Article(id=1317882075370344857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882040293376452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202605017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1778515200000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792137171832, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1785340800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792137171832, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792137171832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792137171832, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317882040293376452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='267', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785340800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792137163470, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792137254218, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317882421022933964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882040293376452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317882421027128269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882040293376452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=217, endPage=237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317882075622003098, articleId=1317882075370344857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=LiteFocus-Net: A Three-Point Lightweight Enhancement Framework for Small-Target Detection of Corn Leaf Diseases and Pests, columnId=1281692351299039265, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Information Processing and Decision Making, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective] Early detection of corn leaf diseases and pests is important for field monitoring, precision pesticide application, and yield protection. In practical field environments, early lesions, insect bodies, eggs, and spore clusters often occupy only a very small part of the image. Their visual appearance is affected by weak texture, irregular shape, and complex backgrounds, making the visual boundary between disease targets and normal leaf tissue less distinguishable. When lightweight detectors based on the YOLO series are applied, fixed convolution kernels lack flexibility for targets with large scale differences. After repeated downsampling, small objects lose representation in deep feature maps, while larger targets dominate the regression loss. These factors make it difficult to balance detection accuracy and deployment efficiency on edge devices. To improve the recognition capability for small targets under complex field conditions, LiteFocus-Net, a lightweight enhancement framework, was developed based on YOLOv11n. [Methods] The framework improved the baseline model from three closely related aspects: adaptive backbone feature extraction, deep feature detail recovery, and scale-aware regression supervision. In the backbone, an Adaptive Kernel Lightweight Block AKL-Block was designed to replace part of the original feature extraction structure. Instead of computing multiple convolution branches simultaneously during inference, AKL-Block used global average pooling and a lightweight gating module to estimate the selection probabilities of three candidate depthwise separable convolution kernels with different receptive fields. A Gumbel-Softmax strategy was used during training to keep the kernel selection process differentiable, while only the kernel with the highest selection probability is activated during inference. In this way, the model could adjust its effective receptive field according to the input feature distribution without introducing the redundant computation usually caused by parallel multi-branch structures. To alleviate the loss of small-object details in deep layers, a Feature Decomposition and Reconstruction module (FDR) was introduced after the P5 feature layer. The deep feature was divided into a structure branch and a detail branch. The structure branch was upsampled by bilinear interpolation to preserve global semantic information, such as leaf shape, lesion distribution, and large disease regions. The detail branch used a lightweight pixel-shuffle reconstruction operation to enhance local responses related to lesion edges, insect contours, and spore textures. The reconstructed feature was then fused with the corresponding P4 feature in the neck network, allowing the model to reuse deep semantic information while selectively strengthening detail-sensitive responses. For the regression loss, a Scale-Aware Gradient Boosting Loss, termed SAGB-Loss, was constructed to increase the training contribution of small targets. The loss combined feature-level weighting and target-area-aware weighting. The feature-level term assigned larger weights to shallow layers that are more closely related to small-object detection, while the area-aware term used a continuous exponential function to smoothly enhance the regression gradients of small targets. Experiments were carried out on a field corn leaf image dataset containing 10 324 images and eight categories of disease and pest targets. The dataset was divided into training, validation, and test subsets at a ratio of 6:2:2. [Results and Discussions] LiteFocus-Net achieved 74.97% mean average precision (mAP) at an Intersection over Union (IoU) threshold of 0.5, with 2.52 million parameters and 5.3 GFLOPs. Compared with the YOLOv11n baseline, the average precision for small objects (AP_s) increased from 28.1% to 32.77%, giving an improvement of 4.7 percentage points, while the computational cost decreased by 15.9%. Ablation experiments confirmed the contribution of each component. AKL-Block reduced the overall computational cost and improved small-target accuracy, FDR further enhanced detail-sensitive features from deep layers, and SAGB-Loss increased the regression contribution of small targets without causing an obvious decline in medium- and large-object detection. Comparisons with Inception-style and selective-kernel multi-scale modules showed that AKL-Block achieved a more favorable accuracy-complexity trade-off under lightweight deployment constraints. Comparisons with full-channel pixel-shuffle reconstruction also indicated that FDR provided a practical balance between detail recovery and additional computational cost. Deployment tests on RK3588 and Jetson Orin NX further showed that LiteFocus-Net maintained real-time inference capability after INT8 quantization, which indicated its potential for field inspection and agricultural edge intelligence applications. [Conclusions] The results suggest that LiteFocus-Net improves small-target detection of corn leaf diseases and pests without relying on a larger model scale. Future work will focus on expanding cross-region, cross-variety, and cross-growth-stage samples, and on exploring region-level dynamic kernel selection, video-based continuous detection, and weakly supervised annotation strategies to improve robustness in long-term field deployment.
