Article(id=1281692465920971682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202509020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757174400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783508896569, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783508896569, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783508896569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783508896569, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281692318004646631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783508861304, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783509039471, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281693065375101617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281693065375101618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=251, endPage=264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281692466235544483, articleId=1281692465920971682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Path Planning Algorithm for an Eel Feeding Robotic Arm Based on Improved BI-RRT, columnId=1281692414322656239, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Intelligent Equipment and Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] In the eel (Monopterus albus) farming system used in feed distribution research of mechanical arm, the challenges included slow path planning speeds, excessive trajectory redundancy, and suboptimal obstacle avoidance success rates within confined operational spaces. To mitigate these issues, an improved path planning algorithm, based on the bidirectional rapidly-exploring random tree star (BI-RRT*) algorithm was proposed. The primary aim was to significantly enhance the motion efficiency and task success rate of robotic arms operating in complex, constrained environments. [Methods] The proposed improved BI-RRT* algorithm integrated an adaptive goal-biased strategy with an enhanced artificial potential field (APF) method. The algorithm's framework comprises three core components: a high-quality sampling strategy, an efficient search strategy, and a path optimization algorithm. For the high-quality sampling strategy, an adaptive goal-biased approach was introduced to overcome the limitations of inefficient random sampling and slow convergence rates characteristic of traditional BI-RRT algorithms in complex environments. This strategy dynamically adjusted the generation of sampling points, moving beyond purely random selection. Instead, it prioritized sampling regions in the vicinity of the target, guided by the target direction and a predefined bias probability. This mechanism substantially augmented the growth propensity of the search tree towards the target area, effectively reducing the stochasticity of random sampling and consequently accelerating the path search process. To enhance search efficiency and prevent the algorithm from converging to local optima, an improved APF was incorporated into the node expansion process. The APF was refined to achieve superior integration with the BI-RRT framework. During each new node expansion, in addition to considering the inherent random exploration characteristics of BI-RRT, a directional attractive field was superimposed. This attractive field not only originated from the ultimate target point but also factored in the current growth orientation of the search tree and localized environmental information. Specifically, a composite attractive function was devised, which synergized the attractive force exerted by the target point on the current node with the attraction from potential "guide points". Concurrently, the computation of the repulsive field was optimized to more precisely delineate the geometry and proximity of obstacles, thereby circumventing common issues such as "oscillation" and "deadlock" prevalent in traditional APF. Through this methodology, the algorithm was able to more effectively steer the search tree to circumvent obstacles and rapidly converge towards the target region, significantly bolstering the directness of the search and successfully preventing the algorithm from becoming ensnared in suboptimal local solutions. For the path optimization algorithm, following the generation of an initial feasible path, a greedy optimization strategy was employed for path pruning and smoothing. This was executed to yield an optimal path characterized by reduced length, enhanced smoothness, and improved conformity with the kinematic properties of the robotic arm. Path pruning was initially applied to eliminate redundant nodes; if a collision-free direct connection existed between two non-adjacent nodes, intermediate nodes were excised, thereby substantially abbreviating the path length. Subsequently, path smoothing techniques, such as B-spline curves or cubic spline interpolation, were introduced to enable the robotic arm to execute movements with greater stability and efficiency during actual operation, mitigating impact and vibration. This two-stage optimization procedure ensured that the final generated path was not merely feasible but also optimal across metrics of length, smoothness, and motion efficiency. [Results and Discussions] To comprehensively validate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a two-stage experimental verification was conducted. Initially, comparative simulations were performed in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environments utilizing the Matlab platform. These simulation scenarios were meticulously engineered to encompass three archetypal environments—simple, complex, and narrow passages—thereby emulating the diverse obstacle configurations potentially encountered in industrialized eel aquaculture. The results demonstrated that, concerning both path planning speed and quality, the improved BI-RRT* algorithm significantly surpassed RRT, APF-RRT*, and traditional BI-RRT* algorithms across all tested environments, substantiatingthe theoretical superiority and inherent robustness of the improved BI-RRT* algorithm proposed in this study across varying complex environments. To further ascertain the engineering applicability and practical potential of the algorithm, an eel feeding robotic arm simulation system was meticulously constructed based on the robot operating system and MoveIt frameworks. This system precisely emulated the kinematics, dynamics, and obstacle distribution pertinent to an industrialized eel aquaculture environment. During simulated continuous feeding tasks, the improved BI-RRT* algorithm consistently exhibited impressive and outstanding performance. Its average running time was merely 2.1 s, representing a substantial 41.6% reduction compared to the traditional BI-RRT*. The average length of the planned path was recorded at only 1 680 mm, with an average of 180 nodes, indicating a significant reduction in path redundancy. Furthermore, the algorithm achieved an impressive obstacle avoidance success rate of 96% in complex confined spaces. These empirical findings not only validated the algorithm's effectiveness but also underscored its immense potential for practical engineering applications. [Conclusions] The experimental results conclusively demonstrated that the improved BI-RRT* algorithm significantly enhanced the path planning efficiency and trajectory quality of robotic arms operating within confined spaces. It also exhibited exceptionally high reliability in obstacle avoidance, thereby effectively addressing the automated feeding requirements of industrialized eel aquaculture. The algorithmic framework possessed considerable generality, offering valuable theoretical insights and technical precedents for resolving analogous robotic arm path planning challenges in other agricultural automation contexts.

