Article(id=1266470567646482600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779879713212, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879713212, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879713212, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879713212, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266470523241382909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='301', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879702622, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782266106964, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276479828593349443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276479828593349444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=346, endPage=355, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266470567986221226, articleId=1266470567646482600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=EN, title=Identification, structural feature, and expression of the GST gene family in the physiological race CYR34 of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, columnId=1266470561661206635, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Protection, columnName=Research reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the detoxification metabolism and environmental adaptation mechanisms of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) physiological race CYR34, members of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family were identified based on the their nucleotide sequence and GFF3 annotation files of CYR34. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted on the physicochemical properties of the encoded proteins, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, and cis-acting elements in the promoter regions. In addition, the temporal expression patterns of GST family genes during urediniospore germination and host infection were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that six GST genes (GST1-GST6) were identified in CYR34. The encoded proteins ranged from 187 to 207 amino acids in length, all containing conserved GST domains and being distributed on three chromosomes. A total of 26 types of cis-acting elements were detected in the promoter regions. During urediniospore germination, GST1, GST3, GST4, GST5, and GST6 all reached relatively high expression levels at 24 hours post inoculation (hpi), among which GST5 showed the greatest up-regulation, reaching 9.04-fold that of the control group. During wheat infection by CYR34, GST4 and GST6 generally exhibited an upward expression trend, with GST4 reaching its highest expression level at 48 hpi, 3.14-fold that of the control group. These results indicate that the GST genes in CYR34 may participate in the regulation of environmental adaptation and detoxification metabolism during urediniospore germination and infection.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shuang Zhou, Hong Han, Chunsheng Wang, Shiwen Chen, Chengde Yang, Fei Tao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1266470570800599220, articleId=1266470567646482600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=CN, title=小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34GST基因家族的鉴定、结构特征及表达, columnId=1266470561837367405, journalTitle=植物保护学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为阐明小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici生理小种CYR34的解毒代谢与环境适应机制,基于其基因序列文件及GFF3注释文件鉴定谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)家族基因成员,对其进行蛋白理化性质、染色体定位、系统发育及启动子顺式作用元件等生物信息学分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术分析GST基因家族在夏孢子萌发及侵染寄主过程中的时序表达模式。结果显示:在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中共鉴定到6个GST基因(GST1~GST6),其编码蛋白长度介于187~207 aa之间,均含有GST家族相关保守结构域,并分布在3条染色体上。启动子区共检测到26类顺式作用元件。在夏孢子萌发过程中,GST1GST3GST4GST5GST6基因均在24 h达到较高水平,其中GST5基因上调幅度最大,为对照的9.04倍。在CYR34侵染小麦过程中,GST4GST6基因的表达量整体呈上调趋势,其中GST4基因在侵染48 h时表达量最高,为对照的3.14倍。表明小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST基因可能参与夏孢子萌发及侵染过程中的环境适应与解毒代谢调控。

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Fighting wheat rusts in China: a look back and into the future. 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灰色连线表示染色体之间的共线性关系。内侧两圈表示染色体上的基因密度分布,其中彩色圈层表示基因密度热图,黄色带红线的圈层表示基因密度的线性变化趋势。最外圈表示GST基因家族所在的染色体编号及目标基因在染色体上的位置。The gray links in the inner circle indicate syntenic relationships between chromosomes. The two inner tracks represent the distribution of gene density on chromosomes, the colored track represents the gene density heatmap, the yellow track with a red line represents the line plot of gene density. The outermost track shows chromosome identifications and the chromosomal locations of GST family genes.

