Article(id=1317486380389875862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300390, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763481600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-19, revisedDate=1783267200000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792042830797, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042830797, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042830797, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042830797, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317486379714592918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, year='2026', volume='62', issue='7', pageStart='687', pageEnd='793', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042830637, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792119563599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317808221184700571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317808221188894876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=687, endPage=697, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317486380654117016, articleId=1317486380389875862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=EN, title=Developmental and molecular regulatory mechanisms of inflorescence morphogenesis in angiosperms, columnId=1317486380566036631, journalTitle=Plant Physiology Journal, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background:

Inflorescence architecture strongly influences reproductive success in angiosperms by affecting pollination efficiency, seed production, and other agronomic traits. The diversity of inflorescence forms reflects long-term evolutionary adaptation to ecological conditions, pollination strategies, and resource allocation. Developmental studies indicate that inflorescence formation is governed by hierarchical changes in meristem identity through coordinated maintenance, proliferation, and termination of stem cell populations. Although major regulatory pathways have been identified, an integrated framework linking stem cell dynamics, branching architecture, environmental responsiveness, and evolutionary diversification remains lacking.

Advances:

Recent studies have substantially improved understanding of the molecular networks controlling inflorescence development. Conserved stem cell regulatory systems, particularly the WUSCHEL–CLAVATA feedback loop and KNOX-mediated pathways, are central to maintaining meristem activity and branching potential. Meristem identity genes, including TFL1, LFY, and AP1, regulate the balance between indeterminacy and floral commitment. Hormonal signaling, especially interactions between auxin and cytokinin, provides positional information for branch initiation and organ differentiation. Comparative studies have identified lineage-specific regulatory modules, revealing both the conservation and diversification of developmental mechanisms.

Critique:

Current knowledge remains constrained by an overreliance on a limited number of model species, restricting broader evolutionary interpretation. In addition, regulatory pathways are often investigated independently despite extensive interactions among stem cell regulation, hormone signaling, and environmental responses. These limitations underscore the need for more integrative approaches linking developmental genetics, comparative morphology, and evolutionary biology.

Prospects:

Future research integrating comparative evo-devo approaches with emerging technologies is expected to clarify how evolutionary changes in developmental regulatory networks shape inflorescence diversity across angiosperms, while providing a theoretical foundation for crop architectural improvement.

, authors=Shiting WANG1, Zhaoping YANG2, Qing MA3, *, Zhechen QI1, *, authorsList=Shiting WANG, Zhaoping YANG, Qing MA, Zhechen QI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qing MA, Zhechen QI, authorNote=

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Co-first authors

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Qi ZC ()
Ma Q ()
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花序作为被子植物的关键繁殖结构,其形态多样性直接影响传粉效率与生殖适合度。花序的进化历程总体呈现由疏松向紧凑的转变趋势。花序形态建成的发育基础是分生组织的属性级联转化,该过程由干细胞调控基因(如WUSCHEL–CLAVATA通路)与分生组织特性决定基因(如TFL1、LFY、AP1)共同构成的分子网络精细调控,决定了各级分生组织的命运转换与时空秩序。生长素和细胞分裂素等植物激素通过建立浓度梯度并介导信号转导,与环境因子协同调控花序发育进程和整体形态建成。被子植物花序形态的多样性在很大程度上是由发育调控基因通过表达水平、时空模式、蛋白功能及其相互作用的演化所共同塑造的。该机制不仅有助于深化对植物形态建成可塑性及其适应性进化的理解,也为作物花序性状的遗传改良提供了重要理论依据。

, authors=王仕厅1, 杨赵平2, 玛青3, *, 祁哲晨1, *, authorsList=王仕厅, 杨赵平, 玛青, 祁哲晨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=玛青, 祁哲晨, authorNote=

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并列第一作者

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祁哲晨()
玛青()
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CZ:中央区(central zone),干细胞集中分布的区域;OC:组织中心(organizing centre);L1/L2/L3:茎尖分生组织的三层细胞层,其中L1为表皮层、L2为亚表皮层、L3为基本组织层;SC:干细胞(stem cell);FP:花原基(floral primordium);RZ:肋状区(rib zone);SZ:亚肋状区(subrib zone)。

, figureFileSmall=fVi/HKlD//3RYY1vXdGhZw==, figureFileBig=C5mCCdqLC0z1EnlkHmxqaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386547114186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486380389875862, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Gene regulatory network underlying meristem establishment during inflorescence development, figureFileSmall=/bRhOkL3kOtnGI/gtLrJ5w==, figureFileBig=J70fEmPzibjQL7UoXIpCWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386631000267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486380389875862, language=CN, label=图2, caption=花序发育过程中分生组织建立的基因调控网络

