Article(id=1317486408684650852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101409, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1782230400000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792042837543, onlineDateStr=2026-10-15, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792042837543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792042837543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792042837543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317486379714592918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, year='2026', volume='62', issue='7', pageStart='687', pageEnd='793', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792042830637, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792119563599, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317808221184700571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317808221188894876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, issueId=1317486379714592918, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=769, endPage=780, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317486409016000869, articleId=1317486408684650852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=EN, title=Cloning and functional analysis of EmC4H2 gene in Euphorbia maculata, columnId=1317486380687667900, journalTitle=Plant Physiology Journal, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Aims:

Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the plant phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, which regulates the biosynthesis of flavonoids, lignins and phenolic acids, and plays essential roles in plant growth, development and stress adaptation. Euphorbia maculata is a traditional medicinal plant abundant in bioactive secondary metabolites. To date, the molecular features and catalytic function of C4H genes in E. maculata remain poorly characterized, limiting the understanding of its secondary metabolic regulatory mechanism. Therefore, this study was performed to clone the EmC4H2 gene and its promoter sequence, analyze its structural characteristics and spatiotemporal expression profiles, and validate its in vitro catalytic activity, aiming to clarify the biological function of EmC4H2 in phenylpropanoid metabolism of E. maculata.

Methods:

Based on transcriptome and genomic data, the ORF and promoter sequences of EmC4H2 were cloned and identified. Bioinformatic tools were applied to analyze the protein's physicochemical features, conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships, and further conducted three-dimensional structure modeling and molecular docking against the substrate. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of EmC4H2 in different tissues and developmental stages of E. maculata was detected via RT-qPCR. Recombinant expression of EmC4H2 protein was induced by Escherichia coli, and the enzyme activity was detected in vitro.

Results:

The ORF and promoter sequences of EmC4H2 were 1 518 bp and 1 696 bp in length, respectively. The EmC4H2 protein contains 505 amino acids and is subcellular localized in the cytoplasm. It contains a conserved domain of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family and shares the highest similarity with the C4H protein from Euphorbia lathyris, with a similarity of 91.29%. The molecular docking of EmC4H2 with the substrate trans-cinnamic acid shows high affinity, with a binding energy (ΔG) of −5.98 kcal·mol−1. The expression of EmC4H2 had spatiotemporal specificity, and the expressed recombinant protein has a molecular weight of about 75 kDa. It has the activity of catalyzing the generation of 4-coumaric acid from trans-cinnamic acid in vitro, with an enzyme activity of 327 U·g−1.

Conclusion:

This work systematically clarifies the sequence traits, phylogenetic topology, tissue expression patterns and catalytic properties of EmC4H2. Combined data confirm that EmC4H2 acts as an active catalytic enzyme involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism of E. maculata. The study constructs a robust theoretical basis for exploring the molecular regulatory network of secondary metabolite synthesis and supplies excellent genetic resources for quality breeding of medicinal E. maculata.

, authors=Mingming GUI1, Zhihua HUANG2, Wuhua YU1, Qingyang WU1, Sanbao GUO1, Meiling SONG1, Chunxiang CHEN3, Shenghe HUANG1, *, authorsList=Mingming GUI, Zhihua HUANG, Wuhua YU, Qingyang WU, Sanbao GUO, Meiling SONG, Chunxiang CHEN, Shenghe HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shenghe HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

()
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317486413323551096, articleId=1317486408684650852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, language=CN, title=斑地锦EmC4H2基因的克隆与功能分析, columnId=1317486380838662846, journalTitle=植物生理学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase,C4H)是苯丙烷代谢途径的关键酶之一,在植物次生代谢物生物合成过程中发挥着重要作用,但C4H在斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata)中的功能尚未完全阐明。本研究通过转录组数据和基因组数据库分析,克隆斑地锦C4H2基因的开放阅读框(ORF)及其启动子序列,对EmC4H2蛋白进行生物信息学分析,并进行三维结构与底物分子对接研究。通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测EmC4H2基因在斑地锦不同发育阶段不同组织中的表达模式;大肠杆菌诱导重组表达EmC4H2蛋白,体外检测酶活性。结果表明,EmC4H2基因ORF及其启动子序列长度分别为1 518 bp、1 696 bp;EmC4H2蛋白包含505个氨基酸,亚细胞定位于细胞质中,含有细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)家族保守的结构域,与同属植物续随子(Euphorbia lathyris)C4H相似性最高,为91.29%。分子对接显示,EmC4H2与底物反式肉桂酸亲和力高,结合能量(ΔG)为−5.98 kcal·mol−1。EmC4H2表达模式具有时空特异性,表达的重组蛋白分子质量75 kDa左右,具有体外催化反式肉桂酸生成4-香豆酸的活性,酶活性为327 U·g−1。此结果为进一步探索斑地锦C4H蛋白的功能提供参考,也为分子生物学技术研究斑地锦次生代谢物生物合成奠定了基础。

