Article(id=1266470581756117223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779879716576, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879716576, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879716576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879716576, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266470523241382909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='301', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879702622, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782266106964, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276479828593349443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276479828593349444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=394, endPage=408, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266470583224123625, articleId=1266470581756117223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=EN, title=Control effect of betaine against rice blast and its molecular mechanism of inducing rice blast resistance, columnId=1266470561661206635, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Protection, columnName=Research reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate the control effect of the rice metabolite betaine on rice blast and its resistance-inducing mechanism, exogenous betaine sprays at different concentrations and time points were applied to assess the resistance of rice cultivars against rice blast. The optimal concentration and timing for exogenous betaine application were screened. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was performed on rice treated with betaine under the optimal application conditions to analyze its resistance induction mechanism. The results showed that exogenous application of betaine effectively reduced the severity of rice blast in the susceptible rice varieties Huangkenuo and Lijiangxintuanheigu. The optimal relative control effect (40.06%) was achieved with a pretreatment of 20 mmol/L betaine applied 24 hours before inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae. Transcriptome analysis of rice leaves pretreated with betaine indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway at 0, 24, and 48 hours. This treatment also induced the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes, including OsCCR17, OsCCR14, OsPAL3, OsCOMT15, OsCAD2, and the peroxidase gene OsPOX1. Additionally, lignin content and the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased. These findings suggest that betaine induces the expression of genes involved in lignin synthesis and antioxidant enzymes, promotes lignin accumulation, and enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, thereby improving systemic resistance in rice against rice blast.

, authors=null, authorsList=Rongping Li, Min Tang, Jinwang Liu, Yunyue Wang, Ping He, Guangyu Han, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1266470588232122621, articleId=1266470581756117223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=CN, title=甜菜碱对稻瘟病的防效及其诱导水稻抗瘟性的分子机制, columnId=1266470561837367405, journalTitle=植物保护学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确水稻代谢物甜菜碱对稻瘟病的防控效果及抗性诱导机制,通过外源喷施不同浓度甜菜碱以及不同时间点喷施甜菜碱鉴定水稻品种对稻瘟病的抗性,筛选甜菜碱外源喷施的最适浓度及最佳时间,并对最佳施用条件下喷施甜菜碱的水稻进行转录组测序,分析其抗性诱导机制。结果表明:外源施加甜菜碱可有效降低感病水稻品种黄壳糯、丽江新团黑谷的稻瘟病发生程度,且在接种稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae前24 h用20 mmol/L甜菜碱进行预处理对稻瘟病的防控效果最好,相对防效达40.06%。转录组分析结果表明,甜菜碱预处理后再接种稻瘟病菌0、24、48 h水稻叶片中的差异表达基因均在苯丙烷类生物合成通路显著富集,并诱导水稻木质素合成相关基因OsCCR17、OsCCR14、OsPAL3、OsCOMT15、OsCAD2及过氧化物酶基因OsPOX1的表达;木质素含量及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性也显著升高。表明甜菜碱可以诱导水稻木质素合成基因及抗氧化酶基因的表达,促进木质素合成,提高抗氧化酶活性,从而提高水稻对稻瘟病的系统抗性。

, authors=null, authorsList=李荣萍, 唐敏, 刘金汪, 王云月, 何平, 韩光煜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 21(2): 86-90 (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515029647962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=86, pageEnd=90, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=56, authorNames=张建新, 徐福利, 吕家珑, 李亚兰, 李东, journalName=干旱地区农业研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张建新, 徐福利, 吕家珑, 李亚兰, 李东. 2003. 外源甜菜碱对作物的抗旱作用效果研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 21(2): 86-90, articleTitle=外源甜菜碱对作物的抗旱作用效果研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515096756827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=11, pageStart=1467, pageEnd=1473, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=57, authorNames=Zhang YF, Cheng ZH, Zhang XR, Liu C, Chen C, journalName=Journal of Triticeae Crops, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang YF, Cheng ZH, Zhang XR, Liu C, Chen C. 2024. 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Journal of Triticeae Crops, 44(11): 1467-1473 (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515230974557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=11, pageStart=1467, pageEnd=1473, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=58, authorNames=张云芳, 程智鸿, 张心茹, 刘聪, 陈楚, journalName=麦类作物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张云芳, 程智鸿, 张心茹, 刘聪, 陈楚. 2024. 外源甜菜碱对铝胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及抗氧化能力的调节效应. 麦类作物学报, 44(11): 1467-1473, articleTitle=外源甜菜碱对铝胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及抗氧化能力的调节效应, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515323249246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=23, issue=18, pageStart=10474, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=59, authorNames=Zhang YY, Dai TY, Liu YH, Wang JY, Wang QH, Zhu WM, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang YY, Dai TY, Liu YH, Wang JY, Wang QH, Zhu WM. 2022. Effect of exogenous glycine betaine on the germination of tomato seeds under cold stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(18): 10474, articleTitle=Effect of exogenous glycine betaine on the germination of tomato seeds under cold stress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515407135327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=5, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=60, authorNames=Zhao F, Luo JY, Ibrahim E, Chen L, Shen Y, Ibrahim M, Alonazi WB, Lu JF, Luo YC, Wu H, journalName=Crop Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao F, Luo JY, Ibrahim E, Chen L, Shen Y, Ibrahim M, Alonazi WB, Lu JF, Luo YC, Wu H. 2025. Engineering stress resistance: advances in glycine betaine production for sustainable agriculture. Crop Health, 3(1): 5, articleTitle=Engineering stress resistance: advances in glycine betaine production for sustainable agriculture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515461661280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=5, pageStart=61, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=61, authorNames=Zhou H, Jin RC, Meng HJ, Xia W, journalName=Anhui Chemical Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou H, Jin RC, Meng HJ, Xia W. 2021. Effects of niacinamide on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Anhui Chemical Industry, 47(5): 61-62, 68 (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515642016353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=5, pageStart=61, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=62, authorNames=周浩, 金如昌, 孟恒君, 夏伟, journalName=安徽化工, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周浩, 金如昌, 孟恒君, 夏伟. 2021. 烟酰胺对小麦萌发及幼苗生长的影响. 安徽化工, 47(5): 61-62, 68, articleTitle=烟酰胺对小麦萌发及幼苗生长的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515730096738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=14, issue=9, pageStart=507, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=63, authorNames=Zhu XQ, Li M, Li RP, Tang WQ, Wang YY, Fei X, He P, Han GY, journalName=Metabolites, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu XQ, Li M, Li RP, Tang WQ, Wang YY, Fei X, He P, Han GY. 2024. Rice varieties intercropping induced soil metabolic and microbial recruiting to enhance the rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) resistance. Metabolites, 14(9): 507, articleTitle=Rice varieties intercropping induced soil metabolic and microbial recruiting to enhance the rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) resistance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515797205603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=100, issue=9, pageStart=3865, pageEnd=3876, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=64, authorNames=Zou HB, Chen NN, Shi MX, Xian M, Song YM, Liu JH, journalName=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zou HB, Chen NN, Shi MX, Xian M, Song YM, Liu JH. 2016. The metabolism and biotechnological application of betaine in microorganism. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(9): 3865-3876, articleTitle=The metabolism and biotechnological application of betaine in microorganism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746515872703076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=12, issue=2, pageStart=276, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=65, authorNames=Zulfiqar F, Ashraf M, Siddique KHM, journalName=Agronomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zulfiqar F, Ashraf M, Siddique KHM. 2022. Role of glycine betaine in the thermotolerance of plants. Agronomy, 12(2): 276, articleTitle=Role of glycine betaine in the thermotolerance of plants, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1266746510076174879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, awardId=XDYC-JYRC-2023-0094, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省兴滇英才教育人才项目(XDYC-JYRC-2023-0094), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1266746510143283744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, awardId=32260711, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(32260711), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1266746510231364129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, awardId=202501AT070156, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省基础研究计划面上 项目(202501AT070156), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266746495563882973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266746495580660190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, companyId=1266746495563882973, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Agricultural Biodiversity and Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266746495589048799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, companyId=1266746495563882973, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南农业大学植物保护学院,农业生物多样性与病虫害控制教育部重点实验室,云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室,昆明 650201)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1266746506079003144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Influence of core differential metabolites in the rice intercropping system on the incidence rate and disease index of rice blast in the susceptible variety Huangkenuo (A, B) and Lijiangxintuanheigu (C, D), figureFileSmall=aXrK60ohBZDfwxENrIx6UA==, figureFileBig=G409xcJ8ULS6S7YufeSsNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746506922058249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水稻间栽体系核心差异代谢物对感病品种黄壳糯(A、B)和丽江新团黑谷(C、D)稻瘟病发病率和病情指数的影响

