9突变体根际分泌物中微量香豆素类化合物的存在也表明其它转运蛋白可能参与香豆素类化合物的分泌。此外, 在烟草中PDR9的同源基因NtPDR3在转录水平上响应缺铁, 参与O-甲基化香豆素的分泌, 表明这种转运蛋白的功能在不同物种之间具有保守性(Ducos et al., 2005; Lefèvre et al., 2018)。直到最近, 根表皮细胞中的生毛细胞和非生毛细胞(atrichoblast)是否对不同香豆素类化合物的分泌具有特异性仍是一个开放性问题。Robe等(2021a)采用光谱成像技术在不同根毛突变体中分析了不同香豆素类化合物含量, 结果显示根毛在莨菪亭scopoletin的分泌中具有重要作用, 而秦皮素fraxetin和秦皮乙素esculetin的分泌不依赖于根毛, 可发生在所有根表皮细胞中。值得注意的是, 有研究在植物根际(尤其是在缺铁条件下)发现了少量的糖基化香豆素(Ziegler et al., 2017; Lefèvre et al., 2018; Stringlis et al., 2018)。上述研究表明, 一部分糖基化香豆素可以直接通过未知机制分泌到根际环境, 或者香豆素类化合物苷元可以在植物根际被糖基化, 相关机制有待进一步研究(Ziegler et al., 2017; Stringlis et al., 2018)。
与苯丙烷代谢途径其它分支类似, 香豆素类化合物的合成调控非常复杂(Vogt, 2010; Xu et al., 2015)。除了受铁丰度影响以外, 香豆素类化合物的合成还受其它必需元素和非必需元素的影响。例如, Leiková等(2017)研究表明, 锌过量可以激活F6′H1等香豆素合成相关基因的表达, 从而促进下游香豆素类化合物的合成和分泌。这种影响伴随着FRO2和IRT1表达量的上升, 表明锌过量可能诱导缺铁反应, 同时也暗示香豆素类化合物合成关键酶基因可能与铁吸收相关基因受上游同一调控网络调节。此外, 钴、镍和镉等重金属过量也会提高植物香豆素类化合物的合成和分泌(Leiková et al., 2017)。相反, Rodríguez-Celma等(2016)发现锰缺乏会导致S8H蛋白表达水平降低, 从而造成下游fraxetin和sideretin等香豆素类化合物合成减少。Ziegler等(2016)研究发现, 植物缺磷后根部分泌物中香豆素及其糖苷化合物水平发生变化。Chutia等(2019)进一步研究发现, 缺磷导致拟南芥根部es- culin和scopolin等香豆素苷含量显著上升, 然而却导致下游sideritin糖苷含量降低。在铁和磷双重缺乏条件下, fraxin含量与单独缺铁保持相似水平, 而sideritin糖苷含量相比单独缺铁条件下显著降低(Chutia et al., 2019)。基于以上结果, Chutia等(2019)推测磷缺乏和铁缺乏在调控sideritin等下游香豆素的合成方面具有拮抗作用。
虽然已知香豆素的生物合成受缺铁、缺磷和重金属等因素影响, 然而对其所涉及的调控机制却知之甚少(Schmid et al., 2014; Tsai et al., 2018; Chutia et al., 2019)。研究表明, 拟南芥中有17个bHLH家族转录因子参与调控植物铁吸收(Gao et al., 2019; Gao and Dubos, 2021)。其中, FIT是一个IIIa亚家族的bHLH转录因子, 其通过与不同的蛋白质相互作用调控铁吸收相关基因(IRT1和FRO2等)的表达, 在拟南芥铁吸收调控中起核心作用(Colangelo and Guerinot, 2004; Bauer et al., 2007; Schwarz and Bauer, 2020)。Colangelo和Guerinot (2004)通过转录组分析, 发现香豆素类化合物合成相关基因F6′H1、S8H和CYP82C4在fit-1突变体中表达显著下调。与fit-1突变体中香豆素合成相关基因表达下调一致, fit-1突变体中fraxin和sideretin糖苷含量相比野生型拟南芥显著降低(Schmid et al., 2014; Chutia et al., 2019)。因此, FIT是拟南芥中香豆素合成的重要调节因子之一, 然而关于FIT是直接或者间接调控F6′H1、S8H和CYP82C4基因的表达量仍然未知(图2)。MYB72是FIT依赖型转录因子, 在转录水平上受FIT转录因子调控(Colangelo and Guerinot, 2004) (图2)。Stringlis等(2018)研究发现, myb72突变体及其根际分泌物中的scopoletin和esculetin等香豆素类化合物显著降低。Zamioudis等(2014)研究表明, 过量表达MYB72可以激活上游苯丙烷代谢途径关键酶基因PAL、C4H、4CL、HCT和CCoAOMT, 以及香豆素合成相关基因S8H, 而不影响F6′H1基因的表达(图2)。因此, 推测MYB72通过调控上游苯丙烷代谢途径关键酶, 控制香豆素类化合物前体阿魏酰辅酶A的合成, 从而调控下游香豆素类化合物的合成(Zamioudis et al., 2014)。此外, MYB72可能通过调控S8H的表达调控下游fraxetin以及sideritin的合成(图2)。