Article(id=1317486395338379949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101526, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773590400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-16, revisedDate=1781712000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792042834361, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042834361, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042834361, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042834361, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317486379714592918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, year='2026', volume='62', issue='7', pageStart='687', pageEnd='793', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042830637, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792119563599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317808221184700571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317808221188894876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=745, endPage=757, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317486395548095150, articleId=1317486395338379949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=EN, title=Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism of leaf color transition and quality component dynamics in ‘Naibaicha’ (Camellia sinensis), columnId=1317486380687667900, journalTitle=Plant Physiology Journal, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Aims:

The Camellia sinensis cultivar ‘Naibaicha’ is a natural albino mutant with young shoots that are creamy white in spring and yellow-green or green in summer. The mechanisms underlying this leaf color transformation remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the changes in key metabolites and proteomic profiles during the color transition to elucidate the molecular basis of leaf color variation and flavor component formation in ‘Naibaicha’.

Methods:

One bud and one leaf of ‘Naibaicha’ were collected at the albino, color-turning and green stages. Chlorophyll content, catechin composition, and free amino acid components were measured. In addition, proteomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and enriched functional pathways.

Results:

During the transition from albino to green leaves, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content increased significantly, whereas total free amino acids and theanine showed a decreasing trend. In contrast, total catechins, galloylated catechins and non-galloylated catechins accumulated continuously, reaching the highest levels at the green stage. Proteomic analysis identified 594 DEPs, including 30 common DEPs. GO enrichment showed that the top three functional categories were cellular process, metabolic process and cellular anatomical entity. KEGG enrichment revealed that the most significantly enriched pathways were photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna proteins and carbon metabolism. Two key proteins were identified through bioinformatic screening: the LHC protein (a transmembrane protein involved in plastocyanin-mediated electron transfer) and the PsaF subunit (a key component of thylakoid structure and photosynthesis). Their expression patterns revealed that the photosynthetic system of ‘Naibaicha’ exhibits defects in light capture, electron transfer, and thylakoid assembly during the albino stage.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that leaf color greening in ‘Naibaicha’ is accompanied by marked increases in chlorophyll and catechin accumulation but a decline in amino acids. The restored expression of these two proteins is crucial for the reconstruction of photosynthetic function and the transition from albino to green leaves. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying leaf color transition and flavor substance formation in ‘Naibaicha’.

, authors=Shuangling HU1, 2, Qinghua CHEN1, 2, Jinbo LIANG1, 2, Jun XIANG1, 2, Fang CHEN1, 2, Hong LUO1, 2, Shaoling KANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Shuangling HU, Qinghua CHEN, Jinbo LIANG, Jun XIANG, Fang CHEN, Hong LUO, Shaoling KANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shaoling KANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

()
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317486398970647233, articleId=1317486395338379949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=CN, title=基于蛋白组学的‘奶白茶’叶色转变机理及品质成分变化分析, columnId=1317486380838662846, journalTitle=植物生理学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

‘奶白茶’是一种天然白化突变茶树品种,其幼嫩芽叶在春季呈奶白色,夏季则变为黄绿色或绿色,然而其叶色转变机理尚不明确。本研究以‘奶白茶’一芽一叶为材料,分别于白色期、转色期和绿色期取样,测定叶绿素含量、儿茶素组分及游离氨基酸组分,并开展蛋白质组学测序分析。结果表明,随着叶色由白转绿,叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量均显著上升;游离氨基酸总量与茶氨酸含量则呈下降趋势;儿茶素总量、酯型儿茶素与非酯型儿茶素在转色过程中持续积累,并在绿叶期达到最高。蛋白质组学分析共鉴定到594个差异表达蛋白,其中有30个共同差异蛋白。GO注释分析显示,差异表达蛋白主要注释于细胞过程、代谢过程和细胞解剖实体,KEGG富集分析发现,差异蛋白主要富集在光合作用、光合作用-天线蛋白和碳代谢通路。通过生物信息学筛选确定的LHC蛋白(参与质体蓝素电子传递的跨膜蛋白)和PsaF亚基(类囊体结构与光合作用的关键组分),共同揭示了‘奶白茶’在白化阶段光合作用系统存在捕获光能、电子传递及类囊体组装缺陷,这两个蛋白恢复表达是叶片重建光合功能、转色复绿的关键。研究结果为解析‘奶白茶’叶色转变与风味物质形成的机制提供了理论基础。

