Article(id=1266470690434736779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754236800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779879742487, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879742487, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879742487, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879742487, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266470523241382909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='301', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879702622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879723857, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=573, endPage=584, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266470694012478093, articleId=1266470690434736779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=EN, title=Prediction of potential suitable habitats of Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus in Xinjiang, China, columnId=1266470561661206635, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Protection, columnName=Research reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the potential suitable habitats of Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus, which was first recorded in June 2025 in Huocheng County, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (hereafter Xinjiang), global occurrence data and environmental variables were used to predict its potential distribution in Xinjiang using the MaxEnt model under current climatic conditions and three future climate scenarios, namely SSP126 (low forcing), SSP245 (moderate forcing), and SSP585 (high forcing). The results showed that annual mean temperature, isothermality, minimum temperature of coldest month, mean temperature the driest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, land cover classification system, and elevation were the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of D. maroccanus. Under current climatic conditions, potential suitable habitats of D. maroccanus were distributed throughout Xinjiang, with a total area of 80.98×104 km2, accounting for 48.78% of the total area of Xinjiang. High suitable areas were predominantly located in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. By 2061—2080, the potential suitable habitats of D. maroccanus in Xinjiang are projected to expand outward overall, and the area of highly suitable habitats is expected to increase by 85.71%, 181.95%, and 224.44% under SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585 scenarios, respectively. These studies indicate that the risk of establishment of D. maroccanus in Xinjiang, China, is extremely high, and a scientific and efficient early warning, monitoring, and risk management system is urgently needed.

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为明确2025年6月首次入侵中国新疆维吾尔自治区(简称新疆)伊犁哈萨克自治州霍城县的摩洛哥戟纹蝗Dociostaurus maroccanus的潜在适生区,基于其全球分布数据和环境数据,利用MaxEnt模型预测当前气候条件和未来3种气候情景(低强迫情景SSP126、中强迫情景SSP245和高强迫情景SSP585)下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区。结果显示:年平均气温、等温性、最冷月最低温、最干季节平均气温、最冷季节平均气温、最暖季节降水量、土地利用类型和海拔是影响摩洛哥戟纹蝗分布的关键环境变量。在当前气候条件下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗的潜在适生区在新疆各地区均有分布,总面积达80.98×104 km2,约占新疆总面积的48.78%,其中高适生区主要位于伊犁哈萨克自治州。2061—2080年,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区整体呈向外扩张的趋势,且高适生区面积在SSP126、SSP245和SSP585情景下较当前气候条件下分别增加了85.71%、181.95%和224.44%。表明摩洛哥戟纹蝗在中国新疆定殖的风险极高,亟需构建科学高效的预警监测与风险管控体系。

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bio01:年平均气温;bio02:月平均昼夜温差;bio03:等温性;bio04:气温季节性变化;bio05:最热月最高温;bio06:最冷月最低温;bio07:年气温变化范围;bio08:最湿季节平均气温;bio09:最干季节平均气温;bio10:最热季节平均气温;bio11:最冷季节平均气温;bio12:年降水量;bio13:最湿月降水量;bio14:最干月降水量;biob15:降水量季节变化;bio16:最湿季节降水量;bio17:最干季节降水量;bio18:最暖季节降水量;bio19:最冷季降水量;LCCS:土地利用类型;elev:海拔。bio01: Annual mean temperature; bio02: mean diurnal range (mean of monthly max-min temperature); bio03: isothermality; bio04: temperature seasonality; bio05: maximum temperature of the warmest month; bio06: minimum temperature of the coldest month; bio07: temperature annual range; bio08: mean temperature of the wettest quarter; bio09: mean temperature of the driest quarter; bio10: mean temperature of the warmest quarter; bio11: mean temperature of the coldest quarter; bio12: annual precipitation; bio13: precipitation of the wettest month; bio14: precipitation of the driest month; bio15: precipitation seasonality; bio16: precipitation of the wettest quarter; bio17: precipitation of the driest quarter; bio18: precipitation of the warmest quarter; bio19: precipitation of the coldest quarter; LCCS: land cover classification system; elev: elevation.

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A, D, G: 2021—2040; B, E, H: 2041—2060; C, F, I: 2061—2080.

, figureFileSmall=Wqcyf1ArLN4ZXRe68Cbj6Q==, figureFileBig=dcxaqZTJdrEPhNCCK7+DnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746554955219516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470690434736779, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Spatial pattern of uncertainty in the prediction of potential suitable habitats for Dociostaurus maroccanus, figureFileSmall=O6dfUykk5KKdUwxml/maGA==, figureFileBig=+u0UzxecUmffoZiBRQF77w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746555383038525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470690434736779, language=CN, label=图6, caption=摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在适生区预测不确定性空间格局

CI:置信区间。CI: Confidence interval.

