Article(id=1317486413269021673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300394, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764172800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-27, revisedDate=1781193600000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792042838636, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042838636, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042838636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042838636, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317486379714592918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, year='2026', volume='62', issue='7', pageStart='687', pageEnd='793', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042830637, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792119563599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317808221184700571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317808221188894876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=715, endPage=730, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317486413482931178, articleId=1317486413269021673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=EN, title=Research progress on the adaptation mechanisms of woody plants to water (flooding and drought), salt and their combined stresses, columnId=1317486380566036631, journalTitle=Plant Physiology Journal, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Natural disasters such as sea level rise and drought caused by climate warming and extreme weather have posed severe challenges to woody plants under the combined stress of water and salt. Although many breakthroughs have been made in the study of plants' responses to single adverse stress, research on combined stress caused by the superposition of multiple stresses, especially on woody plants, remains relatively scarce. This article focuses on comprehensively analyzing the response mechanisms and adaptation strategies of woody plants under salt-flooding and salt-drought combined stress from the perspectives of growth, physiology, and molecular biology. Studies have revealed that woody plants mainly exhibit a synergy effect when exposed to combined stress. Among them, mangroves, as a community of wetland woody plants distributed in the intertidal zone, show unique tolerance to salt and flooding stress, while the response of woody plants to drought and salt stress is mostly concentrated on the research of two single stresses. In addition, we also discuss the similarities and differences in the responses of woody plants to combined stress, research deficiencies and future research directions, which is expected to provide a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and molecular breeding of stress-resistant trees.

, authors=Zhengkun YANG1, 2, Shiqi WANG1, 2, Chengze ZHOU1, 2, Yanwu SHAN1, 2, Yingxiang FAN1, 2, Jian ZHANG1, 2, *, Yanhong CHEN1, 2, *, authorsList=Zhengkun YANG, Shiqi WANG, Chengze ZHOU, Yanwu SHAN, Yingxiang FAN, Jian ZHANG, Yanhong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian ZHANG, Yanhong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

Zhang J ()
Chen YH ()
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317486416544773111, articleId=1317486413269021673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=CN, title=木本植物对水分(淹水与干旱)、盐分及其复合胁迫适应机制的研究进展, columnId=1317486381161627801, journalTitle=植物生理学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

气候变暖和极端天气引起的海平面上升、干旱等自然灾害,使木本植物(woody plants)面临着水分和盐分复合胁迫(combined stress)的严峻挑战。尽管在植物响应单一逆境胁迫方面已取得许多突破性进展,但对多种胁迫相叠加引起的复合胁迫的研究,尤其是对木本植物的研究仍相对较少。本文重点从淹水和盐复合胁迫、干旱和盐复合胁迫两方面综述了木本植物在生长、生理和分子层面的响应机制和适应策略。研究发现,木本植物在复合胁迫下主要表现为协同效应(synergy effect),其中红树林(mangrove)作为潮间带分布的湿地木本植物群落表现出独特的耐盐和淹水胁迫能力,而木本植物对干旱和盐胁迫的响应多集中于对两种单一胁迫的研究。此外,我们还讨论了木本植物响应复合胁迫的异同点、研究不足和未来的研究方向,有望为生态修复和抗逆林木分子育种提供理论依据。

, authors=杨政坤1, 2, 王诗琦1, 2, 周承泽1, 2, 单言武1, 2, 樊鹰翔1, 2, 张健1, 2, *, 陈艳红1, 2, *, authorsList=杨政坤, 王诗琦, 周承泽, 单言武, 樊鹰翔, 张健, 陈艳红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张健, 陈艳红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

张健()
陈艳红()
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Genome-wide identification of WRKY transcription factors in Casuarina equisetifolia and the function analysis of CeqWRKY11 in response to NaCl/NaHCO3 stresses. BMC Plant Biol, 24 (1): 376, articleTitle=Genome-wide identification of WRKY transcription factors in Casuarina equisetifolia and the function analysis of CeqWRKY11 in response to NaCl/NaHCO3 stresses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317486438988492968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=12, pageStart=1131, pageEnd=1144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=109, authorNames=Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang Y, journalName=Forests, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang Y, et al (2019). Effects of salt on root aeration, nitrification, and nitrogen uptake in mangroves. Forests, 10 (12): 1131–1144, articleTitle=Effects of salt on root aeration, nitrification, and nitrogen uptake in mangroves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317486439059796137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=307, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=110, authorNames=Zhao Z, Wang X, Han R, journalName=Int J Biol Macromol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Z, Wang X, Han R, et al (2025). Camellia sinensis WIP domain protein 3 (CsWIP3), a C2H2 zinc finger protein, mediates lignin content and regulates plant growth in tea plants. Int J Biol Macromol, 307: 142078, articleTitle=Camellia sinensis WIP domain protein 3 (CsWIP3), a C2H2 zinc finger protein, mediates lignin content and regulates plant growth in tea plants, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317486422303551545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, awardId=32572007, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32572007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317486422370660410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, awardId=KYCX25_3686, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX25_3686), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317486416859345912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317486416867734521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, companyId=1317486416859345912, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317486416876123130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, companyId=1317486416859345912, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南通大学生命科学学院,江苏 南通 226019)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317486417060672507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317486417073255420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, companyId=1317486417060672507, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317486417085838333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, companyId=1317486417060672507, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南通市观赏植物遗传育种重点实验室,江苏 南通 226019)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317486421653434419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The differences and connections between water and salt stress on the physiology of woody plants, figureFileSmall=MiwiduvSv0I1U4tPKHyzqw==, figureFileBig=AYsO/UXM1sB9NMbebLxyOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421724737588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水分和盐分胁迫对木本植物生理影响的差异与关联

虚线方框和直线代表3种生理影响之间相互作用,标注方框内为对应的适应机制。

, figureFileSmall=MiwiduvSv0I1U4tPKHyzqw==, figureFileBig=AYsO/UXM1sB9NMbebLxyOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421926064181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Researches on the response of woody plants to flooding, salinity and their combined stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称胁迫方式/是否复合胁迫生长变化/形态适应策略生理变化/分子调控机制参考文献
水翁(Syzygium nervosum)淹水、NaCl/是根、茎、叶鲜重降低抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)含量均上升陈柏燊等2024
胡杨(Populus euphratica)淹水、NaCl梯度/是总生物量、叶片大小、茎直径降低;形成不定根、皮孔Pn、Gs、Tr、叶绿素含量、Ca2+浓度降低,Na+/K+比值升高Azizi等2017
秋茄树(Kandelia obovata)淹水、NaCl梯度/是水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)、Pn、Gs升高Chen等2022
降香(Dalbergia odorifera)淹水、NaCl/否盐胁迫下鲜生物量降低,叶片变小,叶脉变细,淹水胁迫变化不明显Pn、Gs、Tr降低,H2O2、MDA、酚类和黄酮类化合物含量升高,POD、CAT、SOD活性增加Cisse等2024b
淹水、NaCl梯度/是株高、生物量降低,叶片黄化、坏死,叶面积、根系维管束直径减小Pn、Gs降低;光合作用相关基因(LHCB、PSA、ABC1等)、ABA代谢相关基因(ABA1、NCED等)下调,抗氧化酶基因(POD、SOD、APX、GST等)、淀粉代谢基因(SS、ISA、BAM、AMY)上调Cisse等2024a
火炬松(Pinus taeda)淹水、NaCl/是复合胁迫下总生物量降低,导管直径减小水力传导率(K)、AQP活性、Pn、Gs降低Domec等2021
海榄雌(Avicennia marina)淹水、海盐/是Gs、Tr、ΦPSII、ETR、NPQ在淹没8 h后显著降低,、H2O2、MDA含量在淹没8 h后显著增加Li等2020a
淹水、NaCl/是产生气生根、盐腺Pn降低;鉴定出142个NAC转录因子,启动子顺式作用元件主要包括光响应、激素响应和胁迫响应三类Song等2023
南亚秋茄树(Kandelia candel)淹水、NaCl梯度/是茎伸长量、叶脱落量增加,根冠比和相对生长速率降低POD、SOD活性升高,MDA含量降低,Gs、Tr、叶绿素含量增加Ye等2010
沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)淹水、NaCl/是株高、鲜重、干重降低,根部通气组织、导管数量增多,导管口径增加叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、qp均降低,SOD、POD、GR、APX活性均升高Liu等2020c
麻风树(Jatropha curcas)淹水、NaCl/是叶和根干重降低,叶片脱落叶片含水量和渗透势、净CO2同化速率、Gs、ΦPSII、可溶性糖含量(SS)均降低,Na+、Cl−含量升高Gimeno等2012
), ArticleFig(id=1317486421988978742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

