Article(id=1266470733547987766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751990400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779879752765, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879752765, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879752765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879752765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266470523241382909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, year='2026', volume='53', issue='2', pageStart='301', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879702622, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879723857, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266470612705890691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, issueId=1266470523241382909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=537, endPage=546, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266470733971612472, articleId=1266470733547987766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, language=EN, title=Effects of environmental factors and intraspecific competition on the functional response of predatory ladybirds, columnId=1266470561661206635, journalTitle=Journal of Plant Protection, columnName=Research reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically investigate the differences in predation capacity and control efficiency of predatory ladybirds against aphids under different conditions, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate predation at different aphid densities, environmental temperatures, and predator density gradients. The data were fitted with Holling’s disc equation and models of interference and competition. The results showed that the functional responses of Harmonia axyridis to Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis sophoricola, and Chaitophorus populeti all conformed to Holling type II functional response. Among the tested aphid species, H. axyridis exhibited the strongest predation capacity and control efficiency against C. populeti, with a theoretical maximum daily predation of 500.00 individuals, whereas its control efficiency against A. sophoricola was the weakest, with a theoretical maximum daily predation of only 90.91 individuals. The predation capacity of H. axyridis against A. glycines increased with temperature within the range of 21-33 ℃ and reached a maximum at 33 ℃, after which it declined at higher temperatures. Moreover, the fourth-instar larvae of H. axyridis exhibited higher control efficiency against A. glycines than adult females. Increasing predator density intensified intraspecific competition in H. axyridis populations; although total predation increased, the mean predation per individual decreased significantly with increasing predator density, indicating that predation efficiency was constrained by density-dependent interference. Compared with H. axyridis, Adonia variegata showed stronger predation capacity against A. sophoricola. With increasing aphid density, the searching efficiency of both species declined. These results indicate that predatory ladybirds have strong predation potential against aphids, and their functional responses and predation efficiencies are influenced by aphid species, temperature, and the intensity of intraspecific competition, with notable differences among ladybird species.

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为系统探究捕食性瓢虫在不同条件下对蚜虫的捕食能力与控害潜力的差异,通过室内试验测定不同蚜虫种群密度、环境温度、瓢虫密度梯度条件下捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫的捕食情况,并利用Holling圆盘方程和干扰与竞争模型对分析结果进行拟合。结果表明:异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对棉蚜Aphis gossypii、大豆蚜Aphis glycines、槐蚜Aphis sophoricola以及白杨毛蚜Chaitophorus populeti的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II型,其对白杨毛蚜的捕食能力与控害能力最强,理论日最大捕食量为500.00头,而对槐蚜的控害能力相对最弱,理论日最大捕食量仅为90.91头。异色瓢虫对大豆蚜的捕食能力在21~33 ℃范围内随温度升高而增强,在33 ℃时达到最佳捕食水平,超过该温度后其捕食量下降;且其4龄幼虫对大豆蚜的控害能力均优于雌成虫。异色瓢虫密度的增大导致种内竞争加剧,种群总捕食量虽有上升,但个体平均捕食量随种群密度的增加而显著降低,表明其捕食效率受自身密度的干扰效应制约。与异色瓢虫相较,多异瓢虫Adonia variegata对槐蚜表现出更强的捕食能力,随着槐蚜密度增加,两种瓢虫的寻找效应均呈下降趋势。表明捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫具有较强的捕食潜能,其捕食功能反应及捕食效率受蚜虫种类、温度条件及种内竞争强度等因素影响,并在不同瓢虫种类间存在差异。

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A:异色瓢虫雌成虫对4种蚜虫的捕食量;B:异色瓢虫雌成虫和4龄幼虫对大豆蚜的捕食量;C:异色瓢虫雌成虫和多异瓢虫雌成虫对槐蚜的捕食量。A: Predation amount of female adults of Harmonia axyridis on four aphid species; B: predation amount of female adults of Harmonia axyridis and 4th-instar larvae on Aphis craccivora; C: predation amount of female adults of Harmonia axyridis and Adonia variegata on Aphis sophoricola.

图中数据为平均数±标准误。Data are mean±SE.

, figureFileSmall=qy1OwcX8H2OU2MphmH1Y6Q==, figureFileBig=Jotnnv24bNKFONwXVyDeFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746450730967191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Searching efficiency of two ladybird species on four aphid species under different prey densities, figureFileSmall=ahHUoK8tRW3WLYWqcrWHPg==, figureFileBig=DbUcq4zmhxvFG+th86L+Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746450802270360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同猎物密度下两种异色瓢虫对4种蚜虫的寻找效应

A:异色瓢虫雌成虫对4种蚜虫的寻找效应;B:异色瓢虫雌成虫和4龄幼虫对大豆蚜的寻找效应;C:异色瓢虫雌成虫和多异瓢虫雌成虫对槐蚜的寻找效应。A: Searching efficiency of female adults of Harmonia axyridis on four aphid species; B: searching efficiency of female adults and 4th-instar larvae of Harmonia axyridis on Aphis craccivora; C: searching efficiency of female adults of Harmonia axyridis and Adonia variegata on Aphis sophoricola.

