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To clarify the migration pathways of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in eastern China and the mechanisms by which Typhoon Hagupit influenced its migration patterns, the developmental stages of the typhoon were categorized based on the position of its center into the pre-typhoon stage and the typhoon stage. The latter included four periods: pre-landfall, landfall, post-departure with the center located west of 135° E, and post-departure with the center located east of 135° E. Based on adult population monitoring data of S. frugiperda and meteorological data in eastern China before and after the typhoon, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale numerical simulations, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory analysis, and statistical analyses were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which the typhoon affected the migratory pathways of S. frugiperda. The results showed that Typhoon Hagupit significantly influenced the hourly migration distance and direction of S. frugiperda. Compared to the pre-typhoon period, the strong southerly winds generated by the typhoon drove the moths to form a south-to-north migratory pathway across eastern China, increased migration speed, and shifted the migration direction from west-northwest to north. When the typhoon center was located over inland East China, the overall migration speed of S. frugiperda reached its maximum, with a peak of 22.93 m/s, and the highest directional concentration of 0.84 was observed. These results indicate that typhoons can promote long-distance migration of S. frugiperda in eastern China. Therefore, population monitoring and early warning during typhoon events should be strengthened, and a regional integrated pest management system should be established.

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为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda在中国东部地区的迁飞路径和台风黑格比对其迁飞格局的影响机理,基于台风中心位置将其发展阶段分为黑格比发生前和发生时(包括登陆前、登陆时、离境后且其中心位于135° E以西、离境后且其中心位于135° E以东4个发生时期),结合该台风发生前后华东地区草地贪夜蛾成虫种群监测和气象数据,采用中尺度数值WRF模拟、HYSPLIT回推轨迹计算和统计分析等方法分析台风影响草地贪夜蛾迁飞路径的作用机理。结果显示:黑格比台风对草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞距离及方向有显著影响;与黑格比发生前相比,台风产生的强南风驱动草地贪夜蛾在中国东部形成由南向北的迁飞路径,迁飞速度加大,迁飞方向由西北偏西转至北方;当黑格比中心位于华东内陆时,草地贪夜蛾的整体迁移速度最大,其峰值高达22.93 m/s;迁飞方向的聚集度最高,为0.84。表明台风可促进草地贪夜蛾在中国东部地区的远距离迁移活动,因此要加强台风发生期间草地贪夜蛾的种群监测和早期预警工作,构建区域性综合治理防控体系。

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Period A:台风发生前;Period B:台风登陆前;Period C:台风登陆时;Period D:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时;Period E:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时。Period A: Pre-typhoon; Period B: pre-landfall; Period C: landfall; Period D: post-departure with the center west of 135° E; Period E: post-departure with the center east of 135° E.

, figureFileSmall=RUHvxpB5g+/dyzbQ2UzFUw==, figureFileBig=LPMvu0PN1IXSrm1U4uqA+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746686320821213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Potential source regions and migratory pathways of initial invasive populations of Spodoptera frugiperda in China during different stages of Typhoon Hagupit, figureFileSmall=YQgLr8Fgu6GrYE2GqR7cZw==, figureFileBig=5CT14jEPg5MFGFadjXKN2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746686400512990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=图3, caption=台风黑格比发生发展各时期中国草地贪夜蛾首次入侵种群的可能虫源地与迁飞路径

a:台风发生前;b:台风登陆前;c:台风登陆时;d:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时;e:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时。a: Pre-typhoon; b: pre-landfall; c: landfall; d: post-departure with the center west of 135° E; e: post-departure with the center east of 135° E.

, figureFileSmall=YQgLr8Fgu6GrYE2GqR7cZw==, figureFileBig=5CT14jEPg5MFGFadjXKN2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746686681531359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Nighttime mean wind field at 925 hPa during different stages of Typhoon Hagupit from 27th July to 11th August 2020, figureFileSmall=+N/6ZwZq2STR1zoO4UxpFw==, figureFileBig=OQNjhF07UtzdL0KCVOOFyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746686744445920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2020727日—811日台风黑格比发生发展各时期925 hPa夜间平均风场

a:台风发生前;b:台风登陆前;c:台风登陆时;d:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时;e:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时。蓝点表示对应台风黑格比发生发展各时期草地贪夜蛾见虫站点。a: Pre-typhoon; b: pre-landfall; c: landfall; d: post-departure with the center west of 135° E; e: post-departure with the center east of 135° E. Blue dots indicate monitoring sites where Spodoptera frugiperda were recorded during the corresponding stages of Typhoon Hagupit.

, figureFileSmall=+N/6ZwZq2STR1zoO4UxpFw==, figureFileBig=OQNjhF07UtzdL0KCVOOFyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746686811554785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Nighttime mean surface precipitation during different stages of Typhoon Hagupit from 27th July to 11th August 2020, figureFileSmall=/COToJC5SuZQ60aO+n60aA==, figureFileBig=uUhGJ34KbNQrrOHhF6e75A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746687088378850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2020727日—811日台风黑格比发生发展各时期平均夜间累计降水量

a:台风发生前;b:台风登陆前;c:台风登陆时;d:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时;e:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时。红点表示对应台风黑格比发生发展各时期草地贪夜蛾见虫站点。a: Pre-typhoon; b: pre-landfall; c: landfall; d: post-departure with the center west of 135° E; e: post-departure with the center east of 135° E. Red dots indicate monitoring sites where Spodoptera frugiperda were recorded during the corresponding stages of Typhoon Hagupit.

