Article(id=1266470532229779458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2026004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779879704768, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879704768, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879704768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879704768, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266470523241382909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='301', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879702622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879723857, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=301, endPage=310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266470534301765636, articleId=1266470532229779458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=EN, title=Research progress on the mechanism of insect resistance mediated by cuticular proteins, columnId=1266470531168617472, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Protection, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evolution of insecticide resistance in pests has become a critical challenge restricting the sustainable development of global agriculture. Compared with target-site resistance and metabolic resistance, cuticular penetration resistance is an early-stage resistance strategy adopted by insects to defend against insecticides with contact action. It primarily reduces the efficiency of insecticide penetration through the insect’s outer barrier and its delivery to the target site. On one hand, it decreases the amount of insecticide that penetrates; on the other hand, it prolongs the detoxification time of the insecticide within the body, thereby enhancing the resistance effect. This mechanism often synergizes with other resistance mechanisms. This systematic review summarizes the latest research progress on the cuticle-mediated mechanisms of insecticide resistance in pests. It focuses on the molecular basis underlying the formation of cuticular penetration resistance, the key regulatory networks, and its evolutionary characteristics. Future perspectives are also discussed, aiming to provide new insights for pest resistance management strategies.

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害虫对杀虫剂的抗性演化已成为制约全球农业可持续发展的关键因素。相较于靶标抗性和代谢抗性,表皮穿透抗性是昆虫对具有触杀作用机制杀虫剂的先期抗性策略,其主要是降低杀虫剂穿透昆虫外表屏障及到达靶标的效率,一方面减少杀虫剂的渗入量,另一方面延长杀虫剂在体内的解毒时间,从而增强抗性效果,常与其他抗性机制协同发挥作用。该文综述表皮介导害虫抗药性机制的最新研究进展,重点关注表皮穿透抗性形成的分子基础、关键调控网络及其进化特征,并对未来研究进行展望,以期为害虫抗药性治理策略制订提供新思路。

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The fatty acid elongase gene LmELO7 is required for hydrocarbon biosynthesis and cuticle permeability in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria . Journal of Insect Physiology, 123: 104052, articleTitle=The fatty acid elongase gene LmELO7 is required for hydrocarbon biosynthesis and cuticle permeability in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266746617467126539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470532229779458, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=790, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=102, authorNames=Zhao YY, Liu WM, Zhao XM, Yu ZT, Guo HF, Yang Y, Zhang JQ, Moussian B, Zhang JZ, journalName=Frontiers in Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao YY, Liu WM, Zhao XM, Yu ZT, Guo HF, Yang Y, Zhang JQ, Moussian B, Zhang JZ. 2020. 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李双龙 , 刘雨茜 , 李玉婷 , 杨雪清
植物保护学报 | 文献综述 2026,53(2): 301-310
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植物保护学报 | 文献综述 2026, 53(2): 301-310
表皮蛋白介导害虫抗药性机制的研究进展
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李双龙, 刘雨茜, 李玉婷 , 杨雪清
作者信息
  • 沈阳农业大学植物保护学院,辽宁省经济与应用昆虫学教育厅重点实验室,沈阳市重大农业入侵生物监测与防控重点实验室,沈阳 110866

通讯作者:

Research progress on the mechanism of insect resistance mediated by cuticular proteins
Shuanglong Li, Yuxi Liu, Yuting Li , Xueqing Yang
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Major Agricultural Invasive Species Monitoring and Control in Shenyang City; Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, Liaoning Provincial Department of Education; College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2026004
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害虫对杀虫剂的抗性演化已成为制约全球农业可持续发展的关键因素。相较于靶标抗性和代谢抗性,表皮穿透抗性是昆虫对具有触杀作用机制杀虫剂的先期抗性策略,其主要是降低杀虫剂穿透昆虫外表屏障及到达靶标的效率,一方面减少杀虫剂的渗入量,另一方面延长杀虫剂在体内的解毒时间,从而增强抗性效果,常与其他抗性机制协同发挥作用。该文综述表皮介导害虫抗药性机制的最新研究进展,重点关注表皮穿透抗性形成的分子基础、关键调控网络及其进化特征,并对未来研究进行展望,以期为害虫抗药性治理策略制订提供新思路。