, figureFileSmall=0Njdq+DQIhF/gakC0e0Ucg==, figureFileBig=jrHRcQJtdAwg6vn723NZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746645602517844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree of GST proteins from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici race CYR34 and other representativefungal species based on maximum likelihood, figureFileSmall=Hi/9Rs1It/aQdCNgp/VOrg==, figureFileBig=0JgZ1MoZpmppKBNAwG5mrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746646017753941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于最大似然法构建小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34GST蛋白与其他模式物种的GST蛋白的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=Hi/9Rs1It/aQdCNgp/VOrg==, figureFileBig=0JgZ1MoZpmppKBNAwG5mrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746646466544470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Relative expression levels of GST1-GST6 (A-F) during urediniospore germination of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici race CYR34, figureFileSmall=L8tLxPIFAH9dvMZxetbVHA==, figureFileBig=Hewtyn3BvQzDRGxQv0DhfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746646915334999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34夏孢子萌发过程中 GST1~GST6 (A~F)基因的相对表达量

图中数据为平均数±标准误。不同小写字母表示经Duncan氏新复极差法检验差异显著(P<0.05)。Data are mean±SE. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=L8tLxPIFAH9dvMZxetbVHA==, figureFileBig=Hewtyn3BvQzDRGxQv0DhfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746647317988184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relative expression levels of GST1-GST6 (A-F) in wheat during infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici race CYR34, figureFileSmall=KOZmOwhsuWTu6F6zi92hcA==, figureFileBig=Z/FHuhesoOh20/SWtxQXnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746647745807193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染过程中小麦内 GST1~GST6 (A~F)基因的相对表达量

图中数据为平均数±标准误。不同小写字母表示经Duncan氏新复极差法检验差异显著(P<0.05)。Data are mean±SE. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=KOZmOwhsuWTu6F6zi92hcA==, figureFileBig=Z/FHuhesoOh20/SWtxQXnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746648140071770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物Primer序列(5'-3') Sequence (5'-3'
ACT_FCCGCCTTGGTTCTTGACAATGGTT
ACT_RATTCCGACCATCACACCCTGATGA
EF_FTCGTGTCGAAACCGGTACCATCAA
EF_RAAACCAACGTTGTCACCTGGCAT
GST1_FCAAACTTCACCAGGCTAT
GST1_RTCAAAGAGGGAACATACAG
GST2_FGCCATCCTACAAACTCACC
GST2_RCTGCGTACAAGTCATCAACA
GST3_FTTCGGGAAGGTCAAGGAT
GST3_RTGCGACGCTCAACTCATT
GST4_FGGGGAAGGAGCAGTTGAA
GST4_RGACGATGTCGGTGGGAAT
GST5_FATGCCATCCTACAAACTCA
GST5_RTGTCCAAACGGAAGACTATC
GST6_FGCATCCCAATCACAAGCC
GST6_RAACCCAGAAATCCAGTCG
), ArticleFig(id=1266746648517559131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物Primer序列(5'-3') Sequence (5'-3'
ACT_FCCGCCTTGGTTCTTGACAATGGTT
ACT_RATTCCGACCATCACACCCTGATGA
EF_FTCGTGTCGAAACCGGTACCATCAA
EF_RAAACCAACGTTGTCACCTGGCAT
GST1_FCAAACTTCACCAGGCTAT
GST1_RTCAAAGAGGGAACATACAG
GST2_FGCCATCCTACAAACTCACC
GST2_RCTGCGTACAAGTCATCAACA
GST3_FTTCGGGAAGGTCAAGGAT
GST3_RTGCGACGCTCAACTCATT
GST4_FGGGGAAGGAGCAGTTGAA
GST4_RGACGATGTCGGTGGGAAT
GST5_FATGCCATCCTACAAACTCA
GST5_RTGTCCAAACGGAAGACTATC
GST6_FGCATCCCAATCACAAGCC
GST6_RAACCCAGAAATCCAGTCG
), ArticleFig(id=1266746648924406620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic physicochemical properties of GST proteins in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici race CYR34

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因登录号

Gene accession no.

基因

Gene

蛋白长度

Protein length/aa

分子量

Molecular

mass/kD

等电点

Isoelectric

point

不稳定指数

Instability

index

脂肪族氨基酸指数

Aliphatic index

疏水性

Gravy

亚细胞定位

Subcellular

localization

磷酸化位点

Phosphorylation site

MJO29_001247GST120723.485.2953.07101.30-0.16细胞质Cytoplasm34
MJO29_001249GST220623.016.3240.0793.74-0.08细胞质Cytoplasm26
MJO29_001251GST320623.007.0218.2078.16-0.38细胞质Cytoplasm41
MJO29_003678GST420623.176.5337.8190.00-0.25细胞质Cytoplasm24
MJO29_001250GST518721.015.2536.87105.35-0.01细胞质Cytoplasm21
MJO29_009521GST619721.529.6933.5076.80-0.09线粒体Mitochondria31
), ArticleFig(id=1266746649029264221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470567646482600, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34GST蛋白的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因登录号

Gene accession no.