SAM:茎尖分生组织;IM:花序分生组织;FM:花分生组织。

, figureFileSmall=/bRhOkL3kOtnGI/gtLrJ5w==, figureFileBig=J70fEmPzibjQL7UoXIpCWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386735857868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486380389875862, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Key regulatory modules involved in inflorescence development and their primary functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发育阶段/过程调控模块核心因子主要作用代表物种/表型关键文献
营养生长→生殖转变年龄途径miR156-SPL调控年龄依赖性开花转变拟南芥miR156下降促进开花Chen等2025
营养生长→生殖转变光周期通路GI–CO–FT响应日照变化,促进IM形成长日照促进开花Song等2015
生殖转变春化途径FLC响应低温,解除开花抑制拟南芥春化反应Michaels和Amasino 1999
生殖转变赤霉素通路GA–DELLA非诱导条件下促进开花DELLA缺失加速开花Li等2024
IM建立成花素模块FT–FD启动生殖发育程序IM形成提前Conti 2017
SAM/IM维持干细胞稳态模块WUS–CLV维持分生组织干细胞平衡clv突变体分枝增多Schoof等2000
SAM/IM维持干细胞调控KNOX维持未分化状态STM缺失导致SAM异常Jia等2023
IM→FM转换花命运决定模块LFY、AP1、CAL决定FM身份提前或延迟花形成Weigel等1992
IM维持/分枝形成花序构型模块TFL1、TMF延缓FM形成,维持分枝能力番茄tmf突变体花序异常Hanano和Goto 2011
BM形成分枝调控模块RA1、RA2、RA3抑制过度分枝玉米ramosa突变体分枝增加Gallavotti等2010
小穗发育小穗命运模块VRS1调控侧小穗发育大麦二棱/六棱转换Wang等2021a
花序轴伸长生长调控模块WOX9、BP、PNY调控节间与侧枝伸长花序缩短Rebocho等2008
FM终止干细胞终止模块AG–KNU终止FM活性花器官发育异常Liu等2011
花器官形成ABCE模型AP1/AP2、AP3/PI、AG、SEP决定花器官身份花器官同源异型转化Theißen 2001
器官边界形成边界调控CUC、miR164建立器官边界器官融合Lin等2022
环境响应光–年龄整合miR156-SPL协调环境与发育进程遮荫抑制分枝Kong等2023
环境响应ROS/NO调控ROS、NO、AGO4调控干细胞稳态与分化分生组织成熟改变Zeng等2023
环境响应温度响应TMF、FT调节开花时间与IM成熟热胁迫延迟开花Huang等2025
), ArticleFig(id=1317486386807161037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486380389875862, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

植物花序发育过程中关键调控模块及其主要功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发育阶段/过程调控模块核心因子主要作用代表物种/表型关键文献
营养生长→生殖转变年龄途径miR156-SPL调控年龄依赖性开花转变拟南芥miR156下降促进开花Chen等2025
营养生长→生殖转变光周期通路GI–CO–FT响应日照变化,促进IM形成长日照促进开花Song等2015
生殖转变春化途径FLC响应低温,解除开花抑制拟南芥春化反应Michaels和Amasino 1999
生殖转变赤霉素通路GA–DELLA非诱导条件下促进开花DELLA缺失加速开花Li等2024
IM建立成花素模块FT–FD启动生殖发育程序IM形成提前Conti 2017
SAM/IM维持干细胞稳态模块WUS–CLV维持分生组织干细胞平衡clv突变体分枝增多Schoof等2000
SAM/IM维持干细胞调控KNOX维持未分化状态STM缺失导致SAM异常Jia等2023
IM→FM转换花命运决定模块LFY、AP1、CAL决定FM身份提前或延迟花形成Weigel等1992
IM维持/分枝形成花序构型模块TFL1、TMF延缓FM形成,维持分枝能力番茄tmf突变体花序异常Hanano和Goto 2011
BM形成分枝调控模块RA1、RA2、RA3抑制过度分枝玉米ramosa突变体分枝增加Gallavotti等2010
小穗发育小穗命运模块VRS1调控侧小穗发育大麦二棱/六棱转换Wang等2021a
花序轴伸长生长调控模块WOX9、BP、PNY调控节间与侧枝伸长花序缩短Rebocho等2008
FM终止干细胞终止模块AG–KNU终止FM活性花器官发育异常Liu等2011
花器官形成ABCE模型AP1/AP2、AP3/PI、AG、SEP决定花器官身份花器官同源异型转化Theißen 2001
器官边界形成边界调控CUC、miR164建立器官边界器官融合Lin等2022
环境响应光–年龄整合miR156-SPL协调环境与发育进程遮荫抑制分枝Kong等2023
环境响应ROS/NO调控ROS、NO、AGO4调控干细胞稳态与分化分生组织成熟改变Zeng等2023
环境响应温度响应TMF、FT调节开花时间与IM成熟热胁迫延迟开花Huang等2025
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被子植物花序形态建成的发育与分子调控机制
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王仕厅 1 , 杨赵平 2 , 玛青 3, * , 祁哲晨 1, *
植物生理学报 | 综述 2026,62(7): 687-697
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植物生理学报 |综述 2026 , 62 (7) : 687 -697
被子植物花序形态建成的发育与分子调控机制
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王仕厅1, 杨赵平2, 玛青3, * , 祁哲晨1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院,杭州 310018
  • 2塔里木大学生命科学与技术学院,新疆 阿拉尔 843300
  • 3浙江树人学院生物与环境工程学院,杭州 310015
通讯作者:

