Article(id=1317486439718301866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101472, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767456000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-04, revisedDate=1776182400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792042844943, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042844943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042844943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042844943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317486379714592918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, year='2026', volume='62', issue='7', pageStart='687', pageEnd='793', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042830637, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792119563599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317808221184700571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317808221188894876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=731, endPage=744, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317486439953182891, articleId=1317486439718301866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=EN, title=Identification and transcriptome analysis of the brittle culm mutant ebc in rice, columnId=1317486380687667900, journalTitle=Plant Physiology Journal, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The mechanical strength of rice culms plays a critical role in plant growth and development and is directly associated with lodging resistance. Brittle culm mutants serve as valuable genetic resources for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying culm strength regulation. In this study, a brittle culm mutant, named ebc (extreme brittle culm), was isolated from a T-DNA insertion population of the indica variety ‘Guangluai 4’ (GLA4). The causal gene was mapped using TAIL-PCR and MutMap+ approaches, and its identity and expression pattern were further characterized by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. The results showed that, compared with the wild type, ebc was characterized by brittleness in all examined organs, accompanied by abnormal secondary cell wall structure and composition; meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in key agronomic traits including plant height, per-plant grain yield, seed setting rate, and grain shape between ebc and wild-type GLA4. Genetic analysis indicated that the brittle phenotype is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. TAIL-PCR analysis confirmed that the T-DNA insertion was located in an intergenic region, with no causal relationship to the brittle phenotype. MutMap+ mapping identified a candidate causal mutation in BRITTLE CULM 1 (BC1): a single guanine (G) deletion at codon 427 of its third exon (CGG→CG). This mutation triggers a frameshift mutation and disrupts the C-terminal functional domain including the conserved GPI modification site. qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of BC1 in the culms and leaves of ebc was significantly decreased. Complementation of the mutant with the BC1 whole genomic region restored the wild-type phenotype, confirming that ebc is a novel allelic mutant of BC1. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily involved in biological processes such as transmembrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism, were significantly associated with cellular components including the plasma membrane, and were enriched in pathways related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. qRT-PCR validation showed that the expression levels of multiple key enzyme-encoding genes involved in lignin biosynthesis within the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly altered in ebc, consistent with the trends observed in the transcriptome data. In conclusion, the brittle culm gene ebc is a novel allele of BC1. BC1 may participate in the coordinated assembly of cell wall components through feedback regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway, providing a new basis for further elucidating its molecular mechanism.

, authors=Yingying YU1, Yaoxin ZHANG2, Qi FENG2, Jiahui LIU2, Danfeng LÜ2, *, Bin HAN2, *, authorsList=Yingying YU, Yaoxin ZHANG, Qi FENG, Jiahui LIU, Danfeng LÜ, Bin HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Danfeng LÜ, Bin HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

Lü DF ()
Han B ()
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317486443325403332, articleId=1317486439718301866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=CN, title=水稻脆茎突变体ebc的鉴定及转录组分析, columnId=1317486380838662846, journalTitle=植物生理学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水稻茎秆的机械强度对其生长发育具有重要作用,与倒伏性直接相关,脆茎突变体是研究茎秆强度遗传调控机理的良好材料。从籼稻‘广陆矮4号’(GLA4)的T-DNA插入株系中筛选到一个脆茎突变体,命名为ebc(extreme brittle culm)。通过TAIL-PCR、MutMap+方法定位相应脆茎基因,并通过转录组测序和qRT-PCR技术对该基因进行鉴定和表达模式分析。结果表明:与野生型相比,ebc植株各器官均呈现脆性,茎秆次生壁结构与成分异常,但主要农艺性状与野生型无显著差异;遗传分析显示,该脆茎表型由一对隐性单基因控制,TAIL-PCR显示T-DNA插入位于基因间,与突变表型无关。基于MutMap+,将候选基因定位到BC1(BRITTLE CULM 1),其第三个外显子427位密码子单核苷酸(G)缺失(CGG→CG),导致包含GPI修饰位点在内的C端结构域被破坏。qRT-PCR显示,BC1在ebc茎和叶中表达量显著降低;将含自身启动子的BC1基因组片段转入突变体后,表型恢复正常,证实ebc是BC1的一个新等位突变;转录组结果显示,差异表达基因主要参与跨膜运输、碳水化合物代谢等生物过程,并显著关联于质膜等细胞结构,富集于次生代谢物生物合成及苯丙烷生物合成等通路;qRT-PCR结果显示,在苯丙烷代谢通路中,多个参与木质素合成的关键酶基因表达量在ebc中显著变化,且与转录组趋势一致。综上所述,本研究中鉴定的脆茎突变体ebc为BC1的新等位突变,BC1可能通过反馈调控苯丙烷代谢通路,参与细胞壁成分协同组装,这为深入解析其分子机制提供了新依据。

, authors=余莹莹1, 张燿鑫2, 冯旗2, 刘佳慧2, 吕丹凤2, *, 韩斌2, *, authorsList=余莹莹, 张燿鑫, 冯旗, 刘佳慧, 吕丹凤, 韩斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕丹凤, 韩斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