, figureFileSmall=/COToJC5SuZQ60aO+n60aA==, figureFileBig=uUhGJ34KbNQrrOHhF6e75A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746687155487715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Nighttime hourly wind directions at 925 hPa (a-e) and hourly migration directions of Spodoptera frugiperda (f-j) during different stages of Typhoon Hagupit, figureFileSmall=nysPVMRuVaB4Q8JFiNSQfA==, figureFileBig=EOF4GM7WotC9fIn4bbGhVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746687214207972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=图6, caption=台风黑格比发生发展各时期夜间925 hPa逐时风向(a~e)及草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞方向(f~j)

圆上的圆点表示925 hPa逐时风向及草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞方向,箭头的方向表示总体平均方向,箭头的长度代表平均方向的聚集度(0,1]。a、f:台风发生前;b、g:台风登陆前;c、h:台风登陆时;d、i:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时;e、j:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时。Dots on the circles represent hourly wind direction at 925 hPa and the hourly migration directions of Spodoptera frugiperda. The direction of each arrow indicates the overall mean direction, and the length of the arrow represents the concentration of the mean direction (0, 1]. a, f: Pre-typhoon; b, g: pre-landfall; c, h: landfall; d, i: post-departure with the center west of 135° E; e, j: post-departure with the center east of 135° E.

, figureFileSmall=nysPVMRuVaB4Q8JFiNSQfA==, figureFileBig=EOF4GM7WotC9fIn4bbGhVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746687495226341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Nighttime hourly wind speed at 925 hPa and hourly migration distance of Spodoptera frugiperda during different stages of Typhoon Hagupit, figureFileSmall=phGrQyR/86tAgS37Vd06VA==, figureFileBig=ukSS631qvGwU53y+rtqI7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746687587501030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=图7, caption=台风黑格比发生发展各时期的夜间925 hPa逐时风速及草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞距离

Period A:台风发生前;Period B:台风登陆前;Period C:台风登陆时;Period D:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时;Period E:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时。Period A: pre-typhoon; Period B: pre-landfall; Period C: landfall; Period D: post-departure with the center west of 135° E; Period E: post-departure with the center east of 135° E.

箱体的上下界分别为第75百分位数和第25百分位数,箱体中间实线为中位数,小方框表示均值,须线从箱体上下两端延伸至四分位距的 1.5 倍范围,上下界分别为该范围内的最大值和最小值。同色箱体上方不同小写字母表示经Mann-Whitney U检验法或单因素方差分析法检验差异显著(P<0.05)。The upper and lower boundaries of the box are the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively. The solid line within the box represents the median, and the small square indicates the mean. The whiskers extend to 1.5 times the interquartile range, with their upper and lower ends indicating the maximum and minimum values within this range, respectively. Different lowercase letters on boxes of the same color indicate significant differences (P<0.05) as determined by the Mann-Whitney U test or one-way ANOVA analysis.

, figureFileSmall=phGrQyR/86tAgS37Vd06VA==, figureFileBig=ukSS631qvGwU53y+rtqI7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746687709135847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Inter-group comparisons of nighttime hourly wind speed (a) and wind direction (b) at 925 hPa, and hourly migration distance (c) and migration direction (d) of Spodoptera frugiperda among different stages of Typhoon Hagupit, figureFileSmall=1GuiDVskHoVYhl9b32WR7Q==, figureFileBig=gklMtXYKk22Xr9YLGxUYMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746687973377000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=图8, caption=台风黑格比发生发展各时期夜间925 hPa逐时风速(a)、风向(b)及草地贪夜蛾的逐时迁飞距离(c)和迁飞方向(d)组间差异检验

A:台风发生前;B:台风登陆前;C:台风登陆时;D:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时;E:台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时;BCD:台风发生后至其中心位于135° E以西时;WS:风速;DIR1:风向;DIST:迁飞距离;DIR2:迁飞方向。A: Pre-typhoon; B: pre-landfall; C: landfall; D: post-departure with the center west of 135° E; E: post-departure with the center east of 135° E; BCD: the periods of Typhoon Hagupit from its occurrence to when the center is located west of 135° E; WS: wind speed; DIR1: wind direction; DIST: migration distance; DIR2: migration direction.

, figureFileSmall=1GuiDVskHoVYhl9b32WR7Q==, figureFileBig=gklMtXYKk22Xr9YLGxUYMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746688048874473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameterization schemes of the WRF model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Item区域1 Domain 1区域2 Domain 2
中心位置 Location35° N, 120° E35.16° N, 117.99° E
水平网格 Number of grid points139×151211×298
格距 Grid spacing/km45×4515×15
地图投影 Map projectionLambertLambert
垂直层 Number of vertical layers5656
微物理方案 Microphysics schemeLinLin
长波辐射方案 Longwave radiation schemeRRTMRRTM
短波辐射方案 Shortwave radiation schemeDudhiaDudhia
近地面层方案 Surface layer schemeMonin-ObukhovMonin-Obukhov
陆面过程方案 Land surface schemeNoahNoah
边界层方案 Planetary boundary layer schemeYSUYSU
积云参数化方案 Cumulus parameterizationKain-Fritsch (new Eta)Kain-Fritsch (new Eta)
地形资料 Geogrid datamodis_30s_lakemodis_15s_lake
), ArticleFig(id=1266746688367641578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

WRF模式参数化方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Item区域1 Domain 1区域2 Domain 2
中心位置 Location35° N, 120° E35.16° N, 117.99° E
水平网格 Number of grid points139×151211×298
格距 Grid spacing/km45×4515×15
地图投影 Map projectionLambertLambert
垂直层 Number of vertical layers5656
微物理方案 Microphysics schemeLinLin
长波辐射方案 Longwave radiation schemeRRTMRRTM
短波辐射方案 Shortwave radiation schemeDudhiaDudhia
近地面层方案 Surface layer schemeMonin-ObukhovMonin-Obukhov
陆面过程方案 Land surface schemeNoahNoah
边界层方案 Planetary boundary layer schemeYSUYSU
积云参数化方案 Cumulus parameterizationKain-Fritsch (new Eta)Kain-Fritsch (new Eta)
地形资料 Geogrid datamodis_30s_lakemodis_15s_lake
), ArticleFig(id=1266746688438944747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Spatiotemporal distribution of simulated valid source locations of initial invasive populations of Spodoptera frugiperda in China during different stages of Typhoon Hagupit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

台风发生阶段

Typhoon

occurrence period

站点数量No. of stations有效虫源地数量No. of valid source locations

模拟落点总数

Total no. of simulated

endpoints

省内

Within the

province

跨省迁飞概率(含跨境)

Probablity of inter-provincial

migration (including cross-border)