, authors=桂明明1, 黄志华2, 于武华1, 吴晴阳1, 郭三保1, 宋美玲1, 陈春香3, 黄胜和1, *, authorsList=桂明明, 黄志华, 于武华, 吴晴阳, 郭三保, 宋美玲, 陈春香, 黄胜和, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄胜和, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

*

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M:DNA marker;1:EmC4H2基因ORF;2:EmC4H2基因启动子。

, figureFileSmall=ksSCnHfiJKS2UogreCRKGA==, figureFileBig=q8mL9rhYqyU+2HbxEpMimw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420311261622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Bioinformatics analysis of EmC4H2 protein, figureFileSmall=7xy07cjLkpWqO/bTNzxk2A==, figureFileBig=cNUSDAwzBUeg3Y1xSWhF1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420390953399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图2, caption=EmC4H2蛋白生物信息学分析

A:二级结构预测;B:三级结构预测;C:保守结构域预测;D:亲疏水性预测;E:跨膜结构预测。A、C~E图中横坐标为氨基酸数。

, figureFileSmall=7xy07cjLkpWqO/bTNzxk2A==, figureFileBig=cNUSDAwzBUeg3Y1xSWhF1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420474839480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Multiple sequence comparison of C4H proteins in different plants, figureFileSmall=pW0+6D8oeeLS01l8v16/Cg==, figureFileBig=bYIl2QUMs0t/ZcYkeI+5Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420554531257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同植物C4H蛋白多序列比对

Em:斑地锦;Ep:南欧大戟;Jc:麻风树;Me:木薯;Hb:橡胶树;El:续随子;Consensus:一致。

, figureFileSmall=pW0+6D8oeeLS01l8v16/Cg==, figureFileBig=bYIl2QUMs0t/ZcYkeI+5Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420625834426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Phylogenetic analysis of C4H proteins, figureFileSmall=JlyKF3l7kkLdVktPJgQN2Q==, figureFileBig=2Ot/5die4oc3IHNg/68XZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420701331899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图4, caption=C4H蛋白系统进化分析, figureFileSmall=JlyKF3l7kkLdVktPJgQN2Q==, figureFileBig=2Ot/5die4oc3IHNg/68XZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420768440764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The molecular docking results of substrate (A), product (B) and EmC4H2 protein, figureFileSmall=MtiW4udqBq7Hwxdu8p+GmQ==, figureFileBig=rWiKQ4ZduEuu3IZLUsoVQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420827161021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图5, caption=底物(A)、产物(B)与EmC4H2蛋白分子对接结果

A:红色虚线方框中黄色代表反式肉桂酸;B:红色虚线方框中绿色代表4-香豆酸。

, figureFileSmall=MtiW4udqBq7Hwxdu8p+GmQ==, figureFileBig=rWiKQ4ZduEuu3IZLUsoVQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420906852798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Expression patterns of EmC4H2 gene in stems and leaves at different stages after flowering, figureFileSmall=W+v83IPkB5CgV0o4QM0Itg==, figureFileBig=3gNudcKFxhV9Gqw1r+z6cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486420965573055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图6, caption=EmC4H2基因在花后不同时期茎和叶中的表达模式

*:显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=W+v83IPkB5CgV0o4QM0Itg==, figureFileBig=3gNudcKFxhV9Gqw1r+z6cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421032681920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The subcellular localization of EmC4H2 protein, figureFileSmall=EQba7pUNFD92ERNW62CtIg==, figureFileBig=Hz5zg8Pq+x6CEkksA5dd6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421103985089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图7, caption=EmC4H2蛋白亚细胞定位, figureFileSmall=EQba7pUNFD92ERNW62CtIg==, figureFileBig=Hz5zg8Pq+x6CEkksA5dd6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421179482562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The construction of recombinant expression vectors and protein electrophoresis, figureFileSmall=jxmvgEvv24L3wv6H7dFAfA==, figureFileBig=P2bCjW4BW10JGongRrgMJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421267562947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图8, caption=重组表达载体构建与蛋白电泳

A:重组表达载体pET-32a-EmC4H2的PCR鉴定,其中M为DNA marker,1为重组载体pET-32a-EmC4H2菌液;B:pET-32a-EmC4H2菌株的IPTG诱导表达,其中1~4为重组载体菌株经IPTG诱导6 h、4 h、2 h、0 h,5为蛋白marker,6~9为pET-32a(+)空载体菌株经IPTG诱导6 h、4 h、2 h、0 h;C:EmC4H2的His-Tag纯化,其中1为pET-32a-EmC4H2载体未诱导菌体,2为pET-32a-EmC4H2载体诱导后菌体,3为EmC4H2的His-Tag纯化,4为蛋白marker,5为pET-32a(+)空载His-Tag纯化,6为pET-32a(+)空载诱导后菌体,7:pET-32a(+)空载未诱导菌体。