表皮蛋白  /  穿透抗性  /  抗性机制  /  协同作用  /  抗性治理

The evolution of insecticide resistance in pests has become a critical challenge restricting the sustainable development of global agriculture. Compared with target-site resistance and metabolic resistance, cuticular penetration resistance is an early-stage resistance strategy adopted by insects to defend against insecticides with contact action. It primarily reduces the efficiency of insecticide penetration through the insect’s outer barrier and its delivery to the target site. On one hand, it decreases the amount of insecticide that penetrates; on the other hand, it prolongs the detoxification time of the insecticide within the body, thereby enhancing the resistance effect. This mechanism often synergizes with other resistance mechanisms. This systematic review summarizes the latest research progress on the cuticle-mediated mechanisms of insecticide resistance in pests. It focuses on the molecular basis underlying the formation of cuticular penetration resistance, the key regulatory networks, and its evolutionary characteristics. Future perspectives are also discussed, aiming to provide new insights for pest resistance management strategies.

cuticular protein  /  penetration resistance  /  resistance mechanism  /  synergistic effect  /  resistance management
李双龙, 刘雨茜, 李玉婷, 杨雪清. 表皮蛋白介导害虫抗药性机制的研究进展. 植物保护学报, 2026 , 53 (2) : 301 -310 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2026004
Shuanglong Li, Yuxi Liu, Yuting Li, Xueqing Yang. Research progress on the mechanism of insect resistance mediated by cuticular proteins[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2026 , 53 (2) : 301 -310 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2026004
自20世纪中叶人工化学合成杀虫剂大规模应用以来,昆虫抗药性迅速发展,并呈现不断演化的态势(Feyereisen,1995Ju et al.,2021)。全球明确报道已产生抗药性的昆虫种类达637种,其中农业害虫占比高达70%(Payumo et al.,2024),其抗性范围几乎覆盖了拟除虫菊酯类、新烟碱类、双酰胺类等所有主要杀虫剂。抗药性加剧导致杀虫剂的田间防效显著下降,防治成本上升,给全球粮食安全与农业生态平衡带来了严重威胁。
