Article(id=1317486381056774720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300379, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758988800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-28, revisedDate=1780329600000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792042830956, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042830956, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042830956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042830956, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317486379714592918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, year='2026', volume='62', issue='7', pageStart='687', pageEnd='793', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042830637, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792119563599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317808221184700571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317808221188894876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=705, endPage=714, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317486381300044353, articleId=1317486381056774720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=EN, title=Research advances on plant pseudo-response regulators (PRRs), columnId=1317486380566036631, journalTitle=Plant Physiology Journal, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background:

Plants have evolved a sophisticated internal timing system—the circadian clock—to adapt to the diurnal and seasonal changes of light and temperature. This system enables plants to maintain a dynamic balance between growth and defense responses. Pseudo-Response Regulators (PRRs) are central components of the core oscillator in plant circadian clock, and play vital roles in regulating circadian rhythms, photoperiod-induced flowering, and abiotic stress responses. Systematic characterization of the PRR gene family will deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian clock regulation in plants and provide theoretical insights for improving crop agronomic traits such as stress tolerance and yield.

Advances:

PRR proteins typically contain a relatively conserved N-terminal PR domain and a C-terminal CCT domain. Based on phylogenetic analyses, PRR family members are classified into three subclades: TOC1/PRR1, PRR7/3 and PRR9/5. Although PRRs have been identified in rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, and soybean, researches on the molecular mechanisms of PRRs in regulating plant circadian clock have been conducted primarily in Arabidopsis. The core circadian clock oscillator is composed of interconnected morning, central and evening feedback loops, with PRRs serving as key regulators. Studies have demonstrated that PRRs play crucial roles in regulating plant developmental processes spanning from seed germination, hypocotyl elongation to flowering time. In addition, PRRs also modulate plant responses to various abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, and salinity. Recent studies in wheat, rice and soybean have provided crucial theoretical foundations for crop genetic improvement. For example, TaPRR95 in wheat functions as a negative regulator of flowering and thus represents a promising genetic target for enhancing wheat yield. Similarly, GmPRR3b from soybean negatively regulates drought response, offering a novel candidate gene for breeding stress-tolerant crops.

Critique:

Although progress has been made in PRRs research, several questions remain elusive. First, the functional conservation and diversification of PRRs in plant species beyond Arabidopsis requires systematic investigation. Second, the biological functions, regulatory networks, and potential applications of PRRs in plant biotic stress responses remain unclear. Third, the upstream regulators and downstream components of PRR-regulated pathways have not been fully characterized.

Prospects:

Future research should focus on three directions: Elucidating the functional conservation and species-specific roles of PRRs across diverse plant species; utilizing gene editing technologies to precisely manipulate PRR expression and evaluate their potential applications for breeding stress-resistant crops; characterizing the core functions and regulatory mechanisms of PRRs in plant biotic stress responses to expand our understanding of PRRs functions.

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植物伪应答调节因子(pseudo-response regulators,PRRs)是植物生物钟核心振荡器的关键组分,在调节昼夜节律、光周期诱导的开花和非生物胁迫响应等生理过程中发挥核心作用。本文系统梳理了PRRs基因家族的结构特征与进化规律,重点综述了其在调控植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应中的功能,旨在为深入解析PRRs基因家族的生物学功能及作用机制奠定基础,为未来植物农艺性状的改良提供理论支撑。

, authors=陈秀蕾, 石雅琦, 姜霁珊*, authorsList=陈秀蕾, 石雅琦, 姜霁珊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜霁珊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

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J Nucl Agric Sci, 32 (9): 1740–1749 (in Chinese with English abstract), articleTitle=The role of the pseudo-response regulators in photoperiod regulation pathway in plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1317486394688262828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=32, issue=9, pageStart=1740, pageEnd=1749, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=62, authorNames=赵淑靓, 景艺峰, 刘青青, journalName=核农学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=[赵淑靓, 景艺峰, 刘青青等(2018). 伪应答调控蛋白在植物光周期调控途径中的作用. 核农学报, 32 (9): 1740–1749], articleTitle=伪应答调控蛋白在植物光周期调控途径中的作用, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317486386844914283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, awardId=32370258; 32100195, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32370258; 32100195), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317486382533169737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317486382541558346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, companyId=1317486382533169737, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317486382549946955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, companyId=1317486382533169737, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国农业大学草业科学与技术学院,北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317486385930556003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Phylogenetic tree of PRRs, figureFileSmall=phkkoCx6QF4EW4ylIoQtEw==, figureFileBig=vMCYnVIyzRTjLAvPuUX5fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386106716772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PRRs的系统进化树