, figureFileSmall=jxmvgEvv24L3wv6H7dFAfA==, figureFileBig=P2bCjW4BW10JGongRrgMJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421343060420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The enzyme activity analysis of EmC4H2 recombinant protein, figureFileSmall=ix/gyFUrKwo6tnB1tXegag==, figureFileBig=aZ5Bg7tdVhCbJTGuOPJabw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421405974981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=图9, caption=EmC4H2重组蛋白酶活性分析

A:重组蛋白反应产物的HPLC分析;B:EmC4H2酶活性定量分析,**:极显著性差异(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=ix/gyFUrKwo6tnB1tXegag==, figureFileBig=aZ5Bg7tdVhCbJTGuOPJabw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317486421473083846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences and function in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列(5′→3′)引物作用
EmC4H2-CFCCGCCATTAATGGATTTACTCCTCTTAGAAAAAGORF克隆
EmC4H2-CRCAACGCAAGAAAAAGTGGCAAAATAGGAAC 
EmC4H2-PFCTCTATCTCACGCCTGCTGAG启动子克隆
EmC4H2-PRGAGGATGACTGCGATGAAAAGAGCG 
EmC4H2-qFGAAGAAGTTGCCCTGGAATAATTCTC实时荧光定量
EmC4H2-qRACCTTTCTCGGTAGTATCGATCTTC 
EmGDI1-qFTCTAGGTCCCGTTGACGAGT 
EmGDI1-qRTCGAGAGCCTTCCCAGTGAT 
EmC4H2-NnjFTCGTCTAGAATGGATTTACTCCTCTTAGAAAAAGCCC真核表达载体构建
EmC4H2-NnjRCGAGCTCAAAGGTTCTTGGCTTTGCAACAATAG 
EmC4H2-ProFCCGGATATCATGGATTTACTCCTCTTAGAAAAAGCCC原核表达载体构建
EmC4H2-ProRCGAGCTCAAAGGTTCTTGGCTTTGCAACAATAG 
), ArticleFig(id=1317486421540192711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究所用引物序列及作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称引物序列(5′→3′)引物作用
EmC4H2-CFCCGCCATTAATGGATTTACTCCTCTTAGAAAAAGORF克隆
EmC4H2-CRCAACGCAAGAAAAAGTGGCAAAATAGGAAC 
EmC4H2-PFCTCTATCTCACGCCTGCTGAG启动子克隆
EmC4H2-PRGAGGATGACTGCGATGAAAAGAGCG 
EmC4H2-qFGAAGAAGTTGCCCTGGAATAATTCTC实时荧光定量
EmC4H2-qRACCTTTCTCGGTAGTATCGATCTTC 
EmGDI1-qFTCTAGGTCCCGTTGACGAGT 
EmGDI1-qRTCGAGAGCCTTCCCAGTGAT 
EmC4H2-NnjFTCGTCTAGAATGGATTTACTCCTCTTAGAAAAAGCCC真核表达载体构建
EmC4H2-NnjRCGAGCTCAAAGGTTCTTGGCTTTGCAACAATAG 
EmC4H2-ProFCCGGATATCATGGATTTACTCCTCTTAGAAAAAGCCC原核表达载体构建
EmC4H2-ProRCGAGCTCAAAGGTTCTTGGCTTTGCAACAATAG 
), ArticleFig(id=1317486421603107272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Online tool website for bioinformatics analysis

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软件名称软件网址
Protparamhttps://web.expasy.org/protparam/
ProtScalehttps://web.expasy.org/protscale/
TMHMM 2.0https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0
CD-Searchhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi
SOPMAhttps://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgibin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_sopma.html
AlphaFold3https://alphafoldserver.com/
PlantCAREhttp://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/
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生物信息学分析在线工具网站