, authors=胡双玲1, 2, 陈清华1, 2, 梁金波1, 2, 向俊1, 2, 陈芳1, 2, 罗鸿1, 2, 康绍玲1, 2, *, authorsList=胡双玲, 陈清华, 梁金波, 向俊, 陈芳, 罗鸿, 康绍玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=康绍玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

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A:白色期(AL)、转色期(CL)、绿色期(GL)的芽叶表型;B:叶绿素含量。图中同一检测指标的不同小写字母表示存在显著差异(P<0.05),下同。

, figureFileSmall=1gANWtwvC/BYRYGotVqP3Q==, figureFileBig=+uPvYWbuUgDWCz0imluS2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486404700066560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Free amino acid (A) and catechin (B) contents of ‘Naibaicha’ young shoots at different developmental stages, figureFileSmall=Z57ijruKIoxg3H7lR7POYg==, figureFileBig=aUCecAvL2y9dY4PL//H0DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486404775564033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图2, caption=‘奶白茶’不同时期芽叶游离氨基酸(A)和儿茶素(B)含量, figureFileSmall=Z57ijruKIoxg3H7lR7POYg==, figureFileBig=aUCecAvL2y9dY4PL//H0DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486404981084930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Heatmap of catechin and amino acid composition in ‘Naibaicha’ developmental stages, figureFileSmall=qLmJB/1QpielybdfVmxS1Q==, figureFileBig=/6CKTebw+83go+vIutulqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486405039805187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图3, caption=‘奶白茶’不同时期的儿茶素、氨基酸组分热图

C:儿茶素;GA:没食子酸;GCG:没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯;ECG:表儿茶素没食子酸酯;EGC:表没食子儿茶素;GC:没食子儿茶素;EGCG:表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯;CAF:咖啡碱;Asp:天冬氨酸;Glu:谷氨酸;Ser:丝氨酸;Gln:谷氨酰胺;His:组氨酸;Gly:甘氨酸;Arg:精氨酸;Thr:苏氨酸;Ala:丙氨酸;Pro:脯氨酸;Tyr:酪氨酸;Val:缬氨酸;Ile:异亮氨酸;Leu:亮氨酸;The:茶氨酸。

, figureFileSmall=qLmJB/1QpielybdfVmxS1Q==, figureFileBig=/6CKTebw+83go+vIutulqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486406700749572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Principal component analysis (A) and statistical chart of differential protein expression (B and C), figureFileSmall=Q+OLeXpftLG8cmZ9y0VmZw==, figureFileBig=M7oiMcy2L7D6LbraXa4aag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486406767858437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图4, caption=主成分分析(A)和差异表达蛋白统计图(B和C), figureFileSmall=Q+OLeXpftLG8cmZ9y0VmZw==, figureFileBig=M7oiMcy2L7D6LbraXa4aag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486406830772998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Heat map of relative expression matrix of differential proteins, figureFileSmall=mxo9Ce4XCDOOw1IKqUcBJg==, figureFileBig=mVJKX+KeQs0EBemHlZT1hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486406906270471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图5, caption=差异蛋白相对表达矩阵热图, figureFileSmall=mxo9Ce4XCDOOw1IKqUcBJg==, figureFileBig=mVJKX+KeQs0EBemHlZT1hA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407027905288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=GO enrichment analysis of differential proteins, figureFileSmall=2BoEN8fj9owQNmGLqSuBsA==, figureFileBig=JJ/lVUSkICdS2yjMQc7Dlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407120179977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图6, caption=差异蛋白GO富集分析

A:AL-vs-GL;B:AL-vs-CL;C:CL-vs-GL。

, figureFileSmall=2BoEN8fj9owQNmGLqSuBsA==, figureFileBig=JJ/lVUSkICdS2yjMQc7Dlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407191483146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=KEGG enrichment analysis of differential proteins, figureFileSmall=8xrBKRIcqf2xfQOytUj+4g==, figureFileBig=SlzZUk6f52vNzrkEReP/Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407258592011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图7, caption=差异蛋白KEGG(代谢通路)富集分析