Mp:地钱(Marchantia polymorpha);Pp:小立碗藓(Physcomitrium patens);Nc:蓝星睡莲(Nymphaea colorata);At:拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana);Cp:番木瓜(Carica papaya);Ms:紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa);Mt:蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula);Pt:毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa);Vv:葡萄(Vitis vinifera);Sl:番茄(Solanum lycopersicum);Bv:甜菜(Beta vulgaris);Os:水稻(Oryza sativa)。Ⅰ:TOC1/PRR1分支;Ⅱ:PRR7/3分支;Ⅲ:PRR9/5分支。本图改自Hotta(2022)一文。

, figureFileSmall=phkkoCx6QF4EW4ylIoQtEw==, figureFileBig=vMCYnVIyzRTjLAvPuUX5fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386308043365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Molecular mechanisms of PRRs in regulating circadian clock in Arabidopsis, figureFileSmall=SIecVzkmPhF4qqjEj9J9mw==, figureFileBig=RkUBh1sw9X3NRuMtXuwWMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386391929446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=CN, label=图2, caption=拟南芥中PRRs调节生物钟的分子机制, figureFileSmall=SIecVzkmPhF4qqjEj9J9mw==, figureFileBig=RkUBh1sw9X3NRuMtXuwWMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386450649703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Molecular mechanisms of PRRs in regulating plant growth, development and abiotic stress responses, figureFileSmall=mu4Wn225SBfI7U5kxcd6hA==, figureFileBig=1vk975elMRwTa5luRWHrAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386534535784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PRRs调控植物生长发育与响应非生物胁迫的分子机制

A:PRRs调节种子萌发与下胚轴伸长;B:PRRs调节植物开花时间;C~E:PRRs在响应干旱、冷、盐胁迫中的作用。At:拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana);Hv:大麦(Hordeum vulgare);Rc:月季(Rosa chinensis);Ta:小麦(Triticum aestivum);Gm:大豆(Glycine max);Sb:高粱(Sorghum bicolor);Os:水稻(Oryza sativa)。