木本植物响应淹水、盐及其复合胁迫的研究案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称胁迫方式/是否复合胁迫生长变化/形态适应策略生理变化/分子调控机制参考文献
水翁(Syzygium nervosum)淹水、NaCl/是根、茎、叶鲜重降低抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)含量均上升陈柏燊等2024
胡杨(Populus euphratica)淹水、NaCl梯度/是总生物量、叶片大小、茎直径降低;形成不定根、皮孔Pn、Gs、Tr、叶绿素含量、Ca2+浓度降低,Na+/K+比值升高Azizi等2017
秋茄树(Kandelia obovata)淹水、NaCl梯度/是水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)、Pn、Gs升高Chen等2022
降香(Dalbergia odorifera)淹水、NaCl/否盐胁迫下鲜生物量降低,叶片变小,叶脉变细,淹水胁迫变化不明显Pn、Gs、Tr降低,H2O2、MDA、酚类和黄酮类化合物含量升高,POD、CAT、SOD活性增加Cisse等2024b
淹水、NaCl梯度/是株高、生物量降低,叶片黄化、坏死,叶面积、根系维管束直径减小Pn、Gs降低;光合作用相关基因(LHCB、PSA、ABC1等)、ABA代谢相关基因(ABA1、NCED等)下调,抗氧化酶基因(POD、SOD、APX、GST等)、淀粉代谢基因(SS、ISA、BAM、AMY)上调Cisse等2024a
火炬松(Pinus taeda)淹水、NaCl/是复合胁迫下总生物量降低,导管直径减小水力传导率(K)、AQP活性、Pn、Gs降低Domec等2021
海榄雌(Avicennia marina)淹水、海盐/是Gs、Tr、ΦPSII、ETR、NPQ在淹没8 h后显著降低,、H2O2、MDA含量在淹没8 h后显著增加Li等2020a
淹水、NaCl/是产生气生根、盐腺Pn降低;鉴定出142个NAC转录因子,启动子顺式作用元件主要包括光响应、激素响应和胁迫响应三类Song等2023
南亚秋茄树(Kandelia candel)淹水、NaCl梯度/是茎伸长量、叶脱落量增加,根冠比和相对生长速率降低POD、SOD活性升高,MDA含量降低,Gs、Tr、叶绿素含量增加Ye等2010
沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)淹水、NaCl/是株高、鲜重、干重降低,根部通气组织、导管数量增多,导管口径增加叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、qp均降低,SOD、POD、GR、APX活性均升高Liu等2020c
麻风树(Jatropha curcas)淹水、NaCl/是叶和根干重降低,叶片脱落叶片含水量和渗透势、净CO2同化速率、Gs、ΦPSII、可溶性糖含量(SS)均降低,Na+、Cl−含量升高Gimeno等2012
), ArticleFig(id=1317486422072864823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Researches on the response of woody plants to drought, salt and their combined stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称胁迫方式/是否做复合胁迫生长变化/形态适应策略生理变化/分子调控机制参考文献
新疆杨(Populus alba)PEG6000、NaCl/否PalOSIC1过表达株系杨树根和枝条数更多;PalOSIC1沉默株系在胁迫下受损更严重PalOSIC1过表达株系在胁迫下的总叶绿素含量、Pro含量、Pn均升高,EL、MDA含量降低;PalMPK3磷酸化PalOSIC1并增强其转录活性,PalOSIC1直接上调多胺氧化酶PalCuAOf的表达Bai等2023
密罗木(Myrothamnus flabellifolia)甘露醇梯度、NaCl/否MfWRKY41转基因拟南芥的侧根数量、主根长度升高转基因拟南芥叶绿素含量、Pro含量、SS含量、POD活性、SOD活性升高,MDA、H2O2、含量降低Huang等2022b
青杨(Populus cathayana)干旱、NaCl/是比叶质量(LMA)增加Pn、光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)、分配到光合作用的叶氮比例(NP/NL)降低Liu等2022
桑(Morus alba)干旱、NaCl/是植株矮化、叶柄下垂、根冠比升高Fv/Fm、叶绿素含量、叶片含水量、叶片和根部Na+/K+降低;DEPs富集在能量产生、代谢过程,参与淀粉和蔗糖代谢、苯丙素生物合成等代谢通路Liu等2019
胡杨(Populus euphratica)PEG6000、NaCl梯度/否PeGSTU58转基因拟南芥根长、鲜重、根部分支更多PeGSTU58转基因拟南芥SOD、POD、CAT、GST活性更高,ROS水平更低;转录因子Peb-HLH35激活PeGSTU58,PeGSTU58上调了SOD1、DREB2A等胁迫响应基因Meng等2023
毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa)干旱、NaCl/否PtAnnexin1转基因植株叶片黄化、枯萎和脱落现象较少PtAnnexin1转基因杨树RWC、叶绿素、Pro含量和POD、SOD活性更高,MDA含量更低Wang等2020
杂交杨树(Populus alba × Populus glandulosa)干旱、NaCl/否Fv/Fm降低;DEGs包含NAC、HD和bZIP等高表达转录因子,DEGs主要涉及亚细胞定位、信号转导、代谢和转录Yoon等2014
灰胡杨(Populus pruinosa)干旱、NaCl/是总生物量降低,根管比增加Pn、Gs、Tr、总叶绿素含量降低,、MDA含量、Cl-浓度、POD、SOD活性增加Yu等2020
茶(Camellia sinensis)PEG、NaCl/否2 131个共同的DEGs,包含bHLH、WRKY、MYB、NAC等转录因子,涉及渗透调节物质生物合成、淀粉和糖代谢、植物激素信号转导等Zhang等2017
北美枫香(Liquidambar styraciflua)干旱、NaCl/是异戊二烯排放、叶片水势、Gs、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII下降,复合胁迫影响更显著Baraldi等2019
侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)干旱、NaCl/是茎的导管腔径增加ABA、IAA等植物激素含量增加,类胡萝卜素含量降低Li等2024b
红皮柳(Salix purpurea)PEG6000、NaCl/否盐/干旱胁迫分别降低/增加了K+含量;SpuHAK基因被诱导,SpuHAK启动子顺式作用元件涉及非生物胁迫响应、激素响应、生物钟调节、营养和发育等Liang等2020
红瑞木(Cornus alba)干旱、NaCl/否株高、叶面积、地上部分干重降低,高盐致死盐胁迫下,叶片Na+和Cl−浓度增加,叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm降低;盐和干旱下Pn、Gs、Tr均降低Liu等2020b
欧洲落叶松(Larix decidua)干旱、NaCl/否幼苗的茎伸长量和鲜重降低盐和干旱胁迫下SS、MDA含量,SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性均显著增加Plesa等2018
杂交杨(Populus talassica × Populus euphratica)干旱、NaCl梯度/否叶片和栅栏组织厚度增加,叶片组织结构疏松度和海绵组织厚度下降SOD、POD、CAT活性先上升后下降,SS、Pro含量增加Sun等2023
白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)PEG6000梯度、NaCl梯度/否NtCIPK5转基因拟南芥存活率、根长、侧根数、鲜重更高NtCIPK5转基因拟南芥SOD、POD、CAT活性和Pro含量更高,叶中MDA、H2O2含量更低;NtCIPK5转基因拟南芥提高了AtSOD1、AtPOD1、AtAPX1、AtNCED3、AtSOS1、AtRD22等抗逆基因和激素响应基因的表达高子奇等2023
毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)甘露醇梯度、NaCl梯度/否PeAOX1b_2转基因拟南芥种子萌发率、根长和鲜重更高PeAOX1b_2转基因拟南芥的总氧消耗率、MDA含量、Pro含量、SOD活性更高;启动子含干旱、盐胁迫和激素响应元件Wang等2022a
), ArticleFig(id=1317486422173528120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486413269021673, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