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
软件名称软件网址
Protparamhttps://web.expasy.org/protparam/
ProtScalehttps://web.expasy.org/protscale/
TMHMM 2.0https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0
CD-Searchhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi
SOPMAhttps://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgibin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_sopma.html
AlphaFold3https://alphafoldserver.com/
PlantCAREhttp://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/
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斑地锦EmC4H2基因的克隆与功能分析
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桂明明 1 , 黄志华 2 , 于武华 1 , 吴晴阳 1 , 郭三保 1 , 宋美玲 1 , 陈春香 3 , 黄胜和 1, *
植物生理学报 | 研究报告 2026,62(7): 769-780
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植物生理学报 |研究报告 2026 , 62 (7) : 769 -780
斑地锦EmC4H2基因的克隆与功能分析
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Jiangxi 344000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317486413583597947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1316781364403601549, articleId=1317486408684650852, companyId=1317486413562626425, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1抚州医药学院,江西省教育厅建昌帮中药研究重点实验室,江西 抚州 344000)])])]
桂明明1, 黄志华2, 于武华1, 吴晴阳1, 郭三保1, 宋美玲1, 陈春香3, 黄胜和1, *
作者信息
  • 1抚州医药学院,江西省教育厅建昌帮中药研究重点实验室,江西 抚州 344000
  • 2江西省抚州市农业科学研究所,基地管理科,江西 抚州 344106
  • 3南昌大学,抚州医学院,江西 抚州 344000
通讯作者:
Cloning and functional analysis of EmC4H2 gene in Euphorbia maculata
Mingming GUI1, Zhihua HUANG2, Wuhua YU1, Qingyang WU1, Sanbao GUO1, Meiling SONG1, Chunxiang CHEN3, Shenghe HUANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Jianchangbang Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Jiangxi Education Institutes, Fuzhou Medical College, Fuzhou, Jiangxi 344000, China
  • 2Base Management Section, Jiangxi Fuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Jiangxi 344106, China
  • 3Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou, Jiangxi 344000, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101409
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肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase,C4H)是苯丙烷代谢途径的关键酶之一,在植物次生代谢物生物合成过程中发挥着重要作用,但C4H在斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata)中的功能尚未完全阐明。本研究通过转录组数据和基因组数据库分析,克隆斑地锦C4H2基因的开放阅读框(ORF)及其启动子序列,对EmC4H2蛋白进行生物信息学分析,并进行三维结构与底物分子对接研究。通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测EmC4H2基因在斑地锦不同发育阶段不同组织中的表达模式;大肠杆菌诱导重组表达EmC4H2蛋白,体外检测酶活性。结果表明,EmC4H2基因ORF及其启动子序列长度分别为1 518 bp、1 696 bp;EmC4H2蛋白包含505个氨基酸,亚细胞定位于细胞质中,含有细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)家族保守的结构域,与同属植物续随子(Euphorbia lathyris)C4H相似性最高,为91.29%。分子对接显示,EmC4H2与底物反式肉桂酸亲和力高,结合能量(ΔG)为−5.98 kcal·mol−1。EmC4H2表达模式具有时空特异性,表达的重组蛋白分子质量75 kDa左右,具有体外催化反式肉桂酸生成4-香豆酸的活性,酶活性为327 U·g−1。此结果为进一步探索斑地锦C4H蛋白的功能提供参考,也为分子生物学技术研究斑地锦次生代谢物生物合成奠定了基础。

斑地锦  /  肉桂酸-4-羟化酶  /  分子对接  /  酶活性  /  次生代谢物
Aims:

Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the plant phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, which regulates the biosynthesis of flavonoids, lignins and phenolic acids, and plays essential roles in plant growth, development and stress adaptation. Euphorbia maculata is a traditional medicinal plant abundant in bioactive secondary metabolites. To date, the molecular features and catalytic function of C4H genes in E. maculata remain poorly characterized, limiting the understanding of its secondary metabolic regulatory mechanism. Therefore, this study was performed to clone the EmC4H2 gene and its promoter sequence, analyze its structural characteristics and spatiotemporal expression profiles, and validate its in vitro catalytic activity, aiming to clarify the biological function of EmC4H2 in phenylpropanoid metabolism of E. maculata.

Methods:

Based on transcriptome and genomic data, the ORF and promoter sequences of EmC4H2 were cloned and identified. Bioinformatic tools were applied to analyze the protein's physicochemical features, conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships, and further conducted three-dimensional structure modeling and molecular docking against the substrate. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of EmC4H2 in different tissues and developmental stages of E. maculata was detected via RT-qPCR. Recombinant expression of EmC4H2 protein was induced by Escherichia coli, and the enzyme activity was detected in vitro.

Results:

The ORF and promoter sequences of EmC4H2 were 1 518 bp and 1 696 bp in length, respectively. The EmC4H2 protein contains 505 amino acids and is subcellular localized in the cytoplasm. It contains a conserved domain of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family and shares the highest similarity with the C4H protein from Euphorbia lathyris, with a similarity of 91.29%. The molecular docking of EmC4H2 with the substrate trans-cinnamic acid shows high affinity, with a binding energy (ΔG) of −5.98 kcal·mol−1. The expression of EmC4H2 had spatiotemporal specificity, and the expressed recombinant protein has a molecular weight of about 75 kDa. It has the activity of catalyzing the generation of 4-coumaric acid from trans-cinnamic acid in vitro, with an enzyme activity of 327 U·g−1.

Conclusion:

This work systematically clarifies the sequence traits, phylogenetic topology, tissue expression patterns and catalytic properties of EmC4H2. Combined data confirm that EmC4H2 acts as an active catalytic enzyme involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism of E. maculata. The study constructs a robust theoretical basis for exploring the molecular regulatory network of secondary metabolite synthesis and supplies excellent genetic resources for quality breeding of medicinal E. maculata.