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图中数据为平均数±标准误。不同小写字母表示不同温度处理间经LSD法检验差异显著(P<0.05)。Data are mean±SE. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among temperature treatments based on the LSD test (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=NPVbybIQ0qkuddG72eczFw==, figureFileBig=NOEot7hQCWsgJ8COMpQPNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746451045539995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Effects of intraspecific competition on prey consumption of female adults of Harmonia axyridis, figureFileSmall=7uUDFtEaVhKEPCi9BpOM0Q==, figureFileBig=K6tSlEYL5McWvOYnQZENvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746451116843164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=CN, label=图4, caption=种内竞争对异色瓢虫雌成虫捕食量的影响, figureFileSmall=7uUDFtEaVhKEPCi9BpOM0Q==, figureFileBig=K6tSlEYL5McWvOYnQZENvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266746451183952029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Functional response parameters for different predator-aphid combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

瓢虫

Ladybird

蚜虫

Aphid

最大似然估计

Maximum likelihood estimation

功能反应类型

Type of functional response

p1P

异色瓢虫雌成虫

Female adults of

Harmonia axyridis

棉蚜Aphis gossypii-0.227±0.060<0.001Holling type II
大豆蚜Aphis craccivora-0.224±0.0750.003Holling type II
白杨毛蚜Chaitophorus populeti-0.127±0.1020.021Holling type II
槐蚜Aphis sophoricola-0.156±0.044<0.001Holling type II

异色瓢虫4龄幼虫

4th-instar larvae of H. axyridis

大豆蚜Aphis craccivora-0.066±0.0550.023Holling type II

多异瓢虫雌成虫

Female adults of Adonia variegata

槐蚜Aphis sophoricola-0.196±0.046<0.001Holling type II
), ArticleFig(id=1266746451251060894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同捕食者-蚜虫组合的功能反应参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

瓢虫

Ladybird

蚜虫

Aphid

最大似然估计

Maximum likelihood estimation

功能反应类型

Type of functional response

p1P

异色瓢虫雌成虫

Female adults of

Harmonia axyridis

棉蚜Aphis gossypii-0.227±0.060<0.001Holling type II
大豆蚜Aphis craccivora-0.224±0.0750.003Holling type II
白杨毛蚜Chaitophorus populeti-0.127±0.1020.021Holling type II
槐蚜Aphis sophoricola-0.156±0.044<0.001Holling type II

异色瓢虫4龄幼虫

4th-instar larvae of H. axyridis

大豆蚜Aphis craccivora-0.066±0.0550.023Holling type II

多异瓢虫雌成虫

Female adults of Adonia variegata

槐蚜Aphis sophoricola-0.196±0.046<0.001Holling type II
), ArticleFig(id=1266746451322364063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Functional response parameters of Harmonia axyridis (female adults, 4th-instar larvae) and Adonia variegata (female adults) to four aphid specie

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

瓢虫

Ladybird

蚜虫

Aphid

日均

捕食量

Mean daily

prey consumption

捕食功能

反应模型

Functional response

model

相关系数

Correlation coefficient

χ2

瞬时攻击率

Instantaneous

attack rate

处理

时间

Handling

time/d

捕食效能

Predation

capacity

理论日最大捕食量

Theoretical

maximum

daily consumption

异色瓢虫雌成虫

Female adult of

Harmoniaaxyridis

棉蚜

Aphis gossypii

55.00±

8.35 b

Na=1.307N0/(1+0.011N00.9904.612

1.307±

0.037 a

0.009±

0.001 b

150.21114.94

大豆蚜

Aphis craccivora

57.33±

8.55 b

Na=1.279N0/(1+0.010N00.9837.112

1.279±

0.051 a

0.008±

0.001 b

166.14129.87

白杨毛蚜

Chaitophorus

populeti

75.73±

14.63 a

Na=1.067N0/(1+0.002N00.9959.094

1.067±

0.023 b

0.002±

0.000 c

533.35500.00

槐蚜

Aphis sophoricola

48.73±

7.27 c

Na=1.308N0/(1+0.014N00.9706.507

1.308±

0.064 a

0.011±

0.001 a

118.8690.91

异色瓢虫4龄幼虫

4th-instar larva

of Harmonia

axyridis

大豆蚜

Aphis craccivora

68.80±

12.03 a

Na=1.042N0/(1+0.003N00.9898.303

1.042±

0.087 b

0.003±

0.001 b

347.20333.33

多异瓢虫雌成虫

Female adult of

Adonia variegata

槐蚜

Aphis sophoricola

56.67±

9.98 b

Na=1.164N0/(1+0.009N00.9537.473

1.164±

0.039 a

0.008±

0.001 b

155.25133.33
), ArticleFig(id=1266746451393667232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

异色瓢虫雌成虫及4龄幼虫和多异瓢虫雌成虫对4种蚜虫的捕食功能反应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