A:AL-vs-GL;B:AL-vs-CL;C:CL-vs-GL。

, figureFileSmall=8xrBKRIcqf2xfQOytUj+4g==, figureFileBig=SlzZUk6f52vNzrkEReP/Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407447335692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Differential protein interaction network, figureFileSmall=z6vZUCjUT6vVj6kNQbuDHQ==, figureFileBig=YAQXjYbVbKizwrBoYKE/bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407514444557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图8, caption=差异蛋白互作网络, figureFileSmall=z6vZUCjUT6vVj6kNQbuDHQ==, figureFileBig=YAQXjYbVbKizwrBoYKE/bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407581553422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=KEGG network pathway analysis, figureFileSmall=sVpPEWs/QVivhnVkGcH/rQ==, figureFileBig=OWKtd0B48VZqSvlyvEXggg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486407879349007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486395338379949, language=CN, label=图9, caption=KEGG网络通路分析

A:光合作用代谢通路;B:光合作用-天线蛋白代谢通路。

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基于蛋白组学的‘奶白茶’叶色转变机理及品质成分变化分析
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胡双玲 1, 2 , 陈清华 1, 2 , 梁金波 1, 2 , 向俊 1, 2 , 陈芳 1, 2 , 罗鸿 1, 2 , 康绍玲 1, 2, *
植物生理学报 | 研究报告 2026,62(7): 745-757
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植物生理学报 |研究报告 2026 , 62 (7) : 745 -757
基于蛋白组学的‘奶白茶’叶色转变机理及品质成分变化分析
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胡双玲1, 2, 陈清华1, 2, 梁金波1, 2, 向俊1, 2, 陈芳1, 2, 罗鸿1, 2, 康绍玲1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1恩施土家族苗族自治州农业科学院(硒应用技术与产品开发研究院),湖北 恩施 445000
  • 2湖北省恩施硒茶产业技术研究院,湖北 恩施 445000
通讯作者:
Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism of leaf color transition and quality component dynamics in ‘Naibaicha’ (Camellia sinensis)
Shuangling HU1, 2, Qinghua CHEN1, 2, Jinbo LIANG1, 2, Jun XIANG1, 2, Fang CHEN1, 2, Hong LUO1, 2, Shaoling KANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Science (Institute of Selenium Application Technology and Product Development), Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
  • 2Hubei Enshi Selenium Tea Industrial Technology Research Institute, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101526
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‘奶白茶’是一种天然白化突变茶树品种,其幼嫩芽叶在春季呈奶白色,夏季则变为黄绿色或绿色,然而其叶色转变机理尚不明确。本研究以‘奶白茶’一芽一叶为材料,分别于白色期、转色期和绿色期取样,测定叶绿素含量、儿茶素组分及游离氨基酸组分,并开展蛋白质组学测序分析。结果表明,随着叶色由白转绿,叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量均显著上升;游离氨基酸总量与茶氨酸含量则呈下降趋势;儿茶素总量、酯型儿茶素与非酯型儿茶素在转色过程中持续积累,并在绿叶期达到最高。蛋白质组学分析共鉴定到594个差异表达蛋白,其中有30个共同差异蛋白。GO注释分析显示,差异表达蛋白主要注释于细胞过程、代谢过程和细胞解剖实体,KEGG富集分析发现,差异蛋白主要富集在光合作用、光合作用-天线蛋白和碳代谢通路。通过生物信息学筛选确定的LHC蛋白(参与质体蓝素电子传递的跨膜蛋白)和PsaF亚基(类囊体结构与光合作用的关键组分),共同揭示了‘奶白茶’在白化阶段光合作用系统存在捕获光能、电子传递及类囊体组装缺陷,这两个蛋白恢复表达是叶片重建光合功能、转色复绿的关键。研究结果为解析‘奶白茶’叶色转变与风味物质形成的机制提供了理论基础。

‘奶白茶’  /  叶色转变  /  蛋白质组学  /  叶绿素  /  氨基酸  /  儿茶素
Aims:

The Camellia sinensis cultivar ‘Naibaicha’ is a natural albino mutant with young shoots that are creamy white in spring and yellow-green or green in summer. The mechanisms underlying this leaf color transformation remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the changes in key metabolites and proteomic profiles during the color transition to elucidate the molecular basis of leaf color variation and flavor component formation in ‘Naibaicha’.

Methods:

One bud and one leaf of ‘Naibaicha’ were collected at the albino, color-turning and green stages. Chlorophyll content, catechin composition, and free amino acid components were measured. In addition, proteomic sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and enriched functional pathways.