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Area of potential suitable habitats of Dociostaurus maroccanus in Xinjiang under current and future climate scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

气候情景

Climate scenario

时间

Time

非适生区

Unsuitable area

低适生区

Low suitability area

中适生区

Moderate suitability area

高适生区

High suitability area

当前气候条件下

Under current climatic condition

85.0269.808.522.66
SSP1262021—204084.3468.309.493.86
2041—206080.4468.0612.375.12
2061—208079.0570.2411.784.94
SSP2452021—204082.5269.2110.184.08
2041—206083.0362.7511.868.36
2061—208079.9466.2412.327.50
SSP5852021—204082.2368.5510.594.64
2041—206079.1468.9211.776.17
2061—208079.7765.9011.708.63
), ArticleFig(id=1266746557077537346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470690434736779, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

当前和未来气候条件下摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区面积 (×104 km2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

气候情景

Climate scenario

时间

Time

非适生区

Unsuitable area

低适生区

Low suitability area

中适生区

Moderate suitability area

高适生区

High suitability area

当前气候条件下

Under current climatic condition

85.0269.808.522.66
SSP1262021—204084.3468.309.493.86
2041—206080.4468.0612.375.12
2061—208079.0570.2411.784.94
SSP2452021—204082.5269.2110.184.08
2041—206083.0362.7511.868.36
2061—208079.9466.2412.327.50
SSP5852021—204082.2368.5510.594.64
2041—206079.1468.9211.776.17
2061—208079.7765.9011.708.63
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摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区分析
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畅笑 1 , 任金龙 2 , 赵莉 2 , 林峻 3 , 秦誉嘉 4 , 冯士骞 1 , 李志红 4 , Rysbekova Alua 5 , Zhan Niyazbekov 5 , 涂雄兵 1
植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 573-584
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植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026, 53(2): 573-584
摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区分析
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畅笑1, 任金龙2, 赵莉2, 林峻3, 秦誉嘉4, 冯士骞1 , 李志红4, Rysbekova Alua5, Zhan Niyazbekov5, 涂雄兵1
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,植物病虫害综合治理全国重点实验室,北京 100193
  • 2.新疆农业大学农学院,农林有害生物监测与安全防控重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 3.新疆维吾尔自治区草原生物灾害防控中心,乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 4.中国农业大学植物保护学院植物生物安全系,北京 100193
  • 5.哈萨克斯坦植保与检疫研究所,阿拉木图 050000

通讯作者:

Prediction of potential suitable habitats of Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus in Xinjiang, China
Xiao Chang1, Jinlong Ren2, Li Zhao2, Jun Lin3, Yujia Qin4, Shiqian Feng1 , Zhihong Li4, Alua Rysbekova5, Niyazbekov Zhan5, Xiongbing Tu1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Safety Control on Crops and Forest, College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
  • 3.Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Grassland Biological Disaster Prevention and Control Center, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
  • 4.Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • 5.Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025112
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为明确2025年6月首次入侵中国新疆维吾尔自治区(简称新疆)伊犁哈萨克自治州霍城县的摩洛哥戟纹蝗Dociostaurus maroccanus的潜在适生区,基于其全球分布数据和环境数据,利用MaxEnt模型预测当前气候条件和未来3种气候情景(低强迫情景SSP126、中强迫情景SSP245和高强迫情景SSP585)下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区。结果显示:年平均气温、等温性、最冷月最低温、最干季节平均气温、最冷季节平均气温、最暖季节降水量、土地利用类型和海拔是影响摩洛哥戟纹蝗分布的关键环境变量。在当前气候条件下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗的潜在适生区在新疆各地区均有分布,总面积达80.98×104 km2,约占新疆总面积的48.78%,其中高适生区主要位于伊犁哈萨克自治州。2061—2080年,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区整体呈向外扩张的趋势,且高适生区面积在SSP126、SSP245和SSP585情景下较当前气候条件下分别增加了85.71%、181.95%和224.44%。表明摩洛哥戟纹蝗在中国新疆定殖的风险极高,亟需构建科学高效的预警监测与风险管控体系。