省内

Within the province

跨省(含跨境)

Inter-provincial

(including cross-border)

>50%<50%
Period A1055537151718
Period B442174123298
Period C23415493257
Period D0215379132
Period E928540116686
), ArticleFig(id=1266746688766100460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470739839439744, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

台风黑格比发生各时期草地贪夜蛾首次入侵种群可能的虫源地数量时空分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

台风发生阶段

Typhoon

occurrence period

站点数量No. of stations有效虫源地数量No. of valid source locations

模拟落点总数

Total no. of simulated

endpoints

省内

Within the

province

跨省迁飞概率(含跨境)

Probablity of inter-provincial

migration (including cross-border)

省内

Within the province

跨省(含跨境)

Inter-provincial

(including cross-border)

>50%<50%
Period A1055537151718
Period B442174123298
Period C23415493257
Period D0215379132
Period E928540116686
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台风对草地贪夜蛾在中国东部地区迁移活动的影响
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吴秋琳 1 , 兰朗 1, 2 , 张佳佳 1 , 陶卓然 1 , 陆恩泽 1 , 刘杰 3 , 吴孔明 4
植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 547-562
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植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026, 53(2): 547-562
台风对草地贪夜蛾在中国东部地区迁移活动的影响
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吴秋琳1, 兰朗1, 2, 张佳佳1, 陶卓然1, 陆恩泽1, 刘杰3, 吴孔明4
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学生态与应用气象学院,农业与生态气象江苏省高校重点实验室,南京 210044
  • 2.福建省气象灾害防御技术中心,福州 350007
  • 3.全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京 100125
  • 4.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,北京 100193

通讯作者:

Impact of typhoons on the migratory activity of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in eastern China
Qiulin Wu1, Lang Lan1, 2, Jiajia Zhang1, Zhuoran Tao1, Enze Lu1, Jie Liu3, Kongming Wu4
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu Provincial University Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Ecological Meteorology, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
  • 2.Fujian Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China
  • 3.National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025122
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为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda在中国东部地区的迁飞路径和台风黑格比对其迁飞格局的影响机理,基于台风中心位置将其发展阶段分为黑格比发生前和发生时(包括登陆前、登陆时、离境后且其中心位于135° E以西、离境后且其中心位于135° E以东4个发生时期),结合该台风发生前后华东地区草地贪夜蛾成虫种群监测和气象数据,采用中尺度数值WRF模拟、HYSPLIT回推轨迹计算和统计分析等方法分析台风影响草地贪夜蛾迁飞路径的作用机理。结果显示:黑格比台风对草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞距离及方向有显著影响;与黑格比发生前相比,台风产生的强南风驱动草地贪夜蛾在中国东部形成由南向北的迁飞路径,迁飞速度加大,迁飞方向由西北偏西转至北方;当黑格比中心位于华东内陆时,草地贪夜蛾的整体迁移速度最大,其峰值高达22.93 m/s;迁飞方向的聚集度最高,为0.84。表明台风可促进草地贪夜蛾在中国东部地区的远距离迁移活动,因此要加强台风发生期间草地贪夜蛾的种群监测和早期预警工作,构建区域性综合治理防控体系。

草地贪夜蛾  /  台风  /  中尺度数值模拟  /  华东地区  /  迁飞格局

To clarify the migration pathways of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in eastern China and the mechanisms by which Typhoon Hagupit influenced its migration patterns, the developmental stages of the typhoon were categorized based on the position of its center into the pre-typhoon stage and the typhoon stage. The latter included four periods: pre-landfall, landfall, post-departure with the center located west of 135° E, and post-departure with the center located east of 135° E. Based on adult population monitoring data of S. frugiperda and meteorological data in eastern China before and after the typhoon, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale numerical simulations, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory analysis, and statistical analyses were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which the typhoon affected the migratory pathways of S. frugiperda. The results showed that Typhoon Hagupit significantly influenced the hourly migration distance and direction of S. frugiperda. Compared to the pre-typhoon period, the strong southerly winds generated by the typhoon drove the moths to form a south-to-north migratory pathway across eastern China, increased migration speed, and shifted the migration direction from west-northwest to north. When the typhoon center was located over inland East China, the overall migration speed of S. frugiperda reached its maximum, with a peak of 22.93 m/s, and the highest directional concentration of 0.84 was observed. These results indicate that typhoons can promote long-distance migration of S. frugiperda in eastern China. Therefore, population monitoring and early warning during typhoon events should be strengthened, and a regional integrated pest management system should be established.