Results:

During the transition from albino to green leaves, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content increased significantly, whereas total free amino acids and theanine showed a decreasing trend. In contrast, total catechins, galloylated catechins and non-galloylated catechins accumulated continuously, reaching the highest levels at the green stage. Proteomic analysis identified 594 DEPs, including 30 common DEPs. GO enrichment showed that the top three functional categories were cellular process, metabolic process and cellular anatomical entity. KEGG enrichment revealed that the most significantly enriched pathways were photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna proteins and carbon metabolism. Two key proteins were identified through bioinformatic screening: the LHC protein (a transmembrane protein involved in plastocyanin-mediated electron transfer) and the PsaF subunit (a key component of thylakoid structure and photosynthesis). Their expression patterns revealed that the photosynthetic system of ‘Naibaicha’ exhibits defects in light capture, electron transfer, and thylakoid assembly during the albino stage.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that leaf color greening in ‘Naibaicha’ is accompanied by marked increases in chlorophyll and catechin accumulation but a decline in amino acids. The restored expression of these two proteins is crucial for the reconstruction of photosynthetic function and the transition from albino to green leaves. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying leaf color transition and flavor substance formation in ‘Naibaicha’.

‘Naibaicha’ (Camellia sinensis)  /  leaf color transition  /  proteomics  /  chlorophyll  /  amino acid  /  catechin
胡双玲, 陈清华, 梁金波, 向俊, 陈芳, 罗鸿, 康绍玲. 基于蛋白组学的‘奶白茶’叶色转变机理及品质成分变化分析. 植物生理学报, 2026 , 62 (7) : 745 -757 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101526
Shuangling HU, Qinghua CHEN, Jinbo LIANG, Jun XIANG, Fang CHEN, Hong LUO, Shaoling KANG. Proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism of leaf color transition and quality component dynamics in ‘Naibaicha’ (Camellia sinensis)[J]. Plant Physiology Journal, 2026 , 62 (7) : 745 -757 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101526