昆虫抗药性机制主要包括靶标抗性、代谢抗性和穿透抗性(Bass & Field,2011)。表皮穿透抗性作为昆虫对具触杀作用机制杀虫剂的早期抗性策略,其研究相对较少,远不及靶标抗性和代谢抗性深入(Balabanidou et al.,2018)。表皮蛋白(cuticular protein,CP)不仅是昆虫表皮的关键结构蛋白,而且通过调控、翻译后修饰以及与几丁质、脂质的相互作用,直接影响表皮的机械强度、通透性和化学稳定性(Andersen,2010Chen et al.,2018)。因此,深入解析表皮蛋白在表皮穿透抗性中的作用机理,理解其分子基础与调控关系,对于全面揭示害虫抗药性形成机理具有重要意义。
尽管已有大量研究从不同角度揭示了表皮蛋白及相关通路在抗性中的作用(Willis,2010),但这些研究成果尚缺乏系统性总结,关于表皮穿透抗性与其他抗性机制的网络调控关系及其在抗性演化不同阶段的具体贡献仍待进一步整合(Balabanidou et al.,2018)。为此,本文系统综述表皮蛋白介导害虫抗药性机制的研究进展,重点关注表皮穿透抗性形成的分子基础、关键调控网络及其进化特征,以期为揭示害虫抗药性形成的分子机制提供科学依据,并为制订有效的害虫抗性治理方案提供理论参考。
昆虫表皮是昆虫躯体最外层的结构,构成了一道复杂而高效的物理与化学屏障(Moussian,2010)。它不仅为昆虫提供机械支撑,防止水分过度蒸发,更在抵御外源性化学物质尤其是杀虫剂的穿透中扮演着核心角色。昆虫通过表皮结构重塑与化学组成优化来降低杀虫剂的穿透能力,延长杀虫剂穿透体表至作用靶标的时间,进而产生抗药性(Jacobs et al.,2023)。该机制常与代谢抗性、靶标抗性等协同作用,进一步加速抗药性的演化进程(Sparks & Nauen,2015)。
昆虫表皮作为一个多层的复合结构,是抵御外界侵害的第一道防线,而表皮的物理屏障功能依赖其独特的结构(Vincent,2002)。昆虫表皮从外至内由上表皮、外表皮和内表皮三部分构成(Fraenkel & Rudall,1947),其中外表皮和内表皮合称为原表皮,各层在功能上协同作用。上表皮是表皮的最外层,厚度为0.1~3.0 μm,可进一步细分为蜡层、角质层等(Wigglesworth,1947),具有高疏水特性,这使其能防止水分流失,阻止水溶性化学物质穿透(孙明霞等,2011)。外表皮位于上表皮之下,厚度为1~20 μm,是表皮硬化并起核心机械保护作用的区域。内表皮是原表皮的最内层,紧邻皮细胞层,厚度最大(5~200 μm)且结构疏松,赋予表皮一定的柔韧性(Zheng et al.,2025)。
昆虫表皮的屏障功能不仅依赖于其独特的结构,而且与其复杂且高度协同的化学组分密不可分。化学组分包括几丁质、表皮蛋白、脂质与蜡质等主要成分以及矿物质、色素、水分等辅助成分。
几丁质是表皮的特征性骨架成分,其分子链通过氢键连接形成稳定结构,并以特定角度层层堆叠,赋予表皮优异的韧性和抗拉伸能力(Deringer et al.,2016)。几丁质不仅为触角、翅脉等昆虫体表形态提供机械支撑,还作为蛋白质基质的锚定位点,参与屏障功能的构建(刘晓健等,2019)。
表皮蛋白是表皮中含量最高的组分,与几丁质共占前表皮有机物的90%以上,种类多样,功能分化明显(Andersen et al.,1995)。根据目前的研究,表皮蛋白主要可划分为含R&R保守基序表皮蛋白(CPs with Rebers & Riddiford conserved motif,CPR)、含44个氨基酸基序表皮蛋白(CPs with a 44 amino acids motif,CPF)、甘氨酸重复型表皮蛋白(CPs with glycine repeats,CPG)等,广泛分布于几丁质微纤维构成的连续基质中(Willis,2010)。这些蛋白家族编码的蛋白质在昆虫体内演化出多样化的功能类型。硬蛋白,如节肢蛋白,多属于CPR家族RR-2亚类,通过与几丁质交联参与表皮硬化,在甲虫鞘翅的形成中起重要作用(Noh et al.,2015)。弹性蛋白,常见于CPR家族RR-1亚类、CPF家族等,赋予关节、翅基等部位弹性,支持蝗虫后足的跳跃缓冲(Vannini & Willis,2017Rogers et al.,2025)。黏合蛋白,如CPF、CPFL家族成员,通过共价或非共价作用锚定表皮各组分,起到结构稳固的作用(Togawa et al.,2007)。此外,表皮蛋白也可通过与酚类衍生物的鞣化反应提升化学稳定性,部分抗冻蛋白、抗旱蛋白还能增强昆虫对极端环境的耐受性。
脂质与蜡质集中分布于上表皮且具有高度可塑性,含有长链烃类、脂肪酸等多种成分,能随昆虫种类、发育阶段及环境胁迫(如干旱、低温)进行动态调整。其核心功能包括防水保水、阻挡脂溶性杀虫剂等有害物质穿透,并可作为信息分子参与物种识别等社会行为。它们还能减少昆虫爬行、飞行时的摩擦力,如蜜蜂翅基的润滑(Koch & Barthlott,2009)。
矿物质、色素等辅助成分是表皮的重要补充组分,占表皮鲜重的10%~20%,主要功能在于强化表皮硬度,提供保护色及维持结构活性,是表皮适应环境的补充性策略。