Spodoptera frugiperda  /  typhoon  /  mesoscale numerical simulation  /  eastern China  /  migration pattern
吴秋琳, 兰朗, 张佳佳, 陶卓然, 陆恩泽, 刘杰, 吴孔明. 台风对草地贪夜蛾在中国东部地区迁移活动的影响. 植物保护学报, 2026 , 53 (2) : 547 -562 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025122
Qiulin Wu, Lang Lan, Jiajia Zhang, Zhuoran Tao, Enze Lu, Jie Liu, Kongming Wu. Impact of typhoons on the migratory activity of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in eastern China[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2026 , 53 (2) : 547 -562 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025122
草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda属于鳞翅目夜蛾科灰翅夜蛾属Spodoptera,是联合国粮食与农业组织全球预警的重大迁飞性害虫。草地贪夜蛾于2016年首次在西非出现(Goergen et al.,2016),并于2019年自缅甸入侵中国云南省且迅速扩散(Sun et al.,2021郭井菲等,2022),在国内呈现出“南北往返、周年循环”的迁飞特点(郭井菲等,2022)。草地贪夜蛾具有多食性,可为害多达353种寄主植物(Montezano et al.,2018),其中受害最普遍、最严重的是玉米(郭井菲等,2022)。玉米是中国主要的粮食作物之一,据统计2024年全国玉米种植总面积达4 474. 07万hm2https://data.stats.gov.cn/index.htm),其中东北是中国最大的玉米种植区。得益于低空气流的远距离输送,草地贪夜蛾可实现数百公里的跨区域迁飞(李建春等,2023),然而复杂的天气背景尤其是极端天气对草地贪夜蛾迁飞的影响机理尚不明确,因此深入研究草地贪夜蛾跨区域迁飞的大气环境要素及其首次入侵东北地区的气象学机制,对指导草地贪夜蛾的区域性监测与预警具有重要意义。
草地贪夜蛾无滞育现象,每年通过多个世代南北往返迁飞以保证种群延续。在高空适宜风速下,草地贪夜蛾成虫能够在几个夜间连续飞行数百千米(Westbrook et al.,2016),从而导致其在中国迅速扩散为害。此外,草地贪夜蛾具有适生范围广、抗药性强、远距离迁飞等生物学特性,这显著增加了监测预警和防控工作的难度。该虫在中国的越冬区范围介于28° N~31° N之间,冬繁区位于28° N以南(姜玉英等,2021)。受西南及偏南夏季风的影响,缅甸、越南等境外草地贪夜蛾种群可通过东、西两条路径经由中国西南、华南地区进入中国玉米主产区(吴秋琳等,2019陈辉等,2020吴秋琳等,2022)。昆虫的迁飞行为极易受大气环境条件如下沉气流、降雨和低温等的影响(Westbrook & Isard,1999Chapman et al.,2015Hu et al.,2019),而极端天气事件往往对其迁飞过程、路径和种群动态产生显著干扰。极强的热带风暴可产生速度达33 m/s的大风,并带来大规模强降水(Chan,2005Chen et al.,2010),因此台风可阻断昆虫正常的迁飞进程,迫使其停滞或改变原有的迁飞路径,最终导致种群地理空间分布格局重塑(Hu et al.,2013Ma et al.,2018)。例如,受台风等极端天气过程影响,空中稻飞虱虫群通常于气旋式风向切变的辐合气流区内大规模集中降落(王翠花和翟保平,2013)。台风造成的气旋式风向切变区及涡旋区往往是强上升气流区,也是待起飞昆虫十分有利的助力条件,还是空中迁飞性个体集聚的关键动力(包云轩等,2007);同时,台风带来的强劲气流场决定着迁飞虫群的迁移速度和范围(Watanabe et al.,1991王翠花等,2009);台风北移后出现的区域降水或强下沉气流对害虫降落具有动力迫降作用(郝振华等,2011Hu et al.,2013Ma et al.,2018);台风的登陆及路径移动也可能对昆虫的降落区产生影响(王翠花和翟保平,2013)。然而,国内外关于台风对昆虫迁飞活动的影响研究多为描述性的个例分析(郝振华等,2011Hu et al.,2013Ma et al.,2018),尤其在台风形成、发展至消亡过程中或在其过境前、登陆过境时和过境后,以及不同登陆地点和移动路径的台风,对昆虫迁移进程的作用机理也未形成定量化、规律性的结论。
2020年8月上旬草地贪夜蛾首次入侵中国东北农作区,恰逢台风黑格比发生期,为了充分探讨极端天气尤其是台风对草地贪夜蛾迁移活动的触发作用及影响机理,本研究利用结合气象资料同化的中尺度数值WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式(Michalakes et al.,2001)模拟黑格比发生前和发生时的高时空分辨率大气环境条件,运用基于全球资料同化系统(Global Data Assimilation System,GDAS)气象数据驱动的HYSPLIT(hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory)分析平台(Stein et al.,2015)追溯黑格比发展阶段草地贪夜蛾的迁飞轨迹和主要虫源地,阐明在台风黑格比控制下大气动力条件如何调控草地贪夜蛾在中国的迁飞过程及入侵格局,旨在进一步揭示草地贪夜蛾在中国的迁飞规律,为其监测预警及可持续防治提供理论支撑。
虫情数据:草地贪夜蛾成虫首次入侵数据由全国农业技术推广服务中心提供。该数据集包括每周收集1次的田间直接观测和性信息素诱捕资料,以及地面测报灯和高空探照灯逐日诱集资料,记录了全国各县级草地贪夜蛾成虫的始见日、数量和被调查作物种类及生育期。为明确台风不同发展阶段对草地贪夜蛾迁飞的影响,本研究基于黑格比的发生时期筛选出全国草地贪夜蛾成虫同期调查资料,该资料覆盖时间为2020年7月28日至8月12日。