*

祁哲晨()
玛青()
作者简介:

#

并列第一作者

Developmental and molecular regulatory mechanisms of inflorescence morphogenesis in angiosperms
Shiting WANG1, Zhaoping YANG2, Qing MA3, * , Zhechen QI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 2College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
  • 3College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300390
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花序作为被子植物的关键繁殖结构,其形态多样性直接影响传粉效率与生殖适合度。花序的进化历程总体呈现由疏松向紧凑的转变趋势。花序形态建成的发育基础是分生组织的属性级联转化,该过程由干细胞调控基因(如WUSCHEL–CLAVATA通路)与分生组织特性决定基因(如TFL1、LFY、AP1)共同构成的分子网络精细调控,决定了各级分生组织的命运转换与时空秩序。生长素和细胞分裂素等植物激素通过建立浓度梯度并介导信号转导,与环境因子协同调控花序发育进程和整体形态建成。被子植物花序形态的多样性在很大程度上是由发育调控基因通过表达水平、时空模式、蛋白功能及其相互作用的演化所共同塑造的。该机制不仅有助于深化对植物形态建成可塑性及其适应性进化的理解,也为作物花序性状的遗传改良提供了重要理论依据。

花序形态  /  分生组织  /  分子网络  /  激素调控  /  花序进化历史
Background:

Inflorescence architecture strongly influences reproductive success in angiosperms by affecting pollination efficiency, seed production, and other agronomic traits. The diversity of inflorescence forms reflects long-term evolutionary adaptation to ecological conditions, pollination strategies, and resource allocation. Developmental studies indicate that inflorescence formation is governed by hierarchical changes in meristem identity through coordinated maintenance, proliferation, and termination of stem cell populations. Although major regulatory pathways have been identified, an integrated framework linking stem cell dynamics, branching architecture, environmental responsiveness, and evolutionary diversification remains lacking.

Advances:

Recent studies have substantially improved understanding of the molecular networks controlling inflorescence development. Conserved stem cell regulatory systems, particularly the WUSCHEL–CLAVATA feedback loop and KNOX-mediated pathways, are central to maintaining meristem activity and branching potential. Meristem identity genes, including TFL1, LFY, and AP1, regulate the balance between indeterminacy and floral commitment. Hormonal signaling, especially interactions between auxin and cytokinin, provides positional information for branch initiation and organ differentiation. Comparative studies have identified lineage-specific regulatory modules, revealing both the conservation and diversification of developmental mechanisms.

Critique:

Current knowledge remains constrained by an overreliance on a limited number of model species, restricting broader evolutionary interpretation. In addition, regulatory pathways are often investigated independently despite extensive interactions among stem cell regulation, hormone signaling, and environmental responses. These limitations underscore the need for more integrative approaches linking developmental genetics, comparative morphology, and evolutionary biology.

Prospects:

Future research integrating comparative evo-devo approaches with emerging technologies is expected to clarify how evolutionary changes in developmental regulatory networks shape inflorescence diversity across angiosperms, while providing a theoretical foundation for crop architectural improvement.