瓢虫

Ladybird

蚜虫

Aphid

日均

捕食量

Mean daily

prey consumption

捕食功能

反应模型

Functional response

model

相关系数

Correlation coefficient

χ2

瞬时攻击率

Instantaneous

attack rate

处理

时间

Handling

time/d

捕食效能

Predation

capacity

理论日最大捕食量

Theoretical

maximum

daily consumption

异色瓢虫雌成虫

Female adult of

Harmoniaaxyridis

棉蚜

Aphis gossypii

55.00±

8.35 b

Na=1.307N0/(1+0.011N00.9904.612

1.307±

0.037 a

0.009±

0.001 b

150.21114.94

大豆蚜

Aphis craccivora

57.33±

8.55 b

Na=1.279N0/(1+0.010N00.9837.112

1.279±

0.051 a

0.008±

0.001 b

166.14129.87

白杨毛蚜

Chaitophorus

populeti

75.73±

14.63 a

Na=1.067N0/(1+0.002N00.9959.094

1.067±

0.023 b

0.002±

0.000 c

533.35500.00

槐蚜

Aphis sophoricola

48.73±

7.27 c

Na=1.308N0/(1+0.014N00.9706.507

1.308±

0.064 a

0.011±

0.001 a

118.8690.91

异色瓢虫4龄幼虫

4th-instar larva

of Harmonia

axyridis

大豆蚜

Aphis craccivora

68.80±

12.03 a

Na=1.042N0/(1+0.003N00.9898.303

1.042±

0.087 b

0.003±

0.001 b

347.20333.33

多异瓢虫雌成虫

Female adult of

Adonia variegata

槐蚜

Aphis sophoricola

56.67±

9.98 b

Na=1.164N0/(1+0.009N00.9537.473

1.164±

0.039 a

0.008±

0.001 b

155.25133.33
), ArticleFig(id=1266746451477553313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of intraspecific competition on the predation function of female adults of Harmonia axyridis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

捕食者数量/(头/瓶)

Number of predators/

(individuals/bottle)

猎物数量/(头/瓶)

Number of prey/

(individuals/bottle)

总捕食量

Total amount of prey

consumed

日均捕食量

Average amount of prey

consumed

1200133.00±5.51 c133.00±5.51 a
2200169.00±4.16 b84.50±2.08 b
3200173.00±3.79 b57.67±1.26 c
4200198.67±0.33 a49.67±0.08 c
5200191.33±1.45 a38.27±0.29 d
), ArticleFig(id=1266746451561439394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358857061122103, articleId=1266470733547987766, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

种内竞争对异色瓢虫雌成虫捕食功能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

捕食者数量/(头/瓶)

Number of predators/

(individuals/bottle)

猎物数量/(头/瓶)

Number of prey/

(individuals/bottle)

总捕食量

Total amount of prey

consumed

日均捕食量

Average amount of prey

consumed

1200133.00±5.51 c133.00±5.51 a
2200169.00±4.16 b84.50±2.08 b
3200173.00±3.79 b57.67±1.26 c
4200198.67±0.33 a49.67±0.08 c
5200191.33±1.45 a38.27±0.29 d
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环境因素与种内竞争对捕食性瓢虫捕食功能反应的影响
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李东育 1, 2 , 王文莉 2 , 徐昕童 2 , 郭若水 2 , 依里帆·艾克拜尔江 3 , 刘怀 1
植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026,53(2): 537-546
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植物保护学报 | 研究论文 2026, 53(2): 537-546
环境因素与种内竞争对捕食性瓢虫捕食功能反应的影响
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李东育1, 2, 王文莉2, 徐昕童2, 郭若水2, 依里帆·艾克拜尔江3, 刘怀1
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学植物保护学院,重庆 400715
  • 2.伊犁师范大学资源与生态研究所,新疆 伊宁 835000
  • 3.新疆西天山国家级自然保护区管理中心,伊宁 835000

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Effects of environmental factors and intraspecific competition on the functional response of predatory ladybirds
Dongyu Li1, 2, Wenli Wang2, Xintong Xu2, Ruoshui Guo2, Akberjan Erfan3, Huai Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2.Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University, Yini 835000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
  • 3.Xinjiang Administration Center of West Tianshan National Nature Reserve, Yini 835000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025093
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为系统探究捕食性瓢虫在不同条件下对蚜虫的捕食能力与控害潜力的差异,通过室内试验测定不同蚜虫种群密度、环境温度、瓢虫密度梯度条件下捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫的捕食情况,并利用Holling圆盘方程和干扰与竞争模型对分析结果进行拟合。结果表明:异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对棉蚜Aphis gossypii、大豆蚜Aphis glycines、槐蚜Aphis sophoricola以及白杨毛蚜Chaitophorus populeti的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II型,其对白杨毛蚜的捕食能力与控害能力最强,理论日最大捕食量为500.00头,而对槐蚜的控害能力相对最弱,理论日最大捕食量仅为90.91头。异色瓢虫对大豆蚜的捕食能力在21~33 ℃范围内随温度升高而增强,在33 ℃时达到最佳捕食水平,超过该温度后其捕食量下降;且其4龄幼虫对大豆蚜的控害能力均优于雌成虫。异色瓢虫密度的增大导致种内竞争加剧,种群总捕食量虽有上升,但个体平均捕食量随种群密度的增加而显著降低,表明其捕食效率受自身密度的干扰效应制约。与异色瓢虫相较,多异瓢虫Adonia variegata对槐蚜表现出更强的捕食能力,随着槐蚜密度增加,两种瓢虫的寻找效应均呈下降趋势。表明捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫具有较强的捕食潜能,其捕食功能反应及捕食效率受蚜虫种类、温度条件及种内竞争强度等因素影响,并在不同瓢虫种类间存在差异。