木本植物响应干旱、盐及其复合胁迫的研究案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种名称胁迫方式/是否做复合胁迫生长变化/形态适应策略生理变化/分子调控机制参考文献
新疆杨(Populus alba)PEG6000、NaCl/否PalOSIC1过表达株系杨树根和枝条数更多;PalOSIC1沉默株系在胁迫下受损更严重PalOSIC1过表达株系在胁迫下的总叶绿素含量、Pro含量、Pn均升高,EL、MDA含量降低;PalMPK3磷酸化PalOSIC1并增强其转录活性,PalOSIC1直接上调多胺氧化酶PalCuAOf的表达Bai等2023
密罗木(Myrothamnus flabellifolia)甘露醇梯度、NaCl/否MfWRKY41转基因拟南芥的侧根数量、主根长度升高转基因拟南芥叶绿素含量、Pro含量、SS含量、POD活性、SOD活性升高,MDA、H2O2、含量降低Huang等2022b
青杨(Populus cathayana)干旱、NaCl/是比叶质量(LMA)增加Pn、光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)、分配到光合作用的叶氮比例(NP/NL)降低Liu等2022
桑(Morus alba)干旱、NaCl/是植株矮化、叶柄下垂、根冠比升高Fv/Fm、叶绿素含量、叶片含水量、叶片和根部Na+/K+降低;DEPs富集在能量产生、代谢过程,参与淀粉和蔗糖代谢、苯丙素生物合成等代谢通路Liu等2019
胡杨(Populus euphratica)PEG6000、NaCl梯度/否PeGSTU58转基因拟南芥根长、鲜重、根部分支更多PeGSTU58转基因拟南芥SOD、POD、CAT、GST活性更高,ROS水平更低;转录因子Peb-HLH35激活PeGSTU58,PeGSTU58上调了SOD1、DREB2A等胁迫响应基因Meng等2023
毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa)干旱、NaCl/否PtAnnexin1转基因植株叶片黄化、枯萎和脱落现象较少PtAnnexin1转基因杨树RWC、叶绿素、Pro含量和POD、SOD活性更高,MDA含量更低Wang等2020
杂交杨树(Populus alba × Populus glandulosa)干旱、NaCl/否Fv/Fm降低;DEGs包含NAC、HD和bZIP等高表达转录因子,DEGs主要涉及亚细胞定位、信号转导、代谢和转录Yoon等2014
灰胡杨(Populus pruinosa)干旱、NaCl/是总生物量降低,根管比增加Pn、Gs、Tr、总叶绿素含量降低,、MDA含量、Cl-浓度、POD、SOD活性增加Yu等2020
茶(Camellia sinensis)PEG、NaCl/否2 131个共同的DEGs,包含bHLH、WRKY、MYB、NAC等转录因子,涉及渗透调节物质生物合成、淀粉和糖代谢、植物激素信号转导等Zhang等2017
北美枫香(Liquidambar styraciflua)干旱、NaCl/是异戊二烯排放、叶片水势、Gs、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII下降,复合胁迫影响更显著Baraldi等2019
侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)干旱、NaCl/是茎的导管腔径增加ABA、IAA等植物激素含量增加,类胡萝卜素含量降低Li等2024b
红皮柳(Salix purpurea)PEG6000、NaCl/否盐/干旱胁迫分别降低/增加了K+含量;SpuHAK基因被诱导,SpuHAK启动子顺式作用元件涉及非生物胁迫响应、激素响应、生物钟调节、营养和发育等Liang等2020
红瑞木(Cornus alba)干旱、NaCl/否株高、叶面积、地上部分干重降低,高盐致死盐胁迫下,叶片Na+和Cl−浓度增加,叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm降低;盐和干旱下Pn、Gs、Tr均降低Liu等2020b
欧洲落叶松(Larix decidua)干旱、NaCl/否幼苗的茎伸长量和鲜重降低盐和干旱胁迫下SS、MDA含量,SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性均显著增加Plesa等2018
杂交杨(Populus talassica × Populus euphratica)干旱、NaCl梯度/否叶片和栅栏组织厚度增加,叶片组织结构疏松度和海绵组织厚度下降SOD、POD、CAT活性先上升后下降,SS、Pro含量增加Sun等2023
白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)PEG6000梯度、NaCl梯度/否NtCIPK5转基因拟南芥存活率、根长、侧根数、鲜重更高NtCIPK5转基因拟南芥SOD、POD、CAT活性和Pro含量更高,叶中MDA、H2O2含量更低;NtCIPK5转基因拟南芥提高了AtSOD1、AtPOD1、AtAPX1、AtNCED3、AtSOS1、AtRD22等抗逆基因和激素响应基因的表达高子奇等2023
毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)甘露醇梯度、NaCl梯度/否PeAOX1b_2转基因拟南芥种子萌发率、根长和鲜重更高PeAOX1b_2转基因拟南芥的总氧消耗率、MDA含量、Pro含量、SOD活性更高;启动子含干旱、盐胁迫和激素响应元件Wang等2022a
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木本植物对水分(淹水与干旱)、盐分及其复合胁迫适应机制的研究进展
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杨政坤 1, 2 , 王诗琦 1, 2 , 周承泽 1, 2 , 单言武 1, 2 , 樊鹰翔 1, 2 , 张健 1, 2, * , 陈艳红 1, 2, *
植物生理学报 | 综述 2026,62(7): 715-730
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植物生理学报 |综述 2026 , 62 (7) : 715 -730
木本植物对水分(淹水与干旱)、盐分及其复合胁迫适应机制的研究进展
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杨政坤1, 2, 王诗琦1, 2, 周承泽1, 2, 单言武1, 2, 樊鹰翔1, 2, 张健1, 2, * , 陈艳红1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1南通大学生命科学学院,江苏 南通 226019
  • 2南通市观赏植物遗传育种重点实验室,江苏 南通 226019
通讯作者:

*

张健()
陈艳红()
Research progress on the adaptation mechanisms of woody plants to water (flooding and drought), salt and their combined stresses
Zhengkun YANG1, 2, Shiqi WANG1, 2, Chengze ZHOU1, 2, Yanwu SHAN1, 2, Yingxiang FAN1, 2, Jian ZHANG1, 2, * , Yanhong CHEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300394
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气候变暖和极端天气引起的海平面上升、干旱等自然灾害,使木本植物(woody plants)面临着水分和盐分复合胁迫(combined stress)的严峻挑战。尽管在植物响应单一逆境胁迫方面已取得许多突破性进展,但对多种胁迫相叠加引起的复合胁迫的研究,尤其是对木本植物的研究仍相对较少。本文重点从淹水和盐复合胁迫、干旱和盐复合胁迫两方面综述了木本植物在生长、生理和分子层面的响应机制和适应策略。研究发现,木本植物在复合胁迫下主要表现为协同效应(synergy effect),其中红树林(mangrove)作为潮间带分布的湿地木本植物群落表现出独特的耐盐和淹水胁迫能力,而木本植物对干旱和盐胁迫的响应多集中于对两种单一胁迫的研究。此外,我们还讨论了木本植物响应复合胁迫的异同点、研究不足和未来的研究方向,有望为生态修复和抗逆林木分子育种提供理论依据。

木本植物  /  复合胁迫  /  盐胁迫  /  干旱胁迫  /  淹水胁迫  /  协同效应

Natural disasters such as sea level rise and drought caused by climate warming and extreme weather have posed severe challenges to woody plants under the combined stress of water and salt. Although many breakthroughs have been made in the study of plants' responses to single adverse stress, research on combined stress caused by the superposition of multiple stresses, especially on woody plants, remains relatively scarce. This article focuses on comprehensively analyzing the response mechanisms and adaptation strategies of woody plants under salt-flooding and salt-drought combined stress from the perspectives of growth, physiology, and molecular biology. Studies have revealed that woody plants mainly exhibit a synergy effect when exposed to combined stress. Among them, mangroves, as a community of wetland woody plants distributed in the intertidal zone, show unique tolerance to salt and flooding stress, while the response of woody plants to drought and salt stress is mostly concentrated on the research of two single stresses. In addition, we also discuss the similarities and differences in the responses of woody plants to combined stress, research deficiencies and future research directions, which is expected to provide a theoretical basis for ecological restoration and molecular breeding of stress-resistant trees.