inflorescence morphology  /  meristem  /  molecular network  /  hormonal regulation  /  evolutionary history of inflorescence
王仕厅, 杨赵平, 玛青, 祁哲晨. 被子植物花序形态建成的发育与分子调控机制. 植物生理学报, 2026 , 62 (7) : 687 -697 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300390
Shiting WANG, Zhaoping YANG, Qing MA, Zhechen QI. Developmental and molecular regulatory mechanisms of inflorescence morphogenesis in angiosperms[J]. Plant Physiology Journal, 2026 , 62 (7) : 687 -697 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300390
花序是被子植物的重要繁殖结构,其空间构型直接影响传粉效率和生殖适合度,并与多种农艺性状及生态系统功能密切相关。花序形态呈现出高度多样性,是植物在长期进化过程中适应不同传粉媒介、种子散布机制以及环境条件的综合结果。本文系统阐述了被子植物花序结构发育的基本规律,总结了花序发育不同阶段的分子调控网络、激素与环境因子的协同调控作用,以及被子植物花序形态的进化历程,旨在为深入理解花序多样性的形成机制及其在植物适应性进化中的作用提供理论依据,并为作物花序相关性状的遗传改良提供思路。
花序是被子植物花朵在茎轴上的有序排列方式,其结构直接影响植物的繁殖效率和农艺产量。被子植物多样的花序形态反映了植物在进化过程中对传粉机制、种子传播策略及生态位利用的适应性选择。传统上,植物花序可分为有限花序和无限花序,两者的主要区别在于顶端分生组织是否最终转化为花分生组织。不同类型花序之间的形态差异主要来源于花序轴伸长程度、分枝方式以及分生组织分化时序的变化。此外,简单花序还可通过重复分枝进一步形成更高层次的复合花序(Prusinkiewicz等2007)。
植物花序形态的差异源于分生组织属性转换过程中的发育变异。花序发育遵循“分生组织属性级联转化”的规律:茎尖分生组织(shoot apical meristem,SAM)首先转化为花序分生组织(inflorescence meristem,IM),IM可直接分化为花分生组织(floral meristem,FM),也可产生不同层级的分支分生组织(branch meristem,BM),从而构建花序分支系统。例如,拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的IM在侧面连续形成花原基,构建出典型的总状花序(Heisler等2005);水稻(Oryza sativa)IM则先形成初级分枝分生组织(primary branch meristem,PBM),再分化为次级分枝分生组织(secondary branch meristem,SBM)或小穗分生组织(spikelet meristem,SM),最终形成圆锥花序(Zong等2022)。终末阶段的FM进一步分化出萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和心皮等器官,标志着花序发育的完成。
在许多被子植物中,简单花序还可通过重复分枝进一步形成复合花序,这依赖于IM持续产生侧生分枝,从而形成多层级的分枝结构。不同层级分生组织身份的维持、转换与终止,以及分枝发生时空模式的精细调控,共同决定了花序的结构特征和形态复杂性,并为花序多样化演化提供了发育基础。因此,阐明调控分生组织身份与活性的分子机制,是理解花序形态建成及其演化的核心问题。
作为植物地上器官的起始结构,SAM的稳态维持依赖于一个精密的多层次调控网络。其中,WUS–CLV(WUSCHEL–CLAVATA)负反馈环路处于核心,通过细胞间信号传递维持干细胞库的稳定。具体而言,WUS基因在组织中心(OC)中表达,其蛋白移动至中央区(CZ)激活CLV3的表达,从而维持干细胞的未分化状态;而CLV3蛋白作为小肽信号分子,通过CLV1/CLV2受体复合物反向抑制WUS的表达,形成动态平衡回路,以维持干细胞库的稳态(图1;Schoof等2000)。这一机制在单子叶和双子叶植物中均高度保守,如水稻中的FON1–FON2系统也具有类似功能(Sun等2019)。除CLV–WUS核心通路外,ERECTA受体激酶及ROS、NO等信号分子也参与SAM稳态调控,通过影响WUS表达及细胞增殖分化平衡共同调节分生组织大小(Huang等2025;Zeng等2023)。
植物从营养生长向生殖生长的转变涉及分生组织属性的根本性改变,这一过程由内外信号协同触发,其中光周期–成花素通路起着关键作用。在自然条件下,叶片感受光周期信号后产生的成花素FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)蛋白通过韧皮部运输至茎端分生组织,与FD(FLOWERING LOCUS D)转录因子形成复合物,直接或间接激活AP1(APETALA1)和SOC1(SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1)等开花整合基因的表达。同时,该调控网络抑制营养生长维持相关基因(如TFL1)的表达,最终推动分生组织由叶原基形成程序转变为IM或FM的发生程序。