气象数据:GDAS1气象数据(https://www.ready.noaa.gov/data/archives/gdas1/)来自美国国家海洋和大气管理局公开数据,该数据覆盖20~1 000 hPa共23个气压层每6 h的1°×1°网格数据,包括风、温度和降水等气象变量数据。全球再分析(final operational global analysis,FNL)资料数据(https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2)来自美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心公开数据,该数据为每6 h的1°×1°格点气象数据。全球高空和地面观测资料的PREPBUFR格式数据(https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds337.0/)来自美国国家环境预报中心公开数据。
WRF模式1 h模拟结果验证资料:实测台风数据集来自热带气旋最佳路径数据集,从中国气象局热带气旋资料中心下载,包含西北太平洋(含南海,赤道以北,东经180°以西)海域热带气旋的位置和强度数据,时间分辨率为6 h(台风登陆前24 h及其在中国陆地活动期间的时间分辨率加密为3 h)。全球气候大气再分析ERA5(Fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis)数据集(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/ERA5)由欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)开发,该数据集的空间分辨率为 0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为1 h。
地图资料:本研究所用地图由自然资源部标准地图服务系统下载。
台风黑格比发生时间为2020年8月1日—12日。该台风于北京时间8月4日03: 30(UTC时间8月3日19: 00,以下均为北京时间)从浙江省乐清市沿海登陆,随后台风强度不断减弱,台风中心一路向北移动,途径浙江省和江苏省,并在8月5日06: 00由江苏省盐城市离开中国内陆进入黄海海域,此后向东北方向移动。结合草地贪夜蛾成虫仅在夜间迁飞的习性(Westbrook et al.,2016),本研究涉及的相关气象分析选用当日北京时间19: 00至次日03: 00作为夜间典型分析时段,并基于台风中心位置将黑格比整个发展阶段分为5个时期,分别为发生前(7月27日—31日的当日19: 00时至次日03: 00时,下同)和发生时的4个时期,即台风登陆前的8月1日—3日、登陆时的8月4日、离境后且其中心位于135° E以西(台风中心移至135° E以东后对中国基本无影响(曹钢锋等,1992),故以此划分)的8月5日、离境后且其中心位于135° E以东的8月6日—11日。
基于全国草地贪夜蛾成虫首次入侵数据集,结合草地贪夜蛾夜间迁飞特性并根据台风中心逐时移动位置及其各时期对应的具体时间,进一步对黑格比发展阶段的虫情数据进行划分,即包括台风发生前草地贪夜蛾成虫监测数据(7月28日—8月1日)、登陆前草地贪夜蛾成虫监测数据(8月2日—4日)、登陆时草地贪夜蛾成虫监测数据(8月5日)、离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时草地贪夜蛾成虫监测数据(8月6日)、离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时草地贪夜蛾成虫监测数据(8月7日—12日)5个对应时期数据。利用ArcGIS 10.8软件分析台风发生各时期草地贪夜蛾成虫首次入侵时的时空分布。
HYSPLIT分析平台可用于分析大气传输和质粒扩散,也是模拟昆虫迁飞路径的主流平台之一(芦芳等,2013)。本研究运用GDAS1气象数据驱动HYSPLIT分析平台,并基于以下假设构建草地贪夜蛾回推迁飞轨迹来模拟可能的虫源地和迁飞过程:(1)本研究设定草地贪夜蛾在高空顺风飞行,不考虑定向偏角(陈辉等,20202023);(2)草地贪夜蛾在夜间迁飞且可以连续飞行1~3个夜晚(Westbrook et al.,2016),本研究设置于当日19: 00起飞,模拟主动降落时间为次日03: 00,草地贪夜蛾在任意整点的时刻均可能降落(Hu et al.,2013),每晚回推的轨迹终点为下一晚的起点,单日飞行时长不超过8 h(王垚,2021),每隔1 h计算1次轨迹;(3)设置3个初始迁飞高度,分别为500、1 000和1 500 m(陈辉等,2020张雪艳等,2020);(4)气温低于10 ℃(Ge et al.,2021)或降水量超过0.1 mm(Ma et al.,2018)时草地贪夜蛾成虫被迫降落,轨迹终止计算。根据草地贪夜蛾迁飞节律,本研究筛选出草地贪夜蛾于当日19: 00起飞的非海上落点为有效轨迹落点,即可能的虫源地。本研究利用ArcGIS 10.8软件绘制草地贪夜蛾的迁飞轨迹并筛选和计算有效落点分布概率,即虫源概率。虫源概率=该省有效落点数/有效落点总数×100%。利用R 4.2.0软件geosphere库中的distVincentyEllipsoid函数及bearingRhumb函数分别计算相邻两个时刻回推落点的椭球面距离,以此作为草地贪夜蛾的逐时迁飞距离及逐时迁飞方向。计算台风发生发展各时期草地贪夜蛾平均逐时迁飞距离,并采用圆形分布统计方法计算草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞方向的均值,获得平均迁飞距离和平均迁飞方向。
WRF模式结合了先进的数值模拟方法和WRFDA(WRF data assimilation)系统,并具备多重嵌套及地理定位能力,适用于各种气象研究及数值天气预报。其中,WRFDA系统通过融合观测资料,可缩小背景场和真实气象场差距,有效提高初始场的准确性,降低WRF模式的模拟误差(Chandrasekar & Balaji,2016)。本研究使用FNL数据作为WRF模式输入数据,将全球高空和地面观测资料的PREPBUFR格式数据作为WRFDA系统的同化资料(Barker et al.,2012),采用双层嵌套方案(表1)生成每小时一次空间分辨率为15 km的天气背景场和边界条件数据。
此外,在分析台风对草地贪夜蛾迁飞过程的影响及其机理之前,为保证WRF模式模拟的可靠性与精准度,本研究基于模拟台风路径、实测台风路径(热带气旋最佳路径数据集)及ERA5气象数据集进行拟合分析(图1)。其中,WRF模式输出结果与ERA5气象数据集中获取的台风中心地理位置均通过提取海平面气压最低值处的经纬度来确定,并运用Python 3.11.5软件对台风中心地理位置的经纬度进行相关性分析,通过SciPy库和Scikit-learn库计算得到相关系数为0.999 5,均方根误差为49.22 km,表明WRF模式模拟台风路径与实测台风路径高度吻合,模拟效果较好,可用于本研究后续分析。