摩洛哥戟纹蝗  /  新疆  /  MaxEnt模型  /  潜在适生区  /  气候变化

To clarify the potential suitable habitats of Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus, which was first recorded in June 2025 in Huocheng County, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (hereafter Xinjiang), global occurrence data and environmental variables were used to predict its potential distribution in Xinjiang using the MaxEnt model under current climatic conditions and three future climate scenarios, namely SSP126 (low forcing), SSP245 (moderate forcing), and SSP585 (high forcing). The results showed that annual mean temperature, isothermality, minimum temperature of coldest month, mean temperature the driest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, land cover classification system, and elevation were the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of D. maroccanus. Under current climatic conditions, potential suitable habitats of D. maroccanus were distributed throughout Xinjiang, with a total area of 80.98×104 km2, accounting for 48.78% of the total area of Xinjiang. High suitable areas were predominantly located in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. By 2061—2080, the potential suitable habitats of D. maroccanus in Xinjiang are projected to expand outward overall, and the area of highly suitable habitats is expected to increase by 85.71%, 181.95%, and 224.44% under SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585 scenarios, respectively. These studies indicate that the risk of establishment of D. maroccanus in Xinjiang, China, is extremely high, and a scientific and efficient early warning, monitoring, and risk management system is urgently needed.

Dociostaurus maroccanus  /  Xinjiang  /  MaxEnt model  /  potential suitable habitat  /  climate change
畅笑, 任金龙, 赵莉, 林峻, 秦誉嘉, 冯士骞, 李志红, Rysbekova Alua, Zhan Niyazbekov, 涂雄兵. 摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区分析. 植物保护学报, 2026 , 53 (2) : 573 -584 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025112
Xiao Chang, Jinlong Ren, Li Zhao, Jun Lin, Yujia Qin, Shiqian Feng, Zhihong Li, Alua Rysbekova, Niyazbekov Zhan, Xiongbing Tu. Prediction of potential suitable habitats of Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus in Xinjiang, China[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2026 , 53 (2) : 573 -584 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025112