, authors=Yu YANG
1, Yibo ZHANG
2, Bo MAO
2, Lei ZHANG
2, authorsList=Yu YANG, Yibo ZHANG, Bo MAO, Lei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei ZHANG, authorNote=
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, copyrightStatement=copyright©2026 by the authors, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317882077211644329, articleId=1317882075370344857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=CN, title=LiteFocus-Net:面向玉米叶片病虫害小目标检测的三点式轻量化增强框架, columnId=1281692353010315299, journalTitle=智慧农业(中英文), columnName=信息处理与决策, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的/意义】 玉米叶片病虫害早期目标通常具有尺度小、纹理弱、背景复杂以及类间差异不明显等特点,现有轻量化检测模型在田间复杂环境和边缘设备部署条件下难以兼顾检测精度与计算效率。为提高复杂田间环境下玉米叶片病虫害小目标识别能力,提出一种三点式轻量化增强框架LiteFocus-Net。 【方法】 以YOLOv11n为基础模型,从特征提取、细节恢复和损失优化3个方面进行改进。首先,设计自适应核轻量化模块(Adaptive Kernel Lightweight Block, AKL-Block),利用轻量化门控机制在3×3、5×5和7×7深度可分离卷积核之间进行动态选择,提高模型对不同尺度病虫害目标的特征提取能力;其次,提出特征分解重构模块(Feature Decomposition and Reconstruction, FDR),将深层特征划分为结构分支和细节分支,并采用轻量化亚像素重构方式恢复小目标边缘、纹理和局部轮廓信息;最后,提出尺度感知梯度增强损失(Scale-Aware Gradient Boosting Loss, SAGB-Loss),结合特征层级权重和目标面积连续增强因子,提升小目标样本在训练过程中的梯度贡献。 【结果和讨论】 在包含10 324张田间玉米叶片图像、8类病虫害目标的数据集上进行实验验证。LiteFocus-Net的mAP@0.5达到74.97%,相比YOLOv11n提升2.77个百分点;小目标检测精度AP_s由28.10%提升至32.77%,提升4.67个百分点。消融实验表明,AKL-Block、FDR和SAGB-Loss分别从多尺度特征表达、深层细节恢复和训练梯度优化方面发挥作用,三者协同提升了模型对微小病斑、虫卵和孢子簇等弱特征目标的检测能力。同时,模型参数量仅为2.52 M,计算量为5.3 GFLOPs,较YOLOv11n降低15.9%,且中、大目标检测性能保持稳定。 【结论】 LiteFocus-Net能够在较低计算开销下提升玉米叶片病虫害小目标检测性能,在精度和轻量化之间取得较好平衡,可为无人机巡检、农业机器人和边缘智能植保设备提供有效的视觉检测方法。
, authors=杨玉
1, 张轶博
2, 毛波
2, 章磊
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1.南京林业大学机械电子工程学院,江苏 南京 210037,中国, bio={"content":"
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2.南京财经大学计算机与人工智能学院,江苏 南京 210023,中国, bio={"content":"
张轶博,研究方向为人工智能应用。E-mail:feptsss@gmail.com
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2023: 12021-12031., articleTitle=Run, don't walk: Chasing higher FLOPS for faster neural networks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1317882085059187206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, awardId=2024YFF1105504, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF1105504), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1317882085143073287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, awardId=2024YFF1105504, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFF1105504), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317882077501051306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317882077505245611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, companyId=1317882077501051306, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1.南京林业大学机械电子工程学院,江苏 南京 210037,中国)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317882077589131693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317882077597520302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, companyId=1317882077589131693, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2.南京财经大学计算机与人工智能学院,江苏 南京 210023,中国)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317882079635952080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Overall architecture of LiteFocus-Net, figureFileSmall=YOxeNicNF5VprKpT7TrhLQ==, figureFileBig=h8Qhgz9ZMoxFMAq/wkqLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882079770169809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
LiteFocus-Net整体架构, figureFileSmall=YOxeNicNF5VprKpT7TrhLQ==, figureFileBig=h8Qhgz9ZMoxFMAq/wkqLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882079975690706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Structure of the proposed AKL-Block, figureFileSmall=Aq38s6gD0xkD98yMi2NLXg==, figureFileBig=ekw5SOq8FrDQ7RCl/V+Baw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080046993875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
AKL-Block结构图, figureFileSmall=Aq38s6gD0xkD98yMi2NLXg==, figureFileBig=ekw5SOq8FrDQ7RCl/V+Baw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080122491348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Structure of the FDR module, figureFileSmall=/4PcR1ZujCKUGGyOYlGtyA==, figureFileBig=5yf0qQW9IVyV1BptkE4+6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080206377429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
FDR模块结构, figureFileSmall=/4PcR1ZujCKUGGyOYlGtyA==, figureFileBig=5yf0qQW9IVyV1BptkE4+6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080302846422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Visualization of kernel selection behavior of AKL-Block, figureFileSmall=ZDvFaGaBeO4+e/wIX6Z9mQ==, figureFileBig=vBZy5dGJJYRc+H86l6FTdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080382538199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
AKL-Block卷积核选择行为可视化a. 密集小型锈病病斑 b. 中等尺寸灰斑病病斑 c. 大型大斑病病斑
, figureFileSmall=ZDvFaGaBeO4+e/wIX6Z9mQ==, figureFileBig=vBZy5dGJJYRc+H86l6FTdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080470618584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Feature enhancement results of the FDR module, figureFileSmall=bKulvjB6QvrXIuGZCWb9Aw==, figureFileBig=1HE7GXpCYvK/VsUlqSaFQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080558698969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
