Article(id=1317882318564479143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202508010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754064000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792137229815, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792137229815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792137229815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792137229815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317882300113735707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792137225416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792137292328, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=226, endPage=236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317882318790971560, articleId=1317882318564479143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Multi-Machine Collaborative Operation Scheduling and Planning Method Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm, columnId=1281692414322656239, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Intelligent Equipment and Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective] Traditional harvesting processes in large-scale farms still suffer from low scheduling efficiency, uneven workload distribution, and suboptimal path planning, which hinder the realization of intelligent and efficient agricultural production. Multi-machine collaborative operation scheduling and planning has become key technologies in intelligent farming management, aiming to optimize task allocation and path planning among multiple harvesters under time window and workload balance constraints. However, such problems belong to complex combinatorial optimization categories characterized by high dimensionality and nonlinearity. Conventional genetic algorithms (GA) often exhibit premature convergence and weak local search capabilities, resulting in suboptimal scheduling schemes. To address these challenges, this study focused on the collaborative harvesting operations of multiple combine harvesters across several fields and proposed an improved multi-traveling salesman problem genetic algorithm (IMTSP_GA) for integrated multi-machine scheduling and path planning. [Methods] A multi-machine cooperative scheduling model was constructed with the objective of minimizing the total operational time of all harvesters while considering time window and load-balancing constraints. The problem was modeled as a multi-traveling salesman problem (MTSP), in which each harvester was regarded as a traveling salesman responsible for a subset of field tasks. To solve the model, the proposed IMTSP_GA adopted a two-layer chromosome encoding structure: The first layer represented the visiting sequence of all task units, and the second layer defined the segmentation positions that allocated tasks to different machines, thereby forming feasible multi-harvester operation routes. To ensure both initial solution quality and population diversity, a hybrid initialization strategy combining sequential and random initialization was designed. Furthermore, a Q-learning-based adaptive mutation mechanism was introduced into the genetic operation process. By constructing a state–action–reward model based on the variation trend of fitness values, the algorithm dynamically selected mutation operators according to their historical performance, thus balancing global exploration and local exploitation. The overall process included chromosome encoding, fitness evaluation, group-based selection, crossover and mutation operations, and Q-learning-driven adaptive control. Based on the optimized scheduling scheme, the full-path planning for each harvester was divided into two stages: (1) in-field path planning, which used an internal spiral coverage method to reduce turning frequency and non-working time; and (2) road network path planning, which employed the Dijkstra algorithm to obtain globally shortest travel routes between fields. [Results and Discussions] A total of 25 farmlands were divided into 49 task units, and four John Deere 3588 harvesters were used for the simulation. Comparative experiments were performed among IMTSP_GA, standard GA, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and ant colony optimization (ACO). The results showed that the IMTSP_GA significantly outperformed other algorithms in terms of total operation time, convergence speed, and computational efficiency. Specifically, the total operational time was reduced by 4.48%, 5.32%, and 9.87% compared with GA, PSO, and ACO, respectively. The average runtime was 5.82 s, which was substantially shorter than that of the GA (11.55 s) and PSO (10.70 s). The algorithm exhibited fast early convergence and effectively avoided premature stagnation. To further evaluate generalization capability, five classical traveling salesman problem (TSP) datasets, Berlin52, Eil76, Bier127, CH150, and KroB200, were tested. IMTSP_GA consistently achieved superior average solutions and shorter runtimes across all datasets, confirming its robustness and adaptability to different problem scales and complexities. Finally, full-process path planning was visualized based on the optimized scheduling results. The generated harvester routes were continuous and compact, ensuring reasonable task allocation and efficient transitions between fields, thereby validating the effectiveness of the proposed model. [Conclusions] By integrating a Q-learning-based adaptive mutation mechanism, IMTSP_GA autonomously selects effective mutation strategies to enhance search performance and convergence stability. Meanwhile, the hybrid initialization strategy maintains population diversity and improves the quality of initial solutions. IMTSP_GA surpasses traditional GA, PSO, and ACO in solution quality, convergence performance, and computational efficiency. The method effectively reduces total operation time, optimizes harvester task allocation, and improves the coordination and efficiency of multi-machine operations. In future work, the research will be extended to more complex scenarios involving multi-region cooperation, task prioritization, and dynamic environmental factors. Reinforcement learning and online optimization techniques will be incorporated to achieve real-time scheduling and intelligent decision-making, thereby enhancing the adaptability and engineering applicability of the proposed method in large-scale intelligent agricultural systems.
