Article(id=1266470791760733143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1759420800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779879766645, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879766645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879766645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879766645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266470523241382909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='301', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879702622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879723857, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=477, endPage=486, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266470792679285721, articleId=1266470791760733143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=EN, title=Colonization capacity and adaptability of bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium parvum in common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, columnId=1266470561661206635, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Protection, columnName=Research reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the adaptability of bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium parvum to its vector insect Drosophila melanogaster, flies were recolonized with P. parvum via artificial feeding, and the colonization and survival capabilities of P. parvum and its closely related species in D. melanogaster were compared using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that within seven days after feeding D. melanogaster with bacteria-containing glucose solution, the colonization capability of P. parvum in D. melanogaster was comparable to that of P. brasiliense, with a relative bacterial load reaching 8.00, and evidently higher than those of P. parmentieri, P. polaris and P. polonicum. Additionally, P. parvum could achieve efficient vertical transmission via D. melanogaster eggs, with a transmission efficiency significantly higher than that of other closely related species. The relative bacterial load in second-generation larvae reached 8.44, far higher than that of other Pectobacterium species. Furthermore, P. parvum significantly suppressed the expression of key genes in the host Imd immune pathway, including PGRP-LE and Relish, whereas P. polaris significantly induced the expression of these immune genes. These results indicate that P. parvum exhibits significantly stronger adaptation to D. melanogaster than its closely related species, which is closely associated with its strong in vivo colonization capacity, efficient egg-mediated vertical transmission, and significant suppression of key genes in the host Imd immune pathway.

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为明确细小果胶杆菌Pectobacterium parvum对媒介昆虫黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的适应性,通过人工饲喂方式对黑腹果蝇回补细小果胶杆菌,结合实时荧光定量PCR技术比较细小果胶杆菌与其近缘种在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖存活能力。结果显示:人工饲喂黑腹果蝇含菌葡萄糖液后7 d内,细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖能力与巴西果胶杆菌P. brasiliense相当,相对含菌量达到8.00,明显高于帕曼氏果胶杆菌P. parmentieri、极地果胶杆菌P. polaris和波兰果胶杆菌P. polonicum的定殖能力;且细小果胶杆菌可经黑腹果蝇卵实现高效垂直传播,其传播效率显著高于其他近缘种,在第2代幼虫体内的相对含菌量达8.44,远高于其余果胶杆菌的相对含菌量;此外,细小果胶杆菌可显著抑制黑腹果蝇免疫缺陷Imd通路关键基因PGRP-LERelish的表达,而极地果胶杆菌则显著诱导了这些基因的表达。表明细小果胶杆菌对黑腹果蝇宿主的适应性显著强于近缘种,这与其较强的体内定殖能力与高效的经卵垂直传播能力以及对宿主Imd免疫通路关键基因的显著抑制作用密切相关。

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First report of Pectobacterium parvum causing disease on potato in Inner Mongolia, China. Plant Disease, 107(12): 4016, articleTitle=First report of Pectobacterium parvum causing disease on potato in Inner Mongolia, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746510218772893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=108, issue=10, pageStart=2976, pageEnd=2982, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=47, authorNames=Wu J, Zhang RF, Sun QH, Feng ZW, Handique U, journalName=Plant Disease, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu J, Zhang RF, Sun QH, Feng ZW, Handique U. 2024. Species diversity of Pectobacterium spp. causing potato aerial stem rot in China. 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Plant Disease, 102(8): 1653, articleTitle=First report of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense causing blackleg and stem rot on potato in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1266746504942338408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, awardId=YJ2023053, language=CN, fundingSource=河北农业大学引进人才科研专项(YJ2023053), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1266746505013641577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, awardId=2026086, language=CN, fundingSource=河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(2026086), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1266746505072361834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, awardId=2025331, language=CN, fundingSource=河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(2025331), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266746494007787830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266746494146199863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, companyId=1266746494007787830, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266746494154588472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, companyId=1266746494007787830, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河北农业大学植物保护学院,保定 071000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1266746503491109212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=PCR amplification of primer ftsZ_460609_F/R using gDNA templates from different Pectobacterium species and Drosophilamelanogaster, figureFileSmall=raUFmxwXJZuKkP6bc9nCUg==, figureFileBig=FbotPsIpsKGIOXtq9S+jxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746503851819357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=CN, label=图1, caption=引物ftsZ_460609_F/R在不同果胶杆菌及黑腹果蝇gDNA中的PCR扩增结果

1:2 000 bp ladder;2~8:细小果胶杆菌菌株FN20211、帕曼氏果胶杆菌菌株FR22112、极地果胶杆菌菌株CM22112、波兰果胶杆菌菌株BY21311、巴西果胶杆菌菌株TS20HJ1、黑腹果蝇以及ddH2O阴性对照。1: 2 000 bp DNA ladder; 2-8: P. parvum strain FN20211, P. parmentieri strain FR22112, P. polaris strain CM22112, P. polonicum strain BY21311, P. brasiliense strain TS20HJ1, Drosophilamelanogaster, and ddH2O negative control, respectively.