, figureFileSmall=mu4Wn225SBfI7U5kxcd6hA==, figureFileBig=1vk975elMRwTa5luRWHrAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486386614227561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Functions of PRRs in different plants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种基因功能参考文献
拟南芥AtTOC1抑制下胚轴伸长;促进开花;负调节耐旱性;通过抑制CBF3的转录负调节耐冷性Hayama等2017;Soy等2016;Keily等2013;Nakamichi等2012;Legnaioli等2009
AtPRR9抑制下胚轴伸长;促进叶片衰老;促进开花;负调节耐旱性、耐盐性与耐冷性Kim等2018;Hayama等2017;Nakamichi等2012,2009
AtPRR7抑制下胚轴伸长;促进开花;负调节耐旱性、耐盐性与耐冷性Hayama等2017;Liu等2013;Nakamichi等2012,2009
AtPRR5抑制下胚轴伸长;促进开花;抑制种子萌发;负调节耐旱性、耐盐性与耐冷性Yang等2021;Hayama等2017;向芬等2013;Nakamichi等2012,2009
AtPRR3仅在维管组织中表达,维持TOC1蛋白的稳定性Para等2007
水稻OsPRR95负调节ABA抑制的种子萌发和幼苗生长;响应冷胁迫Wang等2023;徐江民等2016
OsPRR59响应冷胁迫徐江民等2016
OsPRR37抑制长日照下的开花;促进穗分枝的发育;响应冷胁迫Sun等2023;徐江民等2016;Koo等2013
OsPRR73延迟抽穗;通过抑制OsHKT2;1的转录提高耐盐性;响应冷胁迫Liang等2021;Wei等2021;徐江民等2016
大麦Ppd-H1(HvPRR37)促进开花Campoli等2012;Turner等2005
小麦TaPRR95延迟抽穗Fu等2024
大豆GmPRR37抑制长日照下的开花Wang等2020a
GmPRR3b通过抑制GmABF3的转录负调节耐旱性Li等2024
高粱SbPRR37抑制开花Yang等2014;Murphy等2011
白菜BrPRR1a抑制下胚轴伸长和子叶扩展Kim等2022
月季RcPRR1b/5抑制开花Jalal等2022
), ArticleFig(id=1317486386723279466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486381056774720, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同植物中PRRs的功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种基因功能参考文献
拟南芥AtTOC1抑制下胚轴伸长;促进开花;负调节耐旱性;通过抑制CBF3的转录负调节耐冷性Hayama等2017;Soy等2016;Keily等2013;Nakamichi等2012;Legnaioli等2009
AtPRR9抑制下胚轴伸长;促进叶片衰老;促进开花;负调节耐旱性、耐盐性与耐冷性Kim等2018;Hayama等2017;Nakamichi等2012,2009
AtPRR7抑制下胚轴伸长;促进开花;负调节耐旱性、耐盐性与耐冷性Hayama等2017;Liu等2013;Nakamichi等2012,2009
AtPRR5抑制下胚轴伸长;促进开花;抑制种子萌发;负调节耐旱性、耐盐性与耐冷性Yang等2021;Hayama等2017;向芬等2013;Nakamichi等2012,2009
AtPRR3仅在维管组织中表达,维持TOC1蛋白的稳定性Para等2007
水稻OsPRR95负调节ABA抑制的种子萌发和幼苗生长;响应冷胁迫Wang等2023;徐江民等2016
OsPRR59响应冷胁迫徐江民等2016
OsPRR37抑制长日照下的开花;促进穗分枝的发育;响应冷胁迫Sun等2023;徐江民等2016;Koo等2013
OsPRR73延迟抽穗;通过抑制OsHKT2;1的转录提高耐盐性;响应冷胁迫Liang等2021;Wei等2021;徐江民等2016
大麦Ppd-H1(HvPRR37)促进开花Campoli等2012;Turner等2005
小麦TaPRR95延迟抽穗Fu等2024
大豆GmPRR37抑制长日照下的开花Wang等2020a
GmPRR3b通过抑制GmABF3的转录负调节耐旱性Li等2024
高粱SbPRR37抑制开花Yang等2014;Murphy等2011
白菜BrPRR1a抑制下胚轴伸长和子叶扩展Kim等2022
月季RcPRR1b/5抑制开花Jalal等2022
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植物伪应答调节因子PRRs的研究进展
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陈秀蕾 , 石雅琦 , 姜霁珊 *
植物生理学报 | 综述 2026,62(7): 705-714
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植物生理学报 |综述 2026 , 62 (7) : 705 -714
植物伪应答调节因子PRRs的研究进展
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陈秀蕾, 石雅琦, 姜霁珊*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学草业科学与技术学院,北京 100193
通讯作者:
Research advances on plant pseudo-response regulators (PRRs)
Xiulei CHEN, Yaqi SHI, Jishan JIANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300379
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植物伪应答调节因子(pseudo-response regulators,PRRs)是植物生物钟核心振荡器的关键组分,在调节昼夜节律、光周期诱导的开花和非生物胁迫响应等生理过程中发挥核心作用。本文系统梳理了PRRs基因家族的结构特征与进化规律,重点综述了其在调控植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应中的功能,旨在为深入解析PRRs基因家族的生物学功能及作用机制奠定基础,为未来植物农艺性状的改良提供理论支撑。

伪应答调节因子(PRRs)  /  生物钟  /  植物生长发育  /  非生物胁迫
Background:

Plants have evolved a sophisticated internal timing system—the circadian clock—to adapt to the diurnal and seasonal changes of light and temperature. This system enables plants to maintain a dynamic balance between growth and defense responses. Pseudo-Response Regulators (PRRs) are central components of the core oscillator in plant circadian clock, and play vital roles in regulating circadian rhythms, photoperiod-induced flowering, and abiotic stress responses. Systematic characterization of the PRR gene family will deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian clock regulation in plants and provide theoretical insights for improving crop agronomic traits such as stress tolerance and yield.

Advances:

PRR proteins typically contain a relatively conserved N-terminal PR domain and a C-terminal CCT domain. Based on phylogenetic analyses, PRR family members are classified into three subclades: TOC1/PRR1, PRR7/3 and PRR9/5. Although PRRs have been identified in rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, and soybean, researches on the molecular mechanisms of PRRs in regulating plant circadian clock have been conducted primarily in Arabidopsis. The core circadian clock oscillator is composed of interconnected morning, central and evening feedback loops, with PRRs serving as key regulators. Studies have demonstrated that PRRs play crucial roles in regulating plant developmental processes spanning from seed germination, hypocotyl elongation to flowering time. In addition, PRRs also modulate plant responses to various abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, and salinity. Recent studies in wheat, rice and soybean have provided crucial theoretical foundations for crop genetic improvement. For example, TaPRR95 in wheat functions as a negative regulator of flowering and thus represents a promising genetic target for enhancing wheat yield. Similarly, GmPRR3b from soybean negatively regulates drought response, offering a novel candidate gene for breeding stress-tolerant crops.