, authors=Tianwen ZHU
1, Xu WANG
2, Bo ZHANG
3, Xintong DU
3, Chundu WU
2, 3, 4, authorsList=Tianwen ZHU, Xu WANG, Bo ZHANG, Xintong DU, Chundu WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chundu WU, authorNote=
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[目的/意义] 为解决收获作业中存在的作业效率低下问题,以多台收割机在多个田块上的协同作业为研究对象,统筹考虑机群地块间调度与单机田块内路径规划的一体化需求。 [方法] 在作业负载均衡与时间窗等约束条件上,提出了一种改进型多旅行商遗传算法(Improved Multi-Traveling Salesman Problem Genetic Algorithm, IMTSP_GA)。该算法采用双层染色体编码结构:第1部分表示任务点序列,第2部分为任务分割方案,从而形成多收割机的作业路径。种群初始化结合顺序与随机策略,在遗传操作中引入基于Q-learning的自适应变异机制,以最小化总作业时间为优化目标,逐步改进调度方案,根据调度方案,完成了收割机全流程路径规划。核心创新在于引入基于Q-learning的自适应变异机制,该机制通过学习搜索与变异算子效果之间的关系,自适应选择合适的变异策略,以克服传统遗传算法易早熟收敛、局部搜索能力不足等问题,提升全局探索与局部开发性能。 [结果和讨论] 所提方法有效地实现了收割机作业调度和规划,其中,IMTSP_GA算法在总作业时间上,相比遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)、粒子群算法(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)和蚁群算法(Ant Colony Optimization, ACO)分别减少了4.48%、5.32%、9.87%,迭代次数为85,运行时间为5.82 s,相比GA、PSO和ACO算法收敛性能更优、运行时间更快。 [结论] 研究结果可为无人农场的多收割机作业调度和规划方法提供科学依据。
, authors=朱天文
1, 王旭
2, 张波
3, 杜歆桐
3, 吴春笃
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Schematic diagram of harvester scheduling operation, figureFileSmall=rNgEH2DUfe/HRyjGsztZow==, figureFileBig=SJftBSZcBvrlEtDxPqGXqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882413632574441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
收割机调度作业示意图, figureFileSmall=rNgEH2DUfe/HRyjGsztZow==, figureFileBig=SJftBSZcBvrlEtDxPqGXqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882413733237738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
IMTSP_GA algorithm flow chart, figureFileSmall=2tNC4Iv78KDq1Upjy9XE5w==, figureFileBig=QcYbv7aEqIE50Y1iN6b0Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882413796152299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
IMTSP_GA算法流程图, figureFileSmall=2tNC4Iv78KDq1Upjy9XE5w==, figureFileBig=QcYbv7aEqIE50Y1iN6b0Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882413875844076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Chromosome encoding method of IMTSP algorithm, figureFileSmall=S1WVzbKjMM6r4ai/8LmPkw==, figureFileBig=vX120jSe/4sbnzOVDuv4Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882413938758637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
IMTSP算法的染色体编码方式, figureFileSmall=S1WVzbKjMM6r4ai/8LmPkw==, figureFileBig=vX120jSe/4sbnzOVDuv4Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414001673198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Schematic diagram of harvester operation mode, figureFileSmall=0b5p9tziApiklNW9tYh75Q==, figureFileBig=eCvE88yun4OP5g92GmZuJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414081364975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
收割机作业方式示意图, figureFileSmall=0b5p9tziApiklNW9tYh75Q==, figureFileBig=eCvE88yun4OP5g92GmZuJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414152668144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
The simulation scenario of the task plots that need to be worked on in a smart farm in Jiangsu province, figureFileSmall=VAUER31MlngQ8oCnvVYgyA==, figureFileBig=wMJwGy0u/vApCC5VntKBhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414228165617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
江苏省某智慧农场中需要作业的任务田块的仿真场景, figureFileSmall=VAUER31MlngQ8oCnvVYgyA==, figureFileBig=wMJwGy0u/vApCC5VntKBhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414312051698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Schematic diagram of optimal solution evolution process for IMTSP_GA, GA, PSO, and ACO, figureFileSmall=10ZiRiaN0QwhZfRFL/9rww==, figureFileBig=+pb9e7Npaion5xZJ5Avc5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414400132083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