, authors=Mengxian MA1, Zhen XU1, Quan YUAN2, Wenzong ZHOU2, Chunyan ZHANG1, authorsList=Mengxian MA, Zhen XU, Quan YUAN, Wenzong ZHOU, Chunyan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunyan ZHANG, authorNote=

MA Mengxian, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Chunyan, E-mail:
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【目的/意义】 针对工厂化立体式黄鳝养殖饵料投喂机械臂在受限空间内路径规划速度慢、轨迹冗余度大、避障成功率低等问题,提出一种基于改进BI-RRT*(Bidirectional Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree Star)的受限空间路径规划算法。 【方法】 在BI-RRT*算法双向扩展策略基础上,引入目标偏置策略,减少随机采样点。同时结合改进的人工势场法,融入目标点和随机点引力概念,通过自适应调节引力系数引导路径向目标节点扩展,有效避免算法陷入局部最优;最后通过渐进优化策略得到最佳轨迹。 【结果和讨论】 在Matlab平台上,对RRT*算法、APF-RRT*( Artificial Potential Fields Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree Star)算法、BI-RRT*算法及改进BI-RRT*算法进行了仿真分析,研究其在二维和三维空间下简单、受限,以及复杂环境中的表现。仿真数据显示,在不同环境运行中,改进BI-RRT*算法均展现出显著的性能优势。基于黄鳝养殖投喂场景,搭建机械臂机器人操作系统仿真环境并进行受限空间下投喂试验。结果表明,与BI-RRT*算法相比,改进BI-RRT*算法平均运行时间减少41.6%,平均路径长度降低2.3%,平均节点数减少37.9%,以及投喂成功率提高6%。 【结论】 试验验证改进BI-RRT*算法在投喂任务中展现出更优性能,为工厂化立体式黄鳝养殖高效投饵工作提供了参考。

, authors=马梦贤1, 徐震1, 袁泉2, 周文宗2, 张春燕1, authorsList=马梦贤, 徐震, 袁泉, 周文宗, 张春燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张春燕, authorNote=

马梦贤,硕士研究生,研究方向为农业人工智能技术。E-mail:

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张春燕,博士,教授,研究方向为仿生移动机器人机构创新设计。E-mail:
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Biosystems Engineering, 2024, 248: 177-189., articleTitle=Harvest motion planning for mango picking robot based on improved RRT-Connect, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1282336402532708961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, awardId=2024-02-08-00-12-F00003, language=EN, fundingSource=Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(2024-02-08-00-12-F00003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1282336402595623522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, awardId=2024-02-08-00-12-F00003, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市农业科技创新项目(2024-02-08-00-12-F00003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1282336396870398494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1282336396878787103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, companyId=1282336396870398494, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1282336396891370016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, companyId=1282336396870398494, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海工程技术大学机械与汽车工程学院,上海 201600,中国)]), AuthorCompany(id=1282336396962673185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1282336396966867490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, companyId=1282336396962673185, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Ecological Environment Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1282336396975256099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, companyId=1282336396962673185, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海市农业科学院生态环境保护研究所,上海 201403,中国)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1282336400569774663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Diagram of the improved BI-RRT* algorithm, figureFileSmall=9axwkTgzSRa21CqD4OTr4w==, figureFileBig=tSQK5jfwwKDGkKWngNY6UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336400636883528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图1, caption=改进的BI-RRT*算法, figureFileSmall=9axwkTgzSRa21CqD4OTr4w==, figureFileBig=tSQK5jfwwKDGkKWngNY6UA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336400758518345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Expansion process of the RRT* algorithm, figureFileSmall=/7qQnXc1QZuvSGWJECo3vQ==, figureFileBig=3i6o89swnxtDKmUqaIqiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336400829821514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图2, caption=RRT*算法扩展过程, figureFileSmall=/7qQnXc1QZuvSGWJECo3vQ==, figureFileBig=3i6o89swnxtDKmUqaIqiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336400951456331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Extension of qnearestwith integrated improvement methods, figureFileSmall=OsZn/eyE9/gh3MX6Yx7NYw==, figureFileBig=qFUFeokZ/rES/UWcGSwFXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401014370892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图3, caption=融合改进方法的qnearest扩展, figureFileSmall=OsZn/eyE9/gh3MX6Yx7NYw==, figureFileBig=qFUFeokZ/rES/UWcGSwFXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401077285453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Path planning performances of four algorithms (RRT*, APF-RRT*, BI-RRT*, AIBI-RRT*) in three 2D simulation environments, figureFileSmall=7Syk7HCxr2g8orHGgucg8w==, figureFileBig=OM6TYtu/FjfHX8j1VJqU5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401144394318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图4, caption=4种算法(RRT*、APF-RRT*、BI-RRT*、AIBI-RRT*)在3种二维仿真环境中的路径规划