FDR模块对微小目标的特征增强效果a. 原始 P4 特征激活热力图 b. FDR 增强后特征激活热力图 c. 高频残差热力图
, figureFileSmall=bKulvjB6QvrXIuGZCWb9Aw==, figureFileBig=1HE7GXpCYvK/VsUlqSaFQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080650973658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Qualitative detection results of LiteFocus-Net in complex field scenarios, figureFileSmall=63JkwwUIN3y9FKxF3tlHoA==, figureFileBig=wyeDazeUlQw1SJ3a2Df7HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080739054043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
LiteFocus-Net在田间复杂场景下的定性检测玉米叶片结果, figureFileSmall=63JkwwUIN3y9FKxF3tlHoA==, figureFileBig=wyeDazeUlQw1SJ3a2Df7HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080822940124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Typical missed-detection anomaly analysis of Litefocus-Net for maize disease and pest detection, figureFileSmall=jhiIkJoal7wg7+LlFME8VA==, figureFileBig=X+EFnaWMhymDZbrgG6O1Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882080911020509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
LiteFocus-Net 玉米病虫害检测典型漏检异常分析, figureFileSmall=jhiIkJoal7wg7+LlFME8VA==, figureFileBig=X+EFnaWMhymDZbrgG6O1Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882081003295198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Image counts, instance counts, and small-object proportions for eight categories in the field corn leaf disease and pest dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 图像数/张 | 目标实例数/个 | 小目标实例数/个 | 小目标占比/% |
|---|
| 合计 | 10 324 | 24 136 | 15 946 | 66.1 |
| 玉米锈病 | 1 503 | 3 964 | 2 761 | 69.7 |
| 灰斑病 | 1 247 | 2 638 | 1 316 | 49.9 |
| 玉米大斑病 | 1 189 | 2 147 | 758 | 35.3 |
| 叶枯病 | 1 083 | 1 841 | 551 | 29.9 |
| 玉米螟 | 1 164 | 2 509 | 1 623 | 64.7 |
| 草地贪夜蛾幼虫 | 1 287 | 2 895 | 1 738 | 60.0 |
| 虫卵 | 1 538 | 4 621 | 4 074 | 88.2 |
| 孢子簇 | 1 313 | 3 521 | 3 125 | 88.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081074598367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=
田间玉米叶片病虫害数据集中8类目标的图像数、实例数及小目标占比
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| 类别 | 图像数/张 | 目标实例数/个 | 小目标实例数/个 | 小目标占比/% |
|---|
| 合计 | 10 324 | 24 136 | 15 946 | 66.1 |
| 玉米锈病 | 1 503 | 3 964 | 2 761 | 69.7 |
| 灰斑病 | 1 247 | 2 638 | 1 316 | 49.9 |
| 玉米大斑病 | 1 189 | 2 147 | 758 | 35.3 |
| 叶枯病 | 1 083 | 1 841 | 551 | 29.9 |
| 玉米螟 | 1 164 | 2 509 | 1 623 | 64.7 |
| 草地贪夜蛾幼虫 | 1 287 | 2 895 | 1 738 | 60.0 |
| 虫卵 | 1 538 | 4 621 | 4 074 | 88.2 |
| 孢子簇 | 1 313 | 3 521 | 3 125 | 88.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081158484448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Stratified group-wise division of the field corn leaf dataset into training, validation, and test subsets
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| 类别 | 训练集/张 | 验证集/张 | 测试集/张 | 合计/张 |
|---|
| 合计 | 6 147 | 2 128 | 2 049 | 10 324 |
| 玉米锈病 | 902 | 301 | 300 | 1 503 |
| 灰斑病 | 749 | 250 | 248 | 1 247 |
| 玉米大斑病 | 714 | 238 | 237 | 1 189 |
| 叶枯病 | 650 | 217 | 216 | 1 083 |
| 玉米螟 | 699 | 233 | 232 | 1 164 |
| 草地贪夜蛾幼虫 | 772 | 258 | 257 | 1 287 |
| 虫卵 | 923 | 308 | 307 | 1 538 |
| 孢子簇 | 788 | 263 | 262 | 1 313 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081238176225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=
田间玉米叶片病虫害数据集的分层分组训练集、验证集和测试集划分
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| 类别 | 训练集/张 | 验证集/张 | 测试集/张 | 合计/张 |
|---|
| 合计 | 6 147 | 2 128 | 2 049 | 10 324 |
| 玉米锈病 | 902 | 301 | 300 | 1 503 |
| 灰斑病 | 749 | 250 | 248 | 1 247 |
| 玉米大斑病 | 714 | 238 | 237 | 1 189 |
| 叶枯病 | 650 | 217 | 216 | 1 083 |
| 玉米螟 | 699 | 233 | 232 | 1 164 |
| 草地贪夜蛾幼虫 | 772 | 258 | 257 | 1 287 |
| 虫卵 | 923 | 308 | 307 | 1 538 |
| 孢子簇 | 788 | 263 | 262 | 1 313 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081338839522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Complete ablation study and statistical significance analysis of LiteFocus-Net on the corn leaf disease and pest dataset
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| Scheme | AKL | FDR | SAGB | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | 调整后p值(AP_s) | 调整后p值 (mAP) |
|---|
| YOLOv11n Baseline | — | — | — | 72.20±0.20 | 28.10±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 64.30±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | — | — |
| only AKL-Block | √ | — | — | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0.026 | 0.005 |
| only FDR | — | √ | — | 72.80±0.20 | 28.70±0.40 | 55.90±0.30 | 64.00±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | 0.367 | 0.043 |
| only SAGB-Loss | — | — | √ | 72.70±0.20 | 28.50±0.40 | 55.90±0.30 | 64.10±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | 0.367 | 0.043 |
| AKL-Block + FDR | √ | √ | — | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| AKL-Block + SAGB-Loss | √ | — | √ | 73.70±0.20 | 30.30±0.40 | 56.30±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0.023 | 0.005 |
| FDR + SAGB-Loss | — | √ | √ | 73.50±0.20 | 29.20±0.50 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.80±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | 0.163 | 0.005 |