IMTSP_GA、GA、PSO、ACO最优解进化过程示意图, figureFileSmall=10ZiRiaN0QwhZfRFL/9rww==, figureFileBig=+pb9e7Npaion5xZJ5Avc5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414479823860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Operational scheduling route map of combine harvester collaborative scheduling in the simulation scenario, figureFileSmall=K+fTDI5qjlYjvrLLmhn6Gw==, figureFileBig=LtUyT/3VrM3ga5qc5IXnYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414559515637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
仿真场景中收割机协同调度的作业调度路线图注:0表示车库,数字1~49表示农机作业点,农机数量为4,得到了4条作业路线;红色路线为收割机H1,蓝色路线为收割机H2,紫色路线为收割机H3,绿色路线为收割机H4。
, figureFileSmall=K+fTDI5qjlYjvrLLmhn6Gw==, figureFileBig=LtUyT/3VrM3ga5qc5IXnYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882414635013110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Whole-process path planning of harvester H1, figureFileSmall=52d3Ojygt7+WzXiM2mYOYA==, figureFileBig=V+TIZcvojsU4SiTxCAK22g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882416254014455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
收割机H1全流程路径规划注: 0表示车库,1~11表示任务单元编号,红色边框表示田块边界,黄色路线表示收割机H1的全流程作业路径(包括道路路径规划和田内路径规划),黑色圆点表示农机位置。
, figureFileSmall=52d3Ojygt7+WzXiM2mYOYA==, figureFileBig=V+TIZcvojsU4SiTxCAK22g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882416354677753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Performance parameters of the John Deere 3588 combine harvester
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| 收割机编号 | 作业幅宽/ | 转移速度/(m/h | 收割速度/(m/h |
|---|
| H1 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
| H2 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
| H3 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
| H4 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416442758138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
约翰迪尔3588型收割机性能参数
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| 收割机编号 | 作业幅宽/ | 转移速度/(m/h | 收割速度/(m/h |
|---|
| H1 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
| H2 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
| H3 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
| H4 | 4 | 6 000 | 3 000 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416547615739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Task field information in the simulation scenario
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| 农田编号 | 任务单元编号 | 入口点经度(东经) | 入口点纬度(北纬) | 面积/ |
|---|
| F1 | 1 | 120.677 561 | 33.075 832 | 45 333.33 |
| F2 | 2 | 120.679 760 | 33.077 584 | 75 333.33 |
| 3 | 120.680 436 | 33.080 126 |
| …… | …… | …… | …… | …… |
| F12 | 22 | 120.704 974 | 33.081 253 | 89 333.33 |
| 23 | 120.705 374 | 33.081 589 |
| …… | …… | …… | …… | …… |
| F25 | 48 | 120.719 615 | 33.079 558 | 48 666.67 |
| 49 | 120.720 271 | 33.080 077 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416618918908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
仿真场景中的任务田块信息
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 农田编号 | 任务单元编号 | 入口点经度(东经) | 入口点纬度(北纬) | 面积/ |
|---|
| F1 | 1 | 120.677 561 | 33.075 832 | 45 333.33 |
| F2 | 2 | 120.679 760 | 33.077 584 | 75 333.33 |
| 3 | 120.680 436 | 33.080 126 |
| …… | …… | …… | …… | …… |
| F12 | 22 | 120.704 974 | 33.081 253 | 89 333.33 |
| 23 | 120.705 374 | 33.081 589 |
| …… | …… | …… | …… | …… |