925 hPa高度层是草地贪夜蛾的典型迁飞高度(Wu et al.,2021),故本研究选取该高度层开展相关大气条件分析。通过分析WRF模式模拟输出的气象数据中925 hPa高度层气温可知,在黑格比发展阶段,夜间气温普遍高于草地贪夜蛾成虫迁飞的低温阈值10 ℃,故本研究暂不考虑气温对草地贪夜蛾迁飞的影响。利用Python 3.11.5软件中Wrf-python、SciPy库提取WRF模式输出结果中925 hPa高度层的逐时风速和逐时风向,计算台风发生发展各时期逐时风速与逐时风向的均值,获得平均风速和平均风向。其中,平均风向用圆形分布统计方法计算。运用Python 3.11.5软件Matplotlib、NumPy、netCDF4、Cartopy、Pandas库进行气象数据后处理,提取计算台风发生发展各时期的平均夜间风况和累计降水,绘制各时期925 hPa夜间平均风场与夜间平均累计降水图。
在进行数据统计分析前,利用SPSS 26.0软件中Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验法(自由度>50)或Shapiro-Wilk检验法(自由度<50)对台风发生发展各时期的逐时风速和迁飞距离进行正态性检验,若数据不符合正态分布则进行Mann-Whitney U检验,反之则进行单因素方差分析检验。利用R 4.2.0软件中Rayleigh检验(Fisher,1993)对台风发生发展各时期草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞方向及925 hPa逐时风向进行统计分析,并绘制风向与迁飞方向方位图。该检验方法可直接对每个风向或迁飞方向的方位分布和平均方向进行统计分析,其中r值为风向或迁飞方向在其平均方向上的聚合度,范围为(0,1],r值越大,代表风向或迁飞方向越集中。若Rayleigh检验中P<0.05,表示风向或迁飞方向分布明显呈单峰分布,进一步说明风向或迁飞方向显著集中于某一方向。采用Watson’s双样本同质性检验法对处于不同台风发生发展时期的草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞方向和925 hPa逐时风向进行差异显著性检验(Batschelet,1981)。
在2020年台风黑格比发展发生期间,全国共计61个站点首次发现草地贪夜蛾成虫(图2),其主要为害玉米,在薏米、甘蔗、高粱上也有部分见虫。在黑格比发生前,全国共诱捕到草地贪夜蛾成虫20头,在台风登陆前以及离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时,草地贪夜蛾成虫总量明显高于其余时段的虫量,分别为59头(其中50头出现在重庆市)和160头(144头集中发生在河南省)。
在黑格比发生前至其影响期间,草地贪夜蛾成虫多出现在地形较为平坦的中国中东部地区(图2)。此外,少数站点位于甘肃省和宁夏回族自治区(简称宁夏)等地(地形海拔>1 000 m)。草地贪夜蛾成虫首次入侵的最南端和最西端监测记录均出现在黑格比发生前,地点分别为福建省漳州市诏安县和甘肃省兰州市榆中县;而最北端及最东端入侵事件发生在黑格比离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时,地点均位于辽宁省丹东市东港市。
结合2020年台风黑格比各发生发展阶段草地贪夜蛾成虫在中国的首次入侵时间和地点,通过轨迹回推分析发现,在台风发生前共计算得到688个有效回推轨迹终点(表2),其中有78.05%的首次入侵虫源为省内种群近距离扩散(图3-a)。福建省漳州市诏安县的虫源地主要位于广东省,其虫源概率为95.45%;河南省周口市项城市的虫源地有83.33%的概率位于安徽省;湖北省黄冈市武穴市的虫源地主要为江西(虫源概率为61.54%);宁夏吴忠市利通区的虫源地以内蒙古自治区为主(虫源概率为58.33%);陕西省商洛市山阳县的虫源则有52.08%的概率来自湖北省。在台风登陆前,共获得297个有效轨迹落点,草地贪夜蛾呈现出明显的跨省迁飞活动(图3-b),其省外有效虫源地比例为41.41%;其中,宁夏固原市彭阳县的虫源地主要位于甘肃省(虫源概率为72.09%);安徽省安庆市迎江区的虫源地集中在江西省(虫源概率为63.27%),最远可溯源至福建省;甘肃省平凉市静宁县首次迁入种群主要来自陕西省(虫源概率为36.11%);河南省信阳市固始县的省外有效虫源地大多分布在湖北省(虫源概率为27.59%),其次在安徽省(虫源概率为17.24%)和江西省(虫源概率为10.34%)。在台风登陆时共有247个有效轨迹终点,其中有37.65%的虫源为跨省入侵(图3-c),其中,江西省抚州市南丰县的虫源地主要位于福建省,虫源概率为62.86%;重庆市涪陵区的虫源有52.00%的概率来自贵州省;陕西省渭南市澄城县的省外虫源地大多分布在山西省(虫源概率为47.37%),其次在河南省(虫源概率为21.05%)。在台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时,共获得132个有效轨迹终点,此期间草地贪夜蛾跨省迁飞活动最频繁(图3-d),省外虫源占比达59.85%,其中,安徽省安庆市太湖县有51.67%的虫源来自江西省,3.33%原生于湖北省;湖北省咸宁市咸安区省外有效虫源概率为70.91%,主要来自江西省,少部分来自湖南省。在台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时,共得到656个有效轨迹落点,此阶段全国共有19个站点证实草地贪夜蛾首次入侵,但其中17个站点以省内虫源迁飞扩散为主(图3-e);此外,河南省南阳市镇平县跨省迁飞比例为77.78%,其主要由湖北省虫源(64.81%)和湖南省虫源(12.96%)构成;辽宁省丹东市东港市首次入侵虫源来自朝鲜半岛草地贪夜蛾种群。综上所述,台风黑格比的发生在一定程度上可促进草地贪夜蛾的跨省远距离迁飞。
通过分析各时期925 hPa夜间平均风场(图4)与夜间累计降水情况(图5),发现因中国“西抬东倾”的地理地貌,基于WRF模拟的925 hPa高度夜间气象要素在西部地区出现大面积缺值,这进一步反映在台风黑格比发展阶段,其调控的低层大气条件主要影响中国东部地区,而西部地区主要受到台风带来的降水过程的影响。具体来看,在台风发生前,中国东部大部分地区夜间盛行南风(图4-a)。各见虫站点925 hPa夜间风向较集中(图6-a),平均风向为328.21°(Rayleigh检验,r=0.63,P<0.001),平均风速是6.42 m/s(图7)。在此背景场下,草地贪夜蛾整体表现为朝西北向省内扩散,平均迁飞方向为306.57°(r=0.25,P<0.001;图6-f)。见虫站点处最大夜间逐时风速出现在福建省漳州市诏安县,高达19.32 m/s,也是黑格比发生发展阶段见虫最南点。