| LiteFocus-Net | √ | √ | √ | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 | 2.52 | 5.3 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081418531299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
LiteFocus-Net在玉米叶片病虫害数据集上的完整消融实验及统计显著性分析
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| Scheme | AKL | FDR | SAGB | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | 调整后p值(AP_s) | 调整后p值 (mAP) |
|---|
| YOLOv11n Baseline | — | — | — | 72.20±0.20 | 28.10±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 64.30±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | — | — |
| only AKL-Block | √ | — | — | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0.026 | 0.005 |
| only FDR | — | √ | — | 72.80±0.20 | 28.70±0.40 | 55.90±0.30 | 64.00±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | 0.367 | 0.043 |
| only SAGB-Loss | — | — | √ | 72.70±0.20 | 28.50±0.40 | 55.90±0.30 | 64.10±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | 0.367 | 0.043 |
| AKL-Block + FDR | √ | √ | — | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| AKL-Block + SAGB-Loss | √ | — | √ | 73.70±0.20 | 30.30±0.40 | 56.30±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0.023 | 0.005 |
| FDR + SAGB-Loss | — | √ | √ | 73.50±0.20 | 29.20±0.50 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.80±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 | 0.163 | 0.005 |
| LiteFocus-Net | √ | √ | √ | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 | 2.52 | 5.3 | 0.004 | 0.009 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081494028772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
One-way ANOVA results of the complete ablation matrix of LiteFocus-Net on various precision metrics
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| 指标 | ANOVA 结果 | p 值 | 结论 |
|---|
| mAP@0.5 | F(7,16)=44.78 | <0.001 | 差异显著 |
| AP_s | F(7,16)=32.25 | <0.001 | 差异显著 |
| AP_m | F(7,16)=1.47 | 0.246 | 差异不显著 |
| AP_l | F(7,16)=1.19 | 0.361 | 差异不显著 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081561137637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
LiteFocus-Net完整消融矩阵在各精度指标上的单因素方差分析结果
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| 指标 | ANOVA 结果 | p 值 | 结论 |
|---|
| mAP@0.5 | F(7,16)=44.78 | <0.001 | 差异显著 |
| AP_s | F(7,16)=32.25 | <0.001 | 差异显著 |
| AP_m | F(7,16)=1.47 | 0.246 | 差异不显著 |
| AP_l | F(7,16)=1.19 | 0.361 | 差异不显著 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081632440806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Repeatability results of LiteFocus-Net under three different random seeds
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 随机种子 | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| 42 | 75.1 | 33.4 | 56.6 | 64.0 |
| 123 | 74.6 | 32.0 | 55.9 | 63.9 |
| 2 024 | 75.2 | 32.9 | 56.6 | 64.2 |
| 均值±标准差 | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
| 95%置信区间 | [74.17,75.77] | [31.00,34.53] | [55.36,57.37] | [63.65,64.41] |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081691161063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=
LiteFocus-Net在3种不同随机种子下的重复性实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 随机种子 | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| 42 | 75.1 | 33.4 | 56.6 | 64.0 |
| 123 | 74.6 | 32.0 | 55.9 | 63.9 |
| 2 024 | 75.2 | 32.9 | 56.6 | 64.2 |
| 均值±标准差 | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
| 95%置信区间 | [74.17,75.77] | [31.00,34.53] | [55.36,57.37] | [63.65,64.41] |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081749881320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Gain comparison of individual and combined modules on small object precision (AP_s) for LiteFocus-Net
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| 模块组合 | AP_s/% (均值±标准差) | 相对基线增益 | 单独增益之和 | 交互增益 |
|---|
| Baseline | 28.10±0.50 | — | — | — |
| only AKL | 30.10±0.40 | +2.0 | — | — |
| only FDR | 28.70±0.40 | +0.6 | — | — |
| only SAGB | 28.50±0.40 | +0.4 | — | — |
| AKL + FDR | 31.40±0.50 | +3.3 | +2.6 | +0.7 (正向) |
| AKL + SAGB | 30.30±0.40 | +2.2 | +2.4 | -0.2 (轻微负向) |
| FDR + SAGB | 29.20±0.50 | +1.1 | +1.0 | +0.1 (中性) |
| AKL + FDR + SAGB | 32.77±0.71 | +4.7 | +3.0 | +1.7 (正向) |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081808601577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=
LiteFocus-Net各模块在小目标精度(AP_s)上的单独及组合增益对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块组合 | AP_s/% (均值±标准差) | 相对基线增益 | 单独增益之和 | 交互增益 |
|---|
| Baseline | 28.10±0.50 | — | — | — |
| only AKL | 30.10±0.40 | +2.0 | — | — |
| only FDR | 28.70±0.40 | +0.6 | — | — |
| only SAGB | 28.50±0.40 | +0.4 | — | — |
| AKL + FDR | 31.40±0.50 | +3.3 | +2.6 | +0.7 (正向) |
| AKL + SAGB | 30.30±0.40 | +2.2 | +2.4 | -0.2 (轻微负向) |
| FDR + SAGB | 29.20±0.50 | +1.1 | +1.0 | +0.1 (中性) |
| AKL + FDR + SAGB | 32.77±0.71 | +4.7 | +3.0 | +1.7 (正向) |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081884099050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Ablation study of different candidate kernel sets in AKL-Block