吕丹凤()
韩斌()
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A:抽穗期株型,标尺为10 cm;B:成熟期穗型,标尺为5 cm;C~D:籽粒表型,标尺为1 cm;E~F:抽穗期茎秆和叶片脆性表型,标尺为1 cm;WT:野生型。

, figureFileSmall=6AcR71BvEN5+GkihxW0udA==, figureFileBig=GQz1i7uYizQrsqSplHJf/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447423238387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Mechanical strength of culms and leaves of wild-type and ebc mutant, figureFileSmall=3SzwtVXbzLuGznLz87MR/Q==, figureFileBig=N6YLqnhgtALA6Fv6C0cyHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447494541556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图2, caption=野生型和突变体ebc的茎秆和叶片机械强度

数据为平均值±标准差(n=20),**表示突变体ebc和野生型(WT)之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=3SzwtVXbzLuGznLz87MR/Q==, figureFileBig=N6YLqnhgtALA6Fv6C0cyHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447553261813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Cross-sectional structure of culms in wild-type and ebc mutant, figureFileSmall=2nnDT9IEwzv1WOpZ3RXrMQ==, figureFileBig=8xkVQwAkKNfJ4hibYnKgEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447628759286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图3, caption=野生型和突变体ebc的茎秆横截面结构

A~D:间苯三酚染色木质素的茎秆节间显微观察,箭头指示厚壁细胞的细胞壁,A和C中标尺为50 μm,B和D中标尺为10 μm;E~F:茎秆节间扫描电镜观察,方框显示ebc的茎秆表皮下厚壁组织较野生型具有更疏松的排列,标尺为50 μm;G:厚壁细胞的细胞壁厚度,数据为平均值±标准差(n=50),**表示突变体ebc和野生型之间差异极显著(P<0.01);Sa:厚壁细胞,Pa:薄壁组织,Vb:维管束,WT:野生型。

, figureFileSmall=2nnDT9IEwzv1WOpZ3RXrMQ==, figureFileBig=8xkVQwAkKNfJ4hibYnKgEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447712645367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relative contents of major cell wall components in culms and leaves of the wild-type and ebc mutant, figureFileSmall=Sx82ZwmZFxKTrs46fnciqQ==, figureFileBig=0rz9fqW0rCxeAH8bwMlPfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447783948536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图4, caption=野生型和突变体ebc的茎秆及叶片细胞壁主要组分相对含量

A:茎秆;B:叶片;数据为平均值±标准差(n=3),*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),WT:野生型。

, figureFileSmall=Sx82ZwmZFxKTrs46fnciqQ==, figureFileBig=0rz9fqW0rCxeAH8bwMlPfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447859446009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Localization of the T-DNA insertion site in the ebc, figureFileSmall=J14B0GbM0X3QS2C8UZWLdQ==, figureFileBig=DXCrK/buqHb5LiK8XhCglg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447926554874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ebc中T-DNA插入位点定位

A:突变体中T-DNA插入位点;B:突变体中OsBBX3相对表达量;数据为平均值±标准差(n=3),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),WT:野生型,下同;C:敲除系Upstream-CR1中的OsBBX3相对表达量;D:对OsBBX3启动子区域的CRISPR敲除靶点示意图,T-DNA插入造成的缺失用下划线标注,敲除靶点用红色字母标注,缺失用蓝色字母标注。

, figureFileSmall=J14B0GbM0X3QS2C8UZWLdQ==, figureFileBig=DXCrK/buqHb5LiK8XhCglg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486447989469435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Genetic mapping of the ebc mutant, figureFileSmall=7ZYy/fUmgS5mBdEefT+CoA==, figureFileBig=gjJGau3bKcuneMgrbAzkRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448056578300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图6, caption=突变体ebc的基因定位

A:全基因组Δ(SNP-index)散点图,点大小与|Δ|成正比;B:Chr3上Δ(SNP-index)分布;C:BC1变异位点示意图,黑色方框表示外显子,线条表示内含子,箭头指示突变位点(CGG→CG)。

, figureFileSmall=7ZYy/fUmgS5mBdEefT+CoA==, figureFileBig=gjJGau3bKcuneMgrbAzkRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448119492861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Sequencing and genetic complementation validation, figureFileSmall=UCbOh67uaaUvvMIIjuxIdA==, figureFileBig=QjvXF1II853/ZWk/ASGygA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448178213118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图7, caption=测序及基因转化验证

A:Sanger测序结果,WT:野生型;B:空载体对照及BC1转化后的突变体茎秆和叶片表型比对,标尺为1 cm。

, figureFileSmall=UCbOh67uaaUvvMIIjuxIdA==, figureFileBig=QjvXF1II853/ZWk/ASGygA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448236933375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Alignment of the amino acid sequences encoded by BC1 and ebc, figureFileSmall=uo3goXi3vronOGdWusugiQ==, figureFileBig=Sl7TA+bfnHfL5+hqGKT+1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448308236544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图8, caption=BC1与ebc编码氨基酸序列对比