在台风登陆前,中国东部地区925 hPa高空出现东南-西南气流,平均风向为359.69°(r=0.54,P<0.001;图4-b;图6-b),各见虫站点925 hPa夜间平均风速为7.01 m/s,且35° N附近出现明显降水带(图5-b),导致草地贪夜蛾在安徽省(该时期在宿州市埇桥区的最高逐日夜间降水量达2.85 mm)北迁过程中迫降,平均迁飞方向为333.24°(r=0.63,P<0.001;图6-g)。
在台风登陆时,中国东部偏南风进一步增强,平均风向为317.49°(r=0.59,P<0.001;图6-c),平均风速增加至8.60 m/s,江苏省、浙江省和安徽省出现气旋式切变(图4-c)。该阶段最大风速出现于江苏省连云港,达15.87 m/s。受气旋系统水平辐合的影响,草地贪夜蛾迁飞种群朝西北方向迁移,平均迁飞方向为330.84°(r=0.84,P<0.001;图6-h),并在黑格比中心后部集中降落。在中国35° N附近,降水带西移并增强(图5-c),在此影响下,甘肃省、陕西省、四川省等西部地区有草地贪夜蛾入侵(图2)。
在台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时仍持续影响中国,该阶段925 hPa夜间平均风速最大,为11.25 m/s,其中长江中下游地区受强西南风控制。随着台风中心移入黄海海域,强风带逐渐向东北方向移动至朝鲜半岛附近,同时山东半岛出现显著的气旋式切变(图4-d)。各见虫站点夜间925 hPa平均风向为34.52°且最集中(r=0.86,P<0.001;图6-d)。此阶段降水带随台风移动,中国江淮地区至朝鲜半岛中部一带出现强降水(图5-d)。
在台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时,气旋逐渐减弱至消亡,中国925 hPa夜间平均风场整体形势不变但强度减弱(图4-e),平均风速为6.99 m/s,且各站点风向最分散,平均风向为341.28°(r=0.26,P<0.001;图6-e)。在该阶段,顺风飞行的草地贪夜蛾迁飞方向也最多样,平均迁飞方向为343.35°(r=0.28,P<0.001;图6-j)。
由上述结果可知,在台风离境后且其中心位于135 ° E以西时风向最集中,925 hPa整体风速最大,而台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时风向则相对最零散,台风发生前风速最小(图7)。对任意两两时期925 hPa风向及草地贪夜蛾迁飞方向分别进行Watson’s双样本同质性检验,发现除台风发生前与其登陆时的925 hPa高度风向无显著差异以外,其余时期的925 hPa高度风向均有显著差异(P<0.05;图8-b);而两两时期草地贪夜蛾的迁飞方向经Watson’s双样本同质性检验法检验均有极显著差异(P<0.001;图8-d)。对台风发生前期、中期和后期(以台风中心进入135° E以东划分其发生中、后期,即对中国有无影响时,下同)的925 hPa风向以及迁飞方向分别进行Watson’s双样本同质性检验,两两之间均有极显著差异(P<0.001)。
对任意两两时期的夜间925 hPa逐时风速进行Mann-Whitney U检验或单因素方差分析可知,黑格比登陆前925 hPa逐时风速与登陆时(z=-1.66,P=0.10)及台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时(z=-1.06,P=0.29)均无显著差异;台风发生前与台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以东时925 hPa逐时风速也无显著差异;其他任意两两时期逐时风速均差异显著(图8-a)。台风发生后草地贪夜蛾的逐时迁飞距离显著增加,其中,台风登陆时其逐时迁飞距离最大,达21.45 km,其迁移速度峰值高达22.93 m/s;其次是台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时,逐时迁飞距离为18.99 km;而台风发生前其逐时迁飞距离最小,为13.33 km(图7)。对任意两两时期草地贪夜蛾的逐时迁飞距离进行Mann-Whitney U检验,除台风登陆前其逐时迁飞距离(17.88 km)与台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时的逐时迁飞距离无显著差异外(z=-1.21,P=0.23),其余两两时期间草地贪夜蛾的逐时迁飞距离均有极显著差异(图8-c)。以台风发生的前期、中期、后期划分,任意两两时期间的夜间925 hPa逐时风速及草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞距离均有极显著差异(图8-a、c),且台风发生中期的夜间925 hPa逐时风速及草地贪夜蛾逐时迁飞距离明显高于台风发生前期与后期(图7)。综上表明,台风黑格比的发生发展显著调控着同期草地贪夜蛾在中国的入侵格局。
2020年8月,张丹等(2021)报道了草地贪夜蛾成虫首次入侵中国辽宁省丹东市,表明草地贪夜蛾已对东北农作区粮食生产安全构成了威胁。2020年7月底至8月上旬,即第4号强台风黑格比登陆前后全国有61个站点首次诱捕到草地贪夜蛾成虫,其主要分布在中国中部及东部地区。黑格比发生前各地草地贪夜蛾虫源多为省内迁飞扩散,中部及东部地区925 hPa高度盛行偏东南风,夜间平均风速≥4 m/s,这成为草地贪夜蛾迁飞的关键动力。轨迹分析结果同样表明,该时期草地贪夜蛾的迁飞方向以西北方向为主。在台风发生后至其离境前,草地贪夜蛾远距离跨省迁飞的比例相较台风发生前明显提高,迁飞距离显著增加,这表明台风黑格比的发生对中国境内风场形势的改变及增强会促进草地贪夜蛾的扩散活动。在台风黑格比离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时,其对中国东部地区的影响还在持续,该时期925 hPa高度整体夜间风速最大达11.25 m/s,中东部地区各见虫站点大都受到草地贪夜蛾的跨省迁入为害,且跨省迁飞概率明显增加。随着台风中心持续向东北方向移动,在黑格比进入135° E以东后,整体夜间平均风速降至6.99 m/s,草地贪夜蛾在境内跨省迁飞比例明显下降,但辽宁省丹东市东港市在其后续影响下,首次证实了该害虫的跨境迁入。据报道,草地贪夜蛾已于2019年6月13日首次入侵朝鲜半岛(姜玉英等,2019)。中国长三角地区及江西、广东、台湾等省的草地贪夜蛾能够依赖其强大的飞行能力跨海迁飞至韩国(Wu et al.,2022Zhang et al.,2023),其中,Wu et al.(2022)针对2019年6月韩国济州岛和日本鹿儿岛草地贪夜蛾首次入侵种群进行轨迹分析,发现 5月下旬来自中国浙江省和安徽省的草地贪夜蛾可通过连续1~2个夜晚完成对韩国济州岛的入侵;6月上旬,草地贪夜蛾可由浙江、江西、广东和福建等省起飞并降落于韩国南部和日本西南沿海地区,以上迁飞活动可为黑格比影响下的大规模草地贪夜蛾种群的重新分布提供了虫源基础。