摩洛哥戟纹蝗Dociostaurus maroccanus属蝗总科网翅蝗科戟纹蝗属Dociostaurus,分布区域从西部的大西洋岛屿(加那利群岛、马德拉岛)延伸到东部的哈萨克斯坦和阿富汗(FAO,2023)。该蝗虫在北非和中亚国家频繁暴发,已成为部分国家的主要害虫之一(Latchininsky,1998)。近年来,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在中亚地区发生尤为严重,主要发生在哈萨克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、阿富汗以及吉尔吉斯斯坦(李金星等,2025),尤其在哈萨克斯坦南部和吉尔吉斯斯坦北部,沿着1 051 km边界线均分布着摩洛哥戟纹蝗繁殖区(FAO,2023)。2020年,哈萨克斯坦南部地区首次发现摩洛哥戟纹蝗入侵,其南部突厥斯坦州、江布尔州等地是灾害核心区(https://m.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/e/202005/20200502967818.shtml)。2023年摩洛哥戟纹蝗在哈萨克斯坦大规模暴发,受灾面积达161万hm2,占全国总面积的59%,在库斯塔奈地区发生最严重,超过500 hm2的农作物受害(https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20230706A0A2G400)。2025年3月,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在中亚南部开始发生,到4月底在哈萨克斯坦调查的6.3万hm2区域中有1.6万hm2均有摩洛哥戟纹蝗卵出现,25%的土地受害(FAO,2025)。2025年6月,中国新疆维吾尔自治区(简称新疆)伊犁哈萨克自治州霍城县发现高密度摩洛哥戟纹蝗,并在萨尔布拉克镇进一步形成了稳定种群(任金龙等,2025)。
摩洛哥戟纹蝗栖息的理想环境是年降水量300~500 mm、海拔400~1 200 m的干旱山麓地带(Latchininsky,2013),裸露的土壤斑块与丛生的草丛为其提供了适宜的生存环境与繁殖环境(Song,2011Klein et al.,2022),而潮湿或植被茂盛的区域不适合其产卵(Malakhov & Zlatanov,2020)。摩洛哥戟纹蝗具备远距离跨境迁飞的能力,当其种群密度激增且群居时,成虫会迁飞至新的区域,每天可飞行25~30 km,整个成虫阶段可迁飞70~100 km,最远可达200 km(Guerrero et al.,2017李金星等,2025)。摩洛哥戟纹蝗以33科150多种植物为食,其中包括50多种农作物,如谷物、豆类、蔬菜、饲料、油料和经济作物,以及果树和针叶树(Kokanova,2014Khairov et al.,2024)。摩洛哥戟纹蝗广泛的食性、强大的繁殖力和迁飞能力使其成为全球性的主要害虫(Latchininsky,1998)。摩洛哥戟纹蝗在哈萨克斯坦境内的虫源地主要集中在南部的图尔克斯坦州、江布尔州及阿拉木图州,其中阿拉木图州与中国新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州相邻,存在伊犁河谷等蝗虫迁入的天然通道,加之该边境地带盛行稳定的西风,风场贯穿东西,从而极有利于摩洛哥戟纹蝗借助气流自西向东迁飞入侵中国(李金星等,2026)。因此,明确当前及未来气候条件下摩洛哥戟纹蝗在中国新疆的潜在适生区,才能有效预判其潜在扩张的方向与强度,从而为当地该害虫的防控提供科学依据。
目前,生态位模型被广泛用于预测物种潜在适生区,该方法主要基于物种分布数据和环境变量进行预测,包括广义线性(generalized linear,GL)模型、分类与回归树(classification and regression tree,CART)模型、最大熵(maximum entropy,MaxEnt)模型、随机森林(random forest,RF)模型、人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)模型等(郭彦龙等,2020)。其中,MaxEnt模型对物种采样点数量要求低,并且具有操作简单、计算速度快、预测精度高的优点(Elith et al.,2011Ahmed et al.,2015),是最常用的生态位建模工具之一。该模型不仅能识别关键环境变量,还可结合GIS技术进行大尺度空间分析,被广泛用于蝗虫潜在适生区预测(温玄烨等,2021李金星等,2024甘辉林等,2025)。本研究基于摩洛哥戟纹蝗在全球的已知分布点数据,利用MaxEnt模型筛选影响摩洛哥戟纹蝗分布的关键环境因子,预测其在新疆的潜在适生区,以期为当地摩洛哥戟纹蝗的防控工作提供参考依据。
发生数据:摩洛哥戟纹蝗的分布点数据来源于全球生物多样性信息平台(https://www.gbif.org/)、联合国粮食及农业组织Locusts in Caucasus and Central Asia(CCA)专题(https://www.fao.org/locusts-cca/en/)和国内外公开发表文献,共收集到208个分布点数据,其中国内分布点4个(新疆霍城县),国外分布点204个,包括欧洲104个、亚洲95个、非洲5个,亚洲分布点集中在哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和阿富汗。