图中数据为平均数+标准误。不同小写字母表示经Tukey’s法检验差异显著(P<0.05)。Data are mean+SE. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference by Tukey’s test (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=aXrK60ohBZDfwxENrIx6UA==, figureFileBig=G409xcJ8ULS6S7YufeSsNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746507370848779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Disease index in Huangkenuo (A) and Lijiangxintuanheigu (B) after inoculated with Magnaporthe oryzae under pretreatment with different concentrations of betaine, figureFileSmall=I6pWpHl0tFlH+nL/+W95YQ==, figureFileBig=MfsF6YoUADqjAuWoDRDEsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746507731558924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度甜菜碱预处理后接种稻瘟病菌的黄壳糯(A)和丽江新团黑谷(B)的病情指数

图中数据为平均数±标准差。*、**和***表示不同处理与对照间经独立样本t检验法检验差异显著(P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001)。Data are mean±SD. *, ** or *** indicates significant difference between CK and treatment by independent samples t test (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=I6pWpHl0tFlH+nL/+W95YQ==, figureFileBig=MfsF6YoUADqjAuWoDRDEsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746507823833613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Incidence rate and disease index of Huangkenuo (A, B) and Lijiangxintuanheigu (C, D) treated with Magnaporthe oryzae and betaine at different time points, figureFileSmall=dVGflLqbcRfElPOC237Kzg==, figureFileBig=fjx/L7bkDxuIdoghRdBgng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746508096463374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图3, caption=甜菜碱和稻瘟病菌处理不同时间后黄壳糯(A、B)和丽江新团黑谷(C、D)的发病率及病情指数

CK:空白对照;96h、72h、78h、24h、12h和0h:20 mmol/L甜菜碱预处理96、72、48、36、24、12、0 h后接种稻瘟病菌;12hpi、24hpi、36hpi、48hpi、72hpi和96hpi:接种稻瘟病菌后12、24、36、48、72、96 h后喷施20 mmol/L甜菜碱。CK: Blank control; 96h, 72h, 78h, 24h, 12h, and 0h: inoculated with M. oryzae after pretreatment with 20 mmol/L betaine for 96, 72, 48, 36, 24, 12, and 0 hours; 12hpi, 24hpi, 36hpi, 48hpi, 72hpi, and 96hpi: sprayed with 20 mmol/L betaine at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-inoculation with M. oryzae.

图中数据为平均数+标准差。*、**和***表示不同处理与对照间经独立样本t检验法检验差异显著(P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001)。Data are mean+SD. *, ** or *** indicates significant difference between CK and treatment by independent samples t test (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=dVGflLqbcRfElPOC237Kzg==, figureFileBig=fjx/L7bkDxuIdoghRdBgng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746508197126671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Disease incidence (A) and disease index (B) of rice blast in Lijiangxintuanheigu rice cultivars under exogenous betaine treatment, figureFileSmall=Ja8Rmscab0n6qA+SMkAZtA==, figureFileBig=CkODeBwccxR8U6rsJHJRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746508281012752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图4, caption=外源甜菜碱处理后丽江新团黑谷稻瘟病发生情况(A)及病情指数(B)

CK:仅接种稻瘟病菌;Betaine:甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌。CK: Inoculated with M. oryzae; Betaine: pretreated with betaine for 24 h then inoculation with M. oryzae.

图中数据为平均数+标准差。***表示处理与对照间经独立样本t检验法检验差异显著(P<0.001)。Data are mean+SD. *** indicates significant difference between CK and treatment by independent samples t test (P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=Ja8Rmscab0n6qA+SMkAZtA==, figureFileBig=CkODeBwccxR8U6rsJHJRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746508528476689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Principal component analysis (A), Venn diagram (B), and differentially expressed gene counts (C) of rice samples pretreated with exogenous betaine and infected by Magnaporthe oryzae, figureFileSmall=toDTc6J6gj0/w5LR8Nczaw==, figureFileBig=BVP7Um0KeYvPF1gFEgEZGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746508616557074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图5, caption=外源甜菜碱预处理水稻接种稻瘟病菌样本的主成分分析(A)、韦恩图(B)和差异表达基因数量(C)

CK-0h:未做任何处理样本;CK-24h和CK-48h:分别为接种稻瘟病菌24 h和48 h样本;B-0h:甜菜碱预处理24 h未接菌样本;B-24h和B-48h:分别为甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌24 h和48 h样本。CK-0h: Untreated control sample; CK-24h and CK-48h: samples inoculated with M. oryzae for 24 h and 48 h, respectively; B-0h: sample pretreated by betaine for 24 h, non-inoculated; B-24h and B-48h: samples pretreated by betaine for 24 h, then inoculated with M. oryzae for 24 h and 48 h, respectively.