IM形成后,其侧缘区域进一步分化形成BM,该过程直接决定花序的结构和复杂性。IM的活性维持及其向BM或FM的转化受到多种转录因子调控,这些因子通过调控器官特性相关基因的表达,介导相应的发育程序。例如,维持分生组织特性的关键基因TFL1(TERMINAL FLOWER 1)主要在IM中央区域表达,通过抑制FM特性基因的表达延缓IM向FM的转化,从而维持IM持续产生BM。与之相反,LFY(LEAFY)和AP1主要在IM周边区域表达并促进FM特性的建立。TFL1与LFY/AP1在空间上的动态平衡共同决定BM的命运。
在不同植物中,还存在其他调控模块参与IM命运维持,例如番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)中的TMF(TERMINATING FLOWER)蛋白可通过抑制FM特性基因表达延缓IM向FM的转化(Huang等2025)。在单子叶植物中,由RA1、RA2和RA3等多个转录因子和信号分子组成的RA(RAMOSA)通路通过抑制过度分枝并促进小穗形成,参与IM命运及花序结构的调控(Abbai等2024)。此外,大麦(Hordeum vulgare)HD-Zip I家族基因VRS1(SIXROWED SPIKE 1)通过抑制侧小穗发育形成二棱穗型,而其功能丧失突变则解除对侧小穗的抑制,导致六棱穗型形成(Wang等2021a)。
在IM向BM或FM转换的过程中,干细胞转化的精准调控是IM与BM协同发育的核心保障。干细胞调控紊乱会导致IM/BM发育异常,如分枝数目或花序结构异常。作为维持干细胞多能性的核心通路,CLV–WUS的表达模式或活性变化会直接影响花序分枝的起始与终止。在拟南芥中,WUS在IM中心维持干细胞活性,其表达水平和活性变化调控BM的发育(Lohmann等2001),该通路失衡导致的WUS表达域扩张可促进分生组织增大,延长分生组织活性维持时间,从而增加花序分枝和花器官数量;而WUS活性降低则会加速分生组织终止,减少分枝发生和花器官形成。KNOX家族基因(如STM和KNAT6)通过维持干细胞未分化状态,调控IM活性和分枝模式,影响分生组织体积及花器官数量,从而与CLV–WUS通路协同决定花序大小(Nidhi等2021)。在单子叶植物水稻中,OSH1(ORYZA SATIVA HOMEOBOX 1)作为STM(SHOOT MERISTEMLESS)的同源基因,也参与维持IM活性和分枝能力(Tsuda等2014)。
在IBM或FM命运确定后,花序侧枝、节间及花梗会随发育逐渐伸长,其伸长程度直接影响花序形态和花的空间排列。研究表明,WUS和KNOX家族基因通过抑制细胞分化、维持分生组织特性调控干细胞活性,从而间接影响花序轴及侧枝伸长。例如,在矮牵牛(Petunia)中,WUS同源基因EVG(EVERGREEN)可通过生长素信号促进BM中的干细胞增殖,维持花序侧枝伸长;其突变则导致花序轴、节间及侧枝缩短并减少分枝(Rebocho等2008)。KNOX家族基因如STM、BP(BREVIPEDICELLUS)及KNAT-like基因亦通过维持干细胞活性调控花序节间伸长;在拟南芥中,BP与PNY(PLETHORA-NAMED YOUNG)缺失会导致节间显著缩短(Smith和Hake 2003)。
激素在花序轴、侧枝和花梗伸长中发挥核心作用。生长素(IAA)通过形成局部浓度梯度及极性运输调控细胞分裂和伸长,其运输或响应异常会导致花序发育缺陷(Cai等2021)。赤霉素(GA)通过促进细胞扩张和分裂推动花序轴及花梗伸长,其缺乏或信号受阻会导致花序缩短和植株矮化(Davière等2014)。外源GA可显著促进蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis aphrodite)花序轴或花梗伸长(张英杰等2023)。此外,GA与IAA可协同调控花序器官伸长,例如在花椰菜(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)中,GA3和IAA可诱导EXP基因表达,促进细胞壁松弛与细胞扩展,从而推动花梗伸长(Kou等2021)。综上,花序器官的伸长是干细胞调控网络与激素信号相互作用的结果,共同塑造花序结构和分枝模式。
FM的建立是花器官形成的前提。在花序发育过程中,成花素作为系统性开花信号激活FM特性基因,促进干细胞由无限增殖状态向FM命运转变(Corbesier等2007)。FM特性基因不仅启动花发育程序,还诱导FM终止,其中AG–KNU通路发挥着核心作用。FM特性基因激活AG(AGAMOUS)后,AG先抑制WUS表达,随后诱导KNU(KNUCKLES)表达,启动FM终止程序(Liu等2011)。KNU作为C2H2型锌指蛋白,通过直接抑制WUS转录、招募PRC2(Polycomb Repressive Complex 2)建立H3K-27me3表观遗传沉默标记,以及干扰WUS功能复合体形成等方式,实现WUS的持续沉默(Shang等2021)。这些机制的协同作用,确保干细胞活性在特定发育阶段不可逆终止,从而保证花器官正常发育。