Critique:

Although progress has been made in PRRs research, several questions remain elusive. First, the functional conservation and diversification of PRRs in plant species beyond Arabidopsis requires systematic investigation. Second, the biological functions, regulatory networks, and potential applications of PRRs in plant biotic stress responses remain unclear. Third, the upstream regulators and downstream components of PRR-regulated pathways have not been fully characterized.

Prospects:

Future research should focus on three directions: Elucidating the functional conservation and species-specific roles of PRRs across diverse plant species; utilizing gene editing technologies to precisely manipulate PRR expression and evaluate their potential applications for breeding stress-resistant crops; characterizing the core functions and regulatory mechanisms of PRRs in plant biotic stress responses to expand our understanding of PRRs functions.

pseudo-response regulators (PRRs)  /  circadian clock  /  plant growth and development  /  abiotic stresses
陈秀蕾, 石雅琦, 姜霁珊. 植物伪应答调节因子PRRs的研究进展. 植物生理学报, 2026 , 62 (7) : 705 -714 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300379
Xiulei CHEN, Yaqi SHI, Jishan JIANG. Research advances on plant pseudo-response regulators (PRRs)[J]. Plant Physiology Journal, 2026 , 62 (7) : 705 -714 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300379
植物为应对光照、温度等环境因子的昼夜及季节性波动,进化出了一套精密的内源计时系统,即生物钟(Harmer 2009)。该系统赋予植物追踪环境因子昼夜周期性变化的能力,使其得以感知和预测这类变化的动态趋势与季节更迭,从而更好地协调体内的代谢稳态、细胞运动,维持生长发育与防御反应的动态平衡,保障植物在合适时间完成关键生长发育过程(魏华等2018)。伪应答调节因子(pseudo-response regulators,PRRs)是植物生物钟核心振荡器的重要组成部分,参与形成转录-翻译反馈环(transcription-translation feedback loop,TTFL)。PRRs家族基因最早在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中发现,包括PRR9、PRR7、PRR5、PRR3和TOC1/PRR1,它们按时间顺序依次表达(早晨至傍晚),共同维持昼夜节律的精确性(Matsushika等2000)。拟南芥中的PRRs多数是转录抑制因子,直接或间接地调控植物的下胚轴生长、开花、激素代谢以及非生物胁迫响应等生理过程(魏华等2018;Farre和Liu 2013)。近年来,在小麦(Triticum aestivum)、水稻(Oryza sativa)等农作物中也陆续鉴定到了PRRs基因,并发现它们在调控植物株高和抽穗期等农艺性状方面发挥重要功能(Fu等2024;Koo等2013;Murakami等2003)。因此,深入探究植物PRRs基因家族的功能与其调控机制对理解植物生长发育规律、提高农作物产量、增强植物对环境胁迫的适应性具有重要意义。