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| 卷积核选择方案 | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| {3×3} | 72.80±0.20 | 29.00±0.40 | 55.90±0.30 | 63.70±0.30 | 2.47 | 4.6 |
| {3×3, 5×5} | 73.20±0.20 | 29.70±0.40 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.49 | 4.8 |
| {3×3, 5×5, 7×7} | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 |
| {1×1, 3×3, 5×5, 7×7} | 73.40±0.20 | 29.90±0.40 | 56.10±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.51 | 4.9 |
| {3×3, 5×5, 7×7, 9×9} | 73.60±0.20 | 30.20±0.40 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.20±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882081959596523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
AKL-Block不同候选核集合的消融实验
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| 卷积核选择方案 | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| {3×3} | 72.80±0.20 | 29.00±0.40 | 55.90±0.30 | 63.70±0.30 | 2.47 | 4.6 |
| {3×3, 5×5} | 73.20±0.20 | 29.70±0.40 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.49 | 4.8 |
| {3×3, 5×5, 7×7} | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 |
| {1×1, 3×3, 5×5, 7×7} | 73.40±0.20 | 29.90±0.40 | 56.10±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.51 | 4.9 |
| {3×3, 5×5, 7×7, 9×9} | 73.60±0.20 | 30.20±0.40 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.20±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082039288300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Ablation study of different channel ratios in the FDR module
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| 结构分支:细节分支 | 结构分支通道数 | 细节分支通道数 | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| 1∶1 | 128 | 128 | 74.00±0.20 | 30.80±0.40 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.51 | 5.2 |
| 3∶5 | 96 | 160 | 74.10±0.20 | 31.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.51 | 5.2 |
| 1∶3 | 64 | 192 | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 |
| 1∶7 | 32 | 224 | 74.10±0.20 | 31.50±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 63.60±0.30 | 2.54 | 5.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082131562989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
FDR模块不同通道比例的消融实验
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| 结构分支:细节分支 | 结构分支通道数 | 细节分支通道数 | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| 1∶1 | 128 | 128 | 74.00±0.20 | 30.80±0.40 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.51 | 5.2 |
| 3∶5 | 96 | 160 | 74.10±0.20 | 31.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.51 | 5.2 |
| 1∶3 | 64 | 192 | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 |
| 1∶7 | 32 | 224 | 74.10±0.20 | 31.50±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 63.60±0.30 | 2.54 | 5.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082219643374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=
Ablation study of different fusion strategies between FDR and P4 features
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| 逐元素相加(Add) | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 |
| 通道拼接 + 1×1 Conv | 74.40±0.30 | 31.60±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.58 | 5.6 |
| 可学习加权相加 | 74.40±0.30 | 31.50±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.53 | 5.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082295140847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
FDR与P4特征不同融合方式的消融实验
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| 逐元素相加(Add) | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 |
| 通道拼接 + 1×1 Conv | 74.40±0.30 | 31.60±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.58 | 5.6 |
| 可学习加权相加 | 74.40±0.30 | 31.50±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.53 | 5.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082613907952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=
Ablation study of different area-aware enhancement functions in SAGB-Loss
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| 无面积增强 | 74.70±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| 硬阈值增强 | 74.60±0.30 | 32.80±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 63.80±0.30 |
| 线性衰减增强 | 74.70±0.30 | 32.50±0.50 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| Sigmoid衰减增强 | 74.80±0.30 | 32.60±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| 指数衰减增强 | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082681016817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表10, caption=
SAGB-Loss不同面积增强函数形式的消融实验
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| 无面积增强 | 74.70±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| 硬阈值增强 | 74.60±0.30 | 32.80±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 63.80±0.30 |
| 线性衰减增强 | 74.70±0.30 | 32.50±0.50 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| Sigmoid衰减增强 | 74.80±0.30 | 32.60±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| 指数衰减增强 | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082743931378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=
Performance and complexity comparison of fixed-large-kernel, Inception, SKNet, and AKL-Block backbone modules