注:子图按列表示算法;子图按行表示环境。

, figureFileSmall=7Syk7HCxr2g8orHGgucg8w==, figureFileBig=OM6TYtu/FjfHX8j1VJqU5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401207308879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Experimental results of four algorithms in three 3D environments (simple, complex, narrow corridor), figureFileSmall=cCmBFRGqi2Fn4laKOwVreg==, figureFileBig=M25hQg27vQvOppW308BXcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401266029136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图5, caption=4种算法在3种三维仿真环境(简单环境、复杂环境、狭窄通道)的路径规划

注:子图按列表示算法;子图按行表示环境。

, figureFileSmall=cCmBFRGqi2Fn4laKOwVreg==, figureFileBig=M25hQg27vQvOppW308BXcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401341526609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Simulation diagram of industrialized three-dimensional eel aquaculture, figureFileSmall=fh2s5OIYm1qL5mbIKKPSUg==, figureFileBig=GhlIlftaOoFOodHVfAEEyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401396052562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图6, caption=工厂化立体式黄鳝养殖仿真图, figureFileSmall=fh2s5OIYm1qL5mbIKKPSUg==, figureFileBig=GhlIlftaOoFOodHVfAEEyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401458967123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Experimental results of feeding tasks by real robotic arm and simulation, figureFileSmall=qW1M46kXLatMYtTD1Px8fw==, figureFileBig=3Su0gzHFKPUXfGRkTvBghg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401542853204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图7, caption=机械臂投喂真机和仿真验图

a. 实验室饵料投喂环境 b. ROS仿真饵料投喂环境

注: 1. 投喂孔1;2. 投喂孔2。

, figureFileSmall=qW1M46kXLatMYtTD1Px8fw==, figureFileBig=3Su0gzHFKPUXfGRkTvBghg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401605767765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Path planning results and trajectories of four algorithms in the ROS simulation environment for feeding holes 1 and 2, figureFileSmall=7KkmbNdWLveqfooIzfmnPg==, figureFileBig=7e1KivsHytXdMAT4C5dnzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401664488022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图8, caption=ROS仿真环境中4种算法在投喂孔1和投喂孔2所处规划结果及路径轨迹

注:绿色部分为相机支架,黄色为机械臂安装底座,灰色部分表示机械臂在两个目标孔位的目标姿态,黑色部分为2种尺寸的黄鳝立体架障碍物模型。

, figureFileSmall=7KkmbNdWLveqfooIzfmnPg==, figureFileBig=7e1KivsHytXdMAT4C5dnzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401731596887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Improved BI-RRT* algorithm: continuous feeding in composite constrained environments (grasping → feeding hole 1→return→grasping→feeding hole 2), figureFileSmall=Sq9yOJe14y0zMpQvUr+bkQ==, figureFileBig=9/TDrh0w+BNm6zKslfJKNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401802900056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=图9, caption=改进BI-RRT*算法在复合受限环境下连续“抓取→投喂孔1→返回初始位→抓取→投喂孔2”的过程, figureFileSmall=Sq9yOJe14y0zMpQvUr+bkQ==, figureFileBig=9/TDrh0w+BNm6zKslfJKNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336401861620313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental results of four algorithms in three in 2D environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二维环境算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数
简单环境RRT*145.255.21346.62
APF-RRT*138.500.78269.94
BI-RRT*135.230.65139.02
改进BI-RRT*131.420.3565.32
复杂环境RRT*150.286.79349.42
APF-RRT*141.155.37277.44
BI-RRT*132.991.24130.02
改进BI-RRT*131.200.5576.32
狭窄环境RRT*156.428.04360.14
APF-RRT*152.876.48280.76
BI-RRT*142.872.26183.27
改进BI-RRT*137.491.98145.82
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4种算法在3种二维仿真环境中的试验数据统计

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二维环境算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数
简单环境RRT*145.255.21346.62
APF-RRT*138.500.78269.94
BI-RRT*135.230.65139.02
改进BI-RRT*131.420.3565.32
复杂环境RRT*150.286.79349.42
APF-RRT*141.155.37277.44
BI-RRT*132.991.24130.02
改进BI-RRT*131.200.5576.32
狭窄环境RRT*156.428.04360.14
APF-RRT*152.876.48280.76
BI-RRT*142.872.26183.27
改进BI-RRT*137.491.98145.82
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Experimental results of four algorithms in three 3D environments (simple, complex, narrow corridor)

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三维环境算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数
简单环境RRT*172.02.65140.0
APF-RRT*165.03.20198.0
BI-RRT*175.01.35155.0
改进BI-RRT*168.00.4070.36
复杂环境RRT*187.04.10201.5
APF-RRT*173.23.10168.0
BI-RRT*196.90.90104.5
改进BI-RRT*173.20.5581.63
狭窄环境RRT*235.02.35120.0
APF-RRT*191.21.05119.0
BI-RRT*171.50.5557.89
改进BI-RRT*168.00.3240.00
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4种算法在3种三维仿真环境下(简单环境、复杂环境、狭窄通道)的试验数据统计