, figureFileSmall=toDTc6J6gj0/w5LR8Nczaw==, figureFileBig=BVP7Um0KeYvPF1gFEgEZGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746508725608979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in rice infected by Magnaporthe oryzae under exogenous betaine treatments at 0 (A), 24 (B) and 48 h (C), figureFileSmall=fwWI6BeG+5vTsZtzMNsBSA==, figureFileBig=rki4EEguDJf1hPTtn5lrqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509056958996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图6, caption=外源甜菜碱预处理水稻接种稻瘟病菌后0(A)、24(B)、48 h(C)时差异表达基因的KEGG通路富集分析, figureFileSmall=fwWI6BeG+5vTsZtzMNsBSA==, figureFileBig=rki4EEguDJf1hPTtn5lrqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509161816597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Cluster heatmap (A) and interaction pairing heatmap (B) of differentially expressed genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in rice under betaine treatment, figureFileSmall=IGdlSjlgSOTGeww8HdJKrA==, figureFileBig=ilCKzY2KoGXxCsojyMwK8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509224731158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图7, caption=甜菜碱处理水稻中苯丙烷类生物合成途径差异表达基因聚类热图(A)及互作配对热图(B)

Z-score>0时表示该基因上调表达,正值越大,上调越显著;Z-score<0时表示该基因下调表达,负值绝对值越大,下调越显著。CK-0h:未做任何处理样本;CK-24h和CK-48h:分别为接种稻瘟病菌24 h和48 h样本;B-0h:甜菜碱预处理24 h未接菌样本;B-24h和B-48h:分别为甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌24 h和48 h样本。Z-score>0 indicates the gene is up-regulated, the larger the positive value, the more significant the up-regulation; Z-score<0 indicates the gene is downregulated, the larger the absolute value of the negative Z-score, the more significant the down-regulation. CK-0h: Untreated control sample; CK-24h and CK-48h: samples inoculated with M. oryzae for 24 h and 48 h, respectively; B-0h: sample pretreated by betaine for 24 h, non-inoculated; B-24h and B-48h: samples pretreated by betaine for 24 h, then inoculated with M. oryzae for 24 h and 48 h, respectively.

, figureFileSmall=IGdlSjlgSOTGeww8HdJKrA==, figureFileBig=ilCKzY2KoGXxCsojyMwK8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509312811543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Relative expression levels of rice blast resistance-related genes at different time points after Magnaporthe oryzae infection under exogenous betaine treatment, figureFileSmall=yO2IfI3dRVz4mAe9kyzUYA==, figureFileBig=Ewhiz5+oJmdV6Lih1IUH4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509413474840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图8, caption=甜菜碱预处理后稻瘟病菌侵染不同时间下水稻抗病相关基因的相对表达量

GUY11:接种稻瘟病菌GUY11;Betaine+GUY11:甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌GUY11。GUY11: Inoculation with M. oryzae strain GUY11; Betaine+GUY11: pretreatment with betaine for 24 h then inoculation with M. oryzae strain GUY11.

图中数据为平均数+标准差。*、**和***表示不同处理组与对照组间经独立样本t检验法检验差异显著(P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001)。Data are mean+SD. *, ** or *** indicates significant difference between CK and treatment by independent samples t test (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=yO2IfI3dRVz4mAe9kyzUYA==, figureFileBig=Ewhiz5+oJmdV6Lih1IUH4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509493166617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Effects of exogenous betaine treatment on POD, SOD activities and lignin content in Huangkenuo (A-C) and Lijiangxintuanheigu (D-F) rice cultivars following Magnaporthe oryzae infection, figureFileSmall=+emWvkoCr0J1LyzaNW2g/w==, figureFileBig=dte3ZNqDUsFip3GOHOEt8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509585441306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=图9, caption=外源甜菜碱处理对稻瘟病菌侵染后黄壳糯(A~C)、丽江新团黑谷(D~F)中PODSOD活性及木质素含量的影响

GUY11:接种稻瘟病菌GUY11;Betaine+GUY11:甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌GUY11。GUY11: Inoculation with M. oryzae strain GUY11; Betaine+GUY11: pretreatment with betaine for 24 h then inoculation with M. oryzae strain GUY11.

图中数据为平均数+标准差。*、**和***表示处理与对照间经独立样本t检验法检验差异显著(P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001)。Data are mean+SD. *, ** or *** indicates significant difference between CK and treatment by independent samples t test (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001).

, figureFileSmall=+emWvkoCr0J1LyzaNW2g/w==, figureFileBig=dte3ZNqDUsFip3GOHOEt8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746509660938779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene name

基因ID

Gene ID

正向引物(5′-3′)

Forward primer (5′-3′)

反向引物 (5′-3′)

Reverse primer (5′-3′)

OsPOX1AGIS_Os01g013990TGCTTACCAAGAGCGCTGAATGATCCAGTCAGAGGCGAGA
OsCCR17AGIS_Os09g013160CCGTCACCGATGATCCTGAGTAGACAGTGCCGATGGAGGA
OsCCR14AGIS_Os08g031520CAGGAAGCAGCCGTACAAGAGCACTTCACCGTCTCGTACA
OsPAL3AGIS_Os02g037010GGTAACTTCCAGGGCACTCCGAACATGAGCTTGCCGATG
OsCOMT15AGIS_Os08g004980CGAGGGCATGAAGAACCACTCGTAGTTGATCCCCCGGATG
OsCAD2AGIS_Os02g008080TGGCAGCATCCGTATGATCCAAGGCACACGGACGTTACAT
OsActin-CTGTCAACTGCCGCAAGAAGGGCGAGTGACGCTCTAGTTC
), ArticleFig(id=1266746509740630556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实时荧光定量PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene name

基因ID

Gene ID

正向引物(5′-3′)

Forward primer (5′-3′)

反向引物 (5′-3′)

Reverse primer (5′-3′)

OsPOX1AGIS_Os01g013990TGCTTACCAAGAGCGCTGAATGATCCAGTCAGAGGCGAGA
OsCCR17AGIS_Os09g013160CCGTCACCGATGATCCTGAGTAGACAGTGCCGATGGAGGA
OsCCR14AGIS_Os08g031520CAGGAAGCAGCCGTACAAGAGCACTTCACCGTCTCGTACA
OsPAL3AGIS_Os02g037010GGTAACTTCCAGGGCACTCCGAACATGAGCTTGCCGATG
OsCOMT15AGIS_Os08g004980CGAGGGCATGAAGAACCACTCGTAGTTGATCCCCCGGATG
OsCAD2AGIS_Os02g008080TGGCAGCATCCGTATGATCCAAGGCACACGGACGTTACAT
OsActin-CTGTCAACTGCCGCAAGAAGGGCGAGTGACGCTCTAGTTC
), ArticleFig(id=1266746509832905245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of azelaic acid and betaine on rice growth and chlorophyll content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

水稻品种

Rice variety

处理

Treatment

株高

Shoot length/cm

根长

Root length/cm

鲜重

Fresh weight/g

叶绿素含量

Chlorophyll content/(mg/g)

黄壳糯

Huangkenuo

对照CK31.72±0.54 b11.79±1.39 a0.27±0.03 b0.47±0.03 b
壬二酸Azelaic acid37.58±0.45 a12.90±1.87 a0.36±0.03 ab0.38±0.01 c
甜菜碱Betaine40.61±1.27 a12.93±0.39 a0.38±0.01 a0.64±0.02 a