, figureFileSmall=raUFmxwXJZuKkP6bc9nCUg==, figureFileBig=FbotPsIpsKGIOXtq9S+jxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504023785822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Melting curves of quantitative real-time PCR amplification for ftsZ (A) of Pectobacterium, and rpL32 (B), PGRP-LE (C), Relish (D), Diptericin (E) and Drosomycin (F) of Drosophila melanogaster, figureFileSmall=Axty9VAPiwPH/iehsbRCTw==, figureFileBig=5wOLYcsYdv8uEMUsUuEetQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504208335199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=CN, label=图2, caption=果胶杆菌 ftsZ (A)和黑腹果蝇 rpL32 (B)、 PGRP-LE (C)、 Relish (D)、 Diptericin (E)与 Drosomycin (F)基因的实时荧光定量PCR扩增的熔解曲线, figureFileSmall=Axty9VAPiwPH/iehsbRCTw==, figureFileBig=5wOLYcsYdv8uEMUsUuEetQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504296415584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Relative bacterial load in Drosophila melanogaster within 7 d after feeding on 10% glucose solution containing different Pectobacterium species, figureFileSmall=Ni83CSuBVIV0c+zHC4JP/A==, figureFileBig=087fspzpKP6+PeMJ8RgNKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504363524449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=CN, label=图3, caption=饲喂含不同种果胶杆菌的10%葡萄糖液后7 d内黑腹果蝇体内的相对含菌量

A:饲喂不同种果胶杆菌后其在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖趋势;B~D:饲喂不同种果胶杆菌后1、4、7 d其在黑腹果蝇体内的含量;1:无菌葡萄糖液阴性对照;2:波兰果胶杆菌菌株BY21311;3:极地果胶杆菌菌株CM22112;4:帕曼氏果胶杆菌菌株FR22112;5:细小果胶杆菌菌株FN20211;6:巴西果胶杆菌菌株TS20HJ1。A: Colonization trends of different Pectobacterium species in Drosophila melanogaster after feeding; B-D: content of different Pectobacterium species in D. melanogaster at 1, 4, and 7 d after feeding; 1: sterile glucose solution control; 2: Pectobacterium polonicum strain BY21311; 3: P. polaris strain CM22112; 4: P. parmentieri strain FR22112; 5: P. parvum strain FN20211; 6: P. brasiliense strain TS20HJ1.

图中数据为平均数+标准差。不同小写字母表示经Tukey法检验差异显著(P<0.05)。Data are mean+SD. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences as determined by Tukey’s test (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=Ni83CSuBVIV0c+zHC4JP/A==, figureFileBig=087fspzpKP6+PeMJ8RgNKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504443216226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Detection of different Pectobacterium species in 3rd-instar larvae of the second generation of Drosophilamelanogaster by conventional PCR (A) and quantitative real-time PCR (B), figureFileSmall=+GdROGlT5NCMwQIoAAPjrg==, figureFileBig=/MhpP6WelMFvuXrOZAGjqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504514519395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黑腹果蝇第23龄幼虫体内不同种果胶杆菌含量的常规PCR(A)及实时荧光定量PCR(B)检测

M:2 000 bp ladder;FN:细小果胶杆菌菌株FN20211;FR:帕曼氏果胶杆菌菌株FR22112;CM:极地果胶杆菌菌株CM22112;BY:波兰果胶杆菌菌株BY21311;TS:巴西果胶杆菌菌株TS20HJ1;CK:无菌葡萄糖液阴性对照。M: 2 000 bp DNA ladder; FN: P. parvum strain FN20211; FR: P. parmentieri strain FR22112; CM: P. polaris strain CM22112; BY: P. polonicum strain BY21311; TS: P. brasiliense strain TS20HJ1; CK: sterile glucose solution negative control.

图中数据为平均数+标准差。不同小写字母表示经Tukey法检验差异显著(P<0.05)。Data are mean+SD. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences as determined by Tukey’s test (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=+GdROGlT5NCMwQIoAAPjrg==, figureFileBig=/MhpP6WelMFvuXrOZAGjqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504590016868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Relative expression levels of immune genes in adult Drosophilamelanogaster after feeding on 10% glucose solutions containing different Pectobacterium species, figureFileSmall=UIZMQFIi/o1HKjJfSwgMIQ==, figureFileBig=kxqEu5prRMxlLnBugPXDaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504657125733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=CN, label=图5, caption=黑腹果蝇成虫饲喂含不同种果胶杆菌的10%葡萄糖液后免疫基因的相对表达量

CM22112:极地果胶杆菌菌株CM22112;FN20211:细小果胶杆菌菌株FN20211。CM22112: P. polaris strain CM22112; FN20211: P. parvum strain FN20211.