基因

Gene

蛋白长度

Protein length/aa

分子量

Molecular

mass/kD

等电点

Isoelectric

point

不稳定指数

Instability

index

脂肪族氨基酸指数

Aliphatic index

疏水性

Gravy

亚细胞定位

Subcellular

localization

磷酸化位点

Phosphorylation site

MJO29_001247GST120723.485.2953.07101.30-0.16细胞质Cytoplasm34
MJO29_001249GST220623.016.3240.0793.74-0.08细胞质Cytoplasm26
MJO29_001251GST320623.007.0218.2078.16-0.38细胞质Cytoplasm41
MJO29_003678GST420623.176.5337.8190.00-0.25细胞质Cytoplasm24
MJO29_001250GST518721.015.2536.87105.35-0.01细胞质Cytoplasm21
MJO29_009521GST619721.529.6933.5076.80-0.09线粒体Mitochondria31
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小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34GST基因家族的鉴定、结构特征及表达
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周爽 1 , 韩宏 2 , 王春生 3 , 陈诗雯 1 , 杨成德 1 , 陶飞 1
植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 346-355
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植物保护学报 |研究论文 2026 , 53 (2) : 346 -355
小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34GST基因家族的鉴定、结构特征及表达
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周爽1, 韩宏2, 王春生3, 陈诗雯1, 杨成德1, 陶飞1
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃农业大学植物保护学院,兰州 730070
  • 2.临夏回族自治州农业科学院,甘肃 临夏 731100
  • 3.信阳农林学院农学院,河南 信阳 464006
通讯作者:
Identification, structural feature, and expression of the GST gene family in the physiological race CYR34 of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Shuang Zhou1, Hong Han2, Chunsheng Wang3, Shiwen Chen1, Chengde Yang1, Fei Tao1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China
  • 2.Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Linxia 731100, Gansu Province, China
  • 3.College of Agriculture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang 464006, Henan Province, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025110
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为阐明小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici生理小种CYR34的解毒代谢与环境适应机制,基于其基因序列文件及GFF3注释文件鉴定谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)家族基因成员,对其进行蛋白理化性质、染色体定位、系统发育及启动子顺式作用元件等生物信息学分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术分析GST基因家族在夏孢子萌发及侵染寄主过程中的时序表达模式。结果显示:在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中共鉴定到6个GST基因(GST1~GST6),其编码蛋白长度介于187~207 aa之间,均含有GST家族相关保守结构域,并分布在3条染色体上。启动子区共检测到26类顺式作用元件。在夏孢子萌发过程中,GST1GST3GST4GST5GST6基因均在24 h达到较高水平,其中GST5基因上调幅度最大,为对照的9.04倍。在CYR34侵染小麦过程中,GST4GST6基因的表达量整体呈上调趋势,其中GST4基因在侵染48 h时表达量最高,为对照的3.14倍。表明小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST基因可能参与夏孢子萌发及侵染过程中的环境适应与解毒代谢调控。

小麦条锈菌  /  生理小种  /  谷胱甘肽S-转移酶  /  基因家族  /  基因表达  /  夏孢子萌发  /  侵染

To clarify the detoxification metabolism and environmental adaptation mechanisms of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) physiological race CYR34, members of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family were identified based on the their nucleotide sequence and GFF3 annotation files of CYR34. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted on the physicochemical properties of the encoded proteins, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, and cis-acting elements in the promoter regions. In addition, the temporal expression patterns of GST family genes during urediniospore germination and host infection were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that six GST genes (GST1-GST6) were identified in CYR34. The encoded proteins ranged from 187 to 207 amino acids in length, all containing conserved GST domains and being distributed on three chromosomes. A total of 26 types of cis-acting elements were detected in the promoter regions. During urediniospore germination, GST1, GST3, GST4, GST5, and GST6 all reached relatively high expression levels at 24 hours post inoculation (hpi), among which GST5 showed the greatest up-regulation, reaching 9.04-fold that of the control group. During wheat infection by CYR34, GST4 and GST6 generally exhibited an upward expression trend, with GST4 reaching its highest expression level at 48 hpi, 3.14-fold that of the control group. These results indicate that the GST genes in CYR34 may participate in the regulation of environmental adaptation and detoxification metabolism during urediniospore germination and infection.