丽江新团黑谷

Lijiangxintuanheigu

对照CK37.19±1.04 ab9.14±0.70 a0.31±0.03 b0.52±0.04 b
壬二酸Azelaic acid34.89±3.22 b12.94±1.58 a0.43±0.08 ab0.38±0.03 b
甜菜碱Betaine41.57±2.61 a12.71±1.17 a0.49±0.05 a0.75±0.06 a
), ArticleFig(id=1266746509908402718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470581756117223, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

壬二酸和甜菜碱对水稻生长及叶绿素含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

水稻品种

Rice variety

处理

Treatment

株高

Shoot length/cm

根长

Root length/cm

鲜重

Fresh weight/g

叶绿素含量

Chlorophyll content/(mg/g)

黄壳糯

Huangkenuo

对照CK31.72±0.54 b11.79±1.39 a0.27±0.03 b0.47±0.03 b
壬二酸Azelaic acid37.58±0.45 a12.90±1.87 a0.36±0.03 ab0.38±0.01 c
甜菜碱Betaine40.61±1.27 a12.93±0.39 a0.38±0.01 a0.64±0.02 a

丽江新团黑谷

Lijiangxintuanheigu

对照CK37.19±1.04 ab9.14±0.70 a0.31±0.03 b0.52±0.04 b
壬二酸Azelaic acid34.89±3.22 b12.94±1.58 a0.43±0.08 ab0.38±0.03 b
甜菜碱Betaine41.57±2.61 a12.71±1.17 a0.49±0.05 a0.75±0.06 a
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甜菜碱对稻瘟病的防效及其诱导水稻抗瘟性的分子机制
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李荣萍 , 唐敏 , 刘金汪 , 王云月 , 何平 , 韩光煜
植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 394-408
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植物保护学报 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (2) : 394 -408
甜菜碱对稻瘟病的防效及其诱导水稻抗瘟性的分子机制
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李荣萍, 唐敏, 刘金汪, 王云月, 何平 , 韩光煜
作者信息
  • 云南农业大学植物保护学院,农业生物多样性与病虫害控制教育部重点实验室,云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室,昆明 650201
通讯作者:
Control effect of betaine against rice blast and its molecular mechanism of inducing rice blast resistance
Rongping Li, Min Tang, Jinwang Liu, Yunyue Wang, Ping He , Guangyu Han
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Agricultural Biodiversity and Pest Management, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan Province, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025101
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为明确水稻代谢物甜菜碱对稻瘟病的防控效果及抗性诱导机制,通过外源喷施不同浓度甜菜碱以及不同时间点喷施甜菜碱鉴定水稻品种对稻瘟病的抗性,筛选甜菜碱外源喷施的最适浓度及最佳时间,并对最佳施用条件下喷施甜菜碱的水稻进行转录组测序,分析其抗性诱导机制。结果表明:外源施加甜菜碱可有效降低感病水稻品种黄壳糯、丽江新团黑谷的稻瘟病发生程度,且在接种稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae前24 h用20 mmol/L甜菜碱进行预处理对稻瘟病的防控效果最好,相对防效达40.06%。转录组分析结果表明,甜菜碱预处理后再接种稻瘟病菌0、24、48 h水稻叶片中的差异表达基因均在苯丙烷类生物合成通路显著富集,并诱导水稻木质素合成相关基因OsCCR17、OsCCR14、OsPAL3、OsCOMT15、OsCAD2及过氧化物酶基因OsPOX1的表达;木质素含量及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性也显著升高。表明甜菜碱可以诱导水稻木质素合成基因及抗氧化酶基因的表达,促进木质素合成,提高抗氧化酶活性,从而提高水稻对稻瘟病的系统抗性。

稻瘟病  /  甜菜碱  /  转录组  /  木质素  /  抗氧化酶活性

To elucidate the control effect of the rice metabolite betaine on rice blast and its resistance-inducing mechanism, exogenous betaine sprays at different concentrations and time points were applied to assess the resistance of rice cultivars against rice blast. The optimal concentration and timing for exogenous betaine application were screened. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was performed on rice treated with betaine under the optimal application conditions to analyze its resistance induction mechanism. The results showed that exogenous application of betaine effectively reduced the severity of rice blast in the susceptible rice varieties Huangkenuo and Lijiangxintuanheigu. The optimal relative control effect (40.06%) was achieved with a pretreatment of 20 mmol/L betaine applied 24 hours before inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae. Transcriptome analysis of rice leaves pretreated with betaine indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway at 0, 24, and 48 hours. This treatment also induced the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes, including OsCCR17, OsCCR14, OsPAL3, OsCOMT15, OsCAD2, and the peroxidase gene OsPOX1. Additionally, lignin content and the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased. These findings suggest that betaine induces the expression of genes involved in lignin synthesis and antioxidant enzymes, promotes lignin accumulation, and enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, thereby improving systemic resistance in rice against rice blast.