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| YOLOv11n Baseline | 72.20±0.20 | 28.10±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 64.30±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 |
| C3k2-Fixed 7×7 | 72.10±0.20 | 27.60±0.40 | 55.60±0.30 | 64.50±0.30 | 2.55 | 6.8 |
| C3k2-Inception | 73.70±0.30 | 30.40±0.50 | 56.30±0.30 | 64.80±0.30 | 2.68 | 7.9 |
| C3k2-SK | 73.60±0.30 | 30.20±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.60±0.30 | 2.66 | 7.3 |
| AKL-Block (Ours) | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082873954803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 11, caption=
固定大核、Inception、SKNet和AKL-Block骨干模块的性能与复杂度比较
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| YOLOv11n Baseline | 72.20±0.20 | 28.10±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 64.30±0.20 | 2.58 | 6.3 |
| C3k2-Fixed 7×7 | 72.10±0.20 | 27.60±0.40 | 55.60±0.30 | 64.50±0.30 | 2.55 | 6.8 |
| C3k2-Inception | 73.70±0.30 | 30.40±0.50 | 56.30±0.30 | 64.80±0.30 | 2.68 | 7.9 |
| C3k2-SK | 73.60±0.30 | 30.20±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.60±0.30 | 2.66 | 7.3 |
| AKL-Block (Ours) | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882082991395316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=
Performance comparison of AKL-Block and Inception on images containing mixed small and large targets
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| C3k2-Inception | 73.00±0.30 | 30.20±0.50 | 63.80±0.30 |
| AKL-Block (Ours) | 73.10±0.30 | 30.10±0.40 | 64.10±0.30 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083066892789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 12, caption=
AKL-Block与Inception在同图大小尺度目标混合样本上的性能比较
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| C3k2-Inception | 73.00±0.30 | 30.20±0.50 | 63.80±0.30 |
| AKL-Block (Ours) | 73.10±0.30 | 30.10±0.40 | 64.10±0.30 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083159167478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 13, caption=
Comparison of FDR with other feature enhancement methods
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | Extra Params/M |
|---|
| No P5 enhancement | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0 |
| Bilinear-only | 73.60±0.20 | 30.30±0.40 | 56.10±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0 |
| Deconv | 74.10±0.30 | 31.00±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.68 | 5.6 | 0.18 |
| Full-PixelShuffle | 74.80±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.20±0.30 | 2.62 | 5.8 | 0.12 |
| FDR (Ours) | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 | 0.02 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083264025079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 13, caption=
FDR与其他特征增强方法对比
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| Scheme | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | Extra Params/M |
|---|
| No P5 enhancement | 73.50±0.20 | 30.10±0.40 | 56.20±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0 |
| Bilinear-only | 73.60±0.20 | 30.30±0.40 | 56.10±0.20 | 64.10±0.30 | 2.50 | 5.0 | 0 |
| Deconv | 74.10±0.30 | 31.00±0.50 | 56.20±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 | 2.68 | 5.6 | 0.18 |
| Full-PixelShuffle | 74.80±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.20±0.30 | 2.62 | 5.8 | 0.12 |
| FDR (Ours) | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 | 2.52 | 5.3 | 0.02 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083402437112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 14, caption=
Recall comparison between FDR and Full-PixelShuffle on extreme small objects
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| Scheme | Recall@0.5/% | Recall@0.3/% |
|---|
| No P5 enhancement | 31.20±0.50 | 48.50±0.60 |
| Full-PixelShuffle | 34.80±0.60 | 52.10±0.60 |
| FDR (Ours) | 33.00±0.50 | 50.40±0.50 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083498906105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 14, caption=
FDR与Full-PixelShuffle在超小目标上的召回率对比
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| Scheme | Recall@0.5/% | Recall@0.3/% |
|---|
| No P5 enhancement | 31.20±0.50 | 48.50±0.60 |
| Full-PixelShuffle | 34.80±0.60 | 52.10±0.60 |
| FDR (Ours) | 33.00±0.50 | 50.40±0.50 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083574403578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 15, caption=
Comparison of SAGB-Loss with other loss weighting strategies
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| Loss Strategy | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| CIoU (Baseline) | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| EIoU | 74.50±0.30 | 31.70±0.50 | 56.30±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| EIoU + Layer-wise weighting | 74.70±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| EIoU + Hard area threshold weighting | 74.60±0.30 | 32.80±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| SAGB-Loss (Ours) | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083851227643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 15, caption=
SAGB-Loss与其他损失加权策略对比