环境数据:本研究选取了两组环境变量,第1组共21个环境变量,包括19个生物气候变量(年平均气温、月平均昼夜温差、等温性、气温季节性变化、最热月最高温、最冷月最低温、年气温变化范围、最湿季节平均气温、最干季节平均气温、最热季节平均气温、最冷季节平均气温、年降水量、最湿月降水量、最干月降水量、降水量季节变化、最湿季节降水量、最干季节降水量、最暖季节降水量和最冷季节降水量)、海拔和土地利用类型数据;第2组共26个环境变量,包括1—12月每月平均温度、1—12月每月降水量、海拔和土地利用类型数据。气候数据来源于WorldClim数据库(http://www.worldclim.org/),均以1970—2000年数据作为当前气候数据,未来气候数据选择北京气候中心气候系统模式第2版-中等分辨率(Beijing Climate Center-Climate System Model version 2-Medium Resolution,BCC-CSM2-MR)模式(Wu et al.,2019),该模式由中国自主研发,对东亚季风区气候特征的模拟能力尤为突出(李淑萍等,2023),契合本研究区域,单独使用该模式可减少使用多模式集合可能导致的独特区域性能平均化。未来气候数据包括2021—2040年、2041—2060年、2061—2080年3个时间段,针对低强迫情景SSP126、中强迫情景SSP245和高强迫情景SSP585三种情景进行预测(Popp et al.,2017Meinshausen et al.,2020)。海拔数据来源于WorldClim数据库(http://www.worldclim.org/),假设海拔在未来没有显著变化,因此在构建所有时期的模型时均使用了与当前一致的海拔数据。土地利用数据来源于欧洲航天局气候变化倡议(https://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/),使用2000年的数据代表当前时期数据,2024年的数据代表未来时期数据。使用ArcGIS 10.4.1中的重采样工具将所有图层的空间分辨率统一为2.5 arc-min。
地图数据:所用地图均从自然资源部标准地图服务系统下载。
为降低摩洛哥戟纹蝗分布点的空间自相关性,使用ENMTools 1.3软件删除冗余数据,按照环境数据的分辨率保证同一栅格中的分布点仅有1个。最终从本研究获取的208个原始分布点数据中剔除了63个,保留用于建模的分布点数据共145个,将数据保存为csv格式。
将供试的两组环境变量进行相关性分析,并结合刀切法来评估各环境变量的重要性,得到其对摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在地理分布影响的贡献率、重要值和正规化训练增益值,发现第1组环境变量之间的自相关性较第2组环境变量之间的低,且在只含有单个变量的情况下第1组环境变量的正规化训练增益值较大。鉴于物种分布界限常与极端条件(如最冷月温度、最热月温度)或累积效应(干旱季降雨量)相关,而非单一月份的气候条件(De Meyer et al.,2010)。最终选取第1组的19个全球生物气候数据集、海拔数据与土地利用类型数据作为环境变量构建MaxEnt模型,数据保存为asc格式。
MaxEnt模型的校准和优化利用R语言kuenm包来完成(Cobos et al.,2019)。MaxEnt模型中最重要的两个参数为特征组合(feature combination,FC)和正则化乘数(regularization multiplier,RM)(Merow et al.,2013)。FC包括5个特征,分为线性特征(linear features,L)、二次型特征(quadratic features,Q)、乘积型特征(product features,P)、阈值性特征(threshold features,T)和片段化特征(hinge features,H);RM参数设置为0.5~4.0(间隔0.5)。使用修正赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion correction,AICc)(Sugiura,1978)来评估模型性能,AICc值越小表明模型与数据的拟合程度越高。
采用曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)与真实技巧统计(true skill statistic,TSS)值评估MaxEnt模型精度(Pearce & Ferrier,2000)。当0.5<AUC≤0.7时,预测精度较低;当0.7<AUC≤0.8时,预测精度中等;当AUC>0.8时,预测精度较高,值越大说明预测精度越高(Phillips et al.,2006)。当0.2<TSS≤0.4时,模型预测结果较差;当0.4<TSS≤0.6时,模型预测结果一般;当0.6<TSS≤0.8时,模型预测结果良好;当0.8<TSS≤1.0时,模型预测结果优秀(Sheng et al.,2017)。
利用MaxEnt 3.4.4软件进行摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在适生区的预测,将csv格式的分布点数据和asc格式的环境变量数据分别导入MaxEnt 3.4.4软件中运行。本研究随机选取75%的分布点数据作为训练集,剩余25%的分布点数据作为测试集,Replicated run type选择Bootstrap,结果以Logistic格式输出,通过10次运行后,输出预测结果。
在ArcGIS 10.4.1软件中加载MaxEnt 3.4.4软件的运行结果,使用掩膜提取法得到摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在地理分布结果。使用空间分析工具中的重分类功能,采用自然间断点分级法依据适生概率P将摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在分布区分为非适生区(0.000≤P≤0.042)、低适生区(0.042<P≤0.125)、中适生区(0.125<P≤0.241)以及高适生区(0.241<P≤1.000)4个等级,将预测结果进行可视化。最后,统计不同等级适生区的面积,计算不同等级适生区所占的比例。
为进一步检验MaxEnt模型的预测能力和生物学解释力,本研究将2025年于新疆霍城县首次发现的4个摩洛哥戟纹蝗入侵点(44°8′3.12″ N,81°5′37.68″ E;44°8′12.12″ N,81°0′33.84″ E;44°7′ 53.40″ N,81°1′31.44″ E;44°7′32.88″ N,81°0′ 48.96″ E)作为独立验证点,通过将其与预测的不同等级适生区进行比对,以评估模型对入侵事件的预测准确性。