rice blast  /  betaine  /  transcriptome  /  lignin  /  antioxidant enzyme activity
李荣萍, 唐敏, 刘金汪, 王云月, 何平, 韩光煜. 甜菜碱对稻瘟病的防效及其诱导水稻抗瘟性的分子机制. 植物保护学报, 2026 , 53 (2) : 394 -408 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025101
Rongping Li, Min Tang, Jinwang Liu, Yunyue Wang, Ping He, Guangyu Han. Control effect of betaine against rice blast and its molecular mechanism of inducing rice blast resistance[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2026 , 53 (2) : 394 -408 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025101
水稻Oryza sativa是全球最重要的粮食作物之一,为世界一半以上的人口提供主要食物来源(Kumar & Ashraf,2019)。由稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae侵染引起的稻瘟病是水稻生产中最具破坏性的病害之一,严重威胁着全球粮食安全(Kumar & Ashraf,2019Zhang HF et al.,2022Shahid et al.,2025)。稻瘟病每年造成的水稻产量损失巨大(Ruan et al.,2022)。然而,由于稻瘟病菌的高度变异性,能快速克服水稻品种的抗病性,使传统的抗病育种策略面临极大的挑战(马军韬等,2016Shahid et al.,2025)。同时,长期大量使用化学农药进行稻瘟病防治,不仅增加了水稻生产成本,而且还会增加环境污染风险和病菌抗药性(Hu et al.,2014程家安和祝增荣,2017)。鉴于此,为保证水稻产量和品质,利用诱抗剂激活水稻的防御反应,提高其抗病能力,是一种绿色、安全、有效的稻瘟病防控措施(Lopez-Moya et al.,2021)。
甜菜碱作为一种广泛存在于动植物体内的生物碱,是植物应对环境胁迫的重要渗透调节物质,不仅可以通过渗透调节、抗氧化防御和活性氧清除等多重机制增强植物的抗逆性(Sui et al.,2012Wang et al.,2019),还能通过调节细胞渗透压维持细胞膜完整性及酶与蛋白质功能,从而缓解非生物胁迫对植物造成的损伤(李新梅等,2006Figueroa-Soto & Valenzuela-Soto,2018)。例如,在盐胁迫下,施用外源甜菜碱可显著提高紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa种子萌发及幼苗抗逆性(马婷燕和李彦忠,2019);在干旱胁迫下,施用外源甜菜碱可提高小麦Triticum aestivum的光合强度和生物量产量(张建新等,2003);在低温胁迫下,施用外源甜菜碱可缓解辣椒Capsicum annuum幼苗的光抑制及氧化损伤(Li et al.,2023);在重金属铝胁迫下,甜菜碱可通过调节活性氧代谢、抑制膜脂过氧化来缓解小麦幼苗受到的生长抑制及生理损伤(张云芳等,2024)。
除了非生物胁迫,甜菜碱还能提高植物的抗病性。例如,外源喷施2 mmol/L甜菜碱预处理2 d可提高苹果Malus domestica叶片细胞抵抗炭疽叶枯病的能力,增加氧化酶系统活性,调节内源激素含量,提高病程途径相关基因的表达水平,最终提高苹果幼苗对病害的抗性(刘禹彤等,2022)。本团队前期研究表明水稻多样性混合间栽后根系分泌物甜菜碱显著富集,且与水稻对稻瘟病的抗性显著相关。然而,目前关于甜菜碱对水稻抗稻瘟病的影响及机理研究还未见报道。本研究拟通过抗瘟性鉴定筛选出对稻瘟病有较好防控效果的水稻代谢物,确定其外源喷施的最适浓度以及最佳时间,并在最佳处理条件下对水稻叶片进行喷施,通过转录组测序、实时荧光定量PCR验证和酶活性测定来解析甜菜碱诱导水稻响应稻瘟病菌侵染过程中相关抗病通路的变化,探究甜菜碱处理提高水稻抗瘟性的分子机制,以期为稻瘟病的防治及抗病机制的研究提供参考。
供试水稻及病原菌:水稻品种为云南省地方感病品种黄壳糯、广谱感病品种丽江新团黑谷,种子由云南农业大学生物多样性保护与利用团队保存并提供。参照Zhu et al.(2024)方法,用75%酒精、2%次氯酸钠溶液对种子进行消毒,28 ℃、光照12 h/黑暗12 h条件下催芽2~3 d,将露白的种子移栽到装有土壤与基质(按体积比1∶1混匀)的10 cm×10 cm方形盆中,每盆30株,待植株生长到3叶1心期时供试。稻瘟病菌为强致病性菌株GUY11,由云南农业大学生物多样性保护与利用团队保存并提供。
供试代谢物:99%甜菜碱,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;99%己二酸、99%壬二酸、99%戊二酸、99%辛二酸、葡萄糖酸分析纯、98% 4-羟基苯乙酮、99%乙酸苯酯、98% D-泛酰醇、烟酰胺分析纯,上海易恩化学技术有限公司。
供试培养基:马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar,PDA)培养基成分为马铃薯200 g、葡萄糖20 g、琼脂15 g、蒸馏水1 L;马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤(potato dextrose broth,PDB)培养基成分为马铃薯200 g、葡萄糖20 g、蒸馏水1 L;燕麦培养基成分为燕麦30 g、琼脂15 g、蒸馏水1 L。
试剂和仪器:MJZol Total RNA Extraction Kit,上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司;StrandedmRNAPrep Ligation,美国Illumina公司;Evo M-MLVRT Mix Kit with gDNA Clean for qPCR、SYBR® Green Premix Pro Taq HS qPCR Kit(Rox Plus),湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司;超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和木质素酶联免疫测定试剂盒,苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司;其余试剂均为国产分析纯。NovaSeq X Plus,美国Illumina公司;QuantStudioTM 7 Flex实时荧光定量PCR仪,美国ABI公司;Varioskan LUX型多功能酶标仪、Nanodrop 2000微量分光光度计,美国ThermoFisher公司;DYY-6C电泳仪,北京市六一仪器厂;Agilent 5300生物分析仪,美国Agilent公司;SPAD-502叶绿素仪,日本Konica Minolta公司。
在无菌条件下将于-20 ℃保存的稻瘟病菌菌株GUY11接种到PDA培养基上,于28 ℃恒温培养7 d,用打孔器在菌落边缘打取直径为8 mm的菌饼,取5个菌饼置于PDB培养基中,在28 ℃、180 r/min条件下摇培3 d,吸取0.5 mL菌液涂布于燕麦培养基上,于28 ℃、光照12 h/黑暗12 h条件下培养5 d,打断菌丝后继续培养5 d。刮取菌丝体,加入无菌水洗刷分生孢子,并用2层无菌纱布过滤,配制成浓度为2×105个/mL稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液备用。