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三维环境算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数
简单环境RRT*172.02.65140.0
APF-RRT*165.03.20198.0
BI-RRT*175.01.35155.0
改进BI-RRT*168.00.4070.36
复杂环境RRT*187.04.10201.5
APF-RRT*173.23.10168.0
BI-RRT*196.90.90104.5
改进BI-RRT*173.20.5581.63
狭窄环境RRT*235.02.35120.0
APF-RRT*191.21.05119.0
BI-RRT*171.50.5557.89
改进BI-RRT*168.00.3240.00
), ArticleFig(id=1282336402205553245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of experimental results for four algorithms in ROS simulation environment: continuous grasping → feeding hole 1→return→grasping→feeding hole 2 process

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算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数/个避障成功率/%
RRT*1 8405.238086
APF-RRT*1 7604.735092
BI-RRT*1 7203.629090
改进BI-RRT*1 6802.118096
), ArticleFig(id=1282336402268467806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ROS仿真环境中4种算法多目标连续“抓取→投喂孔1→返回初始位→抓取→投喂孔2”测试结果对比

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算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数/个避障成功率/%
RRT*1 8405.238086
APF-RRT*1 7604.735092
BI-RRT*1 7203.629090
改进BI-RRT*1 6802.118096
), ArticleFig(id=1282336402339770975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of experimental results for four algorithms in real robotic arm experiments: continuous grasping → feeding hole 1→return→grasping→feeding hole 2 process

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算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数/个避障成功率/%
RRT*1 925±6838.5±4.247080
APF-RRT*1 850±7536.8±3.542090
BI-RRT*1 780±6532.1±2.835090
改进BI-RRT*1 720±5828.9±2.521094
), ArticleFig(id=1282336402415268448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692465920971682, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

真机实验中4种算法多目标连续“抓取→投喂孔1→返回初始位→抓取→投喂孔2”测试结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法平均路径长度/mm平均运行时间/s平均节点个数/个避障成功率/%
RRT*1 925±6838.5±4.247080
APF-RRT*1 850±7536.8±3.542090
BI-RRT*1 780±6532.1±2.835090
改进BI-RRT*1 720±5828.9±2.521094
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改进BI-RRT*的黄鳝投喂机械臂路径规划算法
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马梦贤 1 , 徐震 1 , 袁泉 2 , 周文宗 2 , 张春燕 1
智慧农业(中英文) | 智能装备与系统 2026,8(2): 251-264
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智慧农业(中英文) |智能装备与系统 2026 , 8 (2) : 251 -264
改进BI-RRT*的黄鳝投喂机械臂路径规划算法
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马梦贤1 , 徐震1, 袁泉2, 周文宗2, 张春燕1
作者信息
  • 1.上海工程技术大学机械与汽车工程学院,上海 201600,中国
  • 2.上海市农业科学院生态环境保护研究所,上海 201403,中国
通讯作者:
张春燕,博士,教授,研究方向为仿生移动机器人机构创新设计。E-mail:
作者简介:

马梦贤,硕士研究生,研究方向为农业人工智能技术。E-mail:

Path Planning Algorithm for an Eel Feeding Robotic Arm Based on Improved BI-RRT
Mengxian MA1 , Zhen XU1, Quan YUAN2, Wenzong ZHOU2, Chunyan ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China
  • 2.Institute of Ecological Environment Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
  • MA Mengxian, E-mail:

出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202509020
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【目的/意义】 针对工厂化立体式黄鳝养殖饵料投喂机械臂在受限空间内路径规划速度慢、轨迹冗余度大、避障成功率低等问题,提出一种基于改进BI-RRT*(Bidirectional Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree Star)的受限空间路径规划算法。 【方法】 在BI-RRT*算法双向扩展策略基础上,引入目标偏置策略,减少随机采样点。同时结合改进的人工势场法,融入目标点和随机点引力概念,通过自适应调节引力系数引导路径向目标节点扩展,有效避免算法陷入局部最优;最后通过渐进优化策略得到最佳轨迹。 【结果和讨论】 在Matlab平台上,对RRT*算法、APF-RRT*( Artificial Potential Fields Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree Star)算法、BI-RRT*算法及改进BI-RRT*算法进行了仿真分析,研究其在二维和三维空间下简单、受限,以及复杂环境中的表现。仿真数据显示,在不同环境运行中,改进BI-RRT*算法均展现出显著的性能优势。基于黄鳝养殖投喂场景,搭建机械臂机器人操作系统仿真环境并进行受限空间下投喂试验。结果表明,与BI-RRT*算法相比,改进BI-RRT*算法平均运行时间减少41.6%,平均路径长度降低2.3%,平均节点数减少37.9%,以及投喂成功率提高6%。 【结论】 试验验证改进BI-RRT*算法在投喂任务中展现出更优性能,为工厂化立体式黄鳝养殖高效投饵工作提供了参考。