为量化MaxEnt模型预测的空间不确定性,本研究采用基于重复运行的评估框架。在MaxEnt 3.4.4软件中设置了10次重复运行,然后利用R 4.3.0软件的terra包计算每个网格单元的95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。基于95% CI的频率分布,将不确定性区划分为3级:当95% CI≤0.10时为低不确定区,当0.10<95% CI≤0.30时为中等不确定区,当95% CI>0.30时为高不确定区(Gervasi et al.,2024),最后将95% CI图层可视化。
以当前气候条件下摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区面积为基础,计算未来气候SSP126、SSP245和SSP585三个情景模式下不同时期摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在适生区的扩张区、保留区以及收缩区,最终将摩洛哥戟纹蝗适生区空间格局变化可视化。
刀切法分析结果显示,在仅该变量时,年平均气温、最冷季节平均气温、最冷月最低温和等温性这4个环境变量的正规化训练增益值最大(图1),表明这4个生物气候变量是影响摩洛哥戟纹蝗分布的主要因素。在无该变量时,等温性、最暖季节降水量、土地利用类型和海拔这4个生物气候变量的正规化训练增益值最小(图1),表明这4个生物气候变量为摩洛哥戟纹蝗的分布提供了最多的特有信息,无法被其他生物气候变量替代。
综合正规化训练增益值、贡献率和重要值排序结果,取并集得到影响摩洛哥戟纹蝗分布的8个关键环境变量(图2)。以适生概率为0.5作为评估标准,摩洛哥戟纹蝗栖息环境的适宜年平均气温范围为9.7~17.1 ℃,适宜等温性范围为30.2~39.0,适宜最冷月最低温度范围为-9.9~4.0 ℃,适宜最干季节平均温度范围为13.9~25.9 ℃,适宜最冷季节平均温度范围为-2.8~10.0 ℃,适宜最暖季节降水量范围为11.3~107.0 mm,适宜海拔范围为-106.8~19.6 m和495.1~1 351.0 m,适宜土地利用类型为稀疏植被(树木、灌溉、草本覆盖度<15%)(图2)。
当模型参数RM=1、FC=LQPTH时,MaxEnt模型的表现性能最优,该参数组合在模型拟合度与复杂度之间取得了较优平衡,选择此参数模型进行摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在适生区的预测。
摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在适生区预测模型的10次平均AUC值为0.982(图3),TSS值为0.87,表明MaxEnt模型的预测效果较好,可用于摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在适生区的预测。
在当前气候条件下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗的潜在适生区在新疆各州、各地区均有分布(图4),总面积为80.98×104 km2,约占新疆总面积的48.78%。其中高适生区主要分布在与哈萨克斯坦接壤的中国新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州,包括阿勒泰地区、塔城地区、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州和伊宁市的边境地区,面积为2.66×104 km2表1),约占新疆总面积的1.60%;中适生区面积为8.52×104 km2表1),约占新疆总面积的5.13%,主要分布在新疆阿勒泰地区西北部、塔城地区北部、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州西部、伊宁市西部、喀什地区南部、和田地区西部和巴音郭楞蒙古自治州东北部;低适生区分布在新疆大部分区域,面积为69.80×104 km2表1),约占新疆总面积的42.05%,包括阿勒泰地区、塔城地区、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、伊宁市、喀什地区和吐鲁番市80%以上地区;其余区域为非适生区,面积为85.02×104 km2表1),约占新疆总面积的51.22%。
在未来气候条件下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区总面积变化较小,但各等级适生区占比发生较大变化,中适生区与高适生区的面积增加,部分低适生区转变为中适生区和高适生区。在SSP126气候情景下,2021—2040年摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区总面积为81.65×104 km2表1),比当前气候条件下的总面积增长了0.83%,其中中适生区与高适生区的面积较当前气候条件下增长了11.38%和45.11%;2041—2060年,中适生区与高适生区的面积较当前气候条件下增长了45.19%和92.48%;2061—2080年,中适生区与高适生区的面积较当前气候条件下增长了38.26%和85.71%。总体分析,在SSP126气候情景下,高适生区增加区域主要集中在伊犁哈萨克自治州,中适生区大面积增加区域集中在阿勒泰地区(图5)。
在SSP245气候情景下,2021—2040年、2041—2060年、2061—2080年摩洛哥戟纹蝗的潜在适生区总面积分别为83.47×104、82.97×104和86.06×104 km2表1),高适生区面积在2021—2040年、2041—2060年、2061—2080年较当前气候条件下分别增长了53.38%、214.29%和181.95%。总体分析,在SSP585气候情景下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗的高适生区同样集中在伊犁哈萨克自治州(图5)。