在拟南芥中,CCT(CONSTANS/CONSTANS-LIKE/TOC1)基因家族在调控植物开花时间、光周期反应和对环境的适应性方面发挥重要作用(Li和Xu 2017)。依据其功能结构域特征,该基因家族分为CMF(CCT MOTIF FAMILY)、COL(CONSTANSLIKE)和PRR三个亚家族,其中PRR亚家族基因在调控植物昼夜节律的反馈回路中发挥关键作用(Cockram等2012)。PRR亚家族基因广泛分布于绿色植物中,基于序列特征和进化关系可将其分为3个进化枝:TOC1/PRR1、PRR7/3和PRR9/5(图1)(Hotta 2022)。研究发现,在绿藻中只存在一个PRR,其核心振荡器结构较为简单,由TOC1/PRR1直系同源物与LHY/CCA1直系同源物构成基础反馈环(Corellou等2009)。苔藓植物中包含TOC1/PRR1和PRR7/3两个进化枝的成员,如地钱(Marchantia polymorpha)基因组中仅发现MpTOC1(TOC1/PRR1分支)和MpPRR(PRR7/3分支)(Linde等2017)。值得关注的是,PRR9/5进化枝只存在于被子植物中,该类群通常包含1个TOC1/PRR1进化枝的基因和2~3个PRR7/3和PRR9/5进化枝的基因(Takata等2010),如水稻中已经鉴定出5个PRR基因:OsPRR1/OsTOC1、OsPRR37、OsPRR59、OsPRR73和OsPRR95(Murakami等2003)。
PRRs家族成员的氨基酸序列长度虽然存在一定差异,但都具有相对保守的结构特征。该家族蛋白由氨基端(N端)的PR结构域(又称为类接受域,receiver-like domain,RLD)和羧基端(C端)的CCT结构域组成,两者间由一段相对不太保守的“可变”区域连接(Mizuno和Nakamichi 2005)。氨基端的PR结构域与双组分调节系统中反应调节因子的受体结构域具有高度相似性,但缺少接受磷酸基的天冬氨酸(Asp)残基(Hotta 2022)。该结构域不仅介导PRRs蛋白间的同源/异源寡聚化,还参与蛋白间的相互作用(Wang等2010;Para等2007)。例如,在拟南芥中,PRR3和PRR5都能通过PR结构域与TOC1结合,其中PRR5可以促进TOC1的进核(Wang等2010;Para等2007)。研究表明,PRRs家族的羧基端CCT结构域是植物特异的基序,具有DNA结合能力(Tiwari等2010)。
植物生物钟是一种内源性的计时机制,能够帮助植物“预判”环境的周期性变化,提前调整生命活动,进而改善植物的生长发育及环境适应能力。PRRs家族成员在植物生物钟调控网络中扮演着核心角色,它们通过参与生物钟的反馈调节回路,以及与其他生物钟相关基因的相互作用,共同维持生物钟的稳定运行(赵淑靓等2018)。
PRRs对植物生物钟调节的分子机制研究大多都是在模式植物拟南芥中展开的。研究发现,拟南芥中PRR9、PRR7、PRR5、PRR3和PRR1(TOC1)从黎明到黄昏依次表达,其中PRR9表达水平在黎明时最高,PRR7在早晨达到峰值,PRR5在中午左右达到峰值,PRR3和TOC1在晚上达到峰值(Matsushika等2000)。植物体内发现的首个生物钟转录-翻译反馈环由CCA1(CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED1)、LHY(LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL)与TOC1构成,又称为中心反馈环。研究发现,CCA1和LHY能抑制TOC1的转录,而TOC1也能与CCA1和LHY的启动子结合,抑制CCA1和LHY的转录(Gendron等2012)。除了中心反馈环,生物钟核心振荡器还包括早反馈环和晚反馈环。早反馈环由CCA1、LHY、PRR9、PRR7和PRR5构成。PRR9/7/5通过与CCA1/LHY的启动子结合抑制它们的转录(Nakamichi等2010),而CCA1/LHY能够促进PRR9和PRR7的转录,从而形成负反馈调节关系(Farre等2005)。同样地,CCA1/LHY同源物RVE8(REVEILLE8)通过与PRR5的启动子结合促进PRR5的转录,而PRR5反过来抑制RVE8的转录(Rawat等2011)。晚反馈环由TOC1和EC复合体LUX(LUX ARRHYTHMO)、ELF3(EARLY FLOWERING 3)和ELF4(EARLY FLOWERING 4)组成。在夜间,EC复合体抑制PRR7、PRR9的转录,缓解后者对CCA1和LHY表达的抑制作用(Paajanen等2021)。此外,TOC1可以抑制LUX和ELF4的转录,CCA1则抑制ELF3的转录(Paajanen等2021)。与其他PRRs不同,PRR3仅在维管组织中表达,通过干扰TOC1与ZTL(ZEITLUPE)的相互作用维持TOC1蛋白的稳定性(Para等2007)。综上,PRRs在复杂的转录-翻译反馈环调控回路中发挥关键作用(图2)。