鸟类倾向于在其季节性迁徙路线上自主飞行,昆虫会借助有利的定向风并选择在风速较高的高度层飞行,以实现高速迁飞,产生显著风漂移(Chapman et al.,2008;2011a,b;2016)。而昆虫由于体型微小,其对迁飞速度与方向的控制能力相对较弱(Alerstam et al.,2011),因此主要受高空气流的主导(Westbrook et al.,2016)。台风登陆带来的天气系统时空演变也直接控制着昆虫的起飞、空中运输和降落这三大迁飞过程。本研究结果进一步表明,在台风黑格比登陆前,尤其在8月3日20: 00时其急剧增强,最大风速达42 m/s,在此期间黑格比西侧一直维持强盛的偏南气流,已形成输送草地贪夜蛾的重要动力条件。然而,在台风离境后且其中心位于135° E以西时期,草地贪夜蛾跨省、跨区域迁飞比例达到最高。此外,水平辐合可造成迁飞昆虫在台风后部的聚集与降落(Ma et al.,2018),草地贪夜蛾在黑格比中心移动过程中,在江苏省发生的对流层风气旋式切变引起该虫的聚集降落;黑格比离境后朝鲜半岛西侧出现的气旋式切变,是造成朝鲜半岛的草地贪夜蛾种群向西北方向迁飞而后入侵中国东北地区的关键。综上表明,在台风黑格比整个发生、发展、移动及消亡阶段带来的有利风场条件触发了草地贪夜蛾在中国中部及东北地区的入侵过程。对比以往研究,本研究进一步提出台风发生前、登陆前以及其离境但中心在135° E以西时均可以通过控制中国东部地区天气形势而进一步直接或间接影响昆虫的迁飞过程。因此,在台风生成盛期中国要加强台风发生发展全时期草地贪夜蛾监测预警工作。另外,本研究主要针对台风黑格比个例进行了深入挖掘,尚未针对地形对台风的影响机制开展相关研究,因此今后仍需要通过结合更多台风个例进一步明确复杂地形及台风共同影响下重大农业害虫的空中迁飞过程与规律。
虽然目前热带气旋的预测存在诸多的不确定性,但未来在低纬度西北太平洋上层持续变暖的影响下,平均台风强度会持续增加(Mei et al.,2015);人类活动可能导致未来温室气体强迫(增暖)的潜在强度将逐渐超过气溶胶辐射强迫(冷却),使得热带气旋强度大幅增强(Sobel et al.,2016),而台风增强可能会更大程度上促进包括草地贪夜蛾在内的重大害虫的季节性迁飞活动。还有研究表明,气候变暖背景下,即使高纬度地区的热带气旋平均移动速度会降低,但其发生的相对频率也会增加(Yamaguchi et al.,2020)。同时,每年登陆华南地区的热带气旋数量呈递减趋势,而登陆中国东南地区(包括台湾岛)热带气旋的数量增加(Shan & Yu,2021)。台风登陆时台风中心附近强垂直上升气流造成的降雨是导致迁飞昆虫集聚、降落的主要原因(王翠花和翟保平,2013),故台风登陆位置、强度、持续时间和发生频率将极大程度调控着草地贪夜蛾的迁飞过程与格局。另外,何莉莉等(2023)对草地贪夜蛾在辽宁省的未来入侵趋势模拟分析结果表明,在未来气候变化背景下,草地贪夜蛾的高适生区面积增加且将向东北方向的高纬度地区扩张;张雪艳等(2023)袁煜林等(2023)利用MaxEnt模型分别预测了四川省和云南省草地贪夜蛾未来气候变化下的适生区分布格局,发现草地贪夜蛾均有向高纬度、高海拔地区扩散的趋势,为害风险加大。因此,尽管目前草地贪夜蛾仍只入侵辽宁省且尚未造成明显损失,但未来气候情景下台风形势的变化可能直接或间接造成草地贪夜蛾在中国东北地区甚至是高纬度地区进一步入侵为害。此外,台风在东北地区会对玉米等作物生长产生影响且影响一般可持续至玉米生长季结束,同时台风也可能会使玉米霉变的风险升高(Zhang et al.,2024);气旋活动造成的强降水也可能导致土壤养分损耗,造成氮磷钾含量急剧下降,严重影响玉米的生长发育(Gay-des-Combes et al.,2017),且未来在亚洲人口稠密的中纬度地区可能出现热带气旋移动减缓现象,将导致其在当地的破坏性加剧(Zhang et al.,2020),故台风也可能通过影响作物发育从而抑制草地贪夜蛾入侵后的种群繁衍。为此,明确气候变化背景下草地贪夜蛾的迁飞规律变迁,对制订该害虫的可持续防治对策和措施具有重要意义。
综上所述,台风黑格比发生带来的强偏南风促使草地贪夜蛾在中国东部地区的迁移活动愈加频繁,形成了显著的由南向北的迁飞格局,逐时迁飞距离整体增大,跨省迁飞比例增大,迁飞方向更加集中且由向西北偏西方向偏转至向北。在黑格比登陆中国东部地区时,草地贪夜蛾整体迁飞速度最大,最高可达22.93 m/s,其迁飞方向高度集中。黑格比离境后带来的特定大气条件是触发朝鲜半岛虫源向西北方向迁移并首次入侵中国东北地区的关键动力因素。黑格比台风中心移入135° E以东后,中国境内风速减弱,草地贪夜蛾迁飞速度减弱,跨省迁飞比例减小。2020年台风黑格比的发生显著促进了同期中国东部地区草地贪夜蛾的北迁进程,因此在台风发生期间要加强该害虫的种群监测和早期预警工作,构建区域性综合治理防控体系。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42475203)
  • 国家玉米产业技术体系资助项目(CARS-02)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025122
  • 接收时间:2025-09-02
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-02
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国家自然科学基金项目(42475203)
国家玉米产业技术体系资助项目(CARS-02)
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    1.南京信息工程大学生态与应用气象学院,农业与生态气象江苏省高校重点实验室,南京 210044
    2.福建省气象灾害防御技术中心,福州 350007
    3.全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京 100125
    4.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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