茶树(Camellia sinensis)是叶用型经济作物,其芽叶品质决定了茶叶的商业价值。白化茶树是一类重要的特异茶树种质资源,因其独特的叶色性状和优异的感官品质而成为茶叶研究与产品开发的热点。根据其对温度和光照的敏感度不同,可分为温度敏感型和光照敏感型。温度敏感型白化茶树品种有‘安吉白茶’(Zhu等2024)、‘小雪芽’(Li等2019)、‘中黄2号’(Zhang等2023)等,其生理特征表现为茶树在低温时新梢为白色,而随着温度升高叶片逐渐返绿。白化茶树叶片叶绿体发育异常,光合色素含量较低,氨基酸含量较高,而儿茶素和咖啡碱含量较低(Li等2026),叶色独特加上口感鲜爽,近年来深受市场追捧。
蛋白质组学是一门通过高通量、系统化手段,解析蛋白质的组成、功能、表达、修饰及其相互作用规律的学科,茶树蛋白质组学的研究主要集中在抗寒、抗旱等抗性机理、次级代谢产物的合成与调控规律及白化茶白化机理等方面(苏小琴等2017)。白化茶树作为特异叶色资源,其白化表型是一个复杂的调控系统。Xu等(2017a,b)对‘安吉白茶’ 3个时期的蛋白质表达情况及乙酰化蛋白质组和琥珀酰化蛋白质组进行差异分析,发现差异蛋白主要参与碳固定、光合作用、卟啉和叶绿素代谢、氨基酸生物合成和次生代谢产物合成等过程。Dong等(2018)通过转录组与蛋白质组整合分析,发现茶树黄化叶片中初级碳代谢受到抑制,进而抑制叶绿素与黄酮类物质的积累。Li等(2025)通过蛋白组与代谢组整合分析,发现‘中黄2号’黄芽和绿芽的差异蛋白和代谢物主要富集在卟啉和叶绿素代谢、光合生物的碳固定以及苯丙烷类生物合成等通路。
‘奶白茶’属于温度敏感型的白化茶树品种,是从浙江省安吉县的群体茶园中采用单株选择的方法系统选育而成的特色茶树品种,春季新梢为奶白色,随着温度升高逐渐转绿,夏秋季节为绿色,长势较弱,具有奶白色的外观和极高的氨基酸含量,是一种独特珍稀的白化茶树资源。本研究以‘奶白茶’的白色期、转色期及绿色期新梢为研究对象,对不同颜色芽叶的生化成分及叶绿素进行检测,并结合蛋白组分析叶色转变时的主要成分和蛋白表达变化,旨在为解析‘奶白茶’叶色转变与风味物质形成的机制提供理论基础。
试验材料为茶树[Camellia sinensis(L.)O. Kuntze]品种‘奶白茶’嫩叶,取自湖北省恩施市阳雀坝村恩施州农科院茶叶研究所试验基地(30°31′59" N/109°48′09"E)。于2025年4月15日取白色期一芽一叶(萌发初期,芽叶茎均为乳白色),4月30日取转色期一芽一叶(叶为浅黄色,叶面向后卷曲),6月12日取绿色期一芽一叶(芽叶全为绿色,叶面较平展)为研究材料,分别记为AL、CL和GL,每个样品取3个重复,分为两份,其中一份放入液氮中速冻,–80℃低温保存,用于叶绿素检测和蛋白组测序,蛋白组测序交由百迈客生物科技有限公司完成;另一份样品微波炉杀青,烘干,磨粉后用于儿茶素组分和氨基酸组分检测。
主要仪器有紫外/可见分光光度计[翱艺仪器(上海)有限公司],高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津),高效液相色谱仪(配备荧光检测器,Waters,新加坡)。
主要试剂有儿茶素与氨基酸组分标准品;乙腈,色谱纯;甲醇、乙酸、硼氢化钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt,EDTA-2Na)等优级纯。
叶绿素含量测定方法参照Liu等(2023a)的文献。称取0.5 g经液氮研磨后的‘奶白茶’嫩叶,加入10 mL提取溶剂(丙酮:乙醇体积比5∶95)萃取过夜。使用分光光度计在663 nm和645 nm波长处测定提取液吸光度,根据公式计算叶绿素a和b的含量。每个样本重复3次。
采用高效液相色谱(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法检测。色谱柱为C18,粒径5 μm,250 mm×4.6 mm;柱温35℃;进样体积为5 μL,流速1 mL·min−1,波长为273 nm。流动相:A相为100%乙腈,B相为20 mL乙酸、2 mL EDTA-2Na,均加水定容至1 L,过0.45 μm有机膜;洗脱梯度:0~4 min时A相93.5%,16 min时A相降至85%,28 min时A相降至75%并保持1 min,30 min时A相升至93.5%并保持5 min。每个样品独立浸提3次,取平均值。
参照国家标准《植物中游离氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 30987—2020),采用6-氨基喹啉-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基氨基甲酸酯(6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate,6-AQC)柱前衍生结合HPLC法检测氨基酸组分。柱前衍生方法:样品或标准品溶液10 μL+硼砂盐缓冲液70 μL(0.20 mol·L−1,pH 8.8)+3 g·L−1 6-AQC溶液20 μL,涡旋混合10 s,在室温下静置1 min后,转移至55℃烘箱中加热10 min,取出后检测。检测条件为C18色谱柱(5 μm,4.6 mm×250 mm),柱温35℃;荧光检测器参数为激发波长250 nm,发射波长395 nm;进样体积5 μL,流速1 mL·min−1,流动相A为80 mmol·L−1磷酸盐缓冲液,流动相B为80 mmol·L−1磷酸盐乙腈缓冲液。洗脱程序为0~5 min时A相100%,25 min时A相降至97.3%,40 min时A相降为81.2%,55 min时A相降至74.4%,67 min时A相降至50.2%,70 min时A相降至0%并保持5 min,77 min时A相升至100%。