植物花序形态的建成依赖于干细胞动态平衡的精细调控。WUS–CLV负反馈通路通过维持SAM/IM干细胞库大小,既保障分生组织稳态,也影响花序分枝与层次结构的形成(Nardmann和Werr 2006)。在花序发育过程中,LFY、AP1及AG–KNU等调控模块协同调控花分生组织(BM/FM)命运建立及干细胞终止,从而确保花器官的确定性发育(Laux等1996)。该过程同时整合激素信号及环境因子(如光照和温度),并与器官特性基因相互作用,共同构成花序形态建成的核心调控框架(Lopes等2021)。
在干细胞维持与分化转换的过程中,细胞分裂素通过促进WUS表达维持干细胞未分化状态。拟南芥的CKX基因缺失导致FM及花序结构增大(Bartrina等2011),玉米(Zea mays)的细胞分裂素激活酶基因LOG(LONELY GUY)缺失则提前终止IM命运(Kong等2023)。相反地,生长素通过极性运输形成局部浓度梯度,促进器官原基形成并驱动干细胞分化,PIN(PIN-FORMED)蛋白介导的极性运输对该过程至关重要:拟南芥的PIN1及玉米PIN同源基因BIF2的突变均导致花序分枝异常(McSteen等2007)。此外,生长素可通过ARF等转录因子抑制WUS表达并促进分化(Zhang等2018)。番茄中的SlHDA3基因通过抑制生长素合成及信号通路负向调控花序分枝与开花数量(郭俊娥等2026)。总体而言,细胞分裂素与生长素的动态平衡决定IM与FM的命运转换,是干细胞“增殖–分化”调控的核心机制(Zhang等2018)。除此之外,赤霉素通过与SPL等开花因子互作参与成花调控,而茉莉酸、乙烯及脱落酸则通过与赤霉素信号的互作协同调节开花进程(Conti 2017)。
花序发育受到内源发育信号与外源环境信号的多层次协同调控,其中光信号、温度以及氧化还原状态是重要的环境因素。光信号与植物年龄途径通过miR156/SPL模块整合调控分生组织命运。该模块能够感知光周期信息与植物内源发育状态,调控IM形成及BM分化。在拟南芥中,长日照可增强SPL(SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE)活性,促进花序发育;而短日照或遮荫条件则延缓IM重编程并抑制BM形成(Kong等2023)。这一机制在单子叶植物中同样保守,例如玉米中SPL家族成员通过调控IM和BM相关基因参与花序分枝模式建成(Kong等2023)。
温度信号通过ROS介导的转录因子而调控分生组织发育。正常条件下,SAM边界的H2O2诱导开花时序因子TMF形成转录凝聚体;热胁迫下ROS积累延长TMF凝聚体维持时间,延缓SAM成熟与开花(Huang等2025)。光照和温度信号可协同调控碳水化合物代谢与促花基因(如FT、CAL)表达,如低温与强光条件激活淀粉代谢及促花基因表达,促进蝴蝶兰花芽分化(许申平等2025)。此外,ROS、NO等氧化还原信号可通过调控WUS表达及细胞分化参与分生组织稳态调控(Zeng等2023)。
环境信号还通过调节激素合成、降解及运输,改变组织内激素分布格局,从而影响IM形成与分生组织活性。例如,遮荫可改变玉米生长素网络,从而影响花序分枝(Kong等2023);在番茄中,热胁迫诱导的ROS积累可能通过扰乱生长素与细胞分裂素的平衡,最终延迟分生组织分化(Huang等2025);高温通过影响细胞分裂素代谢改变大麦分生组织稳态并影响花序分枝(Zhang等2024)。
综上,环境信号并非直接决定花序形态,而是通过调控激素稳态及其下游分子网络,整合内源发育信号,精确调控干细胞动态平衡与分生组织命运转换,从而塑造植物适应多变环境的花序结构与生殖策略(表1、图2)。
苞片作为花序中的叶状结构,其发育被认为来源于营养叶发育程序在调控网络作用下的重编程。苞片在形态和功能上具有广泛多样性,并在传粉吸引、防御及环境适应中发挥重要作用,通过视觉伪装、信号展示及结构性保护等方式影响植食者与传粉者互作(Song等2024)。
花序苞片在颜色、大小及形态上表现出显著多样性,在部分植物类群中,其鲜艳的色彩与扩展的结构可在功能上部分替代花瓣,参与传粉者吸引(Petersen和Kellogg 2022)。在此基础上,花序总苞不仅为单花提供局部保护,还与整个繁殖结构的适应性进化密切相关;在多个类群中,其逐渐演化出更为鲜艳的颜色与扩展的形态特征,使其视觉信号功能增强,在一定程度上取代不显著的花瓣结构,成为主要的传粉吸引来源,从而有助于提高资源分配效率及繁殖成功率(Song等2024)。
研究表明,苞片在不同植物类群中表现出复杂的演化动态,在菊科(Compositae)等植物中,其形态和功能经历了多次独立获得、简化及丢失(Aguilar-Cano等2025)。这些形态与功能的变化与传粉方式及环境适应密切相关。例如,三白草科(Saururaceae)的鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata)具有花瓣状的花序苞片,由花序顶端分生组织直接产生,其分化时间早于花原基分化约两个发育阶段,形成独特的“苞片先出”发育模式,这种提前发育特性使其能在花器官成熟前通过紫外反射有效吸引传粉者(Tucker 1981)。