woody plants  /  combined stress  /  salt stress  /  drought stress  /  flooding stress  /  synergy effect
杨政坤, 王诗琦, 周承泽, 单言武, 樊鹰翔, 张健, 陈艳红. 木本植物对水分(淹水与干旱)、盐分及其复合胁迫适应机制的研究进展. 植物生理学报, 2026 , 62 (7) : 715 -730 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300394
Zhengkun YANG, Shiqi WANG, Chengze ZHOU, Yanwu SHAN, Yingxiang FAN, Jian ZHANG, Yanhong CHEN. Research progress on the adaptation mechanisms of woody plants to water (flooding and drought), salt and their combined stresses[J]. Plant Physiology Journal, 2026 , 62 (7) : 715 -730 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300394
在全球气候变化加剧的背景下,水分与盐分胁迫的交互作用日益凸显,对陆地生态系统稳定和农业生产力构成了核心威胁(宋子荷和甄艳2024)。气候变暖导致大气蒸发激增,气温与大气干燥度持续攀升,使得植物应对干旱和盐复合胁迫机制更加复杂。干旱通过降低土壤水势加剧根系对盐离子的吸收,而盐分积累又会抑制植物对有限水分的利用效率,形成恶性循环(柏新富等2012)。联合国粮农组织数据显示,全球干旱面积达61亿公顷(占陆地面积41%),盐渍化土壤超过8.33亿公顷(占陆地面积5.6%)(于晓晶等2023;宋子荷和甄艳2024)。与此同时,滨海湿地、河口三角洲等生态脆弱区还面临着海平面上升引发的淹水和盐复合胁迫,此类环境下,植物需同步应对缺氧和高盐环境下的内环境稳态失衡(陈柏燊等2024)。复合胁迫对植物生长的抑制作用往往强于单一胁迫,且大于单一胁迫的简单相加,主要表现为协同效应(synergy effect;Barrett-Lennard和Shabala 2013)。其次,还有拮抗效应(antagonistic effects)、加性效应(additive effects)等多种响应模式,表明植物在应对复合胁迫时存在不同或复杂的响应机制(Cisse等2024a)。
作为陆地生态系统的主体,木本植物(woody plants)在碳汇固持、水土保持等方面具有不可替代的生态功能。木本植物可通过发达的根系、可塑性木质部以及高效的气孔调控等组织结构特性,在复合胁迫下表现出显著的适应性优势,使其成为研究复合胁迫机制及生态修复的理想模型(Han等2022;Faisal等2024)。然而现有的研究多聚焦于草本植物,如模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、农作物水稻(Oryza sativa)和盐生植物碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)等,有关木本植物响应复合胁迫的研究则更为罕见。因此,本文从淹水、盐分及其复合胁迫和干旱、盐分及其复合胁迫两大方面综述了木本植物在生长、生理和分子层面的响应机制和适应策略。同时,我们也提出了研究不足和改进方向,为退化生态系统修复和培育多抗性林木品种提供理论支撑和实践参考。
盐胁迫对植物的生理影响包括渗透胁迫、离子毒害和氧化损伤3个主要方面(Ge等2024)。淹水条件下,植物与外界气体交换受阻,有氧呼吸受抑制,导致乙醇、乙醛、乳酸等呼吸产物大量积累,最终通过生理和代谢多方面的改变,引起植物生长受阻(赵婷等2021;Pan等2024)。有关植物抵抗淹水和盐复合胁迫的研究主要集中于红树林(mangrove),如海榄雌(Avicennia marina)、降香(Dalbergia odorifera)等(表1),它们可以承受长时间的潮汐淹没而不会对其生长造成重大影响(Guo等2024)。
当淹水和盐胁迫同时存在时,植物所受的影响会因胁迫强度、持续时间、植物种类和发育阶段而异(Martins等2023)。例如,高盐胁迫对红树植物秋茄树生长的影响远大于淹水胁迫,1% NaCl处理使幼苗鲜重降低约21.9%,淹水处理3 h使幼苗鲜重降低约5.9%,复合胁迫下的降幅更为明显,1% NaCl和淹水处理3 h组合使鲜重降低了22.3%(Liu等2024a)。类似地,相比淹水胁迫,盐胁迫显著降低了降香幼苗的生物量,200 mmol·L−1 NaCl和淹水处理使茎部鲜重分别降低了15.3%和5.9%。小叶(leaflet)长度、维管束(vascular bundle)直径等叶片解剖学指标也表现出显著差异(Cisse等2024b)。
落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)幼苗对盐分具有一定耐受性,用3 g·L−1盐水灌溉60 d对株高、净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)均无显著影响,持续14周的淹水处理使幼苗高度、叶面积和干重分别比对照组减少30%、56%和51%,而在遭受复合胁迫时,淹水条件下根部通气组织(aerenchyma)的发育可能受到盐胁迫的抑制,叶片中离子浓度进一步增加,导致更严重的光合作用抑制和代谢紊乱(Allen等1996)。沙枣在同时遭受淹水和盐复合胁迫时表现出拮抗作用,单独盐胁迫和单独淹水胁迫均显著抑制沙枣幼苗生长,但在0.6% NaCl与淹水共同处理下,沙枣幼苗株高和鲜重相比单独淹水分别提高20%~25%和30%~35%。这种拮抗作用可能源于淹水诱导的根部通气性增强,有氧呼吸得以维持,植物有足够的能量调节离子稳态,从而在一定程度上抵消了盐胁迫的毒害。因为沙枣幼苗在单独淹水和复合胁迫下的根部通气组织的形成明显增加、导管口径更大,抗氧化酶活性也更强(Liu等2020c)。
不定根(indefinite root)、通气组织等根部特化结构的产生以及叶片气孔(stomata)和皮孔(lenticel)的增加等形态适应策略,是淹水胁迫下植物提高氧气获取能力的重要方式(Shi等2023;Pan等2024)。而当受到盐胁迫时,植物可通过降低叶片的气孔密度(Hasanuzzaman等2023),增加表皮蜡质(cuticular wax)和细胞壁厚度以降低叶片蒸腾速率(Tr),防止细胞过度脱水(Sumbur等2024)。同样的,单一胁迫下植物的形态适应策略在复合胁迫下也适用。例如,盐胁迫下红树林植物海榄雌叶片盐腺(salt gland)周围的木栓质(suberin)沉积增多,根部内皮层和外皮层的疏水性屏障凯氏带(casparian bands)也显著沉积,有效减少了Na+向木质部的装载,可实现90%~95%的盐分排斥(Krishnamurthy等2014)。胡杨的茎部在淹水2周后出现了明显的高孔隙度气生根(aerial root),有助于在缺氧条件下维持水分和养分的吸收(Azizi等2017)。在盐水淹没处理下,澳大利亚湿地树种脱皮白千层(Melaleuca cuticularis)比肥厚木麻黄(Casuarina obesa)形成更多的通气组织,促进有氧代谢和ATP的产生,保障其拥有足够的能量以维持盐离子的运输(Carter等2006)。Zhao等(2019)还表明植物根系特化结构的产生是应对淹水下无氧条件的一种重要适应性策略,因为植物可以将氧气从地上部输送并主动释放到根际,直接氧化根际微环境,防止根际积累潜在的植物毒素,并且有助于促进氮的吸收。
此外,部分木本植物根和茎的形态学变化可能是其在自然环境下长期遭受海水侵蚀的适应性策略。例如,受潮汐淹没影响的沿海湿地物种红树林,其发达的气生根可以减缓水流速度,捕获凋落物、木质残骸和矿物沉积来调整土壤表层高度,以应对海平面上升(Krauss等2014)。南亚秋茄树幼苗在盐水淹没下表现出茎的伸长,通过增加茎的长度使叶片尽快脱离淹水环境,以获取更多的光照来维持光合作用(Ye等2010)。