BC1编码区包含保守的N端信号肽、CCVS基序、C端含GPI修饰潜在ω-切割位点的疏水尾,灰色背景为一致序列。

, figureFileSmall=uo3goXi3vronOGdWusugiQ==, figureFileBig=Sl7TA+bfnHfL5+hqGKT+1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448371151105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Expression level of BC1 in the ebc mutant, figureFileSmall=InBRk0Qvre5stznnA0OEZQ==, figureFileBig=ok711NzHOq8MERMjWkuHJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448434065666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图9, caption=BC1在突变体ebc中的表达量变化

数据为平均值±标准差(n=3),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),WT:野生型。

, figureFileSmall=InBRk0Qvre5stznnA0OEZQ==, figureFileBig=ok711NzHOq8MERMjWkuHJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448517951747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=GO analysis of differentially expressed genes, figureFileSmall=Ju66wRtOAHc7EaCAa99obg==, figureFileBig=KEEXujratvgPBIuXpC2XZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448585060612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图10, caption=差异表达基因的GO分析

GO功能富集分析包括三个类别,A:生物过程;B:细胞组分;C:分子功能;每个点代表一个GO条目,气泡大小表示该条目包含的差异基因数量,颜色从蓝到红代表P值从大到小。

, figureFileSmall=Ju66wRtOAHc7EaCAa99obg==, figureFileBig=KEEXujratvgPBIuXpC2XZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448643780869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, figureFileSmall=jeoGFabuyf1qgFinExcx5g==, figureFileBig=TcfFCplfIog3/Gu9W9TUlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448702501126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图11, caption=差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析

差异表达基因最显著富集的前25个KEGG通路,横轴表示各通路中差异表达基因所占比例,纵轴为KEGG各通路名称。矩形颜色代表富集显著性,蓝色越深P值越小,显著性越高。

, figureFileSmall=jeoGFabuyf1qgFinExcx5g==, figureFileBig=TcfFCplfIog3/Gu9W9TUlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448777998599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=qRT-PCR validation of differentially expressed genes identified by RNA-seq, figureFileSmall=9hGN/KN2Siqez9iOrIp/tA==, figureFileBig=8lNb1gAHAuROewnqnEI5YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448840913160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=图12, caption=qRT-PCR验证RNA-seq差异表达基因

数据为平均值±标准差(n=3),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),WT:野生型。

, figureFileSmall=9hGN/KN2Siqez9iOrIp/tA==, figureFileBig=8lNb1gAHAuROewnqnEI5YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486448895439113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Agronomic traits of wild-type and ebc mutant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料株高/cm单株产量/g结实率/%粒长/mm粒宽/mm
WT64.92±4.5630.87±11.2086.75±10.197.27±0.333.24±0.25
ebc62.58±3.0627.94±8.4792.45±3.987.52±0.513.27±0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1317486448958353674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

野生型和突变体植株ebc的农艺性状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料株高/cm单株产量/g结实率/%粒长/mm粒宽/mm
WT64.92±4.5630.87±11.2086.75±10.197.27±0.333.24±0.25
ebc62.58±3.0627.94±8.4792.45±3.987.52±0.513.27±0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1317486449025462539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information on variant sites within the candidate region on chromosome 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异位点变异类型突变池测序深度野生型池测序深度Δ(SNP-index)基因归属
chr03:16772468G→T52×24×0.83基因间区
chr03:17205469G→A35×11×0.82基因间区
chr03:17061703C→A83×57×0.78基因间区
chr03:17261979CGG→CG129×51×0.78BC1第三外显子
chr03:17064093G→T66×27×0.73基因间区
), ArticleFig(id=1317486449088377100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第3号染色体候选区间内变异位点信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变异位点变异类型突变池测序深度野生型池测序深度Δ(SNP-index)基因归属
chr03:16772468G→T52×24×0.83基因间区
chr03:17205469G→A35×11×0.82基因间区
chr03:17061703C→A83×57×0.78基因间区
chr03:17261979CGG→CG129×51×0.78BC1第三外显子
chr03:17064093G→T66×27×0.73基因间区
), ArticleFig(id=1317486449155485965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Representative differentially expressed genes in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in ebc