采用基于新一代OrbitrapTM AstralTM高分辨质谱仪的Astral DIA蛋白质组学对‘奶白茶’ AL、CL和GL样品进行测序,主要流程包括蛋白质提取、肽段酶解、色谱分级、液相色谱-串联质谱检测、数据库检索等。使用MaxQuant软件分析原始质谱文件,使用Spectronaut 14.2检索茶树蛋白数据库,使用interproscan-5程序对非冗余蛋白质数据库进行基因本体和InterPro分析,并利用COG(clusters of orthologous genes)和KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)数据库分析蛋白质家族和通路。使用STRING数据库(https://string-db.org/)分析蛋白质间的相互作用关系,构建蛋白质互作网络图。将每个蛋白在比较样品中的差异倍数(fold change,FC)和经t-test检验得到的P值作为差异蛋白的筛选条件,当FC≥2,且P≤0.01时,筛选上调表达蛋白;当FC≤1/2,且P≤0.01时,筛选下调表达蛋白。运用clusterProfiler软件对差异蛋白集进行GO(gene ontology)功能富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析。
采用Microsoft Excel 2016和SPSS 27.0软件进行数据处理与统计分析。采用最小显著差异法(least significant difference,LSD)法检验差异显著性,并在置信区间为95%的水平进行多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著。绘图采用Origin 2024软件。
‘奶白茶’在春季低温期新梢芽叶及嫩茎均呈现乳白色,叶片形状为长椭圆形,叶质薄而脆,叶面平展或微内折,后期随着气温逐步升高,新梢会逐渐变绿,呈浅黄绿色,叶面向后卷曲,叶质薄而柔软,到春末夏初温度到达30℃以上时,新梢会完全复绿,叶面较平展(图1-A)。采集三个不同时期的一芽一叶鲜叶,检测其叶绿素含量,结果表明,在新梢颜色变绿的过程中,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均呈上升趋势,GL显著高于AL和CL,且总叶绿素含量存在显著差异(图1-B)。
氨基酸是茶叶中鲜爽滋味的主要成分,对‘奶白茶’不同叶色期的游离氨基酸组分进行测定,共检验出15种氨基酸组分,游离氨基酸总量随着叶色由白转绿呈现出显著下降趋势,CL到GL下降剧烈,氨基酸总量从3.48%下降到了0.93%;茶氨酸是茶叶中特有的游离氨基酸,占游离氨基酸总量的50%左右,亦呈显著下降趋势(图2-A)。
儿茶素是茶叶苦涩味的主要贡献物质,为进一步探明不同叶色期‘奶白茶’的儿茶素组分差异,利用HPLC测定,共检验出6种儿茶素组分和没食子酸。儿茶素总量随着叶色由白转绿呈现出上升趋势,GL的儿茶素总量显著高于AL;酯型儿茶素具有较强的苦涩味和收敛性,是主要的儿茶素呈味物质,非酯型儿茶素苦涩味较弱,收敛性较小,二者组合适当,能产生良好味感,酯型儿茶素和非酯型儿茶素随着叶色由白转绿均呈上升趋势,且GL期的含量显著高于AL期(图2-B)。
为了研究各个氨基酸组分、儿茶素组分在不同叶色期的变化规律,对其进行热图分析(图3),结果表明,儿茶素(catechin,C)和表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate,ECG)在叶色由白转绿期间呈下降趋势,其他4种儿茶素没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(gallocatechin gallate,GCG)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin,EGC)、没食子儿茶素(gallocatechin,GC)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)和没食子酸(gallic acid,GA)均呈上升趋势;咖啡碱在AL到CL期呈上升趋势,在GL期下降;15种氨基酸组分中,除苏氨酸(threonine,Thr)和酪氨酸(tyrosine,Tyr)呈先升后降趋势外,其余均呈下降趋势。
为了进一步分析不同叶色样品之间的差异,对三个样品的蛋白质样本进行主成分分析,如图4-A所示,‘奶白茶’ AL样品蛋白表达信息主要集中在第二象限,CL样品主要集中在第三象限,而GL样品蛋白表达样品集中在第一象限,三个样品生物学重复性较好,样本之间差异性显著。