图中数据为平均数+标准差。*、**和***分别表示经Student’s t检验法检验该基因显著上调或下调表达(P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001)。Data are mean+SD. *, **, or *** indicates the gene is significantly up-regulated or down-regulated expression according to Student’s t test (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=UIZMQFIi/o1HKjJfSwgMIQ==, figureFileBig=kxqEu5prRMxlLnBugPXDaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746504728428902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primer name

引物序列(5′-3′)

Primer sequence (5′-3′)

PCR产物长度

PCR product size/bp

退火温度

Annealing temperature/℃

ftsZ_460609_FTCTAAGCACGTCGACTCGC15060
ftsZ_460609_RTGGACGTGTGATCAGCTCG
rpL32_PD41810_FAGCATACAGGCCCAAGATCG11361
rpL32_PD41810_RTGTTGTCGATACCCTTGGGC
PGRP-LE_PP32458_FAGCACTATGACACTAGGCACT9860
PGRP-LE_PP32458_RGTCTGAATGCTGTTGATCGAGT
Relish_PP15853_FTTCCGCTTTCGGTACAAGAGC9063
Relish_PP15853_RCTCCGGGAAGGTTTTGGGC
Diptericin_PP8743_FCGTCGCCTTACTTTGCTGC10862
Diptericin_PP8743_RCCCTGAAGATTGAGTGGGTACTG
Drosomycin_PD40133_FCTGGGACAACGAGACCTGTC9260
Drosomycin_PD40133_RATCCTTCGCACCAGCACTTC
dnaX_FTATCAGGTYCTTGCCCGTAAGTGG53560
dnaX_RTCGACATCCARCGCYTTGAGATG
), ArticleFig(id=1266746504795537767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470791760733143, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primer name

引物序列(5′-3′)

Primer sequence (5′-3′)

PCR产物长度

PCR product size/bp

退火温度

Annealing temperature/℃

ftsZ_460609_FTCTAAGCACGTCGACTCGC15060
ftsZ_460609_RTGGACGTGTGATCAGCTCG
rpL32_PD41810_FAGCATACAGGCCCAAGATCG11361
rpL32_PD41810_RTGTTGTCGATACCCTTGGGC
PGRP-LE_PP32458_FAGCACTATGACACTAGGCACT9860
PGRP-LE_PP32458_RGTCTGAATGCTGTTGATCGAGT
Relish_PP15853_FTTCCGCTTTCGGTACAAGAGC9063
Relish_PP15853_RCTCCGGGAAGGTTTTGGGC
Diptericin_PP8743_FCGTCGCCTTACTTTGCTGC10862
Diptericin_PP8743_RCCCTGAAGATTGAGTGGGTACTG
Drosomycin_PD40133_FCTGGGACAACGAGACCTGTC9260
Drosomycin_PD40133_RATCCTTCGCACCAGCACTTC
dnaX_FTATCAGGTYCTTGCCCGTAAGTGG53560
dnaX_RTCGACATCCARCGCYTTGAGATG
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细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖能力和适应性分析
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安帅霖 , 姚亚林 , 杨炳樟 , 王金辉 , 董金皋
植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 477-486
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植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026, 53(2): 477-486
细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖能力和适应性分析
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安帅霖, 姚亚林, 杨炳樟, 王金辉 , 董金皋
作者信息
  • 河北农业大学植物保护学院,保定 071000

通讯作者:

Colonization capacity and adaptability of bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium parvum in common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Shuailin An, Yalin Yao, Bingzhang Yang, Jinhui Wang , Jingao Dong
Affiliations
  • College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025138
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为明确细小果胶杆菌Pectobacterium parvum对媒介昆虫黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的适应性,通过人工饲喂方式对黑腹果蝇回补细小果胶杆菌,结合实时荧光定量PCR技术比较细小果胶杆菌与其近缘种在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖存活能力。结果显示:人工饲喂黑腹果蝇含菌葡萄糖液后7 d内,细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖能力与巴西果胶杆菌P. brasiliense相当,相对含菌量达到8.00,明显高于帕曼氏果胶杆菌P. parmentieri、极地果胶杆菌P. polaris和波兰果胶杆菌P. polonicum的定殖能力;且细小果胶杆菌可经黑腹果蝇卵实现高效垂直传播,其传播效率显著高于其他近缘种,在第2代幼虫体内的相对含菌量达8.44,远高于其余果胶杆菌的相对含菌量;此外,细小果胶杆菌可显著抑制黑腹果蝇免疫缺陷Imd通路关键基因PGRP-LERelish的表达,而极地果胶杆菌则显著诱导了这些基因的表达。表明细小果胶杆菌对黑腹果蝇宿主的适应性显著强于近缘种,这与其较强的体内定殖能力与高效的经卵垂直传播能力以及对宿主Imd免疫通路关键基因的显著抑制作用密切相关。

果胶杆菌  /  细小果胶杆菌  /  黑腹果蝇  /  昆虫媒介  /  垂直传播

To clarify the adaptability of bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium parvum to its vector insect Drosophila melanogaster, flies were recolonized with P. parvum via artificial feeding, and the colonization and survival capabilities of P. parvum and its closely related species in D. melanogaster were compared using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that within seven days after feeding D. melanogaster with bacteria-containing glucose solution, the colonization capability of P. parvum in D. melanogaster was comparable to that of P. brasiliense, with a relative bacterial load reaching 8.00, and evidently higher than those of P. parmentieri, P. polaris and P. polonicum. Additionally, P. parvum could achieve efficient vertical transmission via D. melanogaster eggs, with a transmission efficiency significantly higher than that of other closely related species. The relative bacterial load in second-generation larvae reached 8.44, far higher than that of other Pectobacterium species. Furthermore, P. parvum significantly suppressed the expression of key genes in the host Imd immune pathway, including PGRP-LE and Relish, whereas P. polaris significantly induced the expression of these immune genes. These results indicate that P. parvum exhibits significantly stronger adaptation to D. melanogaster than its closely related species, which is closely associated with its strong in vivo colonization capacity, efficient egg-mediated vertical transmission, and significant suppression of key genes in the host Imd immune pathway.