此外,PRRs也会通过与其他生物钟相关基因的相互作用调节昼夜节律。例如,在拟南芥中,BBX28/29与PRR9/7/5在细胞核内互作,增强PRR9/7/5对CCA1、LHY、RVE8、LNK等的转录抑制作用,而PRR9/7/5也可以直接与BBX28/29的启动子结合,抑制BBX28和BBX29的转录(Yu等2023)。研究发现,从清晨到晚上BBX19依次与PRR9、PRR7和PRR5相互作用,通过抑制CCA1、LHY和RVE8的转录协调昼夜节律(Yuan等2021)。另有研究表明SPY(SPINDLY)可以通过O-岩藻糖基化PRR5促进其蛋白水解,从而缩短生物钟周期(Wang等2020b)。
PRRs在植物生长发育调控中发挥关键作用,其表达量与种子萌发、下胚轴伸长及叶片衰老等生物学过程密切相关(图3-A)。研究发现,拟南芥PRR1、PRR5、PRR7、PRR9功能缺失时,植物均表现为下胚轴伸长的表型,表明PRR家族负调控下胚轴生长(Nakamichi等2012)。进一步研究发现,PRR1能够与光敏色素作用因子PIFs互作,共同抑制下胚轴的伸长(Soy等2016)。此外,与野生型拟南芥相比,prr5突变体不仅具有下胚轴伸长的表型,还具有种子萌发率显著增加和根长增长的表型,表明PRR5还具有抑制种子萌发及根伸长的作用(向芬等2013)。Yang等(2021)发现脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理条件下,过表达PRR5拟南芥的发芽率显著低于野生型,进一步证明了PRR5可能通过ABA信号途径抑制拟南芥种子萌发。近期在水稻中的研究显示,相较于野生型,OsPRR95过表达株系对ABA不敏感,萌发更快,幼苗生长更好;而突变体对ABA超敏感,生长受抑,深入研究表明,Os-PRR95通过抑制ABA信号通路中ABA受体基因OsRCAR10的表达,降低种子对ABA的敏感性,从而促进种子萌发(Wang等2023)。Kim等(2018)研究发现,prr9突变体具有叶片衰老延迟的表型,并证明PRR9一方面直接结合ORE1(ORESARA1)的启动子促进其表达,另一方面抑制ORE1的转录后抑制因子miR164的表达,进而促进拟南芥叶片的衰老。Kim等(2022)在白菜(Brassica rapa)中的研究发现,与野生型相比,prr1a突变体不仅下胚轴显著伸长,还具有子叶扩展和鲜重增加的性状,说明了PRR1在调控白菜生长发育和产量中的重要作用。综上,PRRs在调控植物下胚轴伸长方面功能保守,但是在调控种子萌发、开花和产量等方面具有功能特异性以及物种特异性(表1)。
研究发现,PRRs在多个物种中均调节开花时间(图3-B)。在拟南芥中,长日照会诱导FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)的表达加速开花,而在短日照条件下FT表达水平降低开花延迟,CO(CONSTANS)在调控FT表达中发挥关键作用(Song等2015)。PRR9/7/5/1能够增加长日照条件下CO蛋白的积累,随后CO蛋白与FT的启动子直接结合激活其转录,促进开花(Hayama等2017)。在大麦(Hordeum vulgare)中的研究证明,在长日照条件下,Ppd-H1(At-PRR7同源基因,HvPRR37)突变体中HvCO1和Hv-CO2的表达量均显著降低且表达峰推迟,HvFT表达量显著减少,开花时间延迟(Campoli等2012;Turner等2005),证明了CO对FT调控作用在不同物种中的保守性。在月季(Rosa chinensis)中沉默RcPRR1a和RcPRR5会导致早花表型,研究证明RcPRR1a、RcPRR5可以通过与RcCO互作,减少游离态的RcCO蛋白,干扰其与RcFT启动子的结合,从而抑制开花(Jalal等2022)。小麦TaPRR95基因编辑突变体prr95aabbdd相较于野生型抽穗期显著提前,这一变化主要源于TaFT和TaCO1表达水平的升高(Fu等2024)。综上,在长日照植物中,尽管PRRs对CO的调节模式存在差异,但均通过CO影响FT表达水平的通路调控开花时间。