DeLoose等(2024)研究表明, MYB63可以通过调节COSY和F6′H1基因的表达调控香豆素的合成。Gao等(2020a)研究发现, bhlh121突变体中scopoletin、fraxetin和sideritin相比野生型拟南芥显著降低, 尤其是下游的fraxetin和sideritin。进一步分析表明, bhlh121突变体中F6′H1的表达在缺铁条件下轻度下调, 而S8H和CYP82C4的表达在缺铁和富铁条件下均显著下调, 表明bHLH121通过调控F6′H1、S8H和CYP82C4的表达调控香豆素类化合物的合成(图2), 他们采用ChIP- qPCR方法发现bHLH121不能直接结合F6′H1、S8H和CYP82C4基因的启动子序列, 推测bHLH121可能通过直接调控MYB72和FIT转录因子从而间接调控F6′H1、S8H和CYP82C4基因的表达(Gao et al., 2020a)。此外, 香豆素类化合物的合成还受到其它转录因子的调控。MYB15是参与防御诱导的木质素合成和基础免疫的关键转录因子, 可以激活PAL、C4H、4CL、HCT、CCoAOMT和F6′H1等基因的表达, 从而促进香豆素类化合物前体的合成(Chezem et al., 2017) (表1)。拟南芥中, 3个KFB蛋白(Kelch domain- containing F-box proteins)参与苯丙烷代谢途径关键酶蛋白的周转, 其中KFB1和KFB20受缺铁诱导, 推测它们参与香豆素合成通路的转录后调控(Zhang et al., 2013, 2015; Tsai and Schmidt, 2017) (表1)。
尽管目前在多项研究中已经证明香豆素类化合物的合成和分泌在植物铁的摄取中扮演重要角色, 然而其确切的作用机制尚不完全清楚(Rajniak et al., 2018; Siwinska et al., 2018)。Sideretin、fraxetin和esculetin等香豆素对Fe3+的螯合和还原活性已经在体外得到证实(Rajniak et al., 2018)。然而, 研究表明, 植物根系分泌物对Fe3+的还原能力远低于通过铁氧化还原酶FRO2或者其同源蛋白介导的酶促Fe3+还原能力(Römheld and Marschner, 1983; Schmidt, 1999)。因此, 分泌型香豆素对Fe3+的还原能力可能不是其促进植物铁营养吸收的唯一途径。研究表明, 野生型拟南芥和香豆素缺陷型突变体f6'h1-1的Fe3+还原能力无显著差异, 且野生型拟南芥根际分泌的香豆素类化合物不能恢复铁氧化还原酶突变体fro2的缺铁表型, 进一步说明Fe3+的还原能力不是分泌型香豆素的主要功能(Schmid et al., 2014; Fourcroy et al., 2016)。
然而这并不能完全排除香豆素类化合物对Fe3+还原的贡献。例如, 根部持续分泌香豆素类化合物, 在根际微环境中形成较高浓度的香豆素类化合物池, 从而促进Fe3+的还原(Tsai and Schmidt, 2017)。最新研究表明, 在酸性条件下, sideretin和fraxetin可以互补fro2突变体的缺铁表型, 证实sideretin和fraxetin香豆素可以在特定pH条件下还原Fe3+, 从而促进植物铁的吸收(Paffrath et al., 2024)。
以往的研究表明, 共培养野生型拟南芥和香豆素合成缺陷型突变体(f6h1-1、cosy-1和cosy-2)可以恢复这些突变体的缺铁表型(Rodríguez-Celma et al., 2013; Vanholme et al., 2019)。此外, 进一步的化学物质互补实验证实外源施加香豆素(esculetin、fraxe- tin和sideretin)可以挽救f6h1-1、s8h-1和s8h-2突变体的缺铁表型。Robe等(2021a)研究发现, 拟南芥根部可以吸收外源scopoletin、fraxetin和esculetin等香豆素类化合物。基于以上发现, 结合香豆素可以在较高pH条件下与Fe3+形成复合物的现象, Robe等(2021a, 2021b)推测在碱性条件下, 植物合成分泌香豆素类化合物, 一方面还原活化Fe3+, 另一方面可能直接通过吸收Fe3+-香豆素复合物的形式从土壤中摄取铁。然而, 该假设尚未得到证实, 未来进一步探索植物吸收该复合物的直接证据有利于揭示香豆素在铁吸收中的具体功能。
铁缺乏诱导植物合成和分泌具有铁活化能力的化合物已被发现近半个世纪(Brown and Ambler, 1973; Takemoto et al., 1978; Hether et al., 1984)。然而, 实验条件下FRO2和IRT1介导的高效铁吸收机制掩盖了这些化合物在铁活化和吸收中的重要功能(Tsai and Schmidt, 2017)。近年来, 大量的遗传证据强烈支持根分泌型香豆素类化合物是非禾本科植物中铁吸收系统的重要组分(Tsai and Schmidt, 2017; Robe et al., 2021b; Paffrath et al., 2024)。Fraxetin、sideretin和esculetin等主要参与铁活化吸收的香豆素类化合物的发现及其合成途径关键酶基因(F6'H1、COSY、S8H和CYP28C4)的鉴定, 是阐明香豆素生物合成途径并解析其在缺铁应答中生物学功能的重要一步。尽管如此, 仍有几个与香豆素合成、储存、分泌及调控相关的问题急需解决, 以便解析香豆素参与植物铁摄取的具体机制。