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称基因IDlog2(Fold change)功能表达量
OsCCR14Os08g04415001.12肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶升高
OsCCR19Os09g04192001.65肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶升高
OsC3'H1Os05g04940001.68对香豆酰酯3-羟化酶升高
OsCAld5H1Os10g05124002.78阿魏酸5-羟化酶升高
OsCAD1Os10g01942001.09肉桂醇脱氢酶升高
OsCAD2Os02g01878001.04肉桂醇脱氢酶升高
OsPAL1Os02g0626100−1.17苯丙氨酸解氨酶降低
OsPAL4Os02g0627100−1.93苯丙氨酸解氨酶降低
), ArticleFig(id=1317486449218400526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486439718301866, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ebc中苯丙烷代谢通路中代表性差异表达基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称基因IDlog2(Fold change)功能表达量
OsCCR14Os08g04415001.12肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶升高
OsCCR19Os09g04192001.65肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶升高
OsC3'H1Os05g04940001.68对香豆酰酯3-羟化酶升高
OsCAld5H1Os10g05124002.78阿魏酸5-羟化酶升高
OsCAD1Os10g01942001.09肉桂醇脱氢酶升高
OsCAD2Os02g01878001.04肉桂醇脱氢酶升高
OsPAL1Os02g0626100−1.17苯丙氨酸解氨酶降低
OsPAL4Os02g0627100−1.93苯丙氨酸解氨酶降低
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水稻脆茎突变体ebc的鉴定及转录组分析
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余莹莹 1 , 张燿鑫 2 , 冯旗 2 , 刘佳慧 2 , 吕丹凤 2, * , 韩斌 2, *
植物生理学报 | 研究报告 2026,62(7): 731-744
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植物生理学报 |研究报告 2026 , 62 (7) : 731 -744
水稻脆茎突变体ebc的鉴定及转录组分析
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余莹莹1, 张燿鑫2, 冯旗2, 刘佳慧2, 吕丹凤2, * , 韩斌2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学技术大学生命科学与医学部,合肥 230026
  • 2中国科学院分子植物科学卓越创新中心,上海 200032
通讯作者:

*

吕丹凤()
韩斌()
Identification and transcriptome analysis of the brittle culm mutant ebc in rice
Yingying YU1, Yaoxin ZHANG2, Qi FENG2, Jiahui LIU2, Danfeng LÜ2, * , Bin HAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 2CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
  • Corresponding Author:

    *

    Lü DF ()
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101472
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水稻茎秆的机械强度对其生长发育具有重要作用,与倒伏性直接相关,脆茎突变体是研究茎秆强度遗传调控机理的良好材料。从籼稻‘广陆矮4号’(GLA4)的T-DNA插入株系中筛选到一个脆茎突变体,命名为ebc(extreme brittle culm)。通过TAIL-PCR、MutMap+方法定位相应脆茎基因,并通过转录组测序和qRT-PCR技术对该基因进行鉴定和表达模式分析。结果表明:与野生型相比,ebc植株各器官均呈现脆性,茎秆次生壁结构与成分异常,但主要农艺性状与野生型无显著差异;遗传分析显示,该脆茎表型由一对隐性单基因控制,TAIL-PCR显示T-DNA插入位于基因间,与突变表型无关。基于MutMap+,将候选基因定位到BC1(BRITTLE CULM 1),其第三个外显子427位密码子单核苷酸(G)缺失(CGG→CG),导致包含GPI修饰位点在内的C端结构域被破坏。qRT-PCR显示,BC1在ebc茎和叶中表达量显著降低;将含自身启动子的BC1基因组片段转入突变体后,表型恢复正常,证实ebc是BC1的一个新等位突变;转录组结果显示,差异表达基因主要参与跨膜运输、碳水化合物代谢等生物过程,并显著关联于质膜等细胞结构,富集于次生代谢物生物合成及苯丙烷生物合成等通路;qRT-PCR结果显示,在苯丙烷代谢通路中,多个参与木质素合成的关键酶基因表达量在ebc中显著变化,且与转录组趋势一致。综上所述,本研究中鉴定的脆茎突变体ebc为BC1的新等位突变,BC1可能通过反馈调控苯丙烷代谢通路,参与细胞壁成分协同组装,这为深入解析其分子机制提供了新依据。

水稻  /  脆茎突变体  /  细胞壁  /  BC1

The mechanical strength of rice culms plays a critical role in plant growth and development and is directly associated with lodging resistance. Brittle culm mutants serve as valuable genetic resources for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying culm strength regulation. In this study, a brittle culm mutant, named ebc (extreme brittle culm), was isolated from a T-DNA insertion population of the indica variety ‘Guangluai 4’ (GLA4). The causal gene was mapped using TAIL-PCR and MutMap+ approaches, and its identity and expression pattern were further characterized by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. The results showed that, compared with the wild type, ebc was characterized by brittleness in all examined organs, accompanied by abnormal secondary cell wall structure and composition; meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in key agronomic traits including plant height, per-plant grain yield, seed setting rate, and grain shape between ebc and wild-type GLA4. Genetic analysis indicated that the brittle phenotype is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. TAIL-PCR analysis confirmed that the T-DNA insertion was located in an intergenic region, with no causal relationship to the brittle phenotype. MutMap+ mapping identified a candidate causal mutation in BRITTLE CULM 1 (BC1): a single guanine (G) deletion at codon 427 of its third exon (CGG→CG). This mutation triggers a frameshift mutation and disrupts the C-terminal functional domain including the conserved GPI modification site. qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of BC1 in the culms and leaves of ebc was significantly decreased. Complementation of the mutant with the BC1 whole genomic region restored the wild-type phenotype, confirming that ebc is a novel allelic mutant of BC1. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily involved in biological processes such as transmembrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism, were significantly associated with cellular components including the plasma membrane, and were enriched in pathways related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. qRT-PCR validation showed that the expression levels of multiple key enzyme-encoding genes involved in lignin biosynthesis within the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly altered in ebc, consistent with the trends observed in the transcriptome data. In conclusion, the brittle culm gene ebc is a novel allele of BC1. BC1 may participate in the coordinated assembly of cell wall components through feedback regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway, providing a new basis for further elucidating its molecular mechanism.