瓢虫  /  蚜虫  /  捕食功能反应  /  环境因素  /  种内竞争

To systematically investigate the differences in predation capacity and control efficiency of predatory ladybirds against aphids under different conditions, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate predation at different aphid densities, environmental temperatures, and predator density gradients. The data were fitted with Holling’s disc equation and models of interference and competition. The results showed that the functional responses of Harmonia axyridis to Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis sophoricola, and Chaitophorus populeti all conformed to Holling type II functional response. Among the tested aphid species, H. axyridis exhibited the strongest predation capacity and control efficiency against C. populeti, with a theoretical maximum daily predation of 500.00 individuals, whereas its control efficiency against A. sophoricola was the weakest, with a theoretical maximum daily predation of only 90.91 individuals. The predation capacity of H. axyridis against A. glycines increased with temperature within the range of 21-33 ℃ and reached a maximum at 33 ℃, after which it declined at higher temperatures. Moreover, the fourth-instar larvae of H. axyridis exhibited higher control efficiency against A. glycines than adult females. Increasing predator density intensified intraspecific competition in H. axyridis populations; although total predation increased, the mean predation per individual decreased significantly with increasing predator density, indicating that predation efficiency was constrained by density-dependent interference. Compared with H. axyridis, Adonia variegata showed stronger predation capacity against A. sophoricola. With increasing aphid density, the searching efficiency of both species declined. These results indicate that predatory ladybirds have strong predation potential against aphids, and their functional responses and predation efficiencies are influenced by aphid species, temperature, and the intensity of intraspecific competition, with notable differences among ladybird species.