表皮穿透抗性的本质是在杀虫剂影响下昆虫表皮结构与化学组成发生变化。大量研究证实,昆虫的表皮穿透抗性源于其表皮物理结构增厚与化学成分改变的共同作用,且二者通过协同效应共同提升抗性水平,即物理增厚为化学屏障提供了更充足的作用空间,而化学成分的优化则进一步放大了物理结构的阻隔效果(Balabanidou et al.,2018)。其中,抗性昆虫表皮尤其是原表皮层的显著增厚是最直观的表型特征(Xu et al.,2022),这一现象在鳞翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目等多种抗性昆虫品系中均已得到证实。相较于物理增厚,表皮化学成分特别是上表皮脂质的特异性改变对穿透抗性的贡献更复杂且关键,其核心是通过调控表皮的理化性质降低杀虫剂分子的亲和性与穿透速率(刘永杰和沈晋良,2003Balabanidou et al.,2016)。
昆虫表皮穿透抗性的核心在于表皮结构变化与化学成分改变的协同作用(孙雅雯和郑彬,2015),这些表型的变化受到多个基因家族的表达调控,根据其核心作用机制,可将其主要分子机制划分为结构强化型穿透抗性机制和屏障重塑型穿透抗性机制两大类型(图1),它们通过信号通路的交叉调控共同增强表皮穿透抗性。
该类抗性机制的核心是通过增加杀虫剂的穿透路径长度、提升结构致密性或增强化学稳定性来强化表皮结构,从而阻碍杀虫剂的穿透,主要包括几丁质合成增强介导的抗药性、表皮蛋白家族调控介导的抗药性和表皮鞣化交联介导的抗药性3种类型。
几丁质合成通路关键基因的过表达是抗性形成的关键,其导致表皮中几丁质含量升高、表皮增厚以及微纤维组装致密化(Jacobs et al.,2023)。几丁质合成酶(chitin synthase,CHS)作为几丁质合成通路的核心限速酶,在昆虫中存在CHSACHS1)与CHSBCHS2)两种类型(Merzendorfer & Zimoch,2003)。CHSA主要负责表皮几丁质的合成(Arakane et al.,2004),其过表达是抗性形成的关键标志。例如,在斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura溴氰菊酯抗性种群中,CHSA基因表达量较敏感种群上调4.8倍,这导致原表皮层增厚2.3倍,从而显著延长杀虫剂的穿透路径(Wang et al.,2025);在淡色库蚊Culex pipiens中,CHS基因过表达后,几丁质合成和修饰表皮结构增强,从而导致表皮增厚,进而对氟虫脲产生抗性(Lucchesi et al.,2022);在白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus蛹期CHS基因调控几丁质合成与组装,在保障正常发育的同时增强了表皮致密性(Zhang et al.,2024)。
此外,几丁质结构的修饰基因也至关重要。在黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor体内几丁质脱乙酰酶催化几丁质脱乙酰化,其对组装几丁质纤维和提升表皮机械强度至关重要(Noh et al.,2018)。在东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria蜕皮期DOMON结构域蛋白基因LmKnk调控表皮几丁质含量、孔道形成及脂质沉积(Yu et al.,2022);在甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua中沉默LmKnk的同源基因LmKnk2LmKnk3导致表皮形成受阻,甜菜夜蛾对杀虫剂的敏感性显著提升(Zhang et al.,2022)。
表皮蛋白家族成员具有功能分化、特异性表达及多层级遗传调控的作用,在介导昆虫表皮穿透抗性中发挥核心作用。Qi & Liu(2025)研究证实,表皮蛋白介导的表皮屏障强化机制在双翅目、鳞翅目、蜚蠊目等多类群中高度保守,这一跨物种共性进一步凸显了深入解析其介导抗药性分子机制的科学价值。在已鉴定的20余个亚家族中,CPR、CPF、CPG及类围食膜表皮蛋白3(CP analogous to peritrophins 3,CPAP3)等被证实与抗药性形成有关(刘清明等,2010)。CPR家族作为表皮蛋白最大的亚家族,其成员通过保守的几丁质结合域与几丁质微纤维形成共价交联,特别是RR-2亚类通过过表达、结合几丁质推动昆虫表皮增厚,结构致密化,最终增强昆虫表皮穿透抗性(杜文蔚,2021)。大量研究证实不同表皮蛋白在多种害虫抗性中起重要作用。例如,温带臭虫Cimex lectularius的CPR-type表皮蛋白转录水平升高与其穿透抗性有关(Koganemaru et al.,2013);在淡色库蚊中,CPLCG5参与形成表皮刚性基质,CPR63CPR47通过增加表皮厚度或强化基质结构增强淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯的屏障功能(Sun et al.,2017Huang et al.,2018Xu et al.,2022);二化螟Chilo