基于本课题组前期从水稻间栽控病体系中筛选到的与稻瘟病抗性显著相关的10种代谢物,通过查阅相关文献(刘陈晨等,2019周浩等,2021卢子琦等,2025)确定其适宜浓度,其中己二酸、壬二酸、戊二酸和辛二酸的浓度均为2 mmol/L,葡萄糖酸和甜菜碱的浓度分别为25 mmol/L和20 mmol/L,4-羟基苯乙酮的浓度为0.1 mg/g,乙酸苯酯的浓度为10 µmol/L,D-泛酰醇的浓度为200 mg/kg,烟酰胺的浓度为25 mg/mL,分别取这10种代谢物喷施于3叶1心期的感病品种黄壳糯和丽江新团黑谷植株上,每盆喷施10 mL,以喷施等量无菌水为对照,每个处理3个重复,每个重复1盆。喷施后于相对湿度80%、12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下培养24 h后再接种稻瘟病菌。将上述制备好的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液分别喷雾接种于各代谢物预处理过的水稻苗上,每盆喷施5 mL。接种后将水稻植株在相对湿度98%以上、黑暗条件下保湿24 h,然后湿度不变,在12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下继续培养7 d,采用Duan et al.(2021)方法进行稻瘟病的调查和数据处理,计算发病率、病情指数和相对防效,分析10种代谢物对水稻抗瘟性的影响。发病率=病株数/调查总株数×100%;病情指数= 各级病株×各级代表值)调查总株×最高级代表值×100,相对防效=(对照病情指数-处理病情指数)/对照病情指数×100%。
基于上述试验筛选出能有效防控稻瘟病的代谢物,测定其对水稻植株生长的影响。取3叶1心期的感病品种黄壳糯和丽江新团黑谷,分别外源施加2 mmol/L壬二酸和20 mmol/L甜菜碱,每盆喷施10 mL,以喷施等量无菌水为对照。每个处理3次重复,每个重复为1盆。在光照强度120 μmol·m-2·s-1、昼夜温度28 ℃/25 ℃、10 h光照/14 h黑暗、相对湿度60%~70%条件下培养,5 d后测量水稻株高和根长,称量其整株鲜重,使用叶绿素仪测定苗期水稻上、中、下3片叶片的上、中、下3个部位叶绿素含量,每盆选长势相近的5株水稻取其平均值,设3个技术重复。
为明确外源施用甜菜碱的最适浓度,用10、20、50 mmol/L浓度的甜菜碱处理3叶1心期的黄壳糯和丽江新团黑谷幼苗,每盆喷施10 mL,以喷施等量清水为对照,每个浓度处理3个重复,每个重复1盆,并于处理后24 h接种浓度为2×105个/mL的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液,每盆喷雾接种5 mL。在相对湿度98%以上、黑暗条件下保湿24 h,然后在湿度不变、12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下继续培养7 d后进行病害调查,调查方法参照Duan et al.(2021),并计算发病率、病情指数和相对防效,根据稻瘟病发生情况筛选出防控效果较好的甜菜碱喷施浓度。
取3叶1心期的黄壳糯和丽江新团黑谷幼苗,分别喷施1.2.2筛选出的最适浓度甜菜碱,每盆喷施10 mL,以喷施等量清水为对照,每个浓度处理3个重复,每个重复1盆。在喷施甜菜碱后0、12、24、36、48、72、96 h时分别接种浓度为2×105个/mL的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液,每盆接种5 mL。另外取3叶1心期的黄壳糯和丽江新团黑谷幼苗,先分别接种浓度为2×105个/mL的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液,每盆喷施5 mL,以接种等量清水为对照;接种后12、24、36、48、72、96 h时分别喷施最适浓度的甜菜碱,每盆喷施10 mL,每个时间点设3个重复,每个重复1盆。将上述所有处理后的水稻幼苗在相对湿度98%以上、黑暗条件下保湿24 h,然后保持湿度不变,在光照12 h/黑暗12 h条件下培养7 d后进行病害调查,调查方法参照Duan et al.(2021),并计算发病率、病情指数和相对防效,根据稻瘟病发生情况筛选出甜菜碱最适喷施时间。
取3叶1心期的感病品种丽江新团黑谷,基于1.2.2~1.2.3结果,用筛选出的最适浓度甜菜碱在最适喷施时间预处理水稻植株,以喷施清水作为对照,24 h后接种稻瘟病菌,用量和方法同1.2.2。于接种前(0 h)、接种后24 h和48 h时分别取样,每个处理5次重复,样品经液氮处理后在-80 ℃保存。在接种稻瘟病菌7 d后调查发病情况,计算病情指数。使用MJZol Total RNA Extraction Kit提取上述样品的总RNA,利用微量分光光度计对提取的RNA浓度和纯度进行检测,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA完整性,用生物分析仪测定RNA质量数(RNA quality number,RQN)。单次建库要求RNA总量1 μg,RNA浓度≥30 ng/μL,RQN>6.5,OD260 nm/OD280 nm介于1.8~2.2之间。委托上海美吉生物科技有限公司对样品进行质控、建库及测序。
将测序得到的原始数据过滤后得到满足分析标准的质控数据,使用HISAT2软件(Kim et al.,2015)将质控数据与水稻参考基因组(http://www.ricesuperpir.com/web/download)进行比对,获得用于后续分析的匹配数据。使用RSEM软件分析匹配数据以及基因组注释文件,获得每个样本基因的read count,采用外显子每千碱基片段百万比(fragments per kilobase of exon model per million mapped fragments,FPKM)对基因的表达水平进行定量,采用主成分分析对样本的整体关系进行分析。使用DESeq2软件对基因表达量进行差异分析,以差异倍数(fold change,FC)和校正后P值进行筛选,符合|log2FC|>1且校正后P值<0.05条件的作为显著性差异表达基因,对差异表达基因进行韦恩分析,通过韦恩图来展示和比较不同时间点采集样本之间的集合关系。使用R软件中Phyper函数对差异表达基因进行GO功能注释和KEGG代谢通路富集分析,采用超几何分布检验方法检验差异基因富集的显著性,以校正后P值小于0.05为显著富集。
从1.2.4不同时间点采集的样品中提取总RNA,方法同1.2.4,取质量合格的RNA用Evo M-MLVRT Mix Kit with gDNA Clean for qPCR进行反转录合成cDNA,以此作为模板供试。通过对转录组数据进行分析,选择苯丙烷生物合成通路上与抗病性显著相关的6个基因,委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成引物设计和合成(表1)。使用SYBR® Green Premix Pro Taq HS qPCR Kit(Rox Plus)进行实时荧光定量PCR检测,以OsActin为内参基因检测目的基因的表达水平。20 μL PCR反应体系:2×SYBR® Green Pro Taq HS Premix(Rox Plus)10 μL、上下游引物各0.4 μL、cDNA模板2 μL,用RNase-free水补足至20 μL。扩增程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火延伸30 s,40个循环;反应结束后立即进行熔解曲线分析以验证扩增特异性。每个样本3个生物学重复,每个处理3个技术重复。使用2-∆∆Ct 方法进行目的基因的定量评估。