Euphorbia maculata  /  cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase  /  molecular docking  /  enzyme activity  /  secondary metabolites
桂明明, 黄志华, 于武华, 吴晴阳, 郭三保, 宋美玲, 陈春香, 黄胜和. 斑地锦EmC4H2基因的克隆与功能分析. 植物生理学报, 2026 , 62 (7) : 769 -780 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101409
Mingming GUI, Zhihua HUANG, Wuhua YU, Qingyang WU, Sanbao GUO, Meiling SONG, Chunxiang CHEN, Shenghe HUANG. Cloning and functional analysis of EmC4H2 gene in Euphorbia maculata[J]. Plant Physiology Journal, 2026 , 62 (7) : 769 -780 . DOI: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101409
苯丙烷代谢途径是植物合成多种次生代谢物的重要途径,为下游不同分支提供前体;其中木质素途径与黄酮类途径是苯丙烷代谢下游最主要的两个分支,前者主要在细胞壁形成中起重要作用;而后者能够催化产生异黄酮、香豆素、儿茶素等物质以应对生物和非生物胁迫,这些化合物也在抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤以及免疫调节等方面具有广泛药物活性(Li等2025)。肉桂酸4-羟化酶(cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase,C4H)是苯丙烷代谢途径中的关键酶,属于细胞色素P450家族(CYP73A),主要催化反式肉桂酸生成对香豆酸,随后对香豆酸被4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶催化生成对香豆酰CoA,此后苯丙烷代谢途径分支成多条路径,最终合成木质素、黄酮类化合物和其他次生代谢物(Li等2023;Lu等2024)。C4H编码基因已经在多种植物中被鉴定克隆,如白梨(Pyrus bretschneideri)、多序岩黄芪(Hedysarum polybotrys,其药用根为中药红芪)、龙州凤仙花(Impatiens morsei)等(Li等2020;何军刚等2024;赵潞秋等2023);此外,许多植物C4H蛋白已通过大肠杆菌或酵母异源表达,其体外催化反式肉桂酸合成对香豆酸的功能已被广泛证实(Shan等2024;吴丽双等2023)。研究发现C4H基因表达水平与其蛋白的催化活性呈正相关,植物组织中C4H基因高表达往往伴随着类黄酮含量升高(Kim等2014),如在模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中过表达红花(Carthamus tinctorius)C4H基因促进了黄酮类化合物含量增加(Hou等2023),而拟南芥突变株ref3中C4H蛋白失活导致木质素和黄酮类化合物含量降低(Schilmiller等2009)。
斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata)是一种大戟科大戟属草本植物,在我国属于外来入侵物种,南北方都有分布,主要用于清热解毒、清除湿气、消退黄疸,具有重要的药用价值(中国科学院《中国植物志》编辑委员会2010)。槲皮素(属于游离黄酮类化合物)为斑地锦唯一指标性成分,由苯丙烷代谢途径产生(国家药典委员会2025)。然而,斑地锦的C4H基因详细特征尚未被充分阐述,它在槲皮素合成中的作用也尚未确定。本研究基于前期研究(郭三保等2023),利用生物信息学方法在斑地锦转录组中再次挖掘了1个C4H候选基因,命名为EmC4H2,分析其理化性质、进化关系、亚细胞定位、启动子顺式作用元件,并用RT-qPCR分析其茎叶不同时期表达模式,同时重组表达EmC4H2蛋白进行体外酶活性分析。研究结果为深入研究斑地锦EmC4H蛋白的功能提供参考,也为解析斑地锦次生代谢物生物合成奠定基础。
研究所用斑地锦种植于抚州医药学院实验田中,经学校药学系中药资源教研室鉴定为斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata L.)。分别采集花后1、15、30、45和60 d的斑地锦植株,清洗后将茎叶分离置于1.5 mL离心管(每管中至少由3棵植株混合而成),并迅速冷冻于液氮中,于−80°C冰箱保存备用。
将存放于−80°C冰箱的斑地锦叶样品取出,经液氮速冻研磨成粉末,按照植物总RNA提取试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]说明书提取RNA,利用超微量分光光度计和1%浓度琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测质量,质量合格的RNA由PrimeScriptTM II 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit(Takara)合成cDNA。
