智能化农业装备学报（中英文）

全球农业低空作业空域治理与合规路径的比较研究

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何勇 ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ , 王月影 ¹^,²^,³ , 何立文 ¹^,²^,³ , 戴馥霜 ¹^,²^,³ , 朱姜蓬 ¹^,²^,³^,^*^,^*

智能化农业装备学报（中英文） | 2026,7(2): 21-36

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智能化农业装备学报（中英文） | 2026 , 7 (2) : 21 -36

全球农业低空作业空域治理与合规路径的比较研究

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何勇¹^,²^,³^,⁴, 王月影¹^,²^,³, 何立文¹^,²^,³, 戴馥霜¹^,²^,³, 朱姜蓬¹^,²^,³^,^*^,^*

作者信息

^1.浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院，浙江杭州，310058

^2.浙江省农业遥感与信息技术重点实验室，浙江杭州，310058

^3.农业农村部光谱检测重点实验室，浙江杭州，310058

^4.植被结构、功能与建造全国重点实验室，浙江杭州，310058

通讯作者:

^* 朱姜蓬，男，1994年生，浙江平阳人，博士，助理研究员；研究方向为农用无人机装备。E-mail：zhujianpn@zju.edu.cn

作者简介:

何勇，男，1963年生，浙江慈溪人，博士，教授；研究方向为智慧农业、农业航空。E-mail：yhe@zju.edu.cn

Comparative research on airspace governance and compliance pathways for agricultural low-altitude operations across major jurisdictions

Yong He¹^,²^,³^,⁴, Yueying Wang¹^,²^,³, Liwen He¹^,²^,³, Fushuang Dai¹^,²^,³, Jiangpeng Zhu¹^,²^,³

Affiliations

^1.College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

^2.Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology, Hangzhou 310058, China

^3.Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310058, China

^4.State Key Laboratory of Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction (VegLab), Hangzhou 310058, China

Corresponding Author:

^* Zhu Jiangpeng, E-mail: zhujianpn@zju.edu.cn

He Yong, E-mail: yhe@zju.edu.cn

出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.12398/j.issn.2096-7217.2026.02.003

文章导航

摘要

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低空经济发展正在重塑农用航空器的技术功能、组织形态与监管需求。以农业无人机为代表的农用航空器已由季节性植保装备演进为兼具生产作业、农情感知、灾害应急与社会化服务功能的低空生产单元。随着应用边界持续拓展，农业低空运行风险也由传统飞行安全问题扩展为飞行安全、作业质量、环境外部性与责任追溯相互耦合的综合治理问题。本文围绕“空域可用性—运行许可—可监管性—作业合规—执法追溯”构建比较分析框架，对中国、美国、欧盟及澳大利亚、新西兰等主要法域的农业低空治理制度进行系统梳理，并引入法规发布密度指标以及注册主体、注册无人机和操控员规模等公开数据，比较不同制度供给与规模化运行能力之间的关系。研究表明主要法域已形成强底座型、高效率授权型与风险评估服务型3类治理路径；面向农业场景的制度有效性，并不取决于单项规则数量，而取决于空域接入、数字识别、作业监管与证据留存能否形成可执行、可核验的工程化闭环；生产作业、遥感监测、应急保障与跨区社会化服务等常见应用的并行扩张，进一步强化了对差异化授权、载荷释放分级监管与跨区域协同监管的需求。基于此，提出面向任务分类、授权留痕耦合、载荷释放分级控制与农业化持续适航管理的工程化合规路径。研究结果可为我国农业低空经济治理体系完善及农业无人机规范化应用提供参考。

关键词

低空经济 / 农业无人机 / 空域管理 / 合规路径 / 数字化监管 / 农业低空治理制度

Abstract

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The development of the low-altitude economy is reshaping the technological functions, organizational forms, and regulatory demands of agricultural aircraft. Represented by agricultural drones, such aircraft have evolved from seasonal plant protection equipment into low-altitude production units integrating field operations, crop and farmland sensing, disaster response, and socialized service provision. As application boundaries continue to expand, the risks associated with agricultural low-altitude operations have also shifted from conventional flight safety concerns to a more comprehensive governance problem in which flight safety, operational quality, environmental externalities, and liability traceability are mutually intertwined. Against this background, a comparative analytical framework was developed in this study centered on airspace accessibility, operational authorization, regulatory visibility, operational compliance, and enforcement traceability. And the governance regimes for agricultural low-altitude operations across major jurisdictions, including China, the United States, the European Union, Australia and New Zealand, were systematically reviewed. In addition, a regulatory release density indicator was introduced, together with publicly available data on registered operators, registered unmanned aircraft, and remote pilots, to enable comparison of the relationships between diverse regulatory supply forms and large-scale operational capacity. The findings showed that major jurisdictions have developed three broad governance pathways: a strong-foundation model, a high-efficiency authorization model, and a risk-assessment-and-service model. In agricultural scenarios, institutional effectiveness depends not on the sheer number of individual rules, but on whether airspace access, digital identification, operational oversight, and evidentiary record retention can be integrated into an executable and verifiable engineering closed loop. Moreover, the concurrent expansion of common application scenarios, including production operations, remote sensing monitoring, emergency support, and cross regional socialized services, has further intensified the demand for differentiated authorization, tiered regulation of payload release, and cross regional collaborative oversight. On this basis, the study proposed an engineering-oriented compliance pathway centered on mission-based classification, the coupling of authorization and traceable records, tiered control of payload release, and agriculture-oriented continuing airworthiness management. The results may provide a useful reference for improving Chinese governance system of the agricultural low-altitude economy and for promoting the standardized application of agricultural drones.

Key words

low-altitude economy / agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles / airspace management / compliance pathways / digital regulation / governance regime for agricultural low-altitude operations

引用本文

何勇, 王月影, 何立文, 戴馥霜, 朱姜蓬. 全球农业低空作业空域治理与合规路径的比较研究. 智能化农业装备学报（中英文）, 2026 , 7 (2) : 21 -36 . DOI: 10.12398/j.issn.2096-7217.2026.02.003

Yong He, Yueying Wang, Liwen He, Fushuang Dai, Jiangpeng Zhu. Comparative research on airspace governance and compliance pathways for agricultural low-altitude operations across major jurisdictions[J]. Journal of Intelligent Agricultural Mechanization, 2026 , 7 (2) : 21 -36 . DOI: 10.12398/j.issn.2096-7217.2026.02.003

基金

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(32572180)
山东省重点研发计划(2023CXGC010701)

参考文献

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2026年第7卷第2期

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文章信息

doi: 10.12398/j.issn.2096-7217.2026.02.003

接收时间：2026-03-20
首发时间：2026-11-05
出版时间：2026-05-15

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出版历史

收稿日期：2026-03-20
修回日期：2026-04-23

基金

National Natural Science Foundation of China(32572180)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(32572180)

Key R &D Program of Shandong Province, China(2023CXGC010701)

山东省重点研发计划(2023CXGC010701)

作者信息

^1.浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院，浙江杭州，310058

^2.浙江省农业遥感与信息技术重点实验室，浙江杭州，310058

^3.农业农村部光谱检测重点实验室，浙江杭州，310058

^4.植被结构、功能与建造全国重点实验室，浙江杭州，310058

通讯作者:

^* 朱姜蓬，男，1994年生，浙江平阳人，博士，助理研究员；研究方向为农用无人机装备。E-mail：zhujianpn@zju.edu.cn

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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