盐胁迫主要引起植物体内Na+的过量积累和K+稳态的失衡,对Ca2+、Cl−、NO3−等离子稳态也有影响。植物可通过液泡膜和细胞质膜上的转运蛋白将过量的离子区隔化于液泡或排出体外,并对细胞质中流失的离子进行补充,以维持离子平衡(万玺宏等2024)。淹水胁迫下,缺氧引起的能量供应不足会直接影响高能耗的离子转运过程,导致离子外排和区隔效率降低,加剧对植物的伤害作用(Barrett-Lennard和Shabala 2013)。木本植物进化出了多种调控机制以应对这些损伤。例如,在根系中,海滨木槿(Hibiscus hamabo)通过激活植物保守性SOS(salt overly sensitive)信号通路中HhSOS2蛋白激酶和Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白HhSOS1的表达以快速响应盐胁迫,促进Na+的外排;而液泡Na+/H+交换蛋白基因HhNHX2主要负责在叶片中响应长期的盐胁迫,通过液泡隔离Na+以减少细胞质中的离子毒性(Wang等2022b)。红树植物红海兰(Rhizophora stylosa)在低盐时通过增加水分吸收稀释细胞质盐分,同时降低盐分流入,高盐时依赖离子转运蛋白维持离子稳态(Wang等2025)。在淹水和盐复合胁迫下,海榄雌幼苗通过根系对离子的选择性吸收、细胞内的离子区室化等方式,优先吸收和积累K+,并将Na+限制在细胞壁或液泡等区域,从而维持较低的Na+/K+比值(Guo等2024)。纤细桉(Eucalyptus gracilis)叶片中Na+和K+的浓度在夏季显著增加,Na+浓度最高可达1 981 µmol·g−1(DW),这种高浓度的盐分积累使叶片具有较高的渗透压,同时也不会对树木健康产生明显的负面影响。此外,纤细桉还可通过积累可溶性糖和有机酸等溶质来降低细胞水势,有助于在干旱和高盐土壤中获取水分(Barrett等2005)。对淹水和盐复合胁迫表现出较高耐受性的小乔木脱皮白千层,可产生更多的Pro和更发达的通气组织,并限制Na+和Cl–的吸收以响应复合胁迫。其对淹水和盐复合胁迫耐受性的原因可能源于低氧诱导的通气性的增强,有氧代谢产生的ATP足以维持离子转运蛋白如NHX进行跨膜质子交换所需的能耗,减轻了盐诱导的离子毒性(Carter等2006)。
在抗逆性较强的木本植物中,复合胁迫下的抗氧化防御能力往往强于单一胁迫处理(Martins等2023;Li等2024a)。如高浓度盐水淹没处理使南亚秋茄树幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别增加了148%和53%,远高于单一胁迫处理(Ye等2010)。海榄雌在淹水和盐复合胁迫下表现出短期耐受性,在10‰盐浓度淹水4 h处理下,幼苗叶片抗氧化酶POD、SOD和CAT活性显著增加,超氧阴离子自由基(O2−·)生成速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著变化,表明短期淹没对幼苗的氧化损伤较小;而持续8 h的盐水淹没处理则导致抗氧化酶活性下降,表明适当盐度和周期性的潮汐淹没有利于海榄雌在潮间带环境的生长(Li等2020a)。值得注意的是,降香在复合胁迫下与抗氧化酶相关的基因如谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)基因显著上调,然而抗氧化物质如黄酮类化合物的积累并未完全与基因表达模式一致。这可能是因为在复合胁迫下,植物的抗氧化系统面临着更大的氧化压力,植物需要更加复杂的调节机制来维持氧化还原平衡,也可能是ROS作为信号传递分子在起作用(Cisse等2024a)。越来越多的研究表明,ROS除了是有害物质之外,也是一种重要的信号分子。植物一方面需要抗氧化系统防止ROS过度积累造成损伤,另一方面也要保留一定水平的ROS水平以维持其信号传导功能,如与Ca2+、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)、脱落酸和乙烯等植物激素建立联系,激活适应性反应,表明植物耐受氧化损伤的关键不在于完全消除ROS,而在于精细调控其稳态(Anee等2025)。
盐胁迫通过破坏植物细胞渗透压平衡导致气孔关闭或Gs下降,Na+、Cl−和ROS积累引起的离子毒性和氧化损伤会进一步破坏细胞膜稳态,降低光合速率(Wagan等2024)。淹水胁迫下,植物因土壤氧含量降低、气体交换受阻导致光合速率下降(Ashraf和Harris 2013)。淹水和盐复合胁迫对光合作用的协同抑制作用在木本植物也比较常见,例如,在复合胁迫下火炬松(Domec等2021)和降香的Gs和Pn的下降幅度远超过单一的淹水胁迫(Cisse等2024a)。胡杨和红海兰(Chen等2022)在复合胁迫下表现出较为复杂的适应机制,胡杨在低盐胁迫下可以通过调节Gs来优化水分利用效率(WUE)并增加CO2的供应,其净光合速率在100 mmol·L−1 NaCl处理下达到最大值,并随盐浓度增加而逐渐降低(Li等2024b)。但用淡水或施加50 mmol·L−1 NaCl的盐水淹没处理则导致叶绿素含量下降,胡杨只能维持对照组40%~50%的光合水平,表明淹水胁迫可有效抵消胡杨对盐胁迫的耐受性(Azizi等2017)。此外,部分红树植物在复合胁迫下表现出拮抗效应。例如,沙枣幼苗在0.6% NaCl与淹水复合胁迫下的光合抑制程度相比单一胁迫更弱(Liu等2020c);不同浓度的盐胁迫显著降低了南亚秋茄树幼苗的Pn、Tr和Gs,而用盐水淹没处理则显著增加了Gs和Tr,降低了Pn。这种响应模式的可能原因是淹水胁迫刺激了气孔开放,但由于CO2供应不足,Gs的增加并未促进Pn的提升,反而可能加剧了水分的流失,植物需要消耗更多的水分来维持气孔开放(Ye等2010)。
目前,关于木本植物应对淹水和盐复合胁迫分子机制的探究,尤其是特定基因功能验证的研究仍然较少。有关基因家族和多组学分析的案例也多集中于几种滨海红树林植物,其中,转录因子在植物响应非生物胁迫过程中扮演着关键角色。例如,海榄雌NAC(NAM,ATAF and CUC)基因家族分析预测了启动子区域的顺式作用元件,可分为光响应、激素响应和胁迫响应三类,胁迫响应元件中缺氧诱导调控元件数量最多(Song等2023)。一项杂交柳(Salix matsudana × alba)在淹水和盐复合胁迫下的转录组测序(RNA-Seq)数据表明APETA-LA2/乙烯反应元件结合因子(AP2/ERF)、碱性螺旋-环-螺旋(bHLH)和NAC类转录因子显著上调,MYB类则是下调最多的转录因子。基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)分析揭示了这些差异表达的转录因子可能通过参与细胞壁重塑、渗透调节、活性氧清除、植物激素信号传导等生物学过程,调控下游基因的表达(Chen等2023)。
许多植物激素、蛋白酶类和代谢产物的积累在逆境响应中也具有重要作用。秋茄树RNA-Seq和加权基因共表达网络分析(weighted correlation network analysis,WGCNA),识别了45个盐胁迫响应核心基因和16个淹水胁迫响应核心基因,这些差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)主要参与代谢途径和次级代谢产物的生物合成(Liu等2024a);海滨木槿在盐胁迫下通过激活蔗糖非发酵1相关蛋白激酶2 [Sucrose Non-Fermenting1(SNF1)-Related Protein Kinase 2,SnRK2s]、G蛋白偶联受体2(G-protein-coupled receptor 2,GCR2)等关键激酶响应脱落酸(ABA)信号通路,而在水淹胁迫下通过积累内源乙烯激活乙醇脱氢酶1(alcohol dehydrogenase 1,ADH1)和丙酮酸脱氢酶1(pyruvate decarboxylase 1,PDC1)基因适应性信号转导途径,以确保在缺氧条件下的能量供应(Wang等2022b)。研究还发现,水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs)在木本植物调节水分运输、渗透调节、响应逆境胁迫中也具有关键作用。例如,红树林植物海榄雌液泡膜内在蛋白1;5(tonoplast intrinsic proteins 1;5,TIP1;5)的启动子区域含有多个低氧响应元件(anaerobic-responsive element,ARE)和乙烯响应元件(ethylene-responsive element,ERE),这些顺式作用元件(cis-elements)可能使其在复合胁迫下被激活,通过调节乳酸、H2O2的转运和代谢来增强植物的耐受性(Guo等2024)。
干旱胁迫直接降低根系的水分吸收,水分亏缺会迅速影响植物的各个生理过程。例如,缺水诱导气孔关闭以降低蒸腾作用,同时也会导致CO2供应受阻,影响光合作用效率(Lu等2018)。光合作用受阻,电子传递链中的电子泄漏水平增加,由H2O2、等ROS引起的氧化损伤更严重(Ren等2019),呼吸作用也会因细胞内水分不足而影响能量代谢(Sun等2019)。而在盐胁迫下,植物体内水分亏缺主要是因为土壤的高盐含量降低渗透势,根系难以从土壤中吸收水分(Gimeno等2012a)。有关木本植物响应干旱和盐复合胁迫的探究多集中于能同时响应单一干旱胁迫和单一盐胁迫的基因功能验证方面(表2),但有限的研究仍表明协同效应是盐和干旱复合胁迫的主要表现形式。