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici  /  physiological race  /  glutathione S-transferase  /  gene family  /  gene expression  /  urediniospore germination  /  infection
周爽, 韩宏, 王春生, 陈诗雯, 杨成德, 陶飞. 小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34GST基因家族的鉴定、结构特征及表达. 植物保护学报, 2026 , 53 (2) : 346 -355 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025110
Shuang Zhou, Hong Han, Chunsheng Wang, Shiwen Chen, Chengde Yang, Fei Tao. Identification, structural feature, and expression of the GST gene family in the physiological race CYR34 of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2026 , 53 (2) : 346 -355 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025110
小麦是我国乃至全球最重要的粮食作物之一,其高产稳产直接关系到粮食安全与农业可持续发展(Amirahmadi et al.,2024)。小麦条锈病是一种典型的长距离气传病害,由小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici引起,在适宜气候条件下可大面积流行并严重影响小麦产量(Bhardwaj et al.,2019)。我国小麦条锈病流行具有跨区域传播快、年度间波动大等特点,病原菌群体在抗病品种更替和环境压力驱动下持续发生毒性变异,这给抗病育种与田间防控带来了巨大挑战(陈诗雯等,2025)。因此,从关键菌源区采集代表性优势小种,并解析其环境适应与侵染相关的分子基础,对于揭示条锈菌流行规律及提升条锈病综合治理效率具有重要意义。
我国小麦条锈病通常遵循西北越夏区-西南越冬区-黄淮海春季流行区的连续传播链,其中越夏区菌源量及小种结构对后续流行具有重要影响(冯晶等,2022;曹世勤等,2025)。甘肃省东南部的天水市夏季相对凉湿,有利于条锈菌越夏繁殖、毒性变异及菌源扩散,是我国条锈菌重要的菌源地之一(张勃等,2025)。近年来的监测表明CYR32、CYR33和CYR34是甘肃省小麦条锈菌群体的主要优势小种,其中CYR34自2016年快速上升并形成持续流行态势(贾秋珍等,2018)。例如,Zhang et al. (2024)研究结果显示小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34在多地表现出较强的致病力和扩散趋势,且在较高温度条件下仍可维持较强的侵染力,表明其具有较强的环境适应性。近年来随着高质量基因组资源的建立,小麦条锈菌功能基因挖掘研究取得了一定进展(Zhao & Kang,2023),但条锈菌属于专性寄生菌,其遗传操作和功能验证体系仍不完善,尤其是解毒代谢相关基因家族的系统研究仍相对不足(Jiang et al.,2024陈诗雯等,2025),因此筛选并解析可能参与病原菌环境适应和侵染过程的关键功能基因具有重要意义。谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)是一类广泛存在于植物、动物、真菌及微生物中的转移酶超家族,可催化还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)与多种亲电化合物结合,并参与过氧化物清除和细胞氧化还原稳态维持(Vaish et al.,2020Mannervik,2023)。在植物-病原互作过程中,GST常参与活性氧清除、胁迫响应及解毒代谢(Gullner et al.,2018)。在多种植物病原真菌中,GST还可与细胞色素P450及ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette,ABC)转运蛋白、主要易化子超家族(major facilitator superfamily,MFS)转运蛋白共同参与代谢解毒-外排过程,从而降低药剂的敏感性并增强其环境适应能力(Hu & Chen,2021Cheng et al.,2022)。目前,关于小麦条锈菌优势小种CYR34中GST家族系统的鉴定、结构特征及其在孢子萌发和侵染过程中的表达响应研究较少(Zhao & Kang,2023)。
为解析小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST基因家族的结构特征及其在夏孢子萌发和侵染过程中的表达模式,本研究以自天水市越夏区采集分离的小麦条锈菌生理小种22-9(CYR34)为材料,基于其基因序列文件及GFF3注释文件鉴定GST家族基因成员,对其进行蛋白理化性质、染色体定位、系统发育及启动子顺式作用元件等生物信息学分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术分析GST基因家族在夏孢子萌发及侵染寄主过程中的时序表达模式,以期为阐明CYR34的解毒代谢与环境适应机制提供基础资料,并为条锈病防控相关研究提供理论参考。