Pectobacterium  /  Pectobacterium parvum  /  Drosophila melanogaster  /  insect vector  /  vertical transmission
安帅霖, 姚亚林, 杨炳樟, 王金辉, 董金皋. 细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖能力和适应性分析. 植物保护学报, 2026 , 53 (2) : 477 -486 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025138
Shuailin An, Yalin Yao, Bingzhang Yang, Jinhui Wang, Jingao Dong. Colonization capacity and adaptability of bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium parvum in common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2026 , 53 (2) : 477 -486 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025138
果胶杆菌Pectobacterium spp.是一类重要的植物病原细菌,可侵染多种作物引起软腐病(Szulta & Kornicka,2023)。果胶杆菌可侵染马铃薯Solanum tuberosum不同部位并引起黑胫病、块茎软腐病及气生茎腐病(Kvitko et al.,2025)。我国马铃薯生产上已报道了多种果胶杆菌,包括胡萝卜果胶杆菌P. carotovorumZhang et al.,2012)、黑腐果胶杆菌P. atrosepticumShe et al.,2013孙平平等,2024)、巴西果胶杆菌P. brasilienseZhao et al.,2018Jiang et al.,2019)、帕曼氏果胶杆菌P. parmentieriCao et al.,2021)、细小果胶杆菌P. parvumWang et al.,2022aWu et al.,2023)、多样果胶杆菌P. versatileHan et al.,2022Handique et al.,2023)、极地果胶杆菌P. polarisHandique et al.,2022)、波兰果胶杆菌P. polonicumHan et al.,2023)、旁遮普果胶杆菌P. punjabenseWu et al.,2024)以及合果芋果胶杆菌P. aroidearumChen et al.,2024)等。
自然条件下,果胶杆菌的初侵染源包括带菌植物繁殖材料、病残体、动物粪肥和污染水源等,可在植物生长期通过风雨、冰雹、灌溉及昆虫等多种途径传播(Rossmann et al.,2018Kvitko et al.,2025Perfileva et al.,2025),主要依赖于I型和II型分泌系统分泌植物胞壁降解酶类和胞外蛋白酶类,破坏寄主植物组织结构,导致组织软腐(Charkowski,2015Kvitko et al.,2025)。一些昆虫通过取食、排泄和产卵等行为将病原菌扩散至健康植物(Mejía-Sánchez et al.,2019)。这些媒介昆虫中尤以双翅目蝇类的作用最为重要,田间以果蝇Drosophila spp.和地种蝇Delia spp.最常见。例如,在挪威马铃薯各产区,地种蝇常携带帕曼氏果胶杆菌和黑腐果胶杆菌,其幼虫可传播后者并引起黑胫病(Rossmann et al.,2018Toth et al.,2021)。此外,果蝇体表及体内均可携带胡萝卜果胶杆菌和黑腐果胶杆菌,无论在温室还是田间均可通过植物伤口传播病原菌;田间堆积的软腐块茎和植株病残体可吸引大量果蝇,其可将病原菌最远传播至183 m之外(Molina et al.,1974Kloepper et al.,1981)。黑腹果蝇D. melanogaster因具备生长周期短、繁殖力强等优点,常被用作研究果胶杆菌与蝇类互作的理想模式昆虫(Basset et al.,2000Kang et al.,2024)。
植物病原细菌经媒介害虫携带和传播的整个过程均需要在昆虫体内完成,因此除适应宿主体内的生理环境外,还需有效应对宿主的免疫防御。果蝇的免疫系统由细胞免疫和体液免疫共同构成,脂肪体和肠道上皮细胞通过Imd和Toll信号通路激活免疫反应,分泌多种抗菌肽如蝇抗菌肽(diptericin)和果蝇防卫素(drosomycin)以抵御细菌侵染(Buchon et al.,2014)。部分果胶杆菌已进化出明显的虫媒适应特征,例如胡萝卜果胶杆菌菌株Ecc15通过基因水平转移获得evf基因,可增强其在黑腹果蝇肠道内的定殖能力,有助于突破物理和免疫屏障进入体腔(Basset et al.,20002003)。细小果胶杆菌的基因组缺少典型的植物致病相关过敏反应与致病性/保守III型分泌系统(hypersensitive response and pathogenicity/conserved type III secretion system,Hrp/Hrc T3SS),却编码1个与沙门氏菌Salmonella SPI-1同源的T3SS及若干通过基因水平转移获得的效应子,该特征在其他果胶杆菌中极少见(Pasanen et al.,2020)。沙门氏菌SPI-1的T3SS和效应子对其在叶蝉肠道中的持续存活起着关键作用,因此推测细小果胶杆菌中的同源T3SS和效应子很可能也与昆虫互作有关(Dundore-Arias et al.,2015Jee et al.,2022)。此外,果胶杆菌的群体感应系统也参与调控其与蝇类的互作,其中酰基高丝氨酸内酯合成酶对其在黑腹果蝇肠道中的定殖与存活有显著影响(Kang et al.,2024)。