胡杨、青杨(Populus cathayana)等落叶乔木因其具有良好的耐干旱和耐盐碱性能而作为逆境胁迫研究的常见木本植物。例如,干旱、100 mmol·L−1 NaCl及其复合胁迫显著降低了2种沙漠杨树胡杨和灰胡杨的总生物量,增加了根冠比,且胡杨表现出更强的耐受性,其叶片生物量和总生物量均高于灰胡杨,二者表现出物种间的差异(Yu等2020)。青杨和滇杨(Populus yunnanensis)在复合胁迫下还表现出性别之间的差异。滇杨雌性植株的株高和干物质积累量在干旱、盐胁迫和复合胁迫下均显著下降,复合胁迫下的株高仅为对照组的61.6%,而雄性植株在除复合胁迫外的单一胁迫下未受显著影响,且所有胁迫下的株高均高于雌性(Chen等2010)。
随着人工智能与遥感技术的协同发展,无人机技术在逆境生态监测中的应用也日益广泛。例如,Li等(2025)结合了无人机深度学习模型与GF-2卫星图像,利用随机森林模型推导并量化了土壤水分、盐度和地下水深等环境因素对沙漠地区胡杨的生长影响,其中水分与盐分相关因子的影响占比可高达86.8%。地下水深于4.5 m时胡杨生长明显受抑制,高盐胁迫显著增加胡杨枝条死亡率、树干空洞率,降低冠幅和胸径比,缺水和盐的复合胁迫则会导致更严重的生长退化,表明胡杨适合的栖息地主要集中在水资源适度且盐度适中的地区。这些发现为干旱地区绿洲植被和水资源管理提供了科学证据,并强调了水盐平衡的重要性。
在极端的干旱和盐胁迫下,维持水分供应、减少水分散失并促进离子转运或外排对木本植物的生存显得尤为重要。例如,密叶杨(Populus talassica)与胡杨的杂交后代在200 mmol·L−1 NaCl和干旱胁迫下表现出叶片厚度增加、栅栏组织(palisade tissue)增厚、海绵组织(sponge tissue)变薄等结构变化,有助于减少水分流失(Sun等2023);桑树在干旱和盐复合胁迫下的根冠比从正常条件的0.12显著上升至0.26,将更多的生长资源分配给根系以增强根系的吸收能力(Liu等2019)。一项对中国新疆沙漠灌木应对干旱与盐胁迫的研究详细地阐述了此类植物的适应策略。真盐生植物(euhalophytes)通过增加叶片和茎的肉质化程度,提高水分含量,从而稀释盐浓度;泌盐盐生植物(secretohalophytes)拥有特殊的盐腺或盐囊泡(salt vesicle)等分泌结构,能将多余的盐分排出体外;假盐生植物(pseudohalophytes)的垂直根系结构可分布在深层土壤中吸收水分,并避免浅层土壤中的高盐积累(Luo等2021)。
细胞壁在木本植物应对非生物胁迫方面也起到关键调控作用。例如,红树植物蜡烛果和红海兰在干旱胁迫后,叶片弹性模量(bulk modulus of elasticity)增加,细胞壁变得更硬,可在更负的水势下维持相对含水量(Beckett等2023);白桦(Betula platyphylla)和栎属(Quercus)植物通过单糖聚合、纤维素和木质素的生物合成进行细胞壁重塑,以提高干旱胁迫下细胞的机械强度(Tikhomirova等2022)。
木本植物的根系还可以在较深的土壤中扩展并摄取养分。例如,纤细桉具有典型的多茎生长习性,其根系的生长可突破深度约1.5 m的钙质岩层,深入到钙质层以下未受盐分影响的土壤中,从而在一定程度上避免了盐分和干旱的不利影响,以响应季节引起的土壤水势和盐分的变化(Barrett等2005)。
干旱胁迫和盐胁迫都可以引起细胞渗透失衡和氧化损伤,离子稳态的破坏主要由盐胁迫引起,渗透失衡和氧化损伤也会间接影响到离子稳态。木本植物可通过可溶性糖、Pro等渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶的积累减轻胁迫损伤(Lu等2021)。例如,干旱和盐胁迫均使欧洲落叶松可溶性糖含量增加约1.2倍,SOD活性在盐胁迫、干旱胁迫下分别是对照组的2.3倍、1.4倍(Plesa等2018)。K+在植物不同器官间的合理分配也对耐受性有重要影响。例如,盐胁迫使红皮柳高亲和钾离子转运蛋白(high-affinity K+ transporter,HAK)基因在茎中高表达,有利于K+的运输和重新分配,以满足不同器官在胁迫条件下的生长和生理需求(Liang等2020)。部分初生代谢产物如非结构性碳水化合物(non- structural carbohydrates,NSCs)可能通过渗透调节缓解由干旱和盐度造成的土壤低水势(Ravi等2022)。例如,在干旱和盐胁迫下,经植物生长调节剂5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA)预处理杨树幼苗后,其MDA含量和电解质渗漏(electrolyte leakage,EL)水平显著降低,Pro含量、Na+转运蛋白和水通道蛋白基因表达量显著上调,表明5-ALA减轻了膜脂过氧化、维持了离子稳态和细胞膜的完整性(Jiao等2021)。
盐胁迫和干旱胁迫影响木本植物光合作用的主要表现包括气孔关闭限制CO2吸收和随之引起的一系列光合参数的降低。例如,盐胁迫和干旱胁迫均使北美枫香叶黄素去环氧化状态(de-epoxidation state,DEPS)显著提高,DEPS与光合效率呈负相关,DEPS的升高增加了光能的热耗散,降低了PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),从而保护了光合系统免受光氧化损伤(Baraldi等2019)。银杏在10%的土壤绝对含水量和150 mmol·L−1 NaCl复合胁迫下的最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)、叶肉导度(mesophyll conductance,gm)、Pn、Gs等光和参数下降了75%~85%,远大于单独干旱胁迫或盐胁迫的下降比率(Li等2025a)。Meng等(2025)也证实了银杏的光合参数可随胁迫时间和胁迫类型呈动态变化:中午由于叶片温度和叶片与空气的蒸气压差升高导致Gs降低,因此Pn通常在全天表现出双峰模式,且轻度干旱和盐的复合胁迫下叶肉限制显著低于单独盐胁迫。这种拮抗效应可能源于干旱诱导的渗透调节缓解了盐胁迫的离子毒性,表明银杏作为活化石物种具有应对复杂环境胁迫的特有适应机制。
基于全基因组数据的基因家族分析,整合转录组、蛋白质组与代谢组等多组学数据的分析策略,为植物响应逆境胁迫的分子机制提供了重要见解。例如,通过全基因组分析,Ndayambaza等(2025)在胡杨中鉴定出18个响应干旱和盐胁迫的WOX(WUSCHEL-related homeobox)转录因子家族的基因,Zhao等(2024)在木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)中鉴定出64个WRKYs,Li等(2022a)在文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)中鉴定出126个R2R3-MYB转录因子,以及闽楠(Phoebe bournei)中响应多种非生物胁迫的bZIP和CPP类转录因子等(Feng等2025;Liu等2025b)。启动子序列特征分析揭示了多数转录因子都含有与植物激素、胁迫信号以及光照相关的顺式作用元件,如防御和逆境响应元件(TC-rich repeats)、低温响应元件(low-temperature responsive element,LTR)、ABA响应元件(ABA-responsive element,ABRE)。
有关木本植物在干旱和盐胁迫下基因功能验证的研究相对较多,如苹果(Malus domestica)的MdLBD3(lateral organ boundary domain 3)基因(Liu等2024b)、元宝槭(Acer truncatum)的晚期胚胎发育丰度蛋白LEA1(Late embryonic developmental abundant 1)基因(Li等2025c)、望春玉兰(Magnolia biondii)的MbCBL4(calcineurin B-like protein 4)基因(Ke等2026)、毛果杨和闽楠的UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶(uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase,UGT)等基因(Guan等2024;Liu等2025a),都揭示了其在植物生长发育和逆境响应中的重要作用。但这些案例都只进行了单独干旱和单独盐胁迫的处理,并没有进行干旱和盐的复合胁迫处理,未来也值得对复合胁迫处理下的植物表型与生理响应机制做深入探究,并与单一胁迫进行对比,加深我们对复合胁迫的理解。
水是生命活动的基础,在淹水、干旱和盐胁迫下,木本植物都一致地表现出对水分的强烈吸收并降低损耗。从水分响应过渡到各种生理响应,虽然在具体的响应机制上有所差异,但这三种胁迫之间又能建立起一定的联系,互相影响,共同抵抗逆境胁迫(图1)。