ladybirds  /  aphids  /  functional response  /  environmental factors  /  intraspecific competition
李东育, 王文莉, 徐昕童, 郭若水, 依里帆·艾克拜尔江, 刘怀. 环境因素与种内竞争对捕食性瓢虫捕食功能反应的影响. 植物保护学报, 2026 , 53 (2) : 537 -546 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025093
Dongyu Li, Wenli Wang, Xintong Xu, Ruoshui Guo, Akberjan Erfan, Huai Liu. Effects of environmental factors and intraspecific competition on the functional response of predatory ladybirds[J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2026 , 53 (2) : 537 -546 . DOI: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025093
在生态系统中,捕食者与猎物之间的相互作用是维持生态平衡的关键因素之一。捕食性瓢虫作为天敌昆虫资源中种类和个体数量均极为庞大的类群(陈学新等,2017),在控制害虫数量、维护农业生态系统的稳定方面发挥着重要作用(戈峰等,2002)。捕食者对猎物的捕食功能反应是衡量其捕食能力的重要指标,也是评价其控害能力的重要依据(王庆森等,2014)。当前,随着全球气候变化和农业生态环境的改变,瓢虫的捕食功能受到越来越多的关注(Ma et al.,2021),研究捕食性瓢虫对猎物的捕食功能反应和捕食作用,对利用捕食性天敌控制害虫具有重要意义。
近年来,国内外众多学者致力于研究影响瓢虫捕食功能的各种因素。其中,环境温度作为关键生态因子,显著影响瓢虫的代谢活动与捕食行为,不同环境温度下捕食者的捕食能力存在明显差异(陈先锋等,2000;Srivastava & Omkar,2003;Lee & Kang,2004陈洁等,2008),如多异瓢虫Adonia variegata、七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata等的捕食效能随温度升高而增强,但超过最适温度后捕食效能下降(王海建等,2013孔晓霞等,2018)。大量研究证实瓢虫对蚜虫的捕食符合经典的Holling II型功能反应类型(于炜和刘锦,2019邰锦瑞等,2021)。在一定范围内,猎物密度与瓢虫的捕食量呈正相关关系(Ameixa et al.,2013Di Sora et al.,2024),当猎物密度增加到一定时,捕食量会趋于稳定(任丽娜等,2022),如龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica的捕食量随棉蚜Aphis gossypii的密度增加而上升,当棉蚜增加到一定水平时,龟纹瓢虫的捕食量趋向稳定(高孝华等,2001),这表明猎物密度对瓢虫捕食功能的影响可能存在一个阈值。但目前对于这一阈值的具体数值以及不同环境条件下阈值的变化规律还缺乏深入研究。
目前,关于瓢虫密度增加会通过干扰效应导致个体平均捕食量下降已被普遍认可(王甦等,2012王晓琪等,2022)。如在棉蚜密度不变条件下,随着多异瓢虫密度增加,总捕食量增加,平均单头捕食量下降(张仁福等,2015);异色瓢虫寻找效应随着蚜虫密度的升高而降低(蔡志平等,2024)。然而,目前对于种内竞争强度与捕食功能之间的定量关系研究较少。棉蚜、大豆蚜Aphis glycines、槐蚜Aphis sophoricola和白杨毛蚜Chaitophorus populeti是我国北方农田与林业生态系统中的重要害虫,严重为害棉花、大豆、槐树与杨树等,常导致叶片卷曲,生长受阻,甚至严重减产。异色瓢虫与多异瓢虫作为新疆维吾尔自治区(简称新疆)的优势天敌类群(阿尔孜姑丽·肉孜等,2021),在蚜虫生物防治中具有广阔的应用前景。本研究通过探究多种影响因子对异色瓢虫捕食功能反应的影响,以及其与多异瓢虫捕食能力的差异,以期探明其捕食能力与控害潜力,为天敌瓢虫在害虫绿色防控中的精准释放与高效利用提供数据支撑。
供试虫源:异色瓢虫与多异瓢虫成虫均采自新疆伊犁河谷伊宁县的小麦、大豆等农田生态系统。棉蚜大豆蚜、槐蚜、白杨毛蚜均为伊犁师范大学昆虫生态实验室室内实验品系,取以上4种蚜虫的3~4龄若蚜供试。异色瓢虫与多异瓢虫成虫分别置于直径为15 cm的培养皿中,用大豆蚜饲喂繁殖至3代以上,待卵孵化后选取4龄幼虫和羽化1日龄雌成虫,饥饿24 h后供试。室内饲养条件均为温度(25±1) ℃、光周期16 L∶8 D、相对湿度70%。
供试植物:饲养棉蚜、大豆蚜、槐蚜和白杨毛蚜的寄主植物分别为棉花、大豆、离体槐树荚果及新鲜杨树叶片,均单独置于温度(25±1) ℃、光周期16 L∶8 D、相对湿度70%的智能人工气候箱中培养,栽培过程中未施用任何化学农药。
仪器:XRZ型智能人工气候箱,宁波江南仪器厂。