rice  /  brittle culm mutant  /  cell wall  /  BC1
余莹莹, 张燿鑫, 冯旗, 刘佳慧, 吕丹凤, 韩斌. 水稻脆茎突变体ebc的鉴定及转录组分析. 植物生理学报, 2026 , 62 (7) : 731 -744 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101472
Yingying YU, Yaoxin ZHANG, Qi FENG, Jiahui LIU, Danfeng LÜ, Bin HAN. Identification and transcriptome analysis of the brittle culm mutant ebc in rice[J]. Plant Physiology Journal, 2026 , 62 (7) : 731 -744 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101472
水稻(Oryza sativa)是全球一半以上人口的主粮作物,其茎秆机械强度与植株抗倒伏性呈显著正相关(罗茂春等2007),直接影响籽粒产量和品质(Kashiwagi等2016)。茎秆形态建成与刚性支撑依赖于细胞壁各组分的协调沉积和有序组装。脆茎突变体是研究细胞壁合成组装、力学特性及茎秆机械强度调控机理的重要遗传资源。迄今为止,通过自然变异和人工诱变方法已经获得大量茎秆机械强度下降的脆茎突变体材料。从中克隆得到的脆茎基因涉及纤维素及基质多糖的合成、胞内转运和糖蛋白修饰等多种生理过程。
纤维素的合成缺陷或取向异常会造成水稻脆茎表型。OsCesA4/7/9编码三个功能不冗余的纤维素合酶催化亚基,参与次生细胞壁中纤维素微纤丝的合成,突变后植株茎秆机械强度显著下降(Tanaka等2003)。CEF1/OsMYB103L编码的MYB家族转录因子,可作为主开关调控这三个纤维素合酶催化亚基表达,从而影响纤维素合成以及机械强度(Ye等2015)。BC1编码类COBRA蛋白,被认为通过与纤维素相互作用以调节纤维素组装(Li等2003;Liu等2013)。次生壁纤维素的正常生物合成还依赖膜运输过程。BC3/OsDRP2B编码发动蛋白,可调控质膜上OsCESA4的丰度,进而影响纤维素含量和机械性能(Li等2010)。BC12/GDD1编码驱动蛋白-4,突变导致纤维素微纤丝异常沉积并降低了水稻茎秆机械强度(Zhang等2010)。此外,BC10编码高尔基体定位的II型膜蛋白,可作为糖基转移酶发挥作用,功能缺失导致细胞壁纤维素和阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白水平降低,从而引起机械性能下降(Zhou等2009)。这些脆茎基因的克隆鉴定及功能解析,系统地揭示了细胞壁合成调控机理。对新的脆茎突变体的挖掘鉴定,将为进一步阐明水稻细胞壁合成代谢和茎秆机械强度调控机制提供新的思路和应用前景。
本研究从‘广陆矮4号’(GLA4)的T-DNA插入突变体的后代中筛选到一个脆茎突变体,命名为ebc(extreme brittle culm)。通过表型鉴定和显微观察,比较了ebc和野生型在农艺性状及细胞壁形态结构上的差异,且检测了茎秆和叶片的细胞壁主要多糖含量变化,分析了该突变体机械强度下降的理化基础。通过TAIL-PCR检测,发现T-DNA插入位于基因间而非编码区,与突变表型无关。基于MutMap+分析定位到控制突变表型的候选位点,测序和遗传互补实验结果表明该位点为脆茎基因BC1的一个新等位基因。转录组分析结果表明,BC1变异干扰了化合物代谢及苯丙烷生物合成等通路,影响到多个苯丙烷代谢通路中木质素合成相关酶基因表达。这些结果将有助于进一步解析BC1参与细胞壁合成调控的分子机制。
所用材料包括籼稻(Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)品种‘广陆矮4号’(GLA4)和携带T-DNA插入的GLA4背景脆茎突变体ebc。所有水稻材料均采用一年两季两地种植和收获,6月至11月种植于上海松江育种基地,12月至次年5月种植于海南陵水南繁基地,进行常规水肥管理。
在田间随机选取20株处于抽穗期的GLA4和ebc,将水稻的茎秆和叶片水平放置并固定两端,对茎秆倒2节间中部和剑叶中部使用依思达拉力计(DS2-20N型和DS2-200N型)缓慢施加垂直压力直至茎秆或叶片断裂,记录茎秆和叶片在断裂瞬间测力计的读数。
取抽穗期野生型GLA4和突变体ebc新鲜的茎秆倒2节间切成完整薄片;放于载玻片上滴加用溶剂为95%的乙醇水溶液配置质量浓度为10 g·L–1的间苯三酚溶液,孵育2 min,用50%盐酸封片后在ZEISS显微下观察,并用成像系统拍照。
用双面刀片将抽穗期的水稻茎秆倒2节间同一区段切成适宜长度(不超过5 mm),置于FAA固定液中固定,用真空泵抽真空5~6次保证气泡已排出且固定液充分浸透组织,置于4℃下固定24 h以上。随后进行乙醇梯度脱水,乙醇浓度梯度依次为50%-70%-85%-95%-100%-100%,每个浓度下浸润10 min,适当摇动保证脱水充分;利用二氧化碳临界点法干燥后置于干燥封闭容器中;制样观察时将材料观察面朝上,用双面胶黏贴在铜台上,抽真空喷金镀膜后用日本电子(JEOL)JSM-6360LV扫描电镜进行显微观察。