苞片的发育和命运决定过程受到多基因网络的精密调节,其中MADS-box基因家族是调控苞片花瓣化的重要因子。在光叶子花(Bougainvillea glabra)中,B类MADS-box基因与花瓣状苞片的形成密切相关(Zhang等2022);同时,A类基因BgFULL(FLORAL UNIT MERISTEMLESS)和BgAP1分别在苞片发育早期和后期高表达,其时序性表达模式可能共同参与苞片形态建成(Liu等2024)。在拟南芥中,AP1与FUL还参与苞片与花器官边界的维持(McCarthy等2015)。这些研究表明,不同功能类群的MADS-box基因通过协同调控苞片身份建立和器官分化,共同塑造苞片的形态与功能多样性。除MADS-box外,SPL、TCP及MYB等基因模块也参与苞片发育。例如,SPL在水稻中通过调控细胞增殖及原基发育参与苞片形态建成;TCP/MYB类基因则主要调控表皮细胞分化,从而促进苞片特化(Wang等2021b)。这些非MADS-box基因的参与不仅证实了苞片发育调控网络的复杂性,也提示其演化可能涉及对已有多基因模块的招募与功能重编程。
总体而言,苞片发育及其花瓣化过程受到多层次基因调控网络的协同调节,其中MADS-box、SPL和TCP等关键调控因子通过影响器官身份建立、细胞增殖与形态分化,共同驱动苞片形态和功能的多样化演化。
被子植物花序的进化历史复杂多变,其形态多样性和发育机制在不同谱系中表现出显著差异。传统形态学研究及近期的全球系统发育与宏演化分析显示,无限花序在被子植物早期谱系中占比更高,更接近祖先状态;同时,轴向伸长且多分枝的花序类型在演化过程中相对稳定(Wang等2025;Endress 2010)。相比之下,有限花序在被子植物谱系分化过程中经历了多次独立起源,常通过花序轴和侧枝的高度压缩形成如头状花序、伞形花序等类型,并表现出较高的多样化速率(Wang等2025)。进一步研究表明,新生代以来花序类型的演化受到气候与纬度的显著影响。无限花序的比例在高纬度地区随时间推移及温度下降而增加,而在中低纬度地区则逐渐减少。这些结果表明,花序由伸长分枝型向结构压缩型演化的过程,并非单一因素驱动,而是在气候变化、传粉体系及发育约束共同作用下,在不同地理与演化背景中呈现出多样化的演化轨迹(Wang等2025)。
花序简化和压缩是被子植物花序演化中的常见趋势,具体表现为花序分枝层级减少、花数下降以及花序轴缩短,从而形成结构更加紧凑的花序类型。然而,不同植物类群实现这一演化趋势的发育机制和生态驱动力并不完全相同。柔荑花序被认为是花序简化演化的典型代表。在杨柳科(Salicaceae)中,柳属(Salix)和杨属(Populus)的柔荑花序被认为起源于较为松散的圆锥花序。在发育上,这一转变可能与异时发育有关,即原本形成花序分枝的原基提前转变为花原基,从而导致花序结构紧缩。柳属花序中保留的残余分枝结构以及杨属化石种P. tidwellii所呈现的中间型花序特征,均为这一假说提供了支持(Manchester等2006)。与此同时,柔荑花序的演化还伴随着花器官简化和早期开花等特征,这些变化有助于植物适应温带早春环境并提高繁殖效率(Cronk等2015)。类似地,山茱萸科(Cornaceae)有限的伞形花序和头状花序源自大型圆锥状聚伞花序(Feng等2012);李属(Prunus)的单花和伞房花序源于总状花序,表现为小花数减少和花序轴压缩(Su等2023)。然而,花序演化并非单向过程,如李属的盘腺樱桃(P. discadenia)花序由伞房型逆向演化为总状花序(Su等2023);檀香目(Santalales)的祖先花序多为简单的腋生簇状或聚伞花序,但是在演化过程中独立产生了总状、圆锥及伞形等多种复杂花序类型(Nickrent等2019)。此类谱系特异性进化也存在于多个植物类群中。
禾本科(Poaceae)植物的花序发育虽与双子叶植物存在显著差异,但其演化趋势具有一定相似性。研究表明,禾本科花序由祖先多级分枝的复合型花序演化而来,分枝逐渐简化,最终形成穗状花序(Kellogg等2013)。花序紧凑化和分枝简化在多个禾本科谱系中独立发生,但部分支系也存在由紧凑型向疏松型的逆向演化现象(Doust和Kellogg 2002)。
在被子植物研究中,将进化发育形态学与系统发育学相结合,通过比较不同类群的花序在形态与分子层面的差异,可揭示花序的进化趋势,并阐明其发育基础及分子机制。Prusinkiewicz等(2007)提出的统一花序模型(unifying inflorescence model)从个体发育和分子调控角度解释了花序多样性的形成。该模型将顶端分生组织的“vegetativeness(veg)”作为可变参数:当分生组织趋于成熟时,veg下降,促进FM形成;反之,则维持VM特性继续生长。花序轴与侧枝的相对成熟速度(veg变化率)的差异,可产生圆锥花序、总状花序或聚伞花序等不同类型。该模型认为,TFL1与LFY的相对表达水平是调控veg的关键:TFL1提高veg,而LFY降低veg(Prusinkiewicz等2007)。