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| Loss Strategy | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% |
|---|
| CIoU (Baseline) | 74.30±0.30 | 31.40±0.50 | 56.10±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| EIoU | 74.50±0.30 | 31.70±0.50 | 56.30±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| EIoU + Layer-wise weighting | 74.70±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| EIoU + Hard area threshold weighting | 74.60±0.30 | 32.80±0.50 | 55.80±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| SAGB-Loss (Ours) | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882083960279548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 16, caption=
Sensitivity analysis of small-, medium-, and large-object detection to enhancement coefficient α in SAGB-Loss
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| mAP@0.5 | AP_s | AP_m | AP_l |
|---|
| 0.0 | 74.70±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| 1.0 | 74.82±0.30 | 32.50±0.55 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.05±0.25 |
| 2.0 | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
| 3.0 | 74.75±0.30 | 32.85±0.60 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| 4.0 | 74.45±0.30 | 32.90±0.60 | 55.70±0.30 | 63.70±0.30 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084333572605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 16, caption=
SAGB-Loss增强系数α对小、中、大目标检测性能的敏感性分析 ( %)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| mAP@0.5 | AP_s | AP_m | AP_l |
|---|
| 0.0 | 74.70±0.30 | 32.20±0.50 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.00±0.30 |
| 1.0 | 74.82±0.30 | 32.50±0.55 | 56.40±0.30 | 64.05±0.25 |
| 2.0 | 74.97±0.32 | 32.77±0.71 | 56.37±0.40 | 64.03±0.15 |
| 3.0 | 74.75±0.30 | 32.85±0.60 | 56.00±0.30 | 63.90±0.30 |
| 4.0 | 74.45±0.30 | 32.90±0.60 | 55.70±0.30 | 63.70±0.30 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084438430206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 17, caption=
Performance comparison between LiteFocus-Net and other models
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| Faster R-CNN (ResNet50) | 66.9 | 19.3 | 48.2 | 60.4 | 137.10 | 370.20 | 21.0 |
| SSD (VGG16) | 72.3 | 24.5 | 53.1 | 63.8 | 26.29 | 62.74 | 41.0 |
| RT-DETR (R18)[30] | 75.8 | 31.2 | 57.0 | 65.8 | 20.00 | 71.10 | 24.0 |
| YOLOv5n | 62.1 | 22.3 | 48.5 | 56.2 | 1.90 | 4.50 | 141.0 |
| YOLOv8n | 71.1 | 26.5 | 54.2 | 63.1 | 3.20 | 8.70 | 124.0 |
| YOLOv11n (Baseline) | 72.2 | 28.1 | 55.8 | 64.3 | 2.58 | 6.30 | 136.0 |
| YOLOv11s | 74.5 | 30.1 | 56.6 | 65.2 | 9.42 | 21.90 | 86.0 |
| YOLOv11m | 75.3 | 31.0 | 57.0 | 65.8 | 20.00 | 67.70 | 51.0 |
| YOLOv11l | 76.7 | 32.3 | 58.2 | 66.5 | 25.29 | 86.60 | 43.0 |
| EfficientViT[31] | 73.3 | 29.5 | 55.9 | 64.8 | 3.56 | 6.90 | 128.0 |
| Gold-YOLO[32] | 74.8 | 31.5 | 56.9 | 65.6 | 21.50 | 46.00 | 38.0 |
| YOLO-MS (XS)[33] | 73.8 | 30.2 | 56.1 | 64.9 | 4.50 | 8.70 | 118.0 |
| YOLO-MS (S)[33] | 75.6 | 32.0 | 57.2 | 66.0 | 8.10 | 15.40 | 82.0 |
| DAMO-YOLO (Tiny)[34] | 73.1 | 29.0 | 55.5 | 64.5 | 6.80 | 14.10 | 95.0 |
| DAMO-YOLO(Small)[34] | 74.3 | 30.6 | 56.3 | 65.2 | 11.20 | 23.40 | 68.0 |
| RTMDet-Tiny[35] | 73.5 | 29.8 | 55.7 | 64.7 | 4.00 | 14.20 | 72.0 |
| RTMDet-Small[35] | 74.9 | 31.2 | 56.8 | 65.3 | 8.89 | 14.80 | 68.0 |
| MobileViT-YOLO[36] | 72.8 | 28.6 | 54.8 | 64.0 | 8.60 | 10.20 | 105.0 |
| EMO-YOLO[37] | 73.4 | 29.7 | 55.6 | 64.5 | 5.10 | 8.50 | 122.0 |
| FasterNet-YOLO[38] | 72.5 | 28.9 | 55.0 | 64.2 | 3.96 | 7.80 | 136.0 |
| YOLO-MSM[4] | 74.0 | 30.2 | 55.8 | 64.5 | 5.40 | 18.50 | 69.6 |
| MA-YOLO[24] | 73.9 | 32.1 | 56.8 | 65.2 | 6.42 | 17.20 | 67.2 |
| YOLO-LCE[25] | 73.9 | 30.1 | 56.2 | 64.0 | 1.69 | 5.40 | 130.0 |
| LiteFocus-Net (Ours) | 75.0 | 32.8 | 56.4 | 64.0 | 2.52 | 5.30 | 135.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084539093503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 17, caption=
LiteFocus-Net与现有模型的性能对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Method | mAP@0.5/% | AP_s/% | AP_m/% | AP_l/% | Params/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| Faster R-CNN (ResNet50) | 66.9 | 19.3 | 48.2 | 60.4 | 137.10 | 370.20 | 21.0 |
| SSD (VGG16) | 72.3 | 24.5 | 53.1 | 63.8 | 26.29 | 62.74 | 41.0 |
| RT-DETR (R18)[30] | 75.8 | 31.2 | 57.0 | 65.8 | 20.00 | 71.10 | 24.0 |
| YOLOv5n | 62.1 | 22.3 | 48.5 | 56.2 | 1.90 | 4.50 | 141.0 |
| YOLOv8n | 71.1 | 26.5 | 54.2 | 63.1 | 3.20 | 8.70 | 124.0 |
| YOLOv11n (Baseline) | 72.2 | 28.1 | 55.8 | 64.3 | 2.58 | 6.30 | 136.0 |
| YOLOv11s | 74.5 | 30.1 | 56.6 | 65.2 | 9.42 | 21.90 | 86.0 |
| YOLOv11m | 75.3 | 31.0 | 57.0 | 65.8 | 20.00 | 67.70 | 51.0 |
| YOLOv11l | 76.7 | 32.3 | 58.2 | 66.5 | 25.29 | 86.60 | 43.0 |
| EfficientViT[31] | 73.3 | 29.5 | 55.9 | 64.8 | 3.56 | 6.90 | 128.0 |
| Gold-YOLO[32] | 74.8 | 31.5 | 56.9 | 65.6 | 21.50 | 46.00 | 38.0 |
| YOLO-MS (XS)[33] | 73.8 | 30.2 | 56.1 | 64.9 | 4.50 | 8.70 | 118.0 |
| YOLO-MS (S)[33] | 75.6 | 32.0 | 57.2 | 66.0 | 8.10 | 15.40 | 82.0 |
| DAMO-YOLO (Tiny)[34] | 73.1 | 29.0 | 55.5 | 64.5 | 6.80 | 14.10 | 95.0 |
| DAMO-YOLO(Small)[34] | 74.3 | 30.6 | 56.3 | 65.2 | 11.20 | 23.40 | 68.0 |