试验于温度(25±1) ℃、光周期16 L∶8 D、相对湿度70%的智能人工气候箱中进行。棉蚜、大豆蚜、槐蚜、白杨毛蚜的密度梯度处理均设置为30、60、90、120、150头/瓶,每个密度处理设5次重复。在无色透明的内径9 cm、高15 cm的广口塑料瓶中分别放入4种蚜虫对应寄主植物组织,分别为棉花、大豆及杨树叶片各1片,槐蚜的寄主植物为一段7 cm长的槐树荚果,分别接入相应数量蚜虫后,每瓶放入1头饥饿处理24 h的健康异色瓢虫雌成虫后用纱网盖住瓶口,24 h后统计被捕食蚜虫的数量。每个蚜虫密度梯度下均设对照组,除不放入瓢虫外,其他条件与处理组均相同,各对照组也重复5次。另外,为明确异色瓢虫不同虫态的捕食能力以及与多异瓢虫雌成虫捕食能力的差异,在开展上述试验的同时,以大豆蚜为猎物测定异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的捕食能力,即在接入不同密度大豆蚜的瓶中引入1头饥饿处理24 h的异色瓢虫4龄幼虫,24 h后统计被捕食蚜虫的数量;以槐蚜为猎物测定多异瓢虫雌成虫的捕食能力,即在接入不同密度槐蚜的瓶中引入1头饥饿处理24 h的多异瓢虫雌成虫,24 h后统计被捕食蚜虫的数量;对照及试验重复次数同上。
本研究使用Rstudio软件frair包分析捕食性瓢虫对蚜虫的捕食功能反应(Pritchard et al.,2017)。通过逻辑斯蒂线性回归模型来评估功能反应的类型,方程为NeN0=exp(p0+p1N0+p2N02+p3N03)1+exp(p0+p1N0+p2N02+p3N03),式中,Ne为被捕食的猎物数量,N0为猎物的初始密度,p1p2p3分别为模型的线性系数、二次项系数和三次项系数。模型参数的估计采用最大似然法,获得各系数的估计值、标准误及其显著性水平P值。功能反应类型由p1p2决定,p3用于优化模型拟合而不做生物学解释。如果p1显著为负,则捕食者表现为Holling II型功能反应;当p1为正,p2为负时,捕食者表现为Holling III型功能反应。鉴于逻辑斯蒂线性回归分析结果,本研究采用Holling II型功能反应数学模型对瓢虫的捕食行为进行拟合分析(Holling,1966),Na=aTtN0/1+aThN0,式中,Na为捕食的猎物数量,a为瞬时攻击率,Tt为试验时间(本研究处理时间均为1 d,所以Tt=1 d),N0为供试猎物密度,Th为天敌对1头猎物的处理时间,a/Th为捕食能力,1/Th为理论日最大捕食量。将公式转化为1/Na=1/aN0+Th,通过线性回归分析可以得到Holling II型方程的参数估计值。利用χ2检验对模型的拟合效果进行检验,以评估模型与实际数据的相关性。同时利用公式S=a/1+aThN0计算不同瓢虫对猎物蚜虫的寻找效应S丁岩钦,1994)。
试验于光周期16 L∶8 D、相对湿度70%的智能人工气候箱中进行,分别设置21、25、29、33、35 ℃共5个温度处理,每个处理重复5次。在每个内径9 cm、高15 cm的广口塑料瓶中分别放入新鲜豇豆叶片,同时接入大豆蚜100头、饥饿24 h的异色瓢虫雌成虫1头,24 h后观察记录雌成虫在不同温度条件下的捕食量。根据不同温度下异色瓢虫雌成虫对大豆蚜的捕食量,得出捕食量随温度的变化规律,计算出其捕食时的最适温度。每个温度梯度下均设对照组,除不放入瓢虫外,其他条件与处理组均相同,各对照组也重复5次。
试验于温度(25±1) ℃、光周期16 L∶8 D、相对湿度70%的智能人工气候箱中进行。取5个内径9 cm、高15 cm的广口塑料瓶,将异色瓢虫雌成虫的种群密度设置为1、2、3、4、5头/瓶,每瓶接入200头大豆蚜,24 h后观察并统计蚜虫被捕食量,每个处理重复5次。对照组除不放入瓢虫外,其他条件与处理组相同,重复5次。用Watt(1959)提出的干扰与竞争模型A=bP-c 模拟种内竞争的干扰效应,式中,A为捕食者相互竞争下的捕食量;b为常数,即在无竞争条件下每头天敌的捕食量估计;P为异色瓢虫的密度;c为种内竞争参数。
本研究所有对照组蚜虫的数量在24 h后均未发生变化,处理组的数据间接等于校正后的数据。使用SPSS 22.0和Origin 9.0软件分别进行试验数据统计分析和绘图。不同处理组间的显著性差异分析采用单因素方差分析,在满足方差齐性和正态分布的前提下,进一步采用最小显著差异(least significant difference,LSD)法进行两两比较。
逻辑斯蒂线性回归分析结果显示,线性系数p1均为负值且P<0.05,表明本研究中不同瓢虫对4种蚜虫的捕食功能反应类型均为Holling II型(表1)。
异色瓢虫雌成虫对4种蚜虫的捕食功能反应曲线如图1-A所示,其捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而呈非线性增加,经χ2 检验,各组χ2 值均小于χ20.05=9.448(df=4),说明圆盘方程拟合效果良好。异色瓢虫雌成虫对白杨毛蚜、大豆蚜、棉蚜和槐蚜4种蚜虫的实际最大捕食量及理论日最大捕食量均依次降低,其中对白杨毛蚜的理论日最大捕食量最大,为500.00头,对槐蚜的理论日最大捕食量最少,为90.91头;异色瓢虫雌成虫对白杨毛蚜、大豆蚜、棉蚜和槐蚜4种蚜虫的捕食效能依次减弱(表2),表明其对这4种蚜虫的控害能力依次减弱。且随着猎物密度的增加,异色瓢虫雌成虫对4种蚜虫的寻找效应均呈现下降趋势,对白杨毛蚜、大豆蚜、棉蚜和槐蚜的寻找效应依次减弱(图2-A)。
异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与雌成虫对大豆蚜的捕食功能反应曲线经χ2检验,两组χ2值均小于χ20.05=9.448(df=4),说明利用圆盘方程拟合异色瓢虫两种虫态对大豆蚜的捕食功能反应效果良好(图1-B)。异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对大豆蚜的理论日最大捕食量大于雌成虫,为333.33头,且4龄幼虫对大豆蚜的捕食效能强于雌成虫(表2)。当猎物密度较低时,异色瓢虫雌成虫的捕食量大于4龄幼虫,寻找效应则高于4龄幼虫;随着猎物密度的不断增加,异色瓢虫雌成虫和4龄幼虫的捕食量均不断增加,且寻找效应均不断下降,但4龄幼虫的捕食量和寻找效应逐渐强于雌成虫(图2-B)。