投喂机械臂  /  路径规划  /  改进BI-RRT*算法  /  目标偏置策略  /  改进人工势场法

[Objective] In the eel (Monopterus albus) farming system used in feed distribution research of mechanical arm, the challenges included slow path planning speeds, excessive trajectory redundancy, and suboptimal obstacle avoidance success rates within confined operational spaces. To mitigate these issues, an improved path planning algorithm, based on the bidirectional rapidly-exploring random tree star (BI-RRT*) algorithm was proposed. The primary aim was to significantly enhance the motion efficiency and task success rate of robotic arms operating in complex, constrained environments. [Methods] The proposed improved BI-RRT* algorithm integrated an adaptive goal-biased strategy with an enhanced artificial potential field (APF) method. The algorithm's framework comprises three core components: a high-quality sampling strategy, an efficient search strategy, and a path optimization algorithm. For the high-quality sampling strategy, an adaptive goal-biased approach was introduced to overcome the limitations of inefficient random sampling and slow convergence rates characteristic of traditional BI-RRT algorithms in complex environments. This strategy dynamically adjusted the generation of sampling points, moving beyond purely random selection. Instead, it prioritized sampling regions in the vicinity of the target, guided by the target direction and a predefined bias probability. This mechanism substantially augmented the growth propensity of the search tree towards the target area, effectively reducing the stochasticity of random sampling and consequently accelerating the path search process. To enhance search efficiency and prevent the algorithm from converging to local optima, an improved APF was incorporated into the node expansion process. The APF was refined to achieve superior integration with the BI-RRT framework. During each new node expansion, in addition to considering the inherent random exploration characteristics of BI-RRT, a directional attractive field was superimposed. This attractive field not only originated from the ultimate target point but also factored in the current growth orientation of the search tree and localized environmental information. Specifically, a composite attractive function was devised, which synergized the attractive force exerted by the target point on the current node with the attraction from potential "guide points". Concurrently, the computation of the repulsive field was optimized to more precisely delineate the geometry and proximity of obstacles, thereby circumventing common issues such as "oscillation" and "deadlock" prevalent in traditional APF. Through this methodology, the algorithm was able to more effectively steer the search tree to circumvent obstacles and rapidly converge towards the target region, significantly bolstering the directness of the search and successfully preventing the algorithm from becoming ensnared in suboptimal local solutions. For the path optimization algorithm, following the generation of an initial feasible path, a greedy optimization strategy was employed for path pruning and smoothing. This was executed to yield an optimal path characterized by reduced length, enhanced smoothness, and improved conformity with the kinematic properties of the robotic arm. Path pruning was initially applied to eliminate redundant nodes; if a collision-free direct connection existed between two non-adjacent nodes, intermediate nodes were excised, thereby substantially abbreviating the path length. Subsequently, path smoothing techniques, such as B-spline curves or cubic spline interpolation, were introduced to enable the robotic arm to execute movements with greater stability and efficiency during actual operation, mitigating impact and vibration. This two-stage optimization procedure ensured that the final generated path was not merely feasible but also optimal across metrics of length, smoothness, and motion efficiency. [Results and Discussions] To comprehensively validate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a two-stage experimental verification was conducted. Initially, comparative simulations were performed in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environments utilizing the Matlab platform. These simulation scenarios were meticulously engineered to encompass three archetypal environments—simple, complex, and narrow passages—thereby emulating the diverse obstacle configurations potentially encountered in industrialized eel aquaculture. The results demonstrated that, concerning both path planning speed and quality, the improved BI-RRT* algorithm significantly surpassed RRT, APF-RRT*, and traditional BI-RRT* algorithms across all tested environments, substantiatingthe theoretical superiority and inherent robustness of the improved BI-RRT* algorithm proposed in this study across varying complex environments. To further ascertain the engineering applicability and practical potential of the algorithm, an eel feeding robotic arm simulation system was meticulously constructed based on the robot operating system and MoveIt frameworks. This system precisely emulated the kinematics, dynamics, and obstacle distribution pertinent to an industrialized eel aquaculture environment. During simulated continuous feeding tasks, the improved BI-RRT* algorithm consistently exhibited impressive and outstanding performance. Its average running time was merely 2.1 s, representing a substantial 41.6% reduction compared to the traditional BI-RRT*. The average length of the planned path was recorded at only 1 680 mm, with an average of 180 nodes, indicating a significant reduction in path redundancy. Furthermore, the algorithm achieved an impressive obstacle avoidance success rate of 96% in complex confined spaces. These empirical findings not only validated the algorithm's effectiveness but also underscored its immense potential for practical engineering applications. [Conclusions] The experimental results conclusively demonstrated that the improved BI-RRT* algorithm significantly enhanced the path planning efficiency and trajectory quality of robotic arms operating within confined spaces. It also exhibited exceptionally high reliability in obstacle avoidance, thereby effectively addressing the automated feeding requirements of industrialized eel aquaculture. The algorithmic framework possessed considerable generality, offering valuable theoretical insights and technical precedents for resolving analogous robotic arm path planning challenges in other agricultural automation contexts.