供试寄主材料和菌源:感病小麦寄主为铭贤169,其对条锈病高度敏感,种子由甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所贾秋珍研究员提供;将种子播于直径10 cm、高10 cm的塑料盆中,按3×3点播方式播种,出苗后,每盆保留9株长势一致的幼苗,于温度15 ℃、光周期16 L∶8 D、相对湿度60%~70%的人工气候室内培养,待长至1叶1心期时用于小麦条锈菌菌株扩繁及接种试验。小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34自甘肃省天水市自然发病麦田采集并经单孢分离后获得,由本实验室保存;试验前将菌株接种到寄主铭贤169上进行扩繁与接种鉴定,以确保菌源的致病力及遗传稳定性。
试剂和仪器:Evo M-MLV反转录预混型试剂盒、2×SYBR Green qPCR预混液,湖南爱科瑞生物工程有限公司;BioZol总RNA提取试剂,北京拜尔迪生物科技有限公司;Novec 7100电子氟化液,美国3M公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。QuantStudioTM 5实时荧光定量PCR仪,美国Thermo Fisher公司;Essential V6凝胶成像系统,英国UVItec公司;NanoPhotometer®超微量核酸浓度检测仪,德国Implen公司。
从NCBI GenBank数据库获取小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34的基因组组装序列(登录号为 GCA_025169535.1)及注释文件,提取蛋白序列、编码序列及GFF3注释文件(Wang et al.,2024)。基于GST保守结构域信息,采用结构域检索与同源比对相结合的方法在全蛋白组中筛选GST候选成员,将候选序列提交至NCBI CD-Search在线平台(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi)进行保守结构域验证,仅保留包含GST特征结构域且序列完整的成员。结合GFF3注释文件提取其染色体坐标,按物理位置从小到大的顺序对GST基因进行命名。
基于目标基因的蛋白序列,使用TBtools 2.362软件预测GST蛋白的长度、分子量、等电点、不稳定指数与疏水性等理化参数(Gasteiger et al.,2005)。采用Deeploc-2.1在线平台(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/DeepLoc-2.1/)进行亚细胞定位预测(Almagro Armenteros et al.,2017)。
基于GFF3注释文件,利用TBtools 2.362软件分析GST基因的结构(Chen et al.,2020)。将GST基因编码的蛋白序列提交至MEME在线平台(https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme),最大基序数设为10,其余参数默认,获得其保守基序的组成与排列(Bailey et al.,2009)。将GST基因编码的蛋白序列提交到NCBI CD-Search在线平台,用TBtools 2.362软件可视化其蛋白的结构域。
基于1.2.1中获取的小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34基因组序列文件和GFF3注释文件,采用TBtools 2.362软件对其GST基因家族成员进行染色体定位分析和共线性分析。
为阐明小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST家族与其他真菌中GST的进化关系,从NCBI Protein数据库检索并下载多种代表性真菌及小麦锈菌GST的蛋白序列,将其与本研究筛选到的6个GST蛋白序列进行多序列比对。采用MEGA 5.1软件,基于最大似然法构建系统发育树,bootstrap重复检验1 000次(Tamura et al.,2021),最后通过Evolview在线网站(https://evolgenius.info//evolview-v2/#login)进行进化树美化及绘制。
基于小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34的基因组序列与GFF3注释文件,利用TBtools 2.362提取各GST基因起始密码子上游2.0 kb序列作为启动子区域。将启动子序列提交至PLACE数据库(https://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/PLACE/?action=newplace),系统预测其顺式作用元件的种类与分布。