在短日照植物水稻中,CO和FT的同源基因分别为OsHd1(Heading date 1)和OsHd3a,OsHd1通过抑制OsHd3a的转录抑制长日照下的开花进程,但在短日照下OsHd1促进OsHd3a及其同源基因OsRFT1(Rice FLOWERING LOCUS T1)的转录,从而促进开花(Andres和Coupland 2012)。OsPRR37可以通过抑制OsHd3a的表达延缓长日照条件下水稻的开花进程(Koo等2013)。在籼稻品种‘湘占’中的研究发现,osprr37突变体的一次分枝数、二次分枝数和每穗颖花数与对照相比均大幅减少,表明OsPRR37不仅可以调控开花时间,还可通过促进穗分枝的发育直接调控产量(Sun等2023)。另外,过表达水稻开花的抑制因子OsPRR73,植株在长日照和短日照条件下均表现为抽穗延迟的表型,进一步研究发现,过表达植物中Ehd1(early heading date 1)、Hd3a和RFT1的表达水平均显著降低。与过表达植株在长短日照条件下均延迟抽穗的表型不同,osprr73突变体仅在长日照下提前抽穗,短日照下没有变化。深入解析其作用机制发现,Os-PRR73能够直接与Ehd1基因的启动子区域结合并抑制其表达,进而调控水稻的抽穗时间(Liang等2021)。因此,Ehd1而非Hd3a是决定OsPRR73在长日照条件下抽穗时间的关键调控基因。Wang等(2020a)在大豆(Glycine max)中发现,过表达Gm-PRR37的转基因大豆在长日照条件下开花延迟,该植株中开花抑制基因GmFT1a的表达显著更高,而开花促进基因GmFT2a和GmFT5a的表达量显著降低。最新研究发现,过表达GmPRR7b的大豆植株也具有显著延迟开花的表型,但其作用机制未见报道(Song等2025)。在高粱(Sorghum bicolor)中,CO通过诱导SbEHD1和SbFT的同源基因SbZCN8与SbZCN12的表达促进短日照条件下高粱的开花,而在长日照条件下,SbPRR37一方面通过抑制CO的活性间接抑制SbZCN12和SbZCN8的表达,另一方面直接抑制SbEHD1的表达,减弱其对SbFT、SbZCN12和SbZCN8的促进作用,进而延迟开花(Yang等2014;Murphy等2011)。综上所述,在短日照植物中,PRRs均通过抑制长日照条件下成花素基因的表达(如水稻OsHd3a/RFT1、大豆GmFTs、高粱SbFTs)抑制开花。
研究表明,大麦Ppd-H1在控制开花时间方面的功能与其在昼夜节律中的功能无关,Ppd-H1的自然突变不影响大麦生物钟核心同源基因(如HvLHY、HvTOC1、HvGI)的昼夜节律性表达(Campoli等2012)。而在高粱中,SbPRR37的节律性表达影响开花时间。在长日照下,SbPRR37在早晨与傍晚呈现表达高峰,抑制CO表达,延迟开花;在短日照下,傍晚SbPRR37无表达高峰,解除对CO表达的抑制,促进开花(Murphy等2011)。因此PRRs对开花时间的调控与生物节律的关联可能存在物种特异性。
PRRs主要参与由ABA介导的干旱胁迫响应(图3-C)(刘璇等2019)。干旱条件下,TOC1蛋白可以与ABA相关基因ABAR/CHLH/GUN5的启动子结合激活它们的表达,被激活的ABAR/CHLH/GUN5又促进了ABA诱导TOC1的表达,这种正反馈调节回路对提升植物抗旱性十分重要(Legnaioli等2009)。拟南芥prr9/7/5三突变体在种子萌发期和成熟期均表现出低ABA敏感性和强耐旱性,且气孔开度和叶片失水速率均显著降低,表明AtPRR5、AtPRR7和AtPRR9均能够参与干旱胁迫响应(Nakamichi等2009)。在过表达AtPRR7植株中,受ABA诱导的基因如CDF1和ABA1的表达量显著减少,且在根部切断后,经ABA处理的AtPRR7过表达植株失水更多,对干旱极度敏感,因此AtPRR7通过调控ABA信号通路降低拟南芥的耐旱性(Liu等2013)。在大豆中,gmprr3b突变植株在干旱胁迫下的萎蔫程度显著低于野生型,而过表达GmPRR3b植株的存活率和叶相对含水量均显著低于野生型,且过表达GmABF3可以恢复其表型。研究发现,GmPRR3b能够直接结合GmABF3的启动子并抑制其转录,干旱胁迫通过抑制GmPRR3b的表达,增强了GmABF3的表达水平,最终增加大豆的耐旱性(Li等2024)。因此,GmPRR3b通过直接靶向ABA依赖性转录因子赋予大豆抗旱性。
DREB1/CBFs(Dehydration-Responsive Element B1/C-repeat-Binding Factors)信号通路在植物响应冷胁迫的过程中发挥核心调节作用(图3-D)(Wang等2017)。研究发现,拟南芥prr9/7/5三突变体中DREB1A/CBF3、DREB1B/CBF1、DREB1C/CBF2的表达量均高于野生型,且其下游靶基因(如GolS3、ADS2、LTI30)也显著上调,说明PRR9、PRR7、PRR5在非胁迫条件下抑制DREB1家族基因表达。进一步研究发现,冷胁迫可以诱导DREB1的表达,且该诱导作用受PRR9、PRR7、PRR5的调控(Nakamichi等2009)。对此,Nakamichi等(2009)提出了2种PRR基因调控冷胁迫响应的机制:PRR9、PRR7和PRR5直接抑制DREB1的表达,或者三突变体的“昼夜节律紊乱”引起了DREB1的持续高表达,导致下游靶基因激活,从而提升植物的耐冷性。Keily等(2013)研究发现,AtTOC1能够直接结合CBF3的启动子抑制其转录,从而负调控植株的耐冷性。在冷处理条件下,水稻中OsPRR1、OsPRR37、OsPRR73、Os-PRR59和OsPRR95的表达水平均显著上调。徐江民等(2016)推测冷胁迫刺激了OsLHY和OsPRR1的响应,进而促进了OsPRR37、OsPRR73、OsPRR59和OsPRR95的表达。