在进化发育生物学框架下,对代表性植物类群花序形态多样性的分子解析,揭示了其背后保守调控基因及功能演化的具体路径。以山茱萸属(Cornus)为例,从祖先花序向伞形、头状及二歧聚伞花序的转变过程中,CorTFL1表达水平下降与花序轴及分枝伸长受抑制、分生组织变小和分枝数目减少显著相关;而CorAP1表达上升则与花梗缺失相关。这表明关键基因表达量变化直接塑造了花序构型(Ma等2017)。类似地,在十字花科(Brassicaceae)中,总状花序向莲座丛开花的表型演化,也与LFY和TFL1等同源基因的表达变化和功能分化密切相关。这些调控分生组织属性的基因,通过改变花序发育程序,间接导致了花序轴的短缩(Liu等2011)。茄科(Solanaceae)植物则为我们理解花序由简单向复杂的演化提供了另一视角。在番茄中,WOX9同源基因S(COMPOUND INFLORESCENCE)的突变导致花序高度分枝,形成复合花序(Weng等2026);而在辣椒(Capsicum annuum)中,UFO(UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS)同源基因Ca-AN的突变则引起花序反复分裂(Lippman等2008)。这些结果表明,AN/UFO、S/WOX9与FA/LFY等基因通过调控成花命运的时序,共同促进了花序复杂性的提升。
在禾本科黍超族(Panicodae)中,RA1(RAMOSA1)基因的功能演化尤为关键。该基因被认为起源于一次基因复制事件,通过控制“长分枝”与“短分枝”(小穗对)的命运,塑造了玉米等植物独特的花序结构(Strable等2022)。RA1的表达时间(异时性表达)差异与物种间分枝模式的多样性密切相关,表明表达时序的演化在宏观形态多样性的形成过程中起关键作用(Bellino等2024)。
综上,植物花序形态的多样性主要由TFL1、LFY、AP1、WOX及UFO等核心调控基因,通过表达量、时空模式、蛋白功能及相互作用的演化共同塑造。这些研究从系统发育与进化发育的角度初步构建了花序多样性形成的分子框架,但对近缘物种间调控网络的精细比较与功能验证仍是完整揭示其进化机制的关键。
花序形态建成是一个由分生组织命运转换、器官发生、激素调控及环境响应共同参与的复杂生物学过程。近年来,随着分子遗传学、发育生物学及系统发育研究的快速发展,研究者逐步构建了从分生组织维持、花序分枝形成到花器官发育的多层次调控网络,揭示了WUS–CLV、LFY/TFL1、AP1/FUL、RA等关键基因模块以及生长素、细胞分裂素和赤霉素等激素信号在花序发育中的重要作用。同时,越来越多的证据表明,花序形态多样性的形成不仅受到内源遗传程序调控,还与环境因子驱动下的适应性进化密切相关。
尽管目前已取得大量进展,但花序发育与演化研究仍面临诸多关键科学问题。首先,分生组织命运决定网络在不同植物类群中的功能分化及其协同调控机制尚未完全阐明,不同调控模块如何共同决定IM、BM和FM的命运转换仍需深入研究。其次,花序苞片在多个类群中多次独立起源并反复丢失,其发育起源、分子调控机制及趋同演化规律仍缺乏系统认识。再次,激素信号、环境因子与表观遗传调控之间存在广泛互作,但其在不同时空尺度上的动态调控机制及其对花序发育可塑性的影响尚不明确。最后,花序形态创新如何驱动物种适应性分化和谱系多样化,以及关键调控基因网络在演化过程中的保守性与创新性,仍是进化发育生物学的重要研究方向。
未来,单细胞转录组学、空间转录组学、多组学整合分析、高分辨率活体成像及CRISPR/Cas基因编辑等技术的发展,将为解析花序发育过程中细胞命运转换和调控网络重塑提供新的研究手段。同时,应加强对非模式植物及其野生近缘种的研究,并结合系统发育学、比较基因组学及人工智能辅助表型分析等方法,从基因、细胞、器官到群体水平开展跨尺度整合研究。将发育机制研究与生态适应及宏观演化分析相结合,有望进一步揭示花序多样性形成的遗传基础与进化规律,为作物花序结构改良、高产育种及植物适应性进化研究提供新的理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31800187)
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2026年第62卷第7期
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doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300390
  • 接收时间:2025-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-19
  • 修回日期:2026-07-06
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国家自然科学基金(31800187)
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    1浙江理工大学生命科学与医药学院,杭州 310018
    2塔里木大学生命科学与技术学院,新疆 阿拉尔 843300
    3浙江树人学院生物与环境工程学院,杭州 310015

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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