| RTMDet-Tiny[35] | 73.5 | 29.8 | 55.7 | 64.7 | 4.00 | 14.20 | 72.0 |
| RTMDet-Small[35] | 74.9 | 31.2 | 56.8 | 65.3 | 8.89 | 14.80 | 68.0 |
| MobileViT-YOLO[36] | 72.8 | 28.6 | 54.8 | 64.0 | 8.60 | 10.20 | 105.0 |
| EMO-YOLO[37] | 73.4 | 29.7 | 55.6 | 64.5 | 5.10 | 8.50 | 122.0 |
| FasterNet-YOLO[38] | 72.5 | 28.9 | 55.0 | 64.2 | 3.96 | 7.80 | 136.0 |
| YOLO-MSM[4] | 74.0 | 30.2 | 55.8 | 64.5 | 5.40 | 18.50 | 69.6 |
| MA-YOLO[24] | 73.9 | 32.1 | 56.8 | 65.2 | 6.42 | 17.20 | 67.2 |
| YOLO-LCE[25] | 73.9 | 30.1 | 56.2 | 64.0 | 1.69 | 5.40 | 130.0 |
| LiteFocus-Net (Ours) | 75.0 | 32.8 | 56.4 | 64.0 | 2.52 | 5.30 | 135.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084622979584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 18, caption=
Statistical comparison between YOLOv11n and LiteFocus-Net
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | YOLOv11n | LiteFocus-Net | 提升/百分点 | 调整后p值 | 结论 |
|---|
| mAP@0.5/% | 72.20±0.20 | 74.97±0.32 | +2.77 | 0.002 | 显著提升 |
| AP_s/% | 28.10±0.50 | 32.77±0.71 | +4.67 | 0.004 | 显著提升 |
| AP_m/% | 55.80±0.30 | 56.37±0.40 | +0.57 | 0.250 | 差异不显著 |
| AP_l/% | 64.30±0.20 | 64.03±0.15 | -0.27 | 0.250 | 差异不显著 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084690088449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 18, caption=
YOLOv11n 与 LiteFocus-Net 的统计显著性对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | YOLOv11n | LiteFocus-Net | 提升/百分点 | 调整后p值 | 结论 |
|---|
| mAP@0.5/% | 72.20±0.20 | 74.97±0.32 | +2.77 | 0.002 | 显著提升 |
| AP_s/% | 28.10±0.50 | 32.77±0.71 | +4.67 | 0.004 | 显著提升 |
| AP_m/% | 55.80±0.30 | 56.37±0.40 | +0.57 | 0.250 | 差异不显著 |
| AP_l/% | 64.30±0.20 | 64.03±0.15 | -0.27 | 0.250 | 差异不显著 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084761391618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 19, caption=
Quantized inference performance and energy efficiency of LiteFocus-Net and YOLOv11n on RK3588 and Jetson Orin
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平台 | 模型 | 精度 | 延迟/ms | 功耗/W | 内存/MB | mAP@0.5/% | 单帧能耗/(mJ/frame) | 能效比/(帧/s/W) |
|---|
| RK3588 CPU | YOLOv11n | INT8 | 12.7 | 0.9 | 92 | 69.8 | 11.43 | 87.5 |
| RK3588 CPU | LiteFocus-Net | INT8 | 12.1 | 0.9 | 88 | 71.5 | 10.89 | 91.8 |
| RK3588 NPU | LiteFocus-Net | INT8 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 152 | 71.5 | 9.00 | 111.1 |
| Jetson Orin | YOLOv11n | INT8 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 124 | 69.7 | 27.03 | 37.0 |
| Jetson Orin | LiteFocus-Net | FP16 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 198 | 74.7 | 42.16 | 23.7 |
| Jetson Orin | LiteFocus-Net | INT8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 122 | 71.5 | 23.52 | 42.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084849472003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 19, caption=
LiteFocus-Net与YOLOv11n在RK3588和Jetson Orin上的量化推理性能及能效
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平台 | 模型 | 精度 | 延迟/ms | 功耗/W | 内存/MB | mAP@0.5/% | 单帧能耗/(mJ/frame) | 能效比/(帧/s/W) |
|---|
| RK3588 CPU | YOLOv11n | INT8 | 12.7 | 0.9 | 92 | 69.8 | 11.43 | 87.5 |
| RK3588 CPU | LiteFocus-Net | INT8 | 12.1 | 0.9 | 88 | 71.5 | 10.89 | 91.8 |
| RK3588 NPU | LiteFocus-Net | INT8 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 152 | 71.5 | 9.00 | 111.1 |
| Jetson Orin | YOLOv11n | INT8 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 124 | 69.7 | 27.03 | 37.0 |
| Jetson Orin | LiteFocus-Net | FP16 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 198 | 74.7 | 42.16 | 23.7 |
| Jetson Orin | LiteFocus-Net | INT8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 122 | 71.5 | 23.52 | 42.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084912386564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=EN, label=Table 20, caption=
Robustness evaluation of LiteFocus-Net and YOLOv11n under different complex field conditions
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 测试条件 | 图像数/张 | 目标实例数/个 | YOLOv11n mAP@0.5/% | LiteFocus-Net mAP@0.5/% | YOLOv11n AP_s/% | LiteFocus-Net AP_s/% |
|---|
| 全部测试集 | 2 049 | 4 827 | 72.2 | 75.0 | 28.1 | 32.8 |
| 强光条件 | 312 | 708 | 70.8 | 74.1 | 26.9 | 31.7 |
| 弱光条件 | 286 | 655 | 69.6 | 73.0 | 25.8 | 30.8 |
| 逆光条件 | 241 | 536 | 67.9 | 71.7 | 24.6 | 29.8 |
| 局部遮挡 | 354 | 812 | 68.7 | 72.6 | 25.1 | 30.4 |
| 不同拍摄角度 | 328 | 741 | 71.0 | 74.4 | 27.2 | 32.0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882084975301125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882075370344857, language=CN, label=表 20, caption=
LiteFocus-Net与YOLOv11n在不同复杂田间条件下的鲁棒性测试结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 测试条件 | 图像数/张 | 目标实例数/个 | YOLOv11n mAP@0.5/% | LiteFocus-Net mAP@0.5/% | YOLOv11n AP_s/% | LiteFocus-Net AP_s/% |
|---|
| 全部测试集 | 2 049 | 4 827 | 72.2 | 75.0 | 28.1 | 32.8 |
| 强光条件 | 312 | 708 | 70.8 | 74.1 | 26.9 | 31.7 |
| 弱光条件 | 286 | 655 | 69.6 | 73.0 | 25.8 | 30.8 |
| 逆光条件 | 241 | 536 | 67.9 | 71.7 | 24.6 | 29.8 |
| 局部遮挡 | 354 | 812 | 68.7 | 72.6 | 25.1 | 30.4 |
| 不同拍摄角度 | 328 | 741 | 71.0 | 74.4 | 27.2 | 32.0 |
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