选取适量(最终干重不低于3 g)的突变体ebc和亲本GLA4的新鲜叶片及茎秆,置于烘箱中105℃杀青30 min后,60~80℃中烘干到恒重,后续测定委托南京卡文思检测技术有限公司完成,每个样品设置3个生物学重复。
提取高纯度且完整的基因组DNA,在突变体中测试载体两臂完整性后,后续步骤参照模板锁定染色体步移试剂盒(北京庄盟国际生物基因科技有限公司)。
参照Fekih等(2013)的双混池策略,从ebc与GLA4杂交获得的另一批次F2代群体中,提取50株突变型个体和50株野生型个体的基因组DNA,并分别等量混合以构建分离群体样本池。二代测序后得到的野生型池和突变型池平均测序深度分别为36×和59×。首先用fastp(v0.23.4)(Chen等2018)去接头与质控(质量阈值Phred≥20、最短保留长度≥50 bp);使用BWA-MEM(v0.7.17)将读段比对至GLA4基因组;比对结果经SAMtools(v1.19)(Li等2009)与Picard(v2.27.5)比对过滤与去重,仅保留MAPQ≥30的比对;采用bcftools(v1.17)(Li 2011)进行变异检测并进行阈值过滤(排除QUAL<30,MQ<40);排除各池测序深度小于8×或大于3倍全基因组平均深度的位点,同时屏蔽插入位点±50 kb区域以排除插入位点局部噪声;过滤homopolymer indel(位于连续≥5个相同碱基区域的indel)后,按照Δ(SNP-index)=突变型池SNP-index−野生型池SNP-index(其中SNP-index=变异读段数/总读段数)计算保留位点上Δ(SNP-index),采用单位点Δ(SNP-index)全基因组排名以筛选候选位点。
以亲本GLA4基因组DNA为模版,用高保真phanta酶扩增含BC1完整编码区的基因片段,互补片段全长6 089 bp包括上游启动子序列2 138 bp,下游2 347 bp和完整编码区1 604 bp。以pCAMBIA-2300为载体进行同源重组,后续遗传转化由武汉伯远生物技术有限公司进行。
选取野生型GLA4和突变体ebc相同部位的抽穗期茎秆和叶片,用液氮速冻后研磨成粉末,提取总RNA后使用ReverTra Ace® RT Master Mix with gDNA Remover(东洋纺上海生物科技有限公司)进行cDNA反转和基因组DNA的去除。实时荧光定量PCR在Applied Biosystems QuantStudio系统上进行,反应条件:95℃初始变性1 min;95℃变性15 s,60℃退火延伸1 min,循环40次;95℃高温15 s,60℃ 1 min,95℃保持1 s,最后12℃恒温。以水稻肌动蛋白基因为内参,数据进行归一化处理,每个样本设置3个重复。
选取抽穗期野生型GLA4和突变体ebc茎秆倒二节间提取RNA并制备测序文库,测序工作在上海药明康德新药开发有限公司进行。使用基迪奥云平台数据库(www.omicshare.com/tools)进行进一步GO和KEGG分析,以P值<0.05为阈值,筛选有显著差异的GO和KEGG通路条目。
在相同大田种植条件下,突变体ebc的株高、单株产量、结实率、粒型等农艺性状与野生型无显著差异(图1-A~D和表1),但突变体从发育早期开始即表现出显著的脆性表型,这种表型在抽穗期次生细胞壁发育良好的成熟茎秆和叶片中尤为明显(图1-E~F)。与野生型亲本相比,突变体ebc中茎秆和叶片的机械强度分别显著下降了88%和86%(图2)。
茎秆横切后用间苯三酚染色木质素的观察结果显示,突变体细胞壁染色较野生型浅(图3-A~D),表明木质素沉积更少,且茎表皮下方厚壁细胞的细胞壁厚度显著变薄(图3-G)。扫描电镜观察结果进一步显示,野生型GLA4的厚壁细胞排列紧密,形成空腔较小(图3-E);而突变体ebc厚壁细胞整体则呈现疏松排列、空腔明显增大的特征(图3-F)。这些结构差异揭示了突变体ebc茎秆机械强度下降的细胞学基础源于表皮下厚壁组织次生壁结构异常。
茎秆及叶片中3种主要细胞壁组分(半纤维素、纤维素和木质素)的相对含量检测结果显示,半纤维素的含量在突变体ebc的茎秆和叶片中显著增加,较野生型分别上升5.8%和6.1%(图4)。而纤维素和木质素在2个组织中呈现趋势不一致的显著变化,在茎秆中,纤维素含量上升1.4%,木质素含量下降5.3%(图4-A),这与染色观察结果一致;在叶片中,纤维素含量减少5.7%,木质素含量上升3.9%(图4-B)。
突变体ebc与亲本GLA4回交后得到的F1代植株均表型正常无脆性,F1种子自交获得的F2代个体中,正常表型和脆性表型的分离比为65∶15,通过卡方分析符合3∶1分离比(χ2≈1.666 7<3.841;P>0.05),表明突变表型由隐性单基因控制。