取1.2.4不同时间点采集的叶片样品,每个处理5个重复。取0.1 g不同处理的水稻叶片于灭菌研钵中加入液氮进行研磨,加入提取液进行冰浴匀浆,于4 ℃、12 000 r/min条件下离心10 min,取上清液,按照POD酶联免疫测定试剂盒、SOD酶联免疫测定试剂盒操作说明测定POD和SOD的活性。将不同处理的水稻叶片烘干至恒重,无菌研钵研磨后过0.425 mm孔径筛,取10 mg过筛后的粉末组织,按照木质素酶联免疫测定试剂盒说明书测定木质素含量。
利用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据统计分析,用独立样本t检验法对外源甜菜碱处理后最适浓度、处理时间及验证时发病率、病情指数、酶活性、基因表达量进行差异显著性检验,利用Tukey’s法对代谢物筛选时的发病率、病情指数、生长指标进行差异显著性检验。使用GraphPad Prism 9软件作图。
感病品种黄壳糯在接种稻瘟病菌前24 h用壬二酸和甜菜碱预处理后,其发病率和病情指数均较对照显著降低(图1-A、B),相对防效分别达58.33%和58.33%;丽江新团黑谷在接种稻瘟病菌前24 h用壬二酸、葡萄糖酸和甜菜碱预处理后,其发病率和病情指数均较对照显著降低(图1-C、D),相对防效分别达72.22%、55.56%以及61.11%;其余代谢物的防控效果相对较差。综合来看,壬二酸和甜菜碱对稻瘟病均有较好的防控效果。
进一步分析壬二酸和甜菜碱对水稻植株生长的影响,发现甜菜碱处理后2个水稻品种的株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量均较对照显著升高,而壬二酸处理后仅对黄壳糯的株高有显著促进作用,且叶绿素含量低于对照(表2)。鉴于甜菜碱已有较多关于诱导系统性抗性的研究基础,结合其良好的生长促进作用,本研究选用甜菜碱进行后续试验。
在接种稻瘟病菌前24 h用不同浓度甜菜碱处理后,黄壳糯稻瘟病病情指数均较对照显著下降(图2-A),其中浓度为20 mmol/L时防控效果最好,相对防效达54.62%;10 mmol/L和50 mmol/L浓度处理的相对防效分别为42.82%和33.74%。同样地,3个浓度甜菜碱处理下丽江新团黑谷稻瘟病病情指数均较对照明显下降(图2-B),其中20 mmol/L浓度处理的相对防效达46.55%,10 mmol/L和50 mmol/L浓度处理的相对防效分别为33.97%和39.47%。表明施用浓度为20 mmol/L的甜菜碱对稻瘟病的防控效果最好。
利用20 mmol/L甜菜碱预处理0、12、24、36、48、72、96 h后接种稻瘟病菌及接种稻瘟病菌后0、12、24、36、48、72、96 h后喷施20 mmol/L甜菜碱两种方式处理黄壳糯和丽江新团黑谷,结果显示各处理均能降低黄壳糯、丽江新团黑谷的稻瘟病发病率和病情指数,其中黄壳糯在甜菜碱预处理24 h后再接种稻瘟病菌的病情指数最低,为19.1,较对照显著降低了57.36%;而丽江新团黑谷在甜菜碱预处理36 h后再接种稻瘟病菌的病情指数最低,为26.67,较对照显著降低了57.45%,在甜菜碱预处理24 h后再接种稻瘟病菌的病情指数次之,为30.67,较对照显著降低了51.06%(图3)。鉴于丽江新团黑谷在甜菜碱预处理24 h和36 h后再接种稻瘟病菌的病情指数差异不大,且前者的发病率远低于后者,最终选择甜菜碱预处理24 h再接菌作为最佳施用时间。
与对照相比,在最佳施用条件下对丽江新团黑谷外源喷施甜菜碱后稻瘟病的病斑数量显著减少,病斑面积变小,病情指数由89.44显著降低至53.61,相对防效达40.06%(图4)。该结果验证了用浓度为20 mmol/L的甜菜碱在接种病原菌前24 h进行预处理可以显著提高水稻对稻瘟病的抗性。
主成分分析发现,对照及甜菜碱预处理水稻未接菌(0 h)和接种稻瘟病菌后24、48 h采集的6个样本均显著分离(图5-A),表明样本间差异较大。韦恩图显示对照及甜菜碱预处理水稻未接菌(0 h)和接菌后24、48 h采集的样本中共有基因数为18 359个,对照水稻未接菌(0 h)和接菌后24、48 h采集的样本中独有基因数分别为141、133和123个,甜菜碱预处理水稻未接菌(0 h)和接菌后24、48 h采集的样本中独有基因数分别为146、96和403个(图5-B)。与相同时间点采集的对照样本相比,甜菜碱预处理组未接菌(0 h)时有1 823个基因上调,225个基因下调;在接菌后24 h时有62个基因上调,289个基因下调;48 h时有2 455个基因上调,513个基因下调(图5-C),表明甜菜碱预处理水稻受到稻瘟病菌侵染后48 h基因变化显著,而侵染后24 h基因变化相对较小。
GO功能富集分析结果显示,分别与相同时间点采集的对照样本相比较,甜菜碱预处理水稻未接菌(0 h)和接种稻瘟病菌后24、48 h采集样本中的差异表达基因,在分子功能类别中主要富集于蛋白质结合(基因数量分别为105、14、172个)、氧化还原酶活性(基因数量分别为140、43、267个)及小分子结合(基因数量分别为249、36、472个)等功能;在细胞组分类别中主要富集于细胞质(基因数量分别为100、20、195个)、细胞器(基因数量分别为279、71、515个)及膜结构(基因数量分别为597、113、1 018个)等功能;在生物过程类别中主要富集于生物合成过程(基因数量分别为138、50、239个)、初级代谢过程(基因数量分别为346、79、666个)、细胞代谢过程(基因数量分别为358、88、688个)及有机物质代谢过程(基因数量分别为411、99、790个)等功能,表明甜菜碱处理广泛影响水稻代谢调控与细胞结构功能,且在稻瘟病菌侵染后48 h响应最显著。
KEGG通路富集分析结果显示,分别与相同时间点采集的对照样本相比较,甜菜碱预处理水稻未接菌(0 h)和接种稻瘟病菌后24、48 h采集样本中的差异表达基因都显著富集到苯丙烷类生物合成通路和多种植物次生代谢物生物合成通路(图6)。进一步通过对苯丙烷类生物合成途径差异表达基因进行聚类分析,发现OsPOX1OsCCR17OsCCR14OsALDH2B2OsPAL3OsCOMT15OsCAD2基因在甜菜碱预处理水稻未接菌(0 h)样本和甜菜碱预处理水稻接种稻瘟病菌后48 h样本中显著上调,在甜菜碱预处理水稻接种稻瘟病菌后24 h样本中显著下调(图7-A)。以上结果表明甜菜碱显著诱导苯丙烷类生物合成途径及相关基因表达。
进一步构建甜菜碱预水稻接种稻瘟病菌后48 h样本和仅接种稻瘟病菌后48 h对照样本的苯丙烷类生物合成途径差异表达基因的互作配对热图,结果显示,多数基因对在两个处理中表现出高度一致的表达趋势,基因AGIS_Os08g031520OsCCR14)、AGIS_Os02g037010OsPAL3)、AGIS_Os02g008080OsCAD2)、AGIS_Os08g004980OsCOMT15)、AGIS_ Os09g013160OsCCR17)在两个处理间的表达模式出现分化(图7-B),表明甜菜碱可能通过调控这些关键基因对的表达平衡,进而影响苯丙烷类代谢通路的流向与产物合成。
与相同时间点对照相比较,6个基因均在甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌0 h和48 h上调表达,而在接种稻瘟病菌24 h时则下调表达;其中OsPOX1OsCCR14OsCOMT15OsPAL3OsCAD2基因在接种稻瘟病菌0 h时显著上调表达;除OsPAL3基因外,其余5个基因均在接种稻瘟病菌24 h时显著下调表达;OsCCR14OsCOMT15OsCAD2基因在接种稻瘟病菌48 h时显著上调表达(图8)。这表明甜菜碱诱导的基因表达可能呈现动态调控特征。