在SSP585气候情景下,2021—2040年、2041—2060年和2061—2080年摩洛哥戟纹蝗的潜在适生区总面积分别为83.78×104、86.86×104和86.23×104 km2,较当前气候条件下分别增长了3.46%、7.26%和6.48%(表1)。其中,中适生区面积在2021—2040年、2041—2060年和2061—2080年较当前气候条件下分别增长了24.30%、38.15%和37.32%,高适生面积分别增长了74.44%、131.95%和224.44%。总体分析,在SSP585气候情景下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗的高适生区主要集中在新疆西北区域(图5)。
2025年摩洛哥戟纹蝗在霍城的首次入侵点明确落在本研究所建MaxEnt模型预测的高适生区范围内(图4),这从空间上直观证实了本研究所建MaxEnt模型预测的有效性,表明模型能较准确地识别出摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在的入侵风险区域。
不确定性分析结果表明,摩洛哥戟纹蝗预测整体表现高度稳定,但局部存在可靠性差异(图6)。预测确定性呈现出明显的梯度特征:低不确定区占主导地位,面积达157.61×104 km2,约占新疆总面积的94.95%;中等不确定区的面积占新疆总面积的4.88%,主要与适生性空间格局耦合,集中出现在高适生区内的塔城地区、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、伊宁市以及和田地区;高不确定区分布极有限,仅占新疆总面积的0.18%。
在不同未来气候情景下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区呈现出不同的分布格局(图7)。在低强迫情景SSP126下,到2061—2080年,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区扩张区面积为10.07×104 km2,收缩区面积为4.27×104 km2,适生区总面积较当前气候条件下增长了7.38%。在中强迫情景SSP245下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区扩张区面积为16.51×104 km2,收缩区面积为12.20×104 km2。在高强迫情景SSP585下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区扩张区面积为17.82×104 km2,收缩区面积为12.88×104 km2,主要集中在新疆中部区域,稳定区面积为65.39×104 km2。在这3种情景下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区整体呈向外扩张的趋势。
本研究利用MaxEnt模型预测了当前和未来气候条件下摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区,发现其在新疆各州、各地区均有分布,且在未来3种气候情景SSP126、SSP245、SSP585下高适生区与中适生区的面积均增大。通过刀切法得到年平均气温、等温性、最冷月最低温度、最干季节平均温度、最冷季节平均温度、最暖季节降水量、海拔和土地利用类型是影响摩洛哥戟纹蝗分布的关键环境变量。摩洛哥戟纹蝗的孵化、发育、产卵等阶段都需要充足的降雨量和温度。MaxEnt模型预测的摩洛哥戟纹蝗适宜生存海拔范围为-106.8~19.6 m和495.1~1 351.0 m,这与Latchininsky(2013)所记录摩洛哥戟纹蝗适宜生存环境为400~1 200 m的干旱山麓地带高度一致。本研究发现495.1~1 351.0 m海拔区间是摩洛哥戟纹蝗的核心分布区,而-106.8~19.6 m的低海拔区域可能代表了其向平原、谷地扩散的潜在走廊或季节性栖息地。在气候方面,Khairov et al.(2024)研究发现摩洛哥戟纹蝗的栖息地干旱期长,草原植被覆盖期短;年平均气温在13.2~17.6 ℃之间,峰值气温在40.1~44.0 ℃之间。本研究预测结果显示,摩洛哥戟纹蝗适宜生存的年平均气温(9.7~17.1 ℃)和最冷月最低温(-9.9~4.0 ℃)共同界定了其冬季适温范围与耐寒极限,而较低的年等温性(30.2~39.0)则反映了其对昼夜及季节性温差较大环境的适应。尤为关键的是降水格局,本研究显示适宜摩洛哥戟纹蝗生存的最暖季节降水量极低(11.3~107.0 mm),这与Latchininsky(2013)记录的适宜摩洛哥戟纹蝗生存的年降水量为300~500 mm相吻合,这共同印证了摩洛哥戟纹蝗偏好偏好冷季降水集中、暖季显著干旱的气候模式,这种气候模式抑制了茂密植被的生长,从而为其创造了至关重要的生存条件。在土地利用方面,本研究结果表明稀疏植被(覆盖度<15%)是摩洛哥戟纹蝗适宜的土地类型,这与Song(2011)Klein et al.(2022)认为裸露的土壤斑块与丛生的草丛是摩洛哥戟纹蝗生存的适宜生境的结果吻合。稀疏的植被覆盖确保了有充足的阳光直射地面,这不仅为蝗虫的体温调节提供了场所,更为其提供了适宜的产卵地点。随着气候变暖加剧了草原干旱,进而驱动摩洛哥戟纹蝗栖息地扩张与暴发频率增高,本研究发现未来气候条件下,摩洛哥戟纹蝗的潜在适生区面积增大,且在高等强迫情景SSP585下高适生区扩张面积更大。