suppressalis体内CsLCP16CsLCP17基因参与表皮构建,沉默这两个基因后二化螟表皮受损,对杀虫剂的敏感性增强(刘长鹏,2022);棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera体内表皮蛋白基因CP22、CP14、LCP17、SgAbd5可响应杀虫剂的胁迫并介导棉铃虫的抗性(张万娜等,2021Zheng et al.,2024);烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci体内CP9CP83基因的过表达可增加表皮厚度,降低吡虫啉的穿透效率(He et al.,2023);黄野螟Heortia vitessoides体内HvCP3L基因可调控几丁质代谢通路,参与表皮结构的发育与重塑(Wang HY et al.,2024);在德国小蠊Blattella germanica中,BgCPLCP1通过增厚内表皮直接贡献其穿透抗性(Cai et al.,2024);棉蚜Aphis gossypii通过调控表皮蛋白合成促进表皮增厚,从而增强其对氟虫腈的屏障效应(Lv et al.,2025)。
CPF家族成员则通过调节蛋白质基质的亲疏水性降低极性杀虫剂的穿透速率(Meng et al.,2023),而CPAP3家族成员通过促进几丁质微纤维的有序组装和定向排列增强表皮的机械屏障功能(Jasrapuria et al.,2012)。例如,橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的CPAP3家族基因CPAP3-1CPAP3-2CPAP3-3CPAP3-6响应环境胁迫;而BdCPCFC受miR-994靶向调控,上调BdCPCFC表达能增强其对马拉硫磷的穿透抗性(Chen et al.,2018蒙力维,2021Meng et al.,2023)。苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonellaCpomCPR35、CpomCPLCP4等表皮蛋白基因能响应杀虫剂和温度的胁迫,并在此过程中起到维持表皮屏障功能的作用(Li et al.,2024)。除了上述主要家族,冈比亚按蚊Anopheles gambiae体内还存在着与CPF和CPFL等结构特征不同的表皮蛋白家族参与穿透抗性(Togawa et al.,2007),这进一步凸显了昆虫表皮蛋白的复杂性及其在构建表皮屏障中的功能多样性。
表皮鞣化是昆虫蜕皮后新表皮成熟的关键生化过程,其以酚类物质介导的分子交联为核心,通过增强表皮蛋白与几丁质的连接来提升表皮的化学稳定性与机械强度,从而降低外源物质的穿透效率(Andersen,2010)。其核心通路始于酚氧化酶原(prophenoloxidase,PPO)的激活,即当表皮受到刺激时丝氨酸蛋白酶级联反应被触发,将PPO转化为有活性的酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO),PO继而催化酪氨酸转化为活性醌类物质,最终与表皮蛋白的赖氨酸残基、几丁质的氨基发生共价交联,形成稳定的三维网络结构(Andersen,2010Dittmer & Kanost,2010)。此通路中的多个关键酶已被证实与害虫田间抗性直接相关。例如,在抗氯虫苯甲酰胺的小菜蛾Plutella xylostella种群中,PPO1PPO2基因表达量显著上调,强化表皮结构并介导免疫防御,从而增强对双酰胺类药剂的穿透抗性与耐受能力(邢方涛,2017Wang et al.,2020);在褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens中,酪氨酸羟化酶负责催化多巴的生成,通过RNA干扰技术干扰该基因后会导致褐飞虱表皮鞣化失败,进而死亡(Liu et al.,2020),而多巴脱羧酶催化多巴转化为多巴胺,为鞣化提供底物;漆酶2(laccase 2,Lac2)则氧化多巴胺使其聚合,驱动表皮硬化,这些鞣化关键酶的调控可能有助于表皮屏障增强(Ze et al.,2023),从而提升害虫穿透抗性(Arakane et al.,2005Sterkel et al.,2019)。
屏障重塑型穿透抗性机制主要聚焦于优化表皮最外层的疏水屏障功能,即通过改变脂质成分的合成效率、转运速率或排列模式强化对不同极性化学物质的穿透阻力,主要包括长链烃类合成调控介导、脂质转运效率提升介导和蜡层结构重塑介导3个功能。
长链烃类是昆虫表皮蜡层的核心疏水成分,其合成重塑是屏障功能优化的关键。该过程主要依赖于细胞色素P450酶CYP4G家族的功能特化与协同表达。CYP4G作为昆虫特有的长链烃类合成终端酶,能将脂肪酸前体转化为烃类,其过表达是穿透抗性的核心驱动因素(MacLean et al.,2018)。CYP4G家族基因介导杀虫剂抗性的证据在多种重大害虫中多次被证实。例如,冈比亚按蚊溴氰菊酯抗性品系体内CYP4G16CYP4G17基因显著上调表达,直接导致表皮长链烃类总量增加,进而延缓杀虫剂的穿透效率(Balabanidou et al.,2016)。类似地,德国小蠊体内CYP4G19基因、东亚飞蝗体内CYP4G62CYP4G102基因以及褐飞虱体内CYP4G76CYP4G115基因均被证实通过调控表皮烃类合成来影响其对杀虫剂的穿透抗性(Wang et al.,2019Chen et al.,2020Wu et al.,2020)。长链烃类的合成是一个连续过程,其功能依赖于上游前体的充足供应。例如,东亚飞蝗体壁脂肪酸合酶基因的表达为烃类合成提供了必要的前体物质(Yang et al.,2020)。