异色瓢虫雌成虫与多异瓢虫雌成虫对槐蚜的捕食功能反应曲线经χ2检验,两组χ2值均小于x20.05=9.448(df=4),说明圆盘方程能很好地反应两种瓢虫在不同蚜虫密度下的捕食变化规律(图1-C)。当槐蚜密度在60头/瓶以下时,两种瓢虫雌成虫的捕食能力相当;当蚜虫密度大于60头/瓶时,多异瓢虫的捕食能力增强(图1-C)。异色瓢虫雌成虫与多异瓢虫雌成虫对槐蚜的日均捕食量存在显著差异;异色瓢虫雌成虫的瞬时攻击率为1.308,对1头猎物的处理时间为0.011 d,理论日最大捕食量为90.91头;多异瓢虫雌成虫的瞬时攻击率为1.164,对1头猎物的处理时间为0.008 d,理论日最大捕食量为133.33头;异色瓢虫雌成虫的瞬时攻击率大于多异瓢虫雌成虫,而其对猎物的处理时间则大于多异瓢虫雌成虫对猎物的处理时间(表2)。另外,随着猎物密度增加,异色瓢虫雌成虫与多异瓢虫雌成虫的寻找效应均呈下降趋势(图2-C)。
不同温度处理下异色瓢虫雌成虫对大豆蚜的捕食量存在极显著差异(F4,20=34.440,P<0.01)。当温度介于21~33 ℃之间时,随着温度升高异色瓢虫雌成虫对大豆蚜的捕食量逐渐增加;当超过33 ℃时,雌成虫对大豆蚜的捕食量呈下降趋势,表明33 ℃为异色瓢虫雌成虫的最佳捕食温度(图3),温度范围在21~35 ℃之间时异色瓢虫雌成虫捕食量与温度之间的关系可用方程y=-0.19x2+13.00x-133.65拟合,其R2为0.881,表明该回归模型具有较高的拟合优度,能有效预测此温度范围内异色瓢虫雌成虫的捕食能力变化趋势。
随着异色瓢虫雌成虫种群密度的增加,其总捕食量不断上升,当达到一定密度后总捕食量下降,且差异显著(F4,20=50.817,P<0.01;表3)。不同密度下异色瓢虫对大豆蚜的捕食采用种内干扰与竞争模型来模拟,A=136.570P-0.763R2 =0.992,P<0.05),种内竞争参数c为0.763,χ2 =3.357,小于χ20.05=9.448(df=4),即理论值与实际值无显著差异,能良好反应异色瓢虫雌成虫在捕食大豆蚜时的种内竞争情况(图4)。
捕食性天敌对猎物的捕食功能反应是评估其捕食能力和控害潜力的重要生态学指标。功能反应模型能够定量描述捕食者的捕食速率与猎物密度之间的关系,是研究捕食行为的核心工具之一。Holling捕食功能反应模型是描述捕食者对猎物捕食速率与猎物密度之间关系的数学模型,对天敌昆虫捕食能力评估相对准确且稳定,故在天敌对猎物捕食功能研究中被广泛应用(王海建等,2013)。本研究结果表明,异色瓢虫对棉蚜、白杨毛蚜、大豆蚜及槐蚜的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II型,该结果与异色瓢虫对紫薇撒露斑蚜Sarucallis kahawaluokalani、核桃全斑蚜Panaphis juglandis以及胡萝卜微管蚜Semiaphis heraclei等蚜虫的捕食功能反应类型相同(李新兵等,2019于炜和刘锦,2019邰锦瑞等,2021)。且异色瓢虫雌成虫对白杨毛蚜的理论日最大捕食量和日平均捕食量远高于对其他3种蚜虫的捕食,这表明异色瓢虫对白杨毛蚜的控害潜能最大,而对槐蚜的控害潜能相对较低。这可能跟白杨毛蚜在4种蚜虫中体型相对较小、活动性差,以及异色瓢虫对猎物的偏好性有关;亦有可能跟猎物的防御策略有关,本研究中槐蚜可能拥有比白杨毛蚜更有效的防御机制,从而降低了瓢虫的捕食效率。不同蚜虫种类可能具有不同的化学或行为防御策略,从而干扰瓢虫的捕食行为,这在异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜Lipaphis erysimi、禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi和白杨毛蚜的捕食研究中亦有发现,即异色瓢虫对白杨毛蚜的捕食偏好性最强,其日最大捕食量最高(张岩等,2006刘晓旭等,2023)。
能量分配假说认为生物体会将获取的能量调控分配到不同的生命活动过程中,而昆虫在变态发育过程中体内代谢速率也会随着发育阶段发生显著变化,对于某些完全变态昆虫而言,其需要在幼虫期积累营养物质以促进后期的化蛹和羽化活动(Papadogiorgou & Papadopoulos,2025)。Dolezal et al.(2019)研究发现,棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera在化蛹前通过调节取食行为来积累能量和营养物质以支持其后期的化蛹与羽化发育。在本研究中,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对大豆蚜的日均捕食量显著高于雌成虫,说明4龄幼虫是异色瓢虫发育过程中的一个重要阶段,该龄期幼虫表现出高效的寻找、处理和消化能力,快速将捕获的猎物转化为后期化蛹和羽化的能量及营养物质,以维持其生长和发育(张文秋等,2014)。此外,Seko & Miura(2008)以及喻会平等(2018)通过研究异色瓢虫对烟蚜Myzus persicae、甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae的捕食功能发现,在异色瓢虫各虫态中,4龄幼虫的日均捕食量均最高,这在一定程度上也印证了上述假说和观点。