根据课题组前期斑地锦三代转录组测序Isoform基因序列(登录号:PRJNA1277441),分析测序结果并通过GenBank序列比对筛选C4H候选基因,利用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计EmC4H2基因ORF和启动子引物(分别为C4H2-CF、C4H2-CR和C4H2-PF、C4H2-PR,表1)。PCR扩增反应体系(25 μL)参照PrimeSTAR® HS DNA Polymerase(Takara)说明书:dNTP 2 μL,5×Buffer 5 μL,上下游引物(10 μmol·L−1)和模板各1 μL,灭菌超纯水14.5 μL,高保真酶0.5 μL。反应程序:94°C 5 min预变性;94°C 30 s变性、57°C 15 s退火、72°C 100 s延伸,3个循环;94°C 30 s变性、55°C 15 s退火、72°C 100 s延伸,3个循环;94°C 30 s变性、53°C 15 s退火、72°C 100 s延伸,30个循环;72°C 5 min;4°C保持。扩增产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,切胶回收特异大小条带;连接克隆载体pMD 19-T转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态,挑取单克隆菌落培养PCR鉴定,阳性菌落送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司测序。
EmC4H2蛋白采用Protparam和ProtScale在线工具预测理化性质;SOPMA分析二级结构;Alpha-Fold3预测三级空间结构(Abramson等2024);TMHMM 2.0预测信号肽及跨膜结构域;CD-Search预测蛋白保守结构域;采用DNAMAN 7.0软件进行序列比对和相似性分析;通过Mega 7.0软件构建系统发育树(邻接法),进化分析。运用AutoDock Tools 1.5.7软件对EmC4H2蛋白进行分子对接,蛋白质经过加氢、计算总电荷和指定原子类型;配体分子加电荷、Torsion旋转键设置等。EmC4H2蛋白与配体进行分子刚性对接,盒子设置使其完全包裹蛋白且不接触配体,其他对接参数为软件默认值。分子对接结果通过PyMOL-3.1.1软件查看分析。通过在线工具PlantCARE预测EmC4H2启动子顺式作用元件。具体在线工具信息见表2。
为了检测斑地锦开花后不同时间点茎、叶组织EmC4H2基因表达情况,根据获得的EmC4H2基因ORF序列设计特异RT-qPCR引物EmC4H2-qF、EmC4H2-qR(表1),进行扩增和电泳检测,扩增结果条带与预期大小一致(123 bp)且无引物二聚体。以前期筛选的EmGDI1为内参基因(许建丰等2023),每个实验组重复3次,反应体系及反应程序按照TB Green Premix Ex Taq II(Takara)说明书,其中退火温度为57°C,采用2−ΔΔCT法对数据进行分析,利用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件进行显著性分析。
构建含有EmC4H2基因的重组质粒pCAMBIA3300-EmC4H2并转化农杆菌GV3101中,将含重组质粒的农杆菌在含有50 mg·L−1卡那霉素和20 mg·L−1利福平的LB液体培养基28°C过夜培养。离心15 min,弃上清,用配制好的侵染液(10 mmol·L−1 MES,10 mmol·L−1 MgCl2,0.1 mmol·L−1乙酰丁香酮)重悬菌体,稀释至OD600值0.8左右。使用没有针头的注射器将侵染液注射到本氏烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)叶片上,培养3 d。剪取侵染的本氏烟叶片进行压片,通过荧光显微镜观察pCAMBIA-3300空载体和EmC4H2-GFP融合蛋白在叶肉细胞中的分布情况。
构建EmC4H2基因的重组质粒pET-32a-EmC4H2并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。EmC4H2蛋白诱导表达及SDS-PAGE电泳检测具体步骤参照文献(桂明明等2025)。按照Ni-NTA 6FF(His-Tag)蛋白琼脂糖纯化树脂[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]说明书对EmC4H2蛋白进行纯化,收集目的蛋白SDS-PAGE检测。
EmC4H2体外酶促反应:以0.1 mmol·L−1反式肉桂酸为底物,在含有0.5 mmol·L−1 NADPH和50 g·L−1 EmC4H2蛋白的100 mmol·L−1磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.0)中30°C反应1 h,反应结束加入20 μL乙酸终止。加入等体积乙酸乙酯涡旋萃取2次,上清挥发后以100 μL甲醇复溶,用HPLC检测反应产物4-香豆酸。色谱柱Poroshell 120(4.6 mm×150 mm,4 μm,Agilent,美国)。HPLC分析条件A相为水(含0.1%乙酸)、B相为100%乙腈,检测波长310 nm,流速1.0 mL·min−1,进样量20 μL,液相洗脱条件为10%~40%的乙腈梯度洗脱20 min。以反式肉桂酸及4-香豆酸标准品[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]的保留时间和UV吸收光谱进行定性。
EmC4H2蛋白定量检测:根据肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)活性检测试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]操作说明,依据C4H催化反式肉桂酸和NADPH生成4-香豆酸盐和NADP+,在340 nm波长下测定NADPH的减少速率,即可反映C4H的酶活性;紫外分光光度计检测光吸收值,结果根据公式C4H酶活性(U·g−1)=1.072×ΔA(酶促反应前后光吸收值之差)计算EmC4H2酶活性。