脂质转运效率的提升是昆虫演化出表皮穿透抗性的关键机制之一,其主要通过ABC转运蛋白家族及脂质转运蛋白的表达上调与功能活化来加速脂质在表皮层的跨膜转运、胞内运输与表面沉积,从而形成更致密的疏水屏障(Zhao YY et al.,2020Chen et al.,2025)。在ABC转运蛋白中,ABCG家族基因定位于表皮细胞膜,依赖三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)将蜡酯、脂肪醇等疏水分子主动转运至角质层,ABCC2则负责调控脂质的胞内囊泡运输,其过表达可显著促进脂质从内质网向高尔基体的转运与沉积,从而强化表皮屏障。例如,小菜蛾氯氰菊酯抗性种群体内ABCC2基因在表皮组织特异性上调表达,其表达量为敏感品系的4.1倍,该基因能促使表皮脂质层增厚,从而提升对脂溶性杀虫剂的穿透阻力(Xu et al.,2020),而ABCH1基因也参与脂质转运与抗性形成(Qi et al.,2016)。柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri体内ABCG23基因通过调控脂质转运与沉积来增强体表疏水性(Wang BH et al.,2024)。东亚飞蝗体内脂肪酸延长酶基因LmELO7为烃类合成提供超长链前体,载脂蛋白负责转运表皮烃类,孔道蛋白基因sns1参与脂质转运,三者协同完善表皮脂质屏障(Zhao XM et al.,2020Liu et al.,2025)。中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis体内AsLCP基因通过调控表皮脂质分布来增强对溴氰菊酯的抗性(Li et al.,2025)。
表皮蜡层结构的重塑是昆虫进化出穿透抗性的关键机制,其通过精准调控蜡层合成、代谢、转运及结构稳定相关基因表达,改变长链烃类、脂肪酸等核心成分的组成与空间排列,增强蜡层疏水性与致密性以降低杀虫剂穿透效率。不同昆虫类群演化出物种特异性调控通路,但核心逻辑均围绕基因调控-蜡层重塑-屏障强化-抗性形成展开。例如,褐飞虱依靠体内CYP4G76CYP4G115Nlug-desatA2基因调控烃类合成与脂肪酸代谢(Ye et al.,2020Peng et al.,2025)。草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda通过表皮富集的化学感受蛋白基因SfruCSP1SfruCSP12以及多个CYP4G基因参与蜡层结构重塑与屏障功能调控(Wang HH et al.,2024Zhou et al.,2024)。冈比亚按蚊腿部表皮的CPAP家族等基因协同构建疏水涂层从而抵御杀虫剂的浸透(Balabanidou et al.,2019)。埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti可通过调控游离脂肪酸谱影响其表皮化学成分组成,而抗性品系则呈现出表皮增厚及多糖丰度升高的物理结构变化,进而增强其表皮穿透抗性(Kaczmarek et al.,2021)。经杀虫剂处理的红带璧蝽Piezodorus guildinii种群的表皮烃类总量显著高于未处理的田间种群,表明烃类合成与转运基因参与其抗性形成(Sessa et al.,2021)。鸡皮刺螨Dermanyssus gallinae通过CPAP3-likeFAS等多基因协同调控表皮疏水性及脂质合成,增强表皮屏障功能,从而应对杀螨剂的胁迫(Wang BH et al.,2024),这类抗性普遍具有核心调控基因保守、调控目标一致、多基因协同调控的共性特征,作为低适合度代价的非靶标抗性机制,其广谱性使其成为昆虫应对杀虫剂胁迫的重要进化方向,也为针对性开发蜡层合成抑制剂或利用RNA干扰沉默核心基因的抗性管理策略提供了思路,未来需进一步解析其进化保守性与物种特异性以支撑精准防控。
昆虫表皮穿透抗性的进化呈现出明显的阶段性特征,其演化过程遵循从简单到复杂、从单一到协同的基本规律。在初级抗性阶段,昆虫主要通过单一类型基因的适应性过表达形成基础抗性,表现为单通路激活表皮穿透抗性模式。此阶段的典型特征是选择压力较弱,昆虫种群通过上调1~2个关键基因即可获得初步抗性。例如,冈比亚按蚊对低剂量溴氰菊酯的早期抗性仅依赖于CYP4G16基因的上调,通过增加表皮碳氢化合物含量形成初步的疏水屏障,抗性倍数维持在3~5倍(Balabanidou et al.,2016)。随着杀虫剂选择压力的持续增强,抗性进化进入广谱抗性阶段,多类型基因通过协同进化实现多通路激活表皮穿透抗性模式(Guo et al.,2024)。在这个特定阶段,昆虫并非仅仅依靠单一的强化或者重塑机制,而是借助整合激素信号网络以及表观遗传调控,同步激发结构强化型抗性与屏障重塑型抗性。表观遗传调控包含DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰以及微小核糖核酸等方面的调控,其在抗性表型的稳定以及与环境适配过程中发挥着关键作用,可让基因表达模式在种群中稳定遗传,从而维持对环境变化的响应能力(Lai & Wang,2025)。