2020年末,一类原属于极地果胶杆菌的非典型菌株被提升为新种,即细小果胶杆菌,其模式株分离自芬兰感气生茎腐病马铃薯植株(Pasanen et al.,20132020)。本课题组在河北省承德市与唐山市的马铃薯病株上相继分离到该病原菌,并在田间麻蝇Sarcophaga spp.体内检测到该菌;通过人工饲喂试验进一步证实细小果胶杆菌可在黑腹果蝇体内稳定存活15 d以上,表明其具备较强的虫媒传播潜力(Wang et al.,2022b韩婉欣,2023)。然而,目前关于细小果胶杆菌的昆虫适应性、垂直传播能力及其对媒介免疫系统的影响仍不清楚。本研究通过人工饲喂方式对黑腹果蝇回补细小果胶杆菌,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术解析细小果胶杆菌的垂直传播效率并分析其对黑腹果蝇免疫基因表达的影响,明确细小果胶杆菌与近缘种在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖能力与适应性,以期为揭示细小果胶杆菌的昆虫适应性进化机制、理解果胶杆菌与昆虫互作提供理论基础,也为病害精准防控策略的制订提供科学依据。
供试果胶杆菌菌株、黑腹果蝇及饲料:细小果胶杆菌菌株FN20211、极地果胶杆菌菌株CM22112、帕曼氏果胶杆菌菌株FR22212、巴西果胶杆菌菌株TS20HJ1和波兰果胶杆菌菌株BY21311(Wang et al.,2022bHan et al.,2023)均由本课题组提供。黑腹果蝇为残翅(vestigialvg)品系,购自CB爬宠店铺(韩婉欣,2023),用固体饲料饲喂,取羽化后7 d内成虫供试。固体饲料(HB8590)购自青岛海博生物技术有限公司,每20 g干粉加入100 ℃蒸馏水50 mL搅拌均匀后静置24 h即可使用。
供试培养基:LB(Luria-Bertani)液体培养基成分为蛋白胨10 g、酵母浸粉5 g、氯化钠10 g,蒸馏水定容至1 L,调整pH至7.0;LB液体培养基中加入20 g琼脂粉即制成LB固体培养基。
试剂和仪器:细菌gDNA提取试剂盒、果蝇RNA提取试剂盒、反转录试剂盒、荧光定量SYBR Green Mix,北京全式金生物技术有限公司;琼脂糖凝胶DNA回收试剂盒,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;CTAB溶液,北京酷来搏科技有限公司;核酸抽提试剂,上海吉至生化科技有限公司;其余试剂均为国产分析纯。CFX96荧光定量PCR仪,美国伯乐公司;Arktik 5020普通PCR仪、NanoDrop 2000C超微量分光光度计、Eppendorf 5407高速离心机,赛默飞世尔(上海)仪器有限公司;SPX-350恒温培养箱,宁波江南仪器厂;JY600E电泳仪,北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司。
在果蝇引物数据库(DRSC flyprimer bank)中检索已发表的实时荧光定量PCR引物,初步筛选出看家基因rpL32的扩增引物rpL32_PP41810_F/R,免疫相关基因PGRP-LERelish的扩增引物PGRP-LE_PP32458_F/R与Relish_PP15853_F/R,以及抗菌肽基因DiptericinDrosomycin的扩增引物Diptericin_PP8743_F/R与Drosomycin_PD40133_F/R。从NCBI GenBank中检索本研究所用的5种果胶杆菌的看家基因ftsZ序列,通过多序列比对确定保守区域,利用Primer3Plus网站针对ftsZ保守区域设计引物ftsZ_460609_F/R。共筛选得到6对引物(表1),委托天津有康生物科技有限公司合成。
分别将细小果胶杆菌菌株FN20211、极地果胶杆菌菌株CM22112、帕曼氏果胶杆菌菌株FR22212、巴西果胶杆菌菌株TS20HJ1和波兰果胶杆菌菌株BY21311在LB固体平板上划线培养,于28 ℃黑暗培养48 h,挑取单菌落接种至LB液体培养基中,28 ℃、200 r/min条件下摇培获得培养液,调整浓度为2×109 CFU/mL。分别吸取这5种果胶杆菌培养液4 mL,使用细菌gDNA提取试剂盒提取细菌gDNA。取羽化后7 d内未饲喂细菌的黑腹果蝇成虫,采用CTAB法提取其gDNA。以5种果胶杆菌和黑腹果蝇的gDNA为模板,以无菌ddH2O为阴性对照,采用果胶杆菌通用引物ftsZ_460609_F/R(表1)对黑腹果蝇成虫进行常规PCR检测。25 μL常规PCR反应体系:PCR Supermix 12.5 μL、ddH2O 9.5 μL、上下游引物各0.5 μL、gDNA模板1 μL。反应程序:95 ℃预变性2 min;95 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,共39个循环。将PCR产物通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测条带大小后进行判断。