| F25 | 48 | 120.719 615 | 33.079 558 | 48 666.67 |
| 49 | 120.720 271 | 33.080 077 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416702804989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison results of IMTSP_GA, GA, PSO, and ACO algorithms
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| 算法 | 平均值 | 最优解 | 标准差 | 平均运行时间 |
|---|
| IMTSP_GA | 14.06 | 14.01 | 0.025 | 5.82 |
| GA | 14.72 | 14.65 | 0.048 | 11.55 |
| PSO | 14.85 | 14.78 | 0.041 | 10.70 |
| ACO | 15.60 | 15.11 | 0.173 | 8.71 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416774108158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
IMTSP_GA、GA、PSO、ACO算法对比结果
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| 算法 | 平均值 | 最优解 | 标准差 | 平均运行时间 |
|---|
| IMTSP_GA | 14.06 | 14.01 | 0.025 | 5.82 |
| GA | 14.72 | 14.65 | 0.048 | 11.55 |
| PSO | 14.85 | 14.78 | 0.041 | 10.70 |
| ACO | 15.60 | 15.11 | 0.173 | 8.71 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416853799935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Experimental comparison of multiple datasets in multi-machine collaborative scheduling research
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| 数据集 | 算法 | 平均值 | 平均运行时间 |
|---|
| Berlin52 | IMTSP_GA | 0.51 | 8.16 |
| GA | 0.62 | 10.31 |
| PSO | 0.63 | 10.41 |
| ACO | 0.66 | 8.73 |
| Eil76 | IMTSP_GA | 0.041 | 9.87 |
| GA | 0.052 | 11.18 |
| PSO | 0.055 | 10.42 |
| ACO | 0.064 | 10.16 |
| Bier127 | IMTSP_GA | 12.45 | 13.62 |
| GA | 14.89 | 17.66 |
| PSO | 14.67 | 18.36 |
| ACO | 17.69 | 14.35 |
| CH150 | IMTSP_GA | 1.07 | 14.13 |
| GA | 1.16 | 19.47 |
| PSO | 1.18 | 20.50 |
| ACO | 1.55 | 15.65 |
| KroB200 | IMTSP_GA | 6.64 | 20.67 |
| GA | 7.54 | 29.00 |
| PSO | 7.43 | 29.78 |
| ACO | 8.62 | 22.34 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416916714496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
多机协同调度研究的多种数据集实验对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 算法 | 平均值 | 平均运行时间 |
|---|
| Berlin52 | IMTSP_GA | 0.51 | 8.16 |
| GA | 0.62 | 10.31 |
| PSO | 0.63 | 10.41 |
| ACO | 0.66 | 8.73 |
| Eil76 | IMTSP_GA | 0.041 | 9.87 |
| GA | 0.052 | 11.18 |
| PSO | 0.055 | 10.42 |
| ACO | 0.064 | 10.16 |
| Bier127 | IMTSP_GA | 12.45 | 13.62 |
| GA | 14.89 | 17.66 |
| PSO | 14.67 | 18.36 |
| ACO | 17.69 | 14.35 |
| CH150 | IMTSP_GA | 1.07 | 14.13 |
| GA | 1.16 | 19.47 |
| PSO | 1.18 | 20.50 |
| ACO | 1.55 | 15.65 |
| KroB200 | IMTSP_GA | 6.64 | 20.67 |
| GA | 7.54 | 29.00 |
| PSO | 7.43 | 29.78 |
| ACO | 8.62 | 22.34 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882416979628032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Operational scheduling route of combine harvester collaborative scheduling in the simulation scenario
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| 收割机编号 | 调度结果(编号为任务单元编号) |
|---|
| H1 | 0→4→1→3→2→6→7→5→9→10→11→8→0 |
| H2 | 0→31→30→32→33→34→35→36→37→38→39→40→41→42→0 |
| H3 | 0→24→25→26→27→28→29→49→48→47→46→45→44→43→0 |
| H4 | 0→23→22→18→19→20→21→17→16→15→14→13→12→0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882417084485633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882318564479143, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
仿真场景中收割机协同调度的作业调度路线
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 收割机编号 | 调度结果(编号为任务单元编号) |
|---|
| H1 | 0→4→1→3→2→6→7→5→9→10→11→8→0 |
| H2 | 0→31→30→32→33→34→35→36→37→38→39→40→41→42→0 |
| H3 | 0→24→25→26→27→28→29→49→48→47→46→45→44→43→0 |
| H4 | 0→23→22→18→19→20→21→17→16→15→14→13→12→0 |
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