哈萨克斯坦境内蝗虫发生种类达270多种(Nasiyev et al.,2015),以亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria、意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus和摩洛哥戟纹蝗发生最为严重(Toleubayev et al.,2007)。哈萨克斯坦位于亚洲中部干旱区,属大陆性气候,全境年平均降水量为250 mm(Gagloeva,2016),境内荒漠和草原面积占该国总面积的80%以上。哈萨克斯坦与中国新疆接壤,在自然地理和生态环境上高度相似(刘琼等,2017),蝗虫从哈萨克斯坦草原多次入侵中国新疆的塔城和阿勒泰地区。自20世纪80年代以来,塔城边境地区共发生10次亚洲飞蝗跨境迁徙,Yu et al.(2020)利用轨迹分析初步明确了中国新疆塔城地区监测到的亚洲飞蝗可能来自于哈萨克斯坦湖泊附近(斋桑泊、额尔齐斯河和巴尔喀什湖)。1999年,哈萨克斯坦亚洲飞蝗发生面积达22万hm2,给当地造成巨大的经济损失(Azhbenov et al.,2015),从哈萨克斯坦迁飞进入中国新疆的亚洲飞蝗给当地造成了严重的经济损失(哈玛尔和韩小虎,2014)。目前,中国新疆已是亚洲飞蝗、意大利蝗的栖息地,若摩洛哥戟纹蝗在哈萨克斯坦大暴发,对中国新疆同样具有严重威胁。基于此,本研究系统量化了摩洛哥戟纹蝗潜在适生区预测的空间不确定性,实现了风险管理从“是否适生”到“适生是否可信”的升级。对高适生-低不确定区,可基于模型结果直接部署监测网络;对高适生-高不确定区,需结合遥感监测或田间调查验证后行动;对所有高不确定区,无论适生性高低,均应列为长期监测的区域。
外来物种入侵的过程包括传入、定殖、潜伏、扩散与暴发5个阶段(万方浩等,2015),摩洛哥戟纹蝗具有极强的扩散能力,2025年6月在新疆霍城已发现摩洛哥戟纹蝗入境,当其到达暴发阶段便会对中国生态和经济造成严重影响。本研究预测结果表明,摩洛哥戟纹蝗若在新疆进一步扩散,和田及喀什地区作为潜在适生区将面临入侵风险。特别是和田地区当前已出现大面积中适生区,若该蝗虫种群借助人类活动或自然扩散进入该区域,其温暖干燥的气候条件极适合其定殖与暴发,对当地农牧业生产及草原生态系统构成重大威胁。本研究通过MaxEnt模型生成的潜在适生区分布图,精准聚焦于入侵链条中的定殖环节。本研究结果为摩活哥戟纹蝗入侵风险的空间研判提供了环境可行性基底:与哈萨克斯坦接壤的中国新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州等地被预测为高适生区,这为优先部署监测网络与制订早期预警方案提供了科学依据。然而,实际的入侵动态还受两大外部驱动力的调控:一是自然传播动力,特别是季节性风场对该蝗虫主动迁飞路径的驱动作用;二是人为介导的传播,全球贸易及农林活动极大地加速并改变了其传播的速率与方向。因此,最终的入侵风险是环境适宜性与传播可能性共同作用的结果。摩洛哥戟纹蝗的迁飞无国界限制,在控制已迁入种群密度的情况下,还需关注哈萨克斯坦摩洛哥戟纹蝗的暴发情况,提前制订防控措施。对摩洛哥戟纹蝗的防治实践始于20世纪初,1920—1930年间,砷酸盐诱饵曾是防治该害虫的主流化学杀虫剂,但化学杀虫剂会误伤天敌昆虫、传粉媒介、爬行动物和哺乳动物。生物防治已成为21世纪的主要趋势,金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae、球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana等生物制剂已推广应用(李金星等,2025)。同时,利用天敌进行控制也展现出巨大潜力,例如芫菁科、蜂虻科等捕食卵的天敌已被证实是导致蝗虫数量锐减的关键因素;在新疆通过人工招引粉红椋鸟Sturnus roseus来降低蝗虫繁殖速度,在控制蝗灾影响范围方面取得了良好的效果(吴建国等,2021)。
蝗虫的产卵、孵化及生长发育受土壤类型、湿度、含沙量以及降雨、温度等多因子综合影响(黄文江等,2020)。本研究主要聚焦于温度和降水两大关键气候要素,初步揭示了摩洛哥戟纹蝗在新疆的潜在适生区。然而仍需进一步提升预测模型的准确性与实用性,后续研究亟需将关键的土壤因子纳入分析体系。此外,本研究采用的MaxEnt模型作为单一物种分布模型性能良好,未来可集成Biomod2平台中的多种算法如GLM、RF等进行集成预测,通过多模型比较与平均,有效降低单一模型的不确定性,从而获得更稳定、可靠的预测结果。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC2607700)
  • 财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS-34)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025112
  • 接收时间:2025-08-04
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-04
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国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC2607700)
财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS-34)
作者信息
    1.中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,植物病虫害综合治理全国重点实验室,北京 100193
    2.新疆农业大学农学院,农林有害生物监测与安全防控重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830052
    3.新疆维吾尔自治区草原生物灾害防控中心,乌鲁木齐 830000
    4.中国农业大学植物保护学院植物生物安全系,北京 100193
    5.哈萨克斯坦植保与检疫研究所,阿拉木图 050000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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