在功能反应模型中,瞬时攻击率和处理时间是评估捕食作用的关键参数,其中a/Th能更好的反映天敌在单位时间内对猎物的捕食效率,该比值越大,表明天敌对害虫种群的控制能力越强,即控害潜能越强(喻会平等,2018)。本研究中,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的a/Th大于雌成虫,意味着其对大豆蚜具有更强的种群压制能力,能在相同时间内发现并消耗更多的蚜虫,可有效遏制害虫种群暴发。该结果与张浩等(2023)的研究结果一致,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫虫体大,其运动能力较成虫强,在蚜虫生物防治中具有更高的应用价值。而崔亚琴等(2022)研究结果显示,异色瓢虫雌成虫对豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum的捕食能力和控制能力明显强于幼虫,这与本研究结果不一致,究其原因可能和捕食猎物种群不同有关,不同的猎物种群在体型、防御行为等方面存在差异,可能导致天敌瓢虫不同虫态应对策略和捕食效能的差异,也有可能是不同地理来源的天敌瓢虫种群演化出了不同的捕食行为策略(刘思琪等,2020)。
环境温度是影响昆虫生理活动和捕食行为的重要生态因子。本研究发现随着温度的升高,异色瓢虫对大豆蚜的捕食量呈先增加后降低的趋势,即在适宜温度范围内,捕食量随温度升高而增加,但当温度超过一定阈值后,捕食量反而下降。这与王海建等(2013)研究发现七星瓢虫对大豆蚜的捕食量随温度的变化趋势一致。相关研究证实,在适宜的温度区间内,温度的上升可以促进昆虫新陈代谢速率,提升其生理活动强度与能量需求,进而增强捕食效能,当环境温度超过临界阈值时,高温胁迫可能引发生理功能失调,干扰正常生长发育及代谢活动,从而抑制其捕食能力(Xia et al.,2003)。因此,在实际应用中,应根据目标害虫的发生时期和当地气候条件,选择适宜的温度范围释放瓢虫,以提高其生物防治效果。
本研究结果显示,异色瓢虫的捕食能力受到自身种群密度的显著影响,在同一空间条件下,随着异色瓢虫密度的增加,其对大豆蚜的平均捕食量逐渐下降,表明瓢虫个体间存在明显的种内竞争和干扰效应。这一结果与王晓琪等(2022)李新兵等(2019)王倩倩等(2019)的研究结论一致。本研究在种内竞争模型拟合中得到的种内竞争参数为0.763,表明异色瓢虫种群内存在良好的密度依赖效应。王晓琪等(2022)发现异色瓢虫雌成虫的种内竞争参数为0.598,4龄幼虫的种内竞争参数为0.448;而张仁福等(2015)发现多异瓢虫雌成虫的种内竞争参数高达0.962。相比之下,本研究中异色瓢虫雌成虫在捕食大豆蚜时,种内竞争对捕食效率的削弱效应较明显,这对于指导其田间释放实践至关重要,避免因过度释放导致种内竞争损耗,从而实现最大的生防效益。
通过捕食功能反应构建数学模型是量化天敌捕食能力的重要方式,也是精准、科学、高效指导田间害虫生物防控的重要依据。由于捕食功能试验受限于环境条件简化、天敌-猎物关系相对单一(种内、种间竞争等)、空间小和试验周期短等条件,使得室内捕食功能反应得到的结果与田间天敌防控害虫的实际指标值存在一定差异。如异色瓢虫在实验室内对桃蚜的理论日最大捕食量为58.5头(汪天娜等,2025),而田间试验中发现异色瓢虫与桃蚜益害比在1∶575时即可使蚜虫种群不再增长(陈祉颖等,2023)。本研究均在室内条件下进行,其空间结构单一,无法完全模拟田间复杂的叶片结构、三维空间和微气候条件,后期关于天敌田间释放的研究应开展长期的、更大的空间试验和田间试验,监测天敌与害虫的种群动态,分析其数量消长关系,以便对模型进行验证及优化,从而更加精准指导异色瓢虫及多异瓢虫对蚜虫的生物防治。此外,有研究显示草蛉、花蝽、食蚜蝇等天敌也对蚜虫具有较好的控害效应,其理论日最大捕食量分别为250.00、63.69和200.00头(白微微等,2021樊吉君等,2021张晓媛等,2023),但此类研究多集中在单一天敌种类在特定条件下对蚜虫的捕食功能研究,无法进行精确的横向对比,而相同条件下不同天敌对同种蚜虫的控害效能差异研究,以及种间竞争对捕食效能影响的研究较少。未来应综合考虑在复杂农田环境中多种天敌共存时的控害效能及机制研究,从而构建多种天敌互补的绿色生防体系(Rosenheim et al.,1995;Snyder & Ives,2003),以提升天敌在害虫综合治理中的应用价值。
  • 伊犁师范大学微生物资源保护与开发利用重点实验室科研项目(YLUKLM2022002)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202510764032)
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2026年第53卷第2期
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doi: 10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2026.2025093
  • 接收时间:2025-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-09
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伊犁师范大学微生物资源保护与开发利用重点实验室科研项目(YLUKLM2022002)
新疆维吾尔自治区大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202510764032)
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    1.西南大学植物保护学院,重庆 400715
    2.伊犁师范大学资源与生态研究所,新疆 伊宁 835000
    3.新疆西天山国家级自然保护区管理中心,伊宁 835000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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