韦恩图(图4-B)分析显示,AL-vs-GL和AL-vs-CL之间有54个共同差异蛋白,AL-vs-CL和CL-vs-GL之间有31个共同差异蛋白,AL-vs-GL和CL-vs-GL之间有170个共同差异蛋白,AL-vs-GL、AL-vs-CL和CL-vs-GL之间有30个共同差异蛋白。如图4-C所示,‘奶白茶’ AL和GL之间共筛选出530个差异蛋白,包括407个上调蛋白和123个下调蛋白;AL和CL之间共筛选出71个差异蛋白,其中上调蛋白56个,下调蛋白15个;CL和GL之间共筛选出218个差异蛋白,包括151个上调蛋白和67个下调蛋白。通过差异蛋白表达热图聚类分析(图5),‘奶白茶’不同叶色新梢的蛋白表达具有较大的差异,大多数差异蛋白在新梢由白转绿的过程中的表达量增加,这些蛋白表达丰度的差异表明,‘奶白茶’的叶色变化是一个复杂的生物学调控过程。
以P≤0.05为阈值,将所有差异蛋白映射至GO数据库,筛选出差异蛋白显著富集的GO条目,从而明确差异蛋白的主要生物学功能。由图6可知,AL-vs-GL、AL-vs-CL及CL-vs-GL三组的GO富集结果均相似,在生物过程(biological process)方面均主要富集在细胞过程(cellular process)、代谢过程(metabolic process)上,在细胞组分(cellular component)方面均主要集中在细胞解剖结构实体(cellular anatomical entity)、细胞内(intracellular)上,在分子功能(molecular function)上均主要集中在结合(binding)、催化活性(catalytic activity)上。
KEGG通路富集分析显示(图7),AL-vs-GL之间,差异蛋白富集显著排名前3的通路依次为光合作用(Photosynthesis)、核糖体(Ribosome)和碳代谢(Carbon metabolism),AL-vs-CL之间,显著富集的前3条代谢通路分别为光合作用(Photosynthesis)、光合作用-天线蛋白(Photosynthesis-antenna proteins)和碳代谢(Carbon metabolism),CL-vs-GL之间,差异蛋白富集显著排名前3的通路依次为光合作用(Photosynthesis)、内质网中的蛋白质加工(Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum)和光合作用-天线蛋白(Photosynthesis-antenna proteins)。
利用STRING数据库分析30个共同差异蛋白间的相互作用,筛选连接度高的蛋白,绘制网络图。如图8所示,蛋白TEA_006869和TEA_027100的连接度最高,均为12,说明该蛋白与其他蛋白作用关系密切。
KEGG网络通路分析显示(图9),TEA_006869和TEA_027100在叶色变化中表达上调。TEA_00-6869为PsaF亚基(photosystem I reaction centre subunit III),是一种具有大腔域的跨膜蛋白,参与质体蓝绿素的电子传递。TEA_027100为LHC蛋白(light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex),是类囊体结构形成和光合作用过程的关键组成部分,在光保护中发挥重要作用(Ye等2024)。研究表明,PsaF与LHCI存在关联,PsaF是一种调控检查点,可促进LHCI的组装,从而有效将生物合成与功能相耦合(Naschberger等2024)。此外,TEA_001695、TEA_001699、TEA_025056、TEA_001550和TEA_015-416均为LHC蛋白,在光合作用-天线蛋白代谢通路中表达上调;TEA_029904、TEA_018047、TEA_001579和TEA_001045在光合作用代谢通路中表达上调,分别为PsbR亚基、PsaK亚基、PsaG亚基、PsaE亚基。
叶绿素是影响叶片颜色的主要色素之一,本研究发现叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量在‘奶白茶’叶色由白转绿过程中持续上升,这一发现与Xie等(2025)在‘黄山白茶1号’中观察到的现象一致。叶绿素缺乏与叶绿体发育异常有关,表现为典型的类囊体小泡缺失和层状结构紊乱(Chen等2024),叶绿体结构不完整直接导致叶绿素含量显著降低(李军等2022;Zhao等2023;Zheng等2024),苹果白化突变体中也观察到类似的叶绿素代谢通路失调(Sun等2022)。本研究在卟啉和叶绿素代谢途径中富集到相关蛋白,从蛋白层面证实:叶绿素代谢的激活与叶绿体结构的重建是叶色转绿的分子基础。
儿茶素总量在‘奶白茶’转色过程中持续积累,并在绿叶期达到峰值;游离氨基酸总量及茶氨酸含量呈下降趋势,这与‘安吉白茶’不同发育阶段的变化规律一致(Zeng等2019)。这种变化并非孤立现象,分子层面证据表明,白化突变体的差异表达基因主要富集于氨基酸生物合成、类黄酮生物合成、苯丙烷类代谢及光合碳固定等通路(Li等2016;Dai等2025;Liu等2023b)。本研究进一步通过差异蛋白质组学分析在苯丙烷类生物合成、半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢、甘氨酸/丝氨酸/苏氨酸代谢等途径中富集到相关蛋白,从蛋白层面支持了次生代谢通路的重编程。