基于热不对称交错PCR(TAIL-PCR)检测T-DNA插入位点侧翼基因组序列,结果显示T-DNA插入位于2号染色体上的基因间区域(Chr2:4 314 856~4 314 872)。最近的开放阅读框(ORF)为下游519 bp处(图5-A),该基因OsBBX3(Os02g0178100)作为水稻BBX基因家族成员,编码一类含锌指结构的转录因子,被认为在光形态建成和逆境响应中起关键作用(Gangappa和Botto 2014)。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,T-DNA插入影响了OsBBX3的正常表达,使该基因在突变体ebc的叶片和茎秆中表达量显著上调,在幼穗中表达量下调(图5-B)。为进一步验证该段启动子区域作用,在插入位点上游设计2个敲除靶点,构建敲除载体(图5-D),在野生型GLA4中进行转化。在敲除株系中均未观察到脆茎表型,且OsBBX3基因表达量变化类似突变体ebc(图5-C)。PacBio HiFi长读全基因组测序结果显示,仅存在唯一已知的插入位点,因此可推断T-DNA插入与脆茎表型不连锁。
参照MutMap+的双混池策略,分别以12条染色体的物理距离为横坐标,Δ(SNP-index)为纵坐标,绘制ΔSNP-index散点图以筛选候选突变位点(图6-A)。结果共得到9 442个SNP和InDel,在3号染色体上显示存在唯一显著的正向Δ(SNP-index)信号簇,其余染色体无类似信号。进一步在该候选区间内(16.7 Mb~17.3 Mb)筛选出5个高Δ(SNP-index)位点[Δ(SNP-index)≥0.73,突变型池SNP-index≥0.98](图6-B),其中有4个SNP位于基因间区,唯一落在编码区的变异是位于已知脆茎基因BC1第3外显子上的1 bp缺失(CGG→CG)(表2和图6-C)。测序验证结果同样显示突变表型个体均携带该位点缺失,而正常表型个体在该位点无缺失(图7-A)。将包含BC1完整编码区1 604 bp、起始密码子上游2 138 bp及终止密码子下游2 347 bp的序列对脆茎突变体ebc进行转化后,可使突变体恢复至正常表型(图7-B)。基于此,推断ebc为BC1的一个新等位基因。
BC1作为糖基磷脂酰肌醇(Glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI)锚定蛋白(Li等2003),可通过GPI修饰共价连接至质膜外小叶,并通过去除该锚点释放到细胞壁中,参与细胞壁组装或重塑(Liu等2013;Xu等2022)。氨基酸序列结果显示,ebc中的单碱基缺失造成了编码区延长和C端GPI修饰位点被破坏(图8),这可能会影响到蛋白正常的膜定位,导致其无法被释放到细胞壁。由qRT-PCR结果可知,BC1表达量在突变体ebc的茎秆和叶片中显著下降(图9)。
在多代种植的分离群体中,筛选出不携带T-DNA插入的脆茎个体,对其与野生型GLA4进行转录组测序及差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)分析。共筛选得到8 334个DEGs(P<0.05且|log2(Fold change)|≥1)。其中,有3 793个基因表达上调,有4 541个基因表达下调。对这些DEGs进行GO分析和KEGG分析。
GO结果显示,生物过程方面主要富集条目有:跨膜运输、化学物质响应和碳水化合物代谢过程(图10-A);细胞组分方面富集前三项为:细胞周边、膜内在成分和质膜(图10-B);分子功能方面主要有:氧化还原酶活性、跨膜转运蛋白活性和转运蛋白活性(图10-C)。细胞壁构建依赖结构性多糖的合成和跨膜转运,这些结果说明BC1可能影响参与物质代谢或胞内转运的膜定位基因差异表达,从而扰动细胞壁组分的正常合成和沉积,造成突变体ebc中细胞壁结构和组分含量改变。
KEGG结果显示DEGs高度富集在次生代谢物生物合成(biosynthesis of secondary metabolites)、苯丙烷生物合成(phenylpropanoid biosynthesis)以及糖酵解/糖异生(glycolysis/gluconeogenesis)等代谢相关通路(图11)。苯丙烷代谢通路以L-苯丙氨酸为起始物,是包括木质素单体在内的所有酚类化合物的共同生物合成前体途径。这解释了ebc突变体中木质素合成异常的现象。进一步分析发现,苯丙烷代谢通路中参与下游木质素单体合成的关键酶基因OsCCR14、OsCCR19、OsC3'H1、OsCAld5H1、OsCAD1、OsCAD2表达量在ebc突变体中均上调,而编码苯丙氨酸解氨酶的OsPAL1和OsPAL4的表达量出现下调(表3)。qRT-PCR验证也表现出了较为一致的趋势(图12),推测ebc突变可能通过影响上游限速酶基因OsPAL1和OsPAL4的表达,使初级代谢向苯丙烷途径的碳流受阻,造成起始底物的供应减少。尽管下游合成酶被反馈性激活,但由于前体不足,最终导致茎秆中木质素沉积减少具体调控机制有待进一步验证。
茎秆机械强度是水稻抗倒伏性和高产的基础,受到细胞壁组分和解剖结构等因素的综合影响(Kashiwagi等2006;Li等2015)。尽管在过去数十年间,一系列参与细胞壁生物合成、修饰及沉积的核心基因已被成功克隆与解析,然而,细胞壁作为一个高度动态且空间特异化的复杂结构,其建成过程仍有诸多关键调控机制尚不明确。