除了参与调控植物的耐冷性,PRRs还在植物盐胁迫响应中发挥重要作用(图3-E)。在盐处理条件下,拟南芥prr5突变体的萌发率、子叶变绿率均显著高于野生型,表明AtPRR5负调控拟南芥耐盐性(向芬等2013)。prr9/7/5三突变体在高盐处理下子叶的白化率显著低于野生型,具有更强的耐盐性(Nakamichi等2009),由此推测AtPRR5、AtPRR7和AtPRR9在调控植物耐盐性上可能具有加性效应。此外,甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)幼苗经盐处理后,地上部及根中GuPRR5的表达量均下调(关思静等2021);与之相反,荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)幼苗经盐处理后,NnPRR1~NnPRR7的表达量均显著上升,其中NnPRR5基因表达量上升最为显著(汪仲毅等2023),由此说明PRR5在盐胁迫中的功能可能具有物种特异性。虽然PRRs在多种植物中均响应盐胁迫,但对其调控机制的研究比较有限,因此PRRs在调控植物盐胁迫应答通路上是否具有功能保守性还需进一步探索。近期研究发现,OsPRR73是提高水稻耐盐性的关键基因,在盐胁迫下osprr73突变体的籽粒大小和产量均显著降低,活性氧和钠离子积累增高,经证实盐诱导OsPRR73招募组蛋白脱羧酶HDAC10,抑制OsHKT2;1的转录,从而减少细胞中ROS和Na+的积累,增强水稻的耐盐性(Wei等2021)。这项研究证实了PRRs与水稻耐盐性之间的一种新的调控机制,推进了PRRs调控植物耐盐机制的研究进程,为水稻耐盐育种提供了新靶点。
PRRs家族基因作为生物钟的核心组成成分,对于植物的生长发育和非生物胁迫应答具有十分重要的调节作用。虽然已经在不同的植物中开展了关于PRRs功能的研究,但仍有一些科学问题值得探索。在模式植物拟南芥中,PRRs通过与生物钟其他核心组分(如CCA1、LHY等)形成反馈回路或与其他生物钟相关基因相互作用,精准调控植物昼夜节律的稳定运行,但拟南芥与其他植物中PRRs的功能保守性和物种特异性还有待于进一步研究。在水稻、小麦等粮食作物中,PRRs的研究主要聚焦于光周期调控的开花,如OsPRR37和Os-PRR73可延迟水稻开花和抽穗(Koo等2013;Liang等2021;Sun等2023),其过表达植株能缓解水稻“北种南引”因日照缩短导致的提前抽穗、产量下降问题,有望成为拓宽水稻种植区域、提高水稻产量的新基因资源。此外,目前关于PRRs参与调控植物抗逆性的研究主要集中在非生物胁迫领域,且PRRs在此过程中普遍发挥负调控作用;而其在生物胁迫中的功能则未见报道。未来的研究可从两方面推进:一方面通过基因编辑技术精准调控PRRs的表达,进而提升植物对非生物胁迫的抗性;另一方面深入探究PRRs在生物胁迫中的功能与调控机制,进一步拓展PRRs家族的功能研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32370258; 32100195)
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2026年第62卷第7期
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doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.300379
  • 接收时间:2025-09-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28
  • 修回日期:2026-06-02
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国家自然科学基金(32370258; 32100195)
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    中国农业大学草业科学与技术学院,北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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