采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对筛选到的6对引物(表1)进行特异性验证。取羽化后7 d内未饲喂细菌的黑腹果蝇成虫,参照RNA提取试剂盒说明书提取RNA,参照反转录试剂盒说明书反转录合成cDNA,溶解后调整其浓度为150 ng/μL,将其按5倍梯度稀释至30、6、1.2、0.24 ng/μL作为模板供试,每个梯度设置3个生物学重复。以150 ng/μL DNA原液为阳性对照,以无菌ddH2O为阴性对照,以果胶杆菌通用引物ftsZ_460609_F/R进行ftsZ基因的检测,以筛选的其余5对引物分别进行果蝇rpL32RelishPGRP-LEDiptericinDrosomycin基因的检测。25 μL实时荧光定量PCR反应体系:qPCR Supermix 12.5 μL、ddH2O 7.5 μL、上下游引物各0.5 μL、cDNA模板4 μL;反应程序同上。熔解曲线分析:65 ℃到95 ℃每5 s上升0.5 ℃。结合熔解曲线是否呈单峰和引物扩增效率e验证引物特异性。e=5(1/k)-1,k为一元线性回归斜率,以0.9≤e≤1.1为扩增效率合理范围。
本研究采用10%葡萄糖液混合果胶杆菌饲喂果蝇成虫(Piper & Partridge,2007)。采用1.2.1方法分别获得5种果胶杆菌的培养液,将培养液按体积比1∶100接种至新鲜LB液体培养基中,培养至菌液的OD600 nm为0.8时,将菌液以8 500 r/min离心1 min收集菌体,用生理盐水清洗菌体,再用10%葡萄糖液重悬至OD600 nm为1.6备用。使用高3.9 cm、直径4.7 cm的昆虫饲养盒饲养羽化后7 d内的黑腹果蝇成虫,每盒20头。盒盖开孔并插入装有200 μL上述制备好的含菌葡萄糖液的移液器吸头,底部铺设木屑。饲喂3 d后将果蝇转移至新饲养盒中,更换用无菌10%葡萄糖液继续饲养;以全程饲喂无菌10%葡萄糖液的处理为阴性对照。每个处理设3个重复,每个重复为1盒。在饲喂果胶杆菌后1、4和7 d,每个处理的每个养虫盒内随机抽取10头果蝇合并为1个生物学重复样本,每个处理设3个生物学重复。采用CTAB法提取所有样本的gDNA(宋月等,2014)。以rpL32作为果蝇内参基因,ftsZ为果胶杆菌检测基因,通过二者的特异性引物(表1)以饲喂不同果胶杆菌的黑腹果蝇成虫gDNA为模板,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测黑腹果蝇在摄入含不同果胶杆菌的葡萄糖液后体内含菌量的动态变化。PCR反应体系和程序同1.2.1。采用2-ΔΔCt 法计算每个生物学样本的相对含菌量,作图展示形式为log22-ΔΔCt
为分析不同果胶杆菌种类经黑腹果蝇卵垂直传播能力的差异,采用1.2.2方法分别用含5种果胶杆菌的10%葡萄糖液饲喂黑腹果蝇,3 d后再将果蝇转移至新饲养盒中,更换用固体饲料饲养以保证果蝇正常发育繁殖,产卵后采集第2代3龄幼虫供试。以饲喂无菌10%葡萄糖液3 d后更换饲喂固体饲料处理为对照。每个处理设3个重复,每个重复为1盒。每个处理的每个养虫盒内随机抽取10头试虫合并为1个生物学重复样本,每个处理设3个生物学重复,采用苯酚-氯仿提取法提取试虫gDNA(王翠平等,2014)。使用高保真DNA聚合酶及果胶杆菌通用鉴定引物dnaX-F/R(Sławiak et al.,2009)(表1),以第2代3龄幼虫gDNA为模板进行常规PCR扩增。反应体系和反应程序与1.2.1相同。将PCR产物通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测条带大小后进行Sanger测序,测序序列在NCBI GenBank中进行BLASTn比对以确定果胶杆菌种类。同时采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测幼虫体内不同果胶杆菌的相对含量,方法同1.2.2。
为比较细小果胶杆菌相对近缘种极地果胶杆菌对果蝇免疫基因表达的影响,按照1.2.2方法分别制备含细小果胶杆菌、极地果胶杆菌的10%葡萄糖液。取羽化7 d内的黑腹果蝇成虫,分别饲喂上述含菌葡萄糖液3 d,以饲喂无菌10%葡萄糖液3 d为阴性对照,饲喂结束后4 d取样,每个处理的每个养虫盒内随机抽取10头果蝇合并为1个生物学重复样本,每个处理设3个生物学重复。采用RNA提取试剂盒提取试虫RNA,使用反转录试剂盒反转录合成cDNA。以cDNA为模板,采用1.2.1中已验证的果蝇免疫相关基因PGRP-LERelishDiptericinDrosomycin的特异性引物(表1),以rpL32为果蝇内参基因进行实时荧光定量PCR检测,反应体系和程序同1.2.1。采用2-ΔΔCt 法计算各基因的相对表达量,比较细小果胶杆菌与极地果胶杆菌对果蝇免疫基因表达的影响。