在众多调控细胞壁合成的因子中,BC1基因编码一种类COBRA家族的糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)蛋白(Li等2003),该蛋白可通过特异结合结晶纤维素来参与纤维素组装,影响细胞壁力学性能(Liu等2013;Sato等2010a)。目前已报道的BC1等位基因有4个:突变体bc1-1中,第三个外显子425密码子处发生单核苷酸(T)插入(TTC→TTTC)(Li等2003),从而造成移码突变;bc1-2的第二个外显子236和237密码子中有4个碱基缺失(AGGTGC→AC),导致翻译提前终止(Li等2003);在cwa1中,第二外显子211密码子发生单核苷酸替换(CAG→TAG),产生一个新的终止密码子,同样造成翻译提前终止(Sato等2010b);bc1-wu3的第二外显子第659位碱基发生替换(G→T,TGC→TTC),破坏了保守的CCVS序列(徐作鹏等2017)。除茎秆机械强度的下降外,某些突变体还表现出其他表型变化,如bc1-wu3穗长和粒型改变,而cwa1次生细胞壁中出现木质素等酚类成分异常沉积。
本研究定位到的ebc为BC1的一个新等位变异,在第三个外显子427位密码子上存在单核苷酸(G)缺失(CGG→CG),该突变位点十分接近bc1-1,同样造成含GPI修饰位点的疏水C末端被破坏以及编码区延长。而由Xu等(2022)的研究可知,GPI脂质重塑缺陷会干扰BC1靶向定位于质膜脂质纳米微区(PM lipid nanodomain)(Xu等2022)。另外,根据转录组数据显示,ebc中的突变影响参与基础代谢、苯丙烷生物合成及跨膜运输等通路的基因差异表达,这些基因与质膜和细胞周边等相关结构关联。其中,木质素单体合成过程中的编码代谢关键酶(如肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶、对香豆酰酯3-羟化酶等)的基因在突变体中表现出表达上调,通路第一步限速酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶下调。推测BC1作为定位在细胞膜-细胞壁界面的GPI锚定蛋白,除了调节纤维素组装外,还可能通过膜定位介导的蛋白互作网络或信号整合功能,反馈调控苯丙烷代谢流、碳源分配甚至膜运输,从而协调细胞壁多糖与木质素的协同组装。这可能解释了cwa1突变体细胞壁中出现酚类物质异常沉积的事实。但BC1基因具体如何参与到次生代谢中,以及这些代谢物含量改变对细胞壁建成的影响还需要更深入的研究。目前,关于BC1对细胞壁构建和植物发育的影响仍在很大程度上未知。脆茎突变体ebc的表型鉴定和后续功能研究,将为进一步揭示BC1调控水稻细胞壁形态建成和机械强度的分子机制提供更多遗传证据。
禾本科植物不仅是全球最主要的粮食作物来源,还被广泛用作生物质能源生产以及畜禽饲料。秸秆韧性是制约水稻饲料化、燃料化及快速还田的主要障碍,脆茎品系的育种应用为充分开发水稻经济效益及缓解环境污染提供了新的思路。例如,中国科学院吴跃进团队利用理想脆秆基因IBC培育出名为‘科脆粳1号’的脆茎品种,克服了脆茎水稻矮化和低产的缺陷,有效平衡了脆性与抗倒伏性,实现了谷饲两用(黄艳玲等2023)。细胞壁合成相关基因突变通常伴随矮化、低产、育性低等不利性状,而突变体ebc虽然全株组织都表现出极强脆性,但株高、单株产量、结实率和粒型等主要农艺性状却未受影响。在本试验的种植环境与管理条件下,ebc所展现的“脆而不矮化,脆而不减产”的表型,为培育兼顾籽粒收获与秸秆高效粉碎利用的谷草两用型水稻提供了极具潜力的新种质资源。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项资助项目(XDB1090101)
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2026年第62卷第7期
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doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101472
  • 接收时间:2026-01-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-04
  • 修回日期:2026-04-15
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中国科学院战略性先导科技专项资助项目(XDB1090101)
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    1中国科学技术大学生命科学与医学部,合肥 230026
    2中国科学院分子植物科学卓越创新中心,上海 200032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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