与仅接种稻瘟病菌的黄壳糯相比,用甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌的黄壳糯POD活性在侵染24 h和48 h时显著升高;SOD活性在稻瘟病菌未侵染时(0 h)显著降低,在稻瘟病菌侵染24 h时显著升高,在侵染48 h时有一定升高但差异不显著;木质素含量在稻瘟病菌侵染0 h时显著增加,在侵染24 h和48 h时也有所增加但差异不显著(图9-A~C)。与仅接种稻瘟病菌的丽江新团黑谷相比,用甜菜碱预处理24 h后接种稻瘟病菌的丽江新团黑谷POD活性有升高但不显著;SOD活性在稻瘟病菌未侵染时(0 h)和侵染24 h时有所升高,在侵染48 h时显著升高;木质素含量在稻瘟病菌侵染24 h时显著增加,在未侵染(0 h)和侵染48 h时有所增加但差异不显著(图9-D~F)。综上所述,甜菜碱预处理可在稻瘟病菌入侵细胞组织前及入侵时提高氧化酶系统活性从而快速清除活性氧等物质,增加木质素在细胞壁中沉积,形成一道坚固的物理屏障,阻止稻瘟病菌入侵,提高水稻的系统抗病性。
本研究从水稻间栽体系中筛选出对稻瘟病防控效果较好的根系代谢物甜菜碱,发现其可以显著降低稻瘟病病斑面积及病情指数,且在病原菌侵染前24 h用浓度为20 mmol/L的甜菜碱预处理对稻瘟病的防控效果最好。推测甜菜碱可能激活水稻自身的防御系统,增强其对稻瘟病菌的抵抗(Chaibub et al.,2016)。甜菜碱作为植物体内重要的渗透调节物质和信号分子,在多种胁迫响应过程中具有重要作用。已有研究表明,甜菜碱能够通过调节植物氧化还原系统来提高SOD和POD的活性,从而清除胁迫诱导产生的活性氧,减轻氧化损伤(Ahmed et al.,2021Zhang YY et al.,2022)。本研究同样发现甜菜碱能显著提高水稻叶片中SOD和POD的活性,与前人研究结果一致。此外,甜菜碱还能通过调节植物细胞的渗透平衡(康书瑜,2023)、稳定生物大分子的结构与功能等方式提高植物抗性(Chen & Murata,2008Ke et al.,2016Zou et al.,2016)。在此基础上,本研究还发现甜菜碱能显著诱导苯丙烷代谢途径相关基因表达,并促进木质素的积累,从而强化植物的结构性防御。
苯丙烷类化合物的生物合成途径在植物抗病性中起着至关重要的作用,该途径不仅能够产生多种防御相关代谢物,还参与植物的生长和发育过程(Yadav et al.,2020Kumar et al.,2023Ortiz & Sansinenea,2023)。本研究发现外源甜菜碱处理后差异表达基因显著富集到苯丙烷类生物合成途径,其中OsPOX1、OsCCR17、OsCCR14、OsPAL3、OsCOMT15OsCAD2等基因的表达量在甜菜碱预处理后接种稻瘟病菌0 h和48 h时显著或明显上调。OsPOX1编码III类过氧化物酶(Kim et al.,2012),可能参与多种生物学过程,例如细胞壁的木质化、交联和降解,以及活性氧清除(Guo et al.,2022)。肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)是木质素生物合成中单木质醇途径的第一个关键酶,催化羟基肉桂酰辅酶A转化为羟基肉桂醛(Park et al.,2017),OsCCR17OsCCR14为CCR基因家族基因。水稻中的咖啡酸O-甲基转移酶(catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT)基因家族在木质素合成中起着核心作用,其中COMT8COMT9COMT15在木质素合成中发挥着关键作用(Liang et al.,2022)。水稻OsCAD2基因在水稻生长发育和抗逆性中扮演着重要角色,主要参与木质素的生物合成(Hirano et al.,2012)。COMT和肉桂醇脱氢酶(cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD)是木质素生物合成途径中的关键酶,参与单木质醇的合成过程,而III类过氧化物酶则参与木质素的聚合及细胞壁加固(付佳等,2022Guo et al.,2022孙涛,2024)。因此,甜菜碱可能通过激活苯丙烷代谢途径来促进木质素合成积累,从而增强细胞壁结构屏障,提高水稻对稻瘟病的抗性。
值得注意的是,黄壳糯和丽江新团黑谷在相关防御响应的显著性和时序上并不完全一致。这可能与不同基因型水稻在抗氧化系统和苯丙烷代谢途径上的敏感性存在差异有关,因而在受到病原菌侵染或诱导物作用时,其响应峰值和持续时间也会有所不同(Bolton,2009)。此外,抗氧化酶活性和木质素沉积在防御反应中的时序特征并不相同,前者通常在胁迫早期迅速响应以清除活性氧,而木质素沉积则需要经过较长的生物合成和沉积过程,因而在相同采样时间点可能呈现出不一致的显著性变化(Miedes et al.,2014)。不同品种的基础酶活性水平差异也可能影响统计显著性。因此,后续仍需通过更高时间分辨率的动态研究进一步解析不同防御酶之间的协同关系。
已有研究表明,稻瘟病菌效应蛋白能够干扰宿主的结构防御体系。例如,MoBys1通过降解 OsCAD2来抑制木质素积累,从而削弱宿主免疫反应(Liu et al.,2025)。此外,苯丙烷代谢通路中的 PALCCRCOMT等关键基因也可能受到病原菌效应蛋白的间接抑制,从而削弱宿主的结构防御和抗氧化能力(Yadav et al.,2022)。而 OsALDH2B2 作为参与醛类代谢和胁迫应答的基因,其下调也可能与病原菌通过效应蛋白干扰细胞氧化还原稳态相关(Liu et al.,2023)。本研究中部分基因的表达量在甜菜碱预处理后接种稻瘟病菌24 h时显著降低,可能与稻瘟病菌分泌效应蛋白介导的防御抑制效应有关。同时,植物在病原侵染过程中,需要保障防御反应与能量代谢和资源分配的动态平衡(Bolton,2009Grover et al.,2022)。因此,抗病性相关基因表达的阶段性变化也可能反映了植物防御策略的动态平衡。
总体来看,甜菜碱在诱导作物系统抗性和抗氧化防御方面效果显著,能够调控苯丙烷代谢、木质素沉积及活性氧清除,从而增强植物对病原菌的防御能力,并形成较强的物理和化学屏障(Basit et al.,2025Chen et al.,2025)。与部分诱导抗性剂如β-氨基丁酸相比,甜菜碱生理安全性更高,对植物生长和产量影响小,不易产生毒性或生长抑制(Jarin et al.,2024)。此外,甜菜碱作为渗透调节物质,还可提高植物对非生物胁迫如盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的耐受性(Kumar,2021Chen et al.,2022)。然而,甜菜碱的诱导抗性通常依赖于早期处理和连续积累,且不同作物或品种对甜菜碱的响应也存在差异,其分子靶点和信号通路尚需进一步研究(Zulfiqar et al.,2022Zhao et al.,2025)。
  • 云南省兴滇英才教育人才项目(XDYC-JYRC-2023-0094)
  • 国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(32260711)
  • 云南省基础研究计划面上 项目(202501AT070156)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025101
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
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云南省兴滇英才教育人才项目(XDYC-JYRC-2023-0094)
国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(32260711)
云南省基础研究计划面上 项目(202501AT070156)
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    云南农业大学植物保护学院,农业生物多样性与病虫害控制教育部重点实验室,云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室,昆明 650201

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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