feeding robotic arm  /  path planning  /  improved BI-RRT* algorithm  /  goal-biased strategy  /  refined artificial potential field method
马梦贤, 徐震, 袁泉, 周文宗, 张春燕. 改进BI-RRT*的黄鳝投喂机械臂路径规划算法. 智慧农业(中英文), 2026 , 8 (2) : 251 -264 . DOI: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202509020
Mengxian MA, Zhen XU, Quan YUAN, Wenzong ZHOU, Chunyan ZHANG. Path Planning Algorithm for an Eel Feeding Robotic Arm Based on Improved BI-RRT[J]. Smart Agriculture, 2026 , 8 (2) : 251 -264 . DOI: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202509020
黄鳝(Monopterus albus)是一种高经济附加值鱼种1,随着水产养殖的发展,工厂化立体黄鳝养殖技术因可极大提升单位产能而得到快速推广2。但工厂化立体黄鳝养殖的多层立体架给投喂带来多种问题:人工投喂存在安全隐患、工人劳动强度大、过度投喂造成饲料浪费率达到15%~20%3。因此,伴随机器人技术的快速发展,基于机械臂的智能投喂系统代替人工喂养成为行业趋势4-6。但目前机械臂的路径规划多使用工作空间不受限的开阔环境假设7, 8,传统算法应用在工作空间受限的立体黄鳝养殖架时,因空间狭窄产生多目标点遍历优化欠佳、通过率低等问题,导致路径规划失败。因此,受限空间内投喂路径的合理规划关系到投喂效率和可靠性,成为行业技术升级的关键。
目前,工业上应用的机械臂在受限空间下进行路径规划时多采用RRT(Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Star)算法9。RRT算法是一种概率完备且收敛速度快的路径规划算法,特别适合在有障碍物的复杂环境里运行10, 11。但这种算法在受限于空间规划路径时会出现随机性强、引导性能差、在空间中反复搜索等问题。HUANG和LEE12提出自适应信息增强的RRT*(Adaptive Informed RRT*),可加速渐近最优路径的搜索过程快速收敛到最优解,但在面对动态变化非常快的环境时,算法的实时性有待提升13, 14。KUFFNER和LAVALLE15提出双向快速扩展随机树(Bidirectional Rapidly-exploring Random Trees, BI-RRT)算法,利用双向树的方式,确保可很快收敛到最优路径,但在障碍物比较复杂的环境中很易陷入局部搜索16。为了克服上述传统BI-RRT算法的缺陷,学者围绕这一问题展开了研究17, 18。张一帆等19提出一种人工势场法引导的BI-RRT算法,在采样节点引入改进的势场函数大大降低搜索时间,使路径效率提高。但在复杂环境下存在接触障碍物的问题,路径质量低。胡广锐等20采用BI-RRT*(BI-RRT*为BI-RRT改进而来)结合改进的人工势场法优化实时路径。通过构造引力场和障碍物斥力场快速寻找无碰撞路径,但在执行中会产生振荡的现象。CHANG等21采用人工势场法和BI-RRT*算法结合方式,利用势场的方向引导随机树的生长方向,可以减少随机树生长过程中的随机性。人工势场法(Artificial Potential Field, APF)与传统RRT相结合,为受限空间中工业机器人手臂的轨迹规划提供了新的思路。但在障碍物附近易出现局部极小点,以及在目标周围机器人手臂无法够到物体等22
上述对RRT进行改进的算法均在路径规划效率及质量上有一定提高,但在复杂受限环境中存在效率低下、收敛到最优解速度慢等问题23,因此在算法路径搜索速度及路径质量上还有优化余地。综上,本研究在BI-RRT*算法基础上引入目标偏置并融合改进人工势场法。结合黄鳝养殖多层立体架几何特点,首先,利用BI-RRT*的框架,从起点与终点同时生成两棵树,通过目标偏置采样策略动态地从随机点和目标点中选取一个方向;其次,在节点扩展时结合改进人工势场法的思路,用3个力的合力方向来引导节点生长,分别为向目标点的引力、向随机点的引力,以及障碍物斥力;最后,用贪婪算法去冗余,去掉无效采样点得到最优路径。通过机器人操作系统(Robot Operating System, ROS)仿真实验和真机实验验证了本研究提出算法的优越性和适应能力,为提高立体式黄鳝养殖投饵效率提供了依据。