盐胁迫下,土壤中的高盐含量会迅速降低根部细胞的渗透势,抑制根系的吸水能力(Gimeno等2012)。干旱胁迫下,根系是第一个感知水分可用性的部位,通过根到茎的木质部通道向地上部分传递信号以降低保卫细胞的膨胀度并关闭气孔(Lu等2021)。而在淹水胁迫下,O2扩散到土壤中的量会急剧减少,水分供应不足主要是由于氧化磷酸化产生的ATP减少,根系功能受损和水通道蛋白关闭引起的(da-Silva和do Amarante 2020;Martins等2023)。根系对水分的吸收和运输降低会迅速响应到地上部分,叶片因水分状况下降引起气孔关闭以减少水分损失(Toral-Juárez等2021)。这些生理损伤在复合胁迫下被进一步协同放大:一方面,气孔关闭加剧了干旱和淹水胁迫下的CO2和O2供应不足,呼吸链因缺乏O2作为电子受体导致电子泄露和ROS积累,CO2供应受限进一步抑制了光合作用和植物生长(Khan等2026);另一方面,ATP供应不足还影响了离子通道蛋白如NHX的功能,离子转运受抑制加剧了盐分对植物造成的损伤(潘晶等2024)。氧化损伤、离子毒害和渗透失衡共同作用,使得植物在复合胁迫下的生长、生理损伤较单一胁迫表现出协同趋势。为此,木本植物进化出了复杂但类似的响应机制以应对淹水/干旱与盐的复合胁迫:通过积累可溶性糖等渗透调节物质以降低细胞水势(Plesa等2018);提高POD、CAT、SOD等抗氧化酶活性以减轻氧化损伤(Huang等2022);促进NHX、SOS等离子转运蛋白的表达以减轻离子毒害(Wang等2022b);促进AQPs的表达调控水分和溶质运输(Patankar等2019)。
木本植物各个器官形成的特化结构,或致力于从土壤中获取更多的水分、促进气体交换以维持生长代谢,或通过离子区室化、离子转运与离子外排等措施减轻复合胁迫的损伤。例如,在淹水和盐复合胁迫下,脱皮白千层形成的通气组织(Carter等2006)、胡杨茎部产生的高孔隙度气生根(Azizi等2017)、海榄雌根部产生的凯氏带与木栓质层(suberin lamellae)在促进气体交换、水分吸收和离子转运方面发挥着重要的作用(Krishnamurthy等2014)。在干旱和盐复合胁迫下,桑树增加的根冠比(Liu等2019)、分泌盐植物产生的盐腺则有利于在更深层的土壤中吸收水分、降低细胞Na+/K+值以减轻离子毒害(Luo等2021)。
木本植物在淹水、干旱和盐胁迫的分子调控层面表现出许多共性的调控机制。其中,转录因子在平衡生长与逆境胁迫响应中起着核心调控作用(Tang等2026)。木本植物与拟南芥、水稻等草本植物共享一些常见的保守性抗逆转录因子,如bHLH、NAC、MYB、AP2/ERF、WRKY和DREB。有关转录因子功能验证的研究案例较多,例如,过表达密罗木脱水诱导型bHLH转录因子MfbHL-H145以及脱水诱导型WRKY转录因子MfWRKY17(Huang等2020,2022a)的转基因拟南芥在干旱和盐胁迫下的MDA含量和电解质泄露水平均显著降低。可见,转录因子与不同信号通路之间,甚至不同转录因子之间形成的复杂调控网络可高效、精准地调控逆境响应基因的表达。
木质素和纤维素作为细胞壁、木质部的主要组分,不仅可维持细胞结构稳定、增强机械强度,还参与调控信号传递、水分与物质运输,在植物应对干旱、淹水、盐等多种逆境胁迫中发挥作用(Tikhomirova等2022)。其中,NAC和MYB是调控木质素最重要的两类转录因子(Ohtani和Demura 2019;Zhang等2025)。例如,白桦BpMYB4转录因子不仅可通过负调控木质素合成基因、正向调控纤维素合酶基因的表达影响次生细胞壁的合成,还兼具H2O2和清除能力(Yu等2021)。毛果杨的维管相关NAC结构域蛋白6(vascular-related NAC-domain 6,VND6)和次生壁相关NAC结构域蛋白1(secondary wall-associated NAC domain,SND1)、茶中的伤口诱导蛋白3(wound-induced protein 3,WIP3)都可通过调控木质素含量来改善细胞壁代谢和防御机制,维持植物的生长和发育(Lin等2017;Zhao等2025)。然而,目前对木质素在非生物胁迫下精细调控机制的理解仍然有限,未来需要借助分子生物学、基因组学和多组学分析等技术手段,进一步深入研究木质素在林木抗逆育种中的应用潜力。
木本植物的激素调控系统在感知胁迫信号、启动防御机制和调整生理代谢过程也发挥着至关重要的作用。例如,在干旱与高盐胁迫下,苹果RNA-Seq筛选到的17个DEGs中,15个都与ABA、吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)、乙烯(ethylene,ET)和油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)等植物激素信号转导相关(Li等2019);青甘杨(Populus przewalskii)在干旱胁迫下通过合成ABA调控气孔关闭、减少水分散失,其根系中的ABA还会刺激IAA在根尖运输,促进根系发育(Faisal等2024)。还有研究表明,洪水会促进ET的产生,ET又会降低ABA水平,使植物对ET更敏感(Li等2020b,2022b),木本植物能够通过IAA和ET诱导的不定根或通气组织维持有氧呼吸和水分吸收(Liu等2020a)。此外,植物激素信号通路还常与转录因子形成特定的分子调控网络以调控激素的合成和转运,为木本植物耐受非生物胁迫提供了分子机制上的见解(Liu等2019)。
综上所述,在淹水/干旱和盐的复合胁迫下,木本植物需要整合多种生理和分子响应机制,以维持其在复杂环境中的生存。其中涉及到不同信号通路之间的相互作用,以及对资源分配的精细调控。
关于木本植物响应水分、盐分及其复合胁迫的研究仍存在许多不足,亟待未来深入研究和突破。特别是在以下方面:(1)对胁迫时序性的忽视。多数实验采用同步施加胁迫处理的方式,而自然界的环境胁迫常呈动态叠加,如先干旱后盐渍化的土壤,时序差异可能导致截然不同的结局(Bueno等2022)。(2)取材多集中于幼苗而缺乏对成熟树木的研究。受木本植物生长周期的限制,现有的研究材料多集中于扦插幼苗或组培幼苗。其优点是代谢旺盛、对胁迫敏感度高,更容易观察到表型变化,很适合大规模、短周期的实验需求。但幼苗的木质部发育并不成熟、根系浅薄,其对非生物胁迫响应可能无法反映成年树木的复杂生理机制(Taoufik等2021)。(3)胁迫的方式过于实验化而忽视田间研究。实验室恒定的光照、温度、湿度无法模拟田间动态变化(如昼夜温差、降雨波动),也无法反映植物在季节交替或多年度胁迫下的渐进性适应过程,导致分子育种和生态预测结果偏离实际(Verslues等2023)。(4)缺乏健全的再生体系和高效的遗传转化体系。由于木本植物的遗传转化效率较低,且生长周期较长,难以像拟南芥等草本植物在短时间内获得可遗传的转基因植株。值得注意的是,Cao等(2022)开发的CDB(cut–dip–budding)技术利用发根农杆菌(Rhizobium rhizogenes)侵染外植体,无需组织培养即可在茎和芽的连接处诱导转基因根的形成,并可分化成完整的转基因植株,为木本植物的遗传转化创造了突破性进展(Cao等2022)。未来的研究仍需注重多组学整合和多学科交叉,突破木本植物遗传转化效率低下等技术难点,同时加强田间试验与生态评估,为退化生态系统修复和培育多抗性林木品种提供理论支撑和实践参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32572007)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX25_3686)
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2026年第62卷第7期
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doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300394
  • 接收时间:2025-11-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-27
  • 修回日期:2026-06-12
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国家自然科学基金(32572007)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX25_3686)
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    1南通大学生命科学学院,江苏 南通 226019
    2南通市观赏植物遗传育种重点实验室,江苏 南通 226019

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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