结构强化型与屏障重塑型穿透抗性并非彼此孤立,而是借助核心激素信号传导和分子通路交叉互作等机制,构建起多层次、网络化的协同调控网络。在激素信号层面,蜕皮激素(20-hydroxyecdysone,20E)作为核心调控因子,通过激活蜕皮激素受体复合体直接上调几丁质合成酶基因CHSA和表皮蛋白基因等,促进几丁质-蛋白质复合体致密化(Yao et al.,2010Wu et al.,2019),同时影响脂质代谢与转运等屏障重塑基因的表达,实现发育周期与抗性形成的同步。保幼激素(juvenile hormone,JH)则通过调控20E信号通路的负调控因子Kr-h1维持两类抗性表达的动态平衡(Song et al.,2018张天镭,2019)。在分子通路层面,酚类物质介导的鞣化通路形成关键连接节点,其生成的醌类物质既能与表皮蛋白、几丁质共价交联,又能与蜡层中的长链烃类、蜡酯发生交联反应,有助于构建结构-屏障一体化的防御层(Andersen,2010)。
深入解析抗性机制是实现害虫精准防控与可持续治理的理论基础(刘雨茜等,2024)。昆虫表皮蛋白在害虫抗药性形成中的作用研究已取得一定进展,但在诸多重要农业害虫中,表皮蛋白是否为主要抗药性形成机制仍需系统性验证,尤其相较于代谢抗性和靶标抗性。该研究未深入探讨表皮穿透抗性与靶标抗性、代谢抗性的分子互作机制,未来需通过多组学联合分析揭示三者的协同进化网络。此外,随着人工智能技术的不断发展,表皮蛋白作为新型杀虫剂靶标和抗性治理分子工具的潜力亟待深入探究。未来的研究应在深化抗性形成机制、创新技术手段和推动应用转化3个层面协同推进,以应对日益复杂的害虫抗药性问题。
在抗性形成分子基础层面,应突破单一基因或特定信号通路调控抗药性的局限,转向多基因和多通路协同调控的综合模型。重点在于阐明结构强化型与屏障重塑型两类穿透抗性相关的调控网络,解析20E和JH等信号如何微调几丁质合成、表皮蛋白表达和脂质代谢基因的失控表达(Yao et al.,2010Song & Zhou,2020)。同时,应重视表观遗传调控(如DNA甲基化和非编码RNA网络)在抗性表型稳定性和遗传变异中的作用(Lai & Wang,2025)。
在技术手段层面,需整合多学科前沿技术,推动高质量多组学分析和精准靶向干预。例如,利用单细胞测序、空间转录组和脂质组学构建从基因到表型的完整调控网络(Ju et al.,2021);采用冷冻电镜、共聚焦拉曼光谱等先进成像技术实现几丁质微纤维排列和蜡质层超微结构的动态化观察(Balabanidou et al.,2019);通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术明确关键基因的功能(Guo et al.,2024),并发展以RNA干扰和合成生物学等基因工程技术,为害虫抗药性治理提供新策略(Palli,2014Zotti et al.,2018Chen et al.,2026)。
在应用转化层面,应基于机制理解发展绿色可持续的防控技术。如开发高效穿透表皮的纳米载体或特异性抑制表皮蛋白、CYP4G、CHS等关键酶的抑制剂(魏子涵等,2025);针对穿透抗性核心基因,利用纳米载体设计RNA干扰农药,提升稳定性及递送效率,以减少化学农药的使用(Hu et al.,2025魏子涵等,2025);结合抗性分子监测与环境数据,应用人工智能模型建立智能化抗性风险预警和治理体系,制订精准干预策略,延缓抗药性演化(Sparks & Nauen,2015)。在推广新技术的同时,应谨慎评估其对非靶标生物如传粉昆虫的潜在影响,优化靶基因选择和递送系统,实现害虫控制与生态环境保护的双赢平衡(Vogel et al.,2019),这一策略及其风险评估框架已成为学界关注的重点(Zotti & Smagghe,2015)。
  • 辽宁省杰出青年科学基金项目(2024JH3/50100027)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2026004
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
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    沈阳农业大学植物保护学院,辽宁省经济与应用昆虫学教育厅重点实验室,沈阳市重大农业入侵生物监测与防控重点实验室,沈阳 110866

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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