根据预试验结果(陈诗雯等,2025),将夏孢子萌发温度设为9 ℃,萌发时间分别设为0、2、6、12、18 和24 h。收集铭贤169叶片上新产生的夏孢子,过筛去除杂质,取夏孢子均匀铺于2%水琼脂(琼脂粉与蒸馏水按2%质量体积比混合)表面,置于9 ℃黑暗条件下分别培养0(对照)、2、6、12、18和24 h,用无RNA酶刮刀快速收集孢子及萌发管,立即于液氮中速冻并于-80 ℃保存。按照BioZol总RNA提取试剂说明书提取各样品总RNA,于-80 ℃保存。以各样品总RNA为模板,按照Evo M-MLV反转录预混型试剂盒说明书合成cDNA。根据小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34的6个GST基因序列,采用Primer Premier 5软件设计实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)引物(表1),引物均委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。以小麦条锈菌的延伸因子(elongation factor,EF)基因与肌动蛋白(actin,ACT)基因为内参基因,以反转录获得的cDNA为模板进行qPCR反应。20 µL反应体系:2×SYBR® Green Pro Taq HS Premix(ROX plus)10 µL、cDNA 1 µL、正反引物各0.5 µL、RNase-free水8 µL。反应程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火30 s,35个循环。基于2-ΔΔCt 方法计算夏孢子不同萌发时间下目的基因的相对表达量,每个处理设3个生物学重复和3个技术重复。
取1叶1心期的铭贤169幼苗,每盆保留5株长势一致的壮苗作为接种材料,其余幼苗剪除。将新鲜扩繁的小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34夏孢子与Novec 7100电子氟化液混匀,配制成浓度为2 mg/mL的孢子悬浮液,使用移液枪吸取2 μL孢子悬浮液点接于第1叶表面;待扩散剂充分挥发后,将接种后的幼苗置于10 ℃、黑暗保湿培养24 h,然后转入温度15 ℃、光周期16 L∶8 D条件下培养,分别于0、6、12、24、48和72 h采集叶片样品,于液氮中速冻并于-80 ℃保存。各样品总RNA提取、cDNA合成及qPCR分析方法同1.2.7。采用2-ΔΔCt 方法计算不同处理时间目的基因的相对表达量,每个处理设3个生物学重复和3个技术重复。
采用SAS 9.4软件对数据进行统计分析,应用Duncan氏新复极差法进行差异显著性检验。
自小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中共获得6个GST家族成员,并结合GFF3注释文件提取其染色体坐标,按物理位置从小到大依次命名为GST1~GST6表2)。这6个GST基因编码蛋白的长度介于187~207 aa之间,分子量介于21.01~23.48 kD之间,理论等电点介于5.25~9.69之间。GST1~GST5蛋白定位于细胞质,而GST6蛋白定位于线粒体。GST3、GST4、GST5和GST6为稳定蛋白,GST1与GST2为不稳定蛋白,6个GST蛋白的整体不稳定指数介于18.20~53.07之间;6个GST蛋白均表现为亲水性,潜在磷酸化位点数介于21~41个之间(表2)。
小麦锈菌生理小种CYR34体内GST1~GST6基因序列存在明显差异。GST6基因序列最长,含8个外显子;GST4基因序列次之,含3个外显子;而GST1GST2GST3GST5基因序列较短,仅含2个外显子。
GST1~GST6蛋白的基序组成及排列顺序整体较为一致,表现出较高的保守性,其中GST6蛋白的基序组成及分布模式与其他5个GST成员差异较大。GST1~GST6蛋白均检出GST A类结构域、GST_N端Sigma类结构域、GST_C端结构域、硫氧还蛋白样超家族结构域和微粒体谷胱甘肽转移酶共5类典型结构域。
GST1~GST6基因分布在CM045848.1、CM045850.1和CM045855.1这3条染色体上,且未检测到明显的共线性基因对(图1)。
小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST1、GST2和GST5蛋白与小麦叶锈菌Puccinia triticina生理小种PT15-3的GST蛋白聚为一支,亲缘关系较近;GST3和GST4蛋白则与小麦条锈菌生理小种Ps134E36及小麦秆锈菌Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici生理小种UG99-3的GST蛋白聚为一支;而GST6蛋白与小麦叶锈菌生理小种PT15-2的GST蛋白聚为同一进化分支(图2)。
GST1~GST6基因的启动子区共鉴定出26类顺式作用元件,其共同拥有茉莉酸响应元件、光响应元件、缺氧响应元件、干旱响应元件和生长素响应元件等顺式作用元件。