本研究构建了如图1所示的改进BI-RRT*算法框架。在传统的BI-RRT*算法基础上进行改进,如图1中3个红框标注的内容,分别在关键环节采样、扩展方向和路径优化3个方面,尤其是改进APF如何自适应地解决局部极小值问题这一核心创新。
首先在双向渐进最优快速扩展随机树(BI-RRT*)中嵌入目标偏置策略智能选取随机采样节点qrand,继而融合改进人工势场法自适应智能引导扩展改进qnew的生长方向,使生长树倾向于目标点qgoal,避免陷入局部最小值,再使用贪婪算法对路径进行二次优化,形成兼具全局收敛性与局部避障能力的混合路径规划算法,旨在提高路径规划的效率和质量,尤其是在复杂受限环境条件下。具体改进如下。
1)高质量采样策略。传统的BI-RRT*算法中,采样过程的随机性导致生成的路径计算量大,尤其在目标远离起点或环境复杂时。本研究提出的基于目标偏置的采样策略,采样时不完全依赖于随机生成采样点,而根据目标的方向和一定的偏置概率,使目标附近的区域被更多地采样。
2)高效的搜索策略。在节点扩展过程中,采用改进APF对搜索策略进行优化。将目标点的引力、任意点的引力以及障碍物的排斥力进行动态组合,得到作用力的方向,生成新节点。这种策略不仅实现了局部路径的精细化避障,还使路径能更迅速地趋近目标。结合采样策略与搜索策略,该算法兼具全局高效性和局部安全性。
3)路径优化算法。在路径生成后,传统的BI-RRT*算法需要进一步处理,优化路径质量,减少冗余点,提升路径的平滑度。本研究引入贪婪算法优化方法,即在路径产生后,用贪心法剔除多余的结点,降低路径长度,降低计算量。再通过平滑处理,使路径避免出现急剧转弯或不必要的变化。
传统RRT*(快速扩展随机树)算法是一种广泛应用于路径规划领域的增量式采样算法,通过在状态空间中不断扩展从起点出发的树,并在每次迭代过程中对邻近节点进行重连接,实现渐进最优路径搜索24。BI-RRT*算法在此基础上引入了双树结构,即同时从起点和终点开始扩展两棵树,以期更快地找到可行路径并提高路径质量。然而,在复杂环境下的路径规划中,传统BI-RRT*算法仍存在搜索时耗长、采样点随机等问题25,影响算法效率和路径质量。为解决上述问题,本研究在传统BI-RRT*算法的基础上进行改进,主要是对两棵树进行扩展采样阶段时引入目标偏置策略。
具体而言,在采样阶段,设计两个独立的采样函数分别从起点向目标方向和从目标向起点方向的目标偏置情况。如公式(1)所示,这是一种带有双向目标偏置的随机点采样方式,用于优化随机采样点的选取策略。与传统RRT*算法中qrand完全随机地在整个搜索空间中采样的方法不同,该改进策略引入方向性和概率密度的约束,采用目标引导机制,使得采样点更倾向于朝向目标区域分布,从而提高搜索效率和路径收敛速度。
qrand=rand        if>mqgoal              else  
式中:rand( )为0~1的随机数;m为目标偏置阈值;qrand为随机采样点;qgoal为目标点。
在随机树上,根据目标偏置阈值m确定新节点的增长方向,并对样本空间进行随机选择。当rand( )>m时还在采样空间内随机选取采样点qrand。反之,每棵生长树的目标点位置将引导其生长方向,生长树的扩展行为呈现出明显的差异性。
图2为传统RRT*算法的扩展过程,起点设定为qstart,终点为qgoal,空间中的随机采样点为qrandqnear为随机树中离qrand最近的节点,qnewqnearqrand之间进行直线扩展,其步长参数取为l。也存在将qgoal作为随机采样点,这对新节点qnew的生成过程具有指导作用26
BI-RRT*随机点基于RRT*方法的概率完备性与渐进最优性相结合,并引入目标偏向性,以提升算法的搜索效率27。BI-RRT*算法在每次迭代中生成两棵随机树,将初始位置qstart和目标位置qgoal都作为根节点,同时随机选择搜索节点。在探索双树结构的基础上,提出了一种基于目标偏向的采样方法。
公式(1)所示,若设置目标偏置阈值ptarget为0.5,这种策略影响生成过程,能否达到更好的效果取决于按照均匀分布随机得来的概率值m(0~1),若得到的概率大于该阈值,采样节点选取随机点;若小于该阈值,则选取目标点为采样节点,T1的决策树均以随机选取点qrand为采样点。
然而,这种传统的目标偏置方法的偏置概率是固定的,无法根据环境中的障碍物分布进行自适应调整。在障碍物密集的复杂区域会导致搜索树在障碍物表面反复碰撞,生成大量无效节点,陷入局部搜索。为解决这一缺陷,本研究创新性地将这一“高效但盲目”的目标偏置策略与能感知局部环境的“改进人工势场法”相结合。如第1.3节所述,目标偏置负责执行快速的牵引,而APF则通过计算目标点、随机点引力及障碍物斥力的合力,对节点的扩展方向进行微观调谐与优化。这种融合使得算法在保持高搜索效率的同时,也具备在复杂受限空间中避障和逃离局部最优的能力。
为加速BI-RRT*算法在复杂环境中的路径效率,降低无效节点数量,本研究采用改进的人工势场方法对路径进行优化。APF属于一种依据物理领域中有关场论原理提出的路径规划策略,能够产生一条既能够避开障碍物又能够直接朝向目标的导航路线28,可针对BI-RRT*算法在复杂环境中存在的问题提出优化策略29