代谢重编程的核心在于碳氮平衡的动态转换。‘奶白茶’在转色过程中可能存在碳氮平衡动态转变:白化期光合碳同化受限,碳代谢相对减弱,氮代谢相对增强,促进氨基酸类物质积累;随着叶片复绿,光合作用恢复,碳代谢增强,为苯丙烷代谢及类黄酮生物合成提供充足的碳骨架与前体,儿茶素大量合成,氨基酸合成减弱。本研究蛋白质组学分析表明差异蛋白在碳代谢、光合碳固定及氮代谢等通路中显著富集,直接印证了这一转换过程。这一发现与Zheng等(2021)在‘黄金芽’中的研究结果相呼应;哈密瓜突变体中也发现差异表达基因与代谢物主要富集在光系统-天线蛋白、中心碳代谢、苯丙烷类生物合成通路(Han等2023),进一步佐证了白化植物在碳氮代谢重编程上的共同特征。
光合作用相关蛋白,尤其是LHC与PsaF,是驱动‘奶白茶’叶色转绿的核心调控节点。KEGG分析表明,光合作用及光合作用-天线蛋白通路在叶色变化过程中显著富集,与‘中黄2号’中的差异蛋白富集结果一致(Li等2025)。通过蛋白互作分析发现2个关键蛋白TEA_027100(LHC蛋白)和TEA_006869(PsaF亚基),是光合作用中的关键蛋白。
LHC蛋白是类囊体膜结构形成与光能捕获的基础。研究发现沉默SlLhcb1.11或SlELIP1基因会导致番茄植株叶片颜色变浅、叶绿素含量降低、光合作用受损(Meng等2025)。在黄叶茶植株中,编码LHC的基因表达受抑制,与其叶绿体发育异常密切相关(Wang等2020)。Wang等(2023)的研究也发现LHCII亚基水平较低可能是‘黄金芽’在自然光条件下呈现白化表型的原因。PsaF是光系统I(PSI)中的关键跨膜蛋白,其功能缺失会导致光抑制、光捕获能力下降及电子传递速率降低等典型光合功能缺陷表型(Haldrup等2000)。已有研究表明,PSI与光捕获复合体II(LHCII)、细胞色素b6f(cytochrome b6f complex,Cytb6f)或NADH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride)组装形成超复合体,可精准调控光合作用(Yadav等2017)。Qian等(2023)发现白化突变体竹子中大多数与叶绿体发育(如Psa、Psb)及色素生物合成(如LHC、GUN4、ZEP)相关的基因显著下调。‘奶白茶’叶色复绿过程中,PsaF与LHC蛋白均上调表达,可能协同应对因叶色变化引起的光能吸收与利用失衡,共同调控叶绿体功能重建。
在‘奶白茶’叶色变化过程中,差异表达蛋白不仅集中于光合作用及其天线蛋白通路,还显著富集于苯丙烷类生物合成、半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢、甘氨酸/丝氨酸/苏氨酸代谢等次生代谢通路。这表明LHC与PsaF可能通过调控光合碳同化效率,间接影响碳氮代谢流向。然而,具体调控路径尚未见报道,后续深入解析二者对次生代谢的调控网络,对于阐明‘奶白茶’叶色转变的光合生理基础及品质形成机制具有重要意义。
综上所述,本研究通过对‘奶白茶’三个不同叶色时期新梢的表型、理化成分及蛋白组等联合分析,系统解析了‘奶白茶’叶色转变的分子机制:叶绿素与儿茶素积累、游离氨基酸下降的表型变化,源于594个差异表达蛋白的协同调控,其中LHC与PsaF的上调表达是光合机构恢复与功能强化的核心驱动力。研究结果为白化茶树叶片复绿与白化机制的深入探索提供了理论支撑。
  • 国家现代农业技术体系(CARS-18)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金(2024AFD072)
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2026年第62卷第7期
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doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101526
  • 接收时间:2026-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-16
  • 修回日期:2026-06-18
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国家现代农业技术体系(CARS-18)
湖北省自然科学基金(2024AFD072)
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    1恩施土家族苗族自治州农业科学院(硒应用技术与产品开发研究院),湖北 恩施 445000
    2湖北省恩施硒茶产业技术研究院,湖北 恩施 445000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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