夏孢子萌发24 h时,GST1基因的相对表达量最高,为对照的1.45倍,显著高于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发2、6和12 h时其相对表达量均显著低于对照(P<0.05);而夏孢子萌发18 h时,其相对表达量与对照差异不显著(图3-A)。夏孢子萌发18 h时,GST2基因的相对表达量最高,为对照的1.76倍,与夏孢子萌发24 h的相对表达量差异不显著,但均显著高于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发2 h和6 h时其相对表达量均显著低于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发12 h时其相对表达量与对照差异不显著(图3-B)。夏孢子萌发24 h时,GST3基因的相对表达量最高,为对照的2.44倍,显著高于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发2 h和12 h时其相对表达量显著高于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发6 h时其相对表达量显著低于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发18 h时其相对表达量与对照差异不显著(图3-C)。夏孢子萌发24 h时,GST4基因的相对表达量最高,为对照的3.39倍,与夏孢子萌发2 h的相对表达量差异不显著,但均显著高于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发12 h时其相对表达量显著高于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发6 h时其相对表达量显著低于对照(P<0.05);夏孢子萌发18 h时其相对表达量与对照差异不显著(图3-D)。除夏孢子萌发12 h时GST5基因的相对表达量与对照差异不显著外,其他萌发时间GST5基因的相对表达量均显著高于对照(P<0.05),其中夏孢子萌发24 h时其相对表达量最高,为对照的9.04倍,与夏孢子萌发18 h的相对表达量差异不显著,但均显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05,图3-E)。除夏孢子萌发12 h时GST6基因的相对表达量与对照差异不显著外,其他萌发时间GST6基因的相对表达量均显著高于对照(P<0.05),其中夏孢子萌发24 h时其相对表达量最高,为对照的6.87倍,与夏孢子萌发2 h和18 h的相对表达量差异不显著,但均显著高于夏孢子萌发12 h处理组(P<0.05,图3-F)。
在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染小麦过程中,GST1基因的相对表达量先持续下降,在侵染24 h降到最低,仅为对照的6.1%,然后其相对表达量持续增加,但仍显著低于对照(P<0.05,图4-A)。在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染小麦过程中,GST2基因的相对表达量呈波动变化,除侵染12 h和72 h时其相对表达量与对照差异不显著外,其他侵染时间其相对表达量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中侵染6 h时其相对表达量最低,为对照的22.88%(图4-B)。在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染小麦过程中,GST3基因的相对表达量先下降,在侵染6 h时降到最低,为对照的35%,然后逐渐回升,侵染48 h和72 h时其相对表达量恢复到与对照相当水平(图4-C)。在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染小麦过程中,其相对表达量呈波动性增加,除侵染24 h时其相对表达量与对照差异不显著外,其他侵染时间GST4基因的相对表达量均显著高于对照(P<0.05),其中侵染48 h时相对表达量达到最高,为对照的3.14倍(图4-D)。在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染小麦过程中,GST5基因的相对表达量先持续下降,在侵染24 h时降到最低,为对照的8.26%,之后其相对表达量先增加后降低,但均显著低于对照(P<0.05,图4-E)。在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染小麦过程中,GST6基因的相对表达量呈波动变化,除侵染12 h和72 h时其相对表达量显著高于对照(P<0.05),分别为对照的1.42倍和1.38倍,其他侵染时间其相对表达量均与对照差异不显著(图4-F)。
GST是一类广泛存在于植物中的多功能蛋白,在植物生长发育、代谢调控以及对生物和非生物胁迫的应答过程中发挥着重要作用(Vaish et al.,2020)。例如,在模式植物拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana中,GST基因过表达能减轻盐胁迫对拟南芥的氧化损伤(张楠,2021)。本研究自小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中成功鉴定出6个GST家族成员,其中GST6蛋白定位于线粒体,而GST1~GST5蛋白均定位于细胞质,表明GST6蛋白可能具有不同的生物学功能(Vaish et al.,2022)。