利用PCR技术扩增斑地锦C4H2基因的ORF大小约1 500 bp(图1-A),大小与预期大小一致;鉴定后基因测序C4H2基因ORF长度为1 518 bp;将基因序列上传至GenBank数据库,获得登录号PX060-882.1,命名为EmC4H2。以斑地锦提取的DNA为模板PCR扩增获得启动子长度为1 696 bp(图1-B)。
将获得EmC4H2启动子序列提交至Plantcare在线网站,启动子预测结果显示其内含TAAT-box、CAAT-box和MYB等启动子转录核心元件,也含有光响应元件GT1-motif(GGTTAA)、G-box(CACGTT),激素响应元件ABRE(ACGTG)、TGACG-motif(TGACG)、TCA-element(AACGAC)和胁迫响应元件STRE(AGGGG)等。
在线工具Protparam推测EmC4H2蛋白分子式为C2636H4159N713O720S16,编码505个氨基酸,其中含有70个碱性氨基酸(精氨酸、赖氨酸)和61个酸性氨基酸(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸),相对分子质量57.87 kDa,等电点(pI)9.1,不稳定系数为49.09,表明该蛋白属于不稳定的碱性蛋白。SOPMA软件预测EmC4H2蛋白二级结构中,α-螺旋占比48.71%,无规则卷曲占比36.05%,延伸链占比10.69%,β-转角占比4.55%(图2-A)。采用AlphaFold3和Pymol3.1软件对EmC4H2蛋白进行三维建模与分析,结果表明此蛋白含有血红素结合(PFxxGxxxCxG)保守区域(图2-B)。经CD-Search在线网站预测,EmC4H2蛋白属于细胞色素P450超家族蛋白(图2-C)。Prot-Scale在线网站推测EmC4H2蛋白亲/疏水性,大于0表示疏水性,小于0表示亲水性;结果显示EmC4H2蛋白多肽链负值氨基酸数量多于正值氨基酸(图2-D),其中18位的异亮氨酸(Ile,I)分值最高(3.533),疏水性最强,195位的苯丙氨酸(Phe,F)分值最低(−2.722),亲水性最强,说明EmC4H2蛋白为水溶性蛋白。TMHMM 2.0预测EmC4H2蛋白N端含有信号肽,且有1个跨膜区域(图2-E)。
多重序列比对分析结果显示EmC4H2蛋白与来自大戟科的同源蛋白一致性为89.50%~91.29%,其中一致性最高为同属的续随子(Euphorbia lathyris)(图3)。保守结构域分析显示,发现EmC4H2蛋白含有细胞色素P450家族蛋白特有的保守结构域、苏氨酸结合槽基序(AAIETT)和5个底物识别位点(substrate recognition sites,SRSs),其N端富含脯氨酸正确定位关键序列(PPGPXXXP)、C端具有血红素结合基序(PFGVGRRSCPG)(图3),这些结构域表明EmC4H2在进化上相对保守。但在N端的膜锚定片段上存在明显的差异,使得拓扑结构发生改变,进而可能影响蛋白质之间的相互作用。
为了进一步明确EmC4H2的进化亲缘关系,预测其潜在的功能,采用Mega 7.0软件将其与其他17种相似度较高的植物构建系统进化树(图4),分析结果显示EmC4H2与同属植物续随子(E. lathyris)和南欧大戟(E. peplus)聚在一枝,亲缘关系较近,与大戟科其他属(橡胶树、麻风树和木薯)的物种亲缘关系较远。
利用AutoDock分子对接软件构建配体与EmC4H2的对接模型。从图5可知底物反式肉桂酸和产物4-香豆酸与EmC4H2分子结构对接的位置基本一致。EmC4H2与反式肉桂酸和4-香豆酸的结合能量(ΔG)分别为−5.98和−5.61 kcal·mol−1。这表明EmC4H2与底物反式肉桂酸分子的亲和力更高。反式肉桂酸的羧基与EmC4H2蛋白结构的Arg-101、Val-375和His-377形成氢键,原子间最近距离为1.8 Å,4-香豆酸与EmC4H2蛋白结构的Ala-306、Thr-310、Ala-370、Ile-371和Pro-439形成氢键,原子间最近距离为1.9 Å。
根据转录组数据分析发现EmC4H2基因在斑地锦茎、叶组织均有表达;为进一步明确EmC4H2的表达情况,以EmGDI1为内参基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR分析EmC4H2基因在花后不同时间点茎、叶中表达情况,结果显示EmC4H2相同时期茎中的表达量显著低于叶,且花后30 d茎、叶表达量最高;表达量最低为花后15 d的茎,且与表达量最高的叶相差16.1倍(图6)。
将载体pCAMBIA3300-EmC4H2转化农杆菌GV3101中,通过其介导烟草叶片瞬时转化,培养3 d后取样制片,观察荧光分布情况。瞬时表达结果如图7所示,在35S启动子的驱动下,空载体pCAMBIA3300基本在整个表皮细胞内表现出荧光信号,pCAMBIA3300-EmC4H2产物的绿色荧光分布在烟草表皮的细胞质中,表明EmC4H2蛋白主要定位于细胞质中。
重组表达载体pET-32a-EmC4H2转入到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,以pET-32a(+)载体通用引物进行菌液PCR鉴定,电泳结果分析其长度约2 300 bp(图8-A),大小与预期一致。对经基因测序构建成功的pET-32a-EmC4H2菌株使用IPTG进行诱导表达,取不同时间点诱导处理的样品进行SDS-PAGE电泳检测,结果显示加入IPTG诱导2 h后在75 kDa左右出现明显的条带(图8-B),蛋白大小与预测相符;随着诱导时间延长,诱导表达量也不断增加。经His-Tag蛋白琼脂糖纯化结果显示,在预期大小出现清晰且明显条带,成功获得较高纯度的重组EmC4H2蛋白(图8-C)。
根据HPLC结果可以看出EmC4H2蛋白反应液中检测到与标准品4-香豆酸保留时间一致的峰,而含有pET-32a(+)空载蛋白反应液中未检测到该峰(图9-A)。结果说明重组EmC4H2蛋白具有肉桂酸-4-羟化酶催化活性。