(1) 秦皮乙素esculetin的生物合成途径尚不清晰。虽然Vanholme等(2019)证实香豆素合酶COSY可以在体外催化6′-hydroxycaffeoyl-CoA合成秦皮乙素esculetin, 但是该催化步骤有待进一步在植物体内证实。Rajniak等(2018)推测秦皮乙素esculetin可能通过莨菪亭scopoletin去甲基化合成, 然而仍缺乏关键证据。进一步通过基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学和反向遗传学等方法研究秦皮乙素esculetin的生物合成将有助于完全解析根分泌型香豆素的生物合成途径。
(2) 香豆素类化合物合成后, 在糖基转移酶的作用下生成对应的香豆素苷, 然后被转运存储到液泡中。然而相关的糖基转移酶未见报道, 是否存在不同的糖基转移酶参与不同种类香豆素类化合物的糖基化有待进一步研究。香豆素在液泡膜的跨膜运输机制仍然未知, 是否存在相关转运蛋白参与香豆素在液泡膜向内和向外的转运, ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter)家族成员成为潜在的研究对象(Robe et al., 2021a, 2021b)。
(3) 虽然目前已发现多个转录因子调控香豆素类化合物合成途径的关键基因, 但是具体的调控机制尚不清楚(Gao et al., 2020a; Robe et al., 2021b)。F6'H1、COSY、S8H和CYP28C4等关键酶基因上游的直接调控转录因子有待进一步挖掘。通过启动子功能鉴定、酵母单杂交筛选以及EMS诱变等方法可进一步挖掘和鉴定这些基因的上游调控因子, 从而阐明香豆素类化合物的合成调控网络。
(4) 进一步探明香豆素类化合物生物合成途径在转录水平受其它环境因素调控的机制, 尤其是其它微量、大量以及重金属元素对该调控网络的影响, 有利于阐明铁与其它矿质元素的相互作用对香豆素类化合物合成调控的影响。
总之, 进一步全面研究根分泌型香豆素类化合物的合成、存储、分泌以及调控机制, 有利于解析其促进铁吸收的确切作用机理, 从而为指导耐缺铁作物育种和作物铁生物强化提供理论依据。
周婧和高飞: 论文撰写及作图, 经费支持。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ40325)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ40312)
  • 湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22B0228)
  • 湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22B0182)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.11983/CBB24106
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-20
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 录用日期:2024-12-14
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湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ40325)
湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ40312)
湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22B0228)
湖南省教育厅资助科研项目(22B0182)
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    1湖南农业大学生物科学技术学院, 长沙 410128
    2湖南农业大学农学院, 长沙 410128

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*高飞, 博士, 湖南农业大学农学院副教授, 硕士生导师, 湖南省“百人计划”青年学者。长期从事植物铁吸收、转运、存储及其分子调控机制研究。利用多组学、遗传学、生物化学与分子生物学等手段挖掘鉴定相关关键基因, 揭示模式植物拟南芥以及水稻铁稳态调控的分子机理。近年来, 主持国家自然科学基金等省部级项目4项。以第一作者或通讯作者在The Plant Cell、Trends in Plant Science和Journal of Experimental Botany等国内外权威学术期刊发表论文10余篇。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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