本研究结果显示,小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST1~GST6蛋白均包含GST家族的5类典型结构域,这与植物和真菌中GST家族的典型特征一致,GST可催化GSH与亲电子底物结合,实现代谢解毒、抗氧化及信号调控等过程(Edwards et al.,2000Gullner et al.,2018)。外显子作为构成基因的关键功能区域,直接承载着指导蛋白质合成的遗传信息(Xiao et al.,2024)。本研究结果显示,小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST1~GST6基因的外显子数目存在明显差异,其中最长的GST6基因包含8个外显子,而最短的GST1GST2GST3GST5基因仅包含2个外显子,这种结构上的差异可能引发GST基因表达的多样性,进而影响GST蛋白功能的分化(蒋应磊等,2024)。本研究通过系统发育分析发现,小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST1~GST6蛋白与其他锈菌中GST蛋白的亲缘关系较远,表明不同GST家族成员在进化过程中可能发生了一定程度的分化(Rai et al.,2023)。
顺式作用元件的研究对于深入理解基因表达的调控机制至关重要(Cui et al.,2023)。本研究通过对小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST1~GST6基因的启动子区顺式作用元件分析发现,这6个GST基因均包含茉莉酸响应元件、光响应元件、生长素响应元件、干旱响应元件和缺氧响应元件,其中茉莉酸响应元件、光响应元件和生长素响应元件与植物对胁迫的响应密切相关,干旱响应元件和缺氧响应元件在植物响应干旱与缺氧等环境胁迫过程中扮演着重要角色(Rai et al.,2023)。本研究在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中GST基因启动子区检测到了缺氧响应元件,推测GST基因可能参与条锈菌对缺氧胁迫环境的适应过程。
本研究通过qPCR技术发现,在小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34夏孢子萌发过程中,GST1~GST6基因的相对表达量均较对照显著增加,这可能与孢子萌发过程中氧化应激的动态变化有关,随着孢子萌发管伸长,需要大量清除活性氧以维持细胞稳态,而GST通过催化GSH与活性氧产物结合实现解毒(Edwards et al.,2000)。此外,在6个GST基因中,GST5基因的相对表达量增加最多,为对照的9.04倍,表明GST5基因可能在夏孢子萌发及早期生长阶段发挥着重要作用,推测其可能通过增强解毒能力帮助夏孢子克服萌发过程中的氧化应激及其他环境压力。本研究结果还显示,当小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染小麦时,GST1~GST6基因的表达模式呈现出明显的时序性和特异性,在侵染初期,GST1GST5基因的相对表达量先持续下降,这有利于病原菌的入侵;而在侵染后期,GST4GST6基因的相对表达量持续增加,增强了病原菌对植物体内防御物质的解毒能力,从而促进其侵染和定殖(Hwang & Choi,2016Eno et al.,2017),表明小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34侵染时,GST基因家族通过多种调控机制参与其环境适应及侵染过程(Wang et al.,2017)。
本研究通过全基因组分析自小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR34中鉴定出6个GST基因,其中部分GST基因在孢子萌发和侵染过程中表现出明显的时序性表达特征,这为后续抗病机制解析及潜在防控靶标筛选提供了参考。但本研究仅基于生物信息学分析和表达模式对GST基因家族进行了初步解析,缺乏对关键候选基因的功能验证。后续将结合宿主诱导基因沉默、药剂胁迫处理和蛋白功能分析等手段对关键GST基因的生物学功能进行深入研究,并进一步解析其在条锈菌侵染、解毒代谢及环境适应中的作用机制。
  • 甘肃农业大学人才专项(GAU-KYQD-2018-37)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32060595)
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金项目(20JR10RA549)
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doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025110
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
基金
甘肃农业大学人才专项(GAU-KYQD-2018-37)
国家自然科学基金项目(32060595)
甘肃省自然科学基金项目(20JR10RA549)
作者信息
    1.甘肃农业大学植物保护学院,兰州 730070
    2.临夏回族自治州农业科学院,甘肃 临夏 731100
    3.信阳农林学院农学院,河南 信阳 464006

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zwbhxb/CN/10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025110
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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