为了明确原核表达EmC4H2重组蛋白的酶活性强弱,通过肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)活性检测试剂盒测定EmC4H2蛋白酶活性,结果显示(图9-B)EmC4H2重组蛋白酶活性为327 U·g−1。
斑地锦广泛分布于我国,为2025版《中国药典》中“地锦草”的基源植物之一,是多种中成药的重要组成成分,如地锦草片、肠炎宁片和强心丸等。斑地锦中的黄酮类次生代谢物槲皮素为《中国药典》规定的指标性成分,其他次生代谢物也具有丰富的结构多样性和广泛的生物活性(Hou等2020;夏如枫2023)。因此,揭示斑地锦次生代谢物生物合成途径对该药材研究具有重要的意义。黄酮类化合物的生物合成经由苯丙烷代谢途径,其中C4H为苯丙烷代谢途径的第二个关键酶,催化反式肉桂酸的苯环C4位羟基化生成4-香豆酸,能够为木质素、黄酮类化合物等合成提供前体物质,在植物各组织具有很高的催化活性。本研究从斑地锦中克隆获得了EmC4H2,其ORF长度为1 518 bp,编码505个氨基酸。许多植物C4H基因以基因家族形式存在,这有利于植物进行复杂的代谢调控,如毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)中鉴定出了6个C4H基因(李广柱等2022)、大豆(Glycine max)中鉴定出了4个C4H基因(Khatri等2023)、膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)中存在2个C4H基因(冯艺川等2021)。本研究克隆获得的EmC4H2是斑地锦中鉴定到的第2个C4H基因(郭三保等2023),而斑地锦中是否也存在C4H基因家族,仍需进一步研究。生物信息分析发现EmC4H2属于不稳定碱性水溶性蛋白,含跨膜区域和信号肽,具有完整细胞色素P450家族蛋白的保守结构域和相同的基序,定位于细胞质;这可能对EmC4H2形成准确的高级结构和细胞质中发挥催化活性具有重要意义(Renault等2017)。氨基酸序列多重比对显示EmC4H2具有5个底物识别位点(SRSs),这对酶高效识别专一底物具有重要意义。分子对接结果显示底物反式肉桂酸与EmC4H2的Arg-101、Val-375和His-377位点形成3个氢键,在三叶崖爬藤(Tetrastigma hemsleyanum)、钝鳞紫背苔(Plagiochasma appendiculatum)和粗裂地钱(Marchantia paleacea)等植物的C4H中也存在3个氨基酸与反式肉桂酸形成氢键;这些形成氢键的氨基酸位于底物识别位点(SRS1/4)附近,说明EmC4H2与底物之间有很高的亲和力。系统发育进化树分析显示同为大戟科的物种之间亲缘关系比较近,而不同科之间的亲缘关系很远,与植物学分类结果一致;这为同科物种间采用同源克隆方法获得C4H基因提供了依据。
EmC4H2基因启动子中含有多种与激素、光反应和逆境胁迫相关的顺式作用元件,能够快速应对环境变化、调节基因表达,从而提高植物对多种环境胁迫的适应性(冯宇奇等2025)。不同的环境胁迫如何影响EmC4H2基因表达,以及由该基因控制的次生代谢物合成如何变化,有待进一步深入研究。
本研究采用RT-qPCR方法分析斑地锦不同时间点茎、叶组织的表达,结果表明EmC4H2具有时空特异性,叶中的表达量明显高于茎中,这与膜荚黄芪中的研究结果相符(冯艺川等2021)。本研究也成功在大肠杆菌中表达了含His-Tag标签的EmC4H2重组蛋白,且该蛋白具有体外酶活性,然而酶动力学参数还需要深入研究。
总之,本研究成果为进一步探索斑地锦EmC4H蛋白功能奠定了基础,也为解析斑地锦黄酮类化合物的生物合成提供思考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32260926)
  • 江西省中医药管理局科技计划项目(2024B0241)
  • 江西中医药高等专科学校科研项目(2024XJKY01)
  • 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2406003; GJJ213308)
  • 江西中医药高等专科学校科研创新团队项目(2022CX01)
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2026年第62卷第7期
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doi: 10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.101409
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-15
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 修回日期:2026-06-24
基金
国家自然科学基金(32260926)
江西省中医药管理局科技计划项目(2024B0241)
江西中医药高等专科学校科研项目(2024XJKY01)
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ2406003; GJJ213308)
江西中医药高等专科学校科研创新团队项目(2022CX01)
作者信息
    1抚州医药学院,江西省教育厅建昌帮中药研究重点实验室,江西 抚州 344000
    2江西省抚州市农业科学研究所,基地管理科,江西 抚州 344106
    3南昌大学,抚州医学院,江西 抚州 344000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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