利用R 4.5.1软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析,多个处理之间的比较采用Tukey法进行差异显著性检验,两两之间的比较采用Student’s t检验法进行差异显著性检验。
使用果胶杆菌通用引物ftsZ_460609_F/R可在5种果胶杆菌gDNA中扩增出100~200 bp大小的特异性条带,而在黑腹果蝇gDNA及阴性对照中均未扩增到目的条带(图1)。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,6对引物ftsZ_460609_F/R、rpL32_PD41810_F/R、PGRP-LE_PP32458_F/R、Relish_PP15853_F/R、Diptericin_PP8743_F/R与Drosomycin_PD40133_F/R的扩增效率分别为1.03、0.97、0.93、0.98、1.09和0.96,且熔解曲线均为单峰(图2),表明引物特异性良好,可用于后续试验的PCR检测。
饲喂含菌葡萄糖液后1、4和7 d黑腹果蝇体内的相对含菌量总体呈下降趋势,但是不同种果胶杆菌之间的含量下降速率存在明显差异,大致可分为两类:第1类包括细小果胶杆菌和巴西果胶杆菌,其在果蝇体内的下降速率较为缓慢;第2类包括极地果胶杆菌、帕曼氏果胶杆菌和波兰果胶杆菌,其在果蝇体内的下降速率较快(图3-A)。
饲喂含菌葡萄糖液后1 d时,黑腹果蝇体内巴西果胶杆菌含量最高,相对含菌量为9.20,定殖能力最强;细小果胶杆菌和帕曼氏果胶杆菌的含量次之,相对含菌量分别为7.43和7.50;极地果胶杆菌和波兰果胶杆菌的定殖能力最弱,相对含菌量分别为6.33和5.33(图3-B)。饲喂后4 d时,细小果胶杆菌在果蝇体内的含量略有回升,而其他果胶杆菌种的含量均开始有不同程度的下降;其中,细小果胶杆菌的相对含菌量上升到8.00,略高于巴西果胶杆菌的相对含菌量(7.45),但差异不显著;而帕曼氏果胶杆菌、极地果胶杆菌及波兰果胶杆菌的相对含菌量则迅速下降至阴性对照水平,分别为2.10、1.09 和0.89(图3-C)。饲喂后7 d时,巴西果胶杆菌和细小果胶杆菌仍保持较高的定殖能力,其在果蝇体内的相对含菌量分别为4.31和3.55,而其他果胶杆菌的相对含菌量均降至3.0以下(图3-D)。
黑腹果蝇在饲喂含不同种果胶杆菌的葡萄糖液后,10~15 d陆续产卵并孵化出下一代,采用dnaX-F/R引物从各处理的第2代3龄幼虫gDNA中均扩增出535 bp大小的片段(图4-A),Sanger测序结果显示扩增出的dnaX序列与各处理饲喂的果胶杆菌种类一致。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,不同种果胶杆菌在第2代3龄幼虫体内的含量存在显著差异,其中,细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇2代3龄幼虫体内的含量最高,相对含菌量达到8.44,显著高于其余果胶杆菌和对照;其次是帕曼氏果胶杆菌和巴西果胶杆菌,相对含菌量分别为3.09和2.49;极地果胶杆菌以及波兰果胶杆菌的含量最低,均与对照无显著差异(图4-B)。表明细小果胶杆菌经卵垂直传播的能力最强,帕曼氏果胶杆菌和巴西果胶杆菌也有一定的垂直传播能力。
在饲喂含菌葡萄糖液后4 d,黑腹果蝇体内的免疫基因PGRP-LERelish的表达量在细小果胶杆菌和极地果胶杆菌处理下呈现完全相反的变化(图5)。饲喂含极地果胶杆菌葡萄糖液的黑腹果蝇体内PGRP-LERelish的表达量均显著上调,相对表达量分别达到3.30和2.78(图5-A);而饲喂含细小果胶杆菌葡萄糖液的黑腹果蝇体内PGRP-LERelish基因的表达量则均显著下调,相对表达量分别为3.40和1.89(图5-B)。饲喂含细小果胶杆菌葡萄糖液的黑腹果蝇体内抗菌肽基因Diptericin的相对表达量(3.71)明显低于饲喂含极地果胶杆菌葡萄糖液处理(4.73),但二者均被显著诱导表达(图5-C);抗菌肽基因Drosomycin表达量在两个处理组之间无太大差异,但均为显著诱导表达(图5-D)。
本研究选择的5种果胶杆菌均能通过人工饲喂在黑腹果蝇成虫体内定殖,但种间差异显著。巴西果胶杆菌和细小果胶杆菌在成虫体内的定殖能力较强,在人工饲喂含菌葡萄糖液7 d内,其在成虫体内的含量下降速率缓慢;相比之下,帕曼氏果胶杆菌、极地果胶杆菌和波兰果胶杆菌在成虫体内的定殖能力较弱,其在成虫体内的含量呈快速下降趋势。病原细菌在成虫体内的强定殖力有助于其在寄主植物的生长季内通过虫媒传播引起田间病害流行。Mejía-Sánchez et al.(2019)在对墨西哥巨型仙人掌软腐病的研究中就发现巴西果胶杆菌具有较强的虫媒传播能力,常在种植区内的鞘翅目和双翅目昆虫成虫中被检测到。
本研究证实果胶杆菌能够通过人工饲喂的方式经黑腹果蝇卵垂直传播给后代,但存在明显的种间差异,其中细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇中的垂直传播能力最强,帕曼氏果胶杆菌和巴西果胶杆菌有一定的垂直传播能力,而极地果胶杆菌及波兰果胶杆菌的垂直传播能力很弱。高效的垂直传播能力提高了细菌在媒介种群中世代稳定存续的能力,同时虫媒病原细菌可通过调控寄主植物的代谢和免疫,间接影响媒介昆虫的取食偏好与行为,进而促进病菌的传播。例如,引起柑橘黄龙病的韧皮部杆菌Liberibacter spp.具有较强的垂直传播能力,该类病菌能通过操纵寄主植物免疫和生理代谢来提高其媒介柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的繁殖力(Nian et al.,2024)。类似的互利关系在植原体和其媒介叶蝉中也有报道,植原体通过调控叶片代谢(如提高枣树叶片中的小分子碳水化合物含量,降低木质素、三萜类抗虫代谢物含量)使叶蝉更倾向于在感染植原体的植株上取食(Liu et al.,2023)。
果胶杆菌属于典型的革兰氏阴性菌,而Imd信号通路是黑腹果蝇响应此类细菌侵染的核心免疫途径。细小果胶杆菌显著下调了黑腹果蝇肠道免疫Imd信号通路模式识别受体基因PGRP-LE和核心转录因子基因Relish的表达,而近缘种极地果胶杆菌则激活了这些基因的表达,这可能是细小果胶杆菌在黑腹果蝇体内具有更强定殖存活能力的原因之一。PGRP-LE作为果蝇感知革兰氏阴性菌肽聚糖的关键胞内受体,在识别病原菌、启动诸如蝇抗菌肽和Attacin等抗菌肽表达的过程中承担“门控”角色(Chevée et al.,2019);它能在肠道组织中独立识别病原菌并启动Imd免疫通路,抑制革兰氏阴性菌对果蝇的侵染(Neyen et al.,2012)。Relish属于NF-κB家族,可启动多种抗菌肽基因的转录,是果蝇抵御革兰氏阴性菌经口器感染的关键免疫应答因子(Buchon et al.,2014Aalto et al.,2019)。DiptericinDrosomycin编码的蝇抗菌肽和果蝇防卫素分别是Imd和Toll免疫通路所调控的标志性抗菌肽(Buchon et al.,2014)。细小果胶杆菌虽然诱导了DiptericinDrosomycin基因的表达,但诱导水平较极地果胶杆菌弱,这进一步验证了细小果胶杆菌主要通过抑制Imd免疫通路增强其在黑腹果蝇体内的定殖存活能力。
虫媒细菌可通过多种机制抑制昆虫宿主的免疫反应,例如韧皮部杆菌能分泌输出多种效应子直接靶向木虱的Imd免疫信号通路,抑制抗菌肽的产生(Mishra & Ghanim,2022)。本课题组前期研究发现,当细小果胶杆菌在果蝇成虫体内定殖时(饲喂后3~5 d),SPI-1-like T3SS以及效应子基因slrP的表达水平显著上调(吴贝贝,2025)。在本研究中,人工饲喂含菌葡萄糖液后4 d,细小果胶杆菌在成虫体内的含量不仅保持稳定,还略有上升,与同时期其SPI-1-like T3SS的上调相吻合,支持了该分泌系统参与细小果胶杆菌在果蝇体内定殖的推测(Pasanen et al.,2020)。玉米细菌性枯萎病菌Pantoea stewartii中也存在通过基因水平转移获得的SPI-1-like T3SS,该病菌高度依赖该分泌系统在媒介昆虫玉米跳甲Chaetocnema pulicaria体内的定殖(Correa et al.,2012)。因此本研究推测基因水平转移可能是细小果胶杆菌产生虫媒适应性进化的重要驱动力,除了通过基因水平转移获得的SPI-1-like T3SS和相关III型分泌系统效应蛋白基因外,可能仍存在其他与昆虫适应性进化相关的基因,这有待进一步挖掘。
  • 河北农业大学引进人才科研专项(YJ2023053)
  • 河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(2026086)
  • 河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(2025331)
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doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025138
  • 接收时间:2025-10-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-03
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河北农业大学引进人才科研专项(YJ2023053)
河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(2026086)
河北农业大学大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(2025331)
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    河北农业大学植物保护学院,保定 071000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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