为此,改进策略从以下3个方面补充。第一,双向引力与斥力改变:将BI-RRT*的两棵树(起点树与终点树)分别与改进APF结合,每棵树的扩展方向由目标点引力(如起点树受终点吸引)、随机采样点引力及障碍物斥力共同作用。第二,合力下的节点生长:根据牛顿定律得出合力方向,把目标点、随机采样点的引力及障碍物的斥力组合成新结点的生长方向。第三,在双向势场协同策略中,两棵树生长过程都受另一棵势场的影响,因此会产生“双向拉力”,加速汇集,并且可设置斥力阈值(障碍物斥力远大于引力时要作出改正),防止单个树落入局部停滞。
基于已有的BI-RRT*,提出采用改进人工势场法的改进方法,在生成qnew方向中融入改进的APF算法加快寻优速度。若p为路径轨迹点,那么APF法的作用如公式(2)~公式(4)所示。
Uattp=12kaρg2p
Urepp=12kr1ρp-1ρ0         ρpρ00                                       ρpρ0
Utotal=Urep+Uatt
式中:Uatt(p)为APF法中的引力场;ka为引力场的增益系数,用于调节目标吸引的强度权重。ρg(p)为点p到目标点的欧氏距离;Urep(p)为APF法中的斥力场;kr为斥力场增益系数,用于调节障碍排斥的强度权重;ρ0为点p到障碍物威胁范围r临界保持的最小距离;ρ(p)为点p到最近障碍物威胁中心的最小欧氏距离。Utotal为引力势能Uatt和斥力势能Urep的总和,确定下一步移动方向即合力方向。
其中,引力增益系数ka和斥力增益系数kr的选取对算法性能影响显著。本研究通过如下方式确定其取值:ka的取值基于目标点对节点的引导强度需求,通常设置为固定值(如ka=2.0),以确保在自由空间中路径能有效朝向目标点收敛。kr的取值与障碍物分布密度及环境复杂度相关,初始值根据障碍物平均间距设定(如kr=1.5),并在斥力函数中引入动态调整机制:当节点与障碍物距离ρ(p)小于安全阈值ρ0时,krρ(p)减小而自适应增大,以增强局部避障能力。此外,为避免在狭窄通道或复杂障碍区域中斥力过大导致路径震荡,设定斥力上限krmax,并通过仿真实验标定其最优范围(如krmax=3.0),如公式(5)~公式(7)所示。
Fattp=kaρgp
Frepp=kr1ρp-1ρ0        ρpρ00                                ρp>ρ0
Ftotal=Frep+Fatt
式中:Fattp为点p处所受的引力向量;ρgp为点p到目标点pgoal的欧氏距离;Frepp为点p处所受的斥力向量;Ftotalp处所受的总势场力向量。为提高算法对复杂环境的适应能力,采用凸包络近似,将非规则障碍物顶点集合并为一个凸包,取最小距离作为ρp;等效半径建模,对于矩形或多面体障碍物,计算其等效半径req=(a2)2+(b2)2+(c2)2,代入ρ0进行斥力计算。
BI-RRT*算法采用一种改进的人工势场法,对目标节点及随机采样点利用概率密度m分布对最近邻节点qnearest施加引力,障碍物对qnew施加基于距离衰减的反排斥力,在欧氏配置空间中对引力与斥力进行向量合成,由合成后的合力方向决定新节点qnewqnearest的力的示意图如图3所示,是用改进采样的函数随机选取采样点,使用改进的APF函数改进qnew的生长方向。Fatt1Fatt2分别是qrandqgoalqnearest的引力,Frep是障碍物对qnearest的斥力。合力方向为qnew的扩展方向,是按平行四边形法则算出来的。
当节点qrandqnew达成平衡或者临近目标位置,周围环境出现障碍物,特别在斥力超过引力时致使机械臂在面对目标时陷入局部极小值陷阱。目标qgoal到最近节点qnearest的引力保持不变,引力函数如公式(8)所示。改进的势场函数如公式(9)所示,通过优化qnew生成方向,有效促使机械臂避开不利条件,实现更精确高效的路径规划与定位。该策略明显改善算法收敛速度,减少算法迭代过程中的多余节点,加快整体搜索速度。
Uattp=12kaρg2p,pgoal
Urep'p=
12kr1ρpn,pobs-1ρ02ρgnpn,pgoal    ρpn,pobsρ00                                             ρpn,pobs>ρ0
式中:p为路径规划中的最近节点qnearρ(p,pgoal)qnear到目标点的欧氏距离;pgoalpobs分别为路径规划中目标节点qgoal和障碍物的位置;ρpn,pobsqnear到障碍物位置的欧氏距离;n为正整数。Urep'p为改进斥力势场函数;pn为路径规划中的最近节点。
在改进斥力势场函数(公式(9))中,系数kakr的设定进一步考虑了环境特征与路径平滑性的权衡:ka保持相对稳定,以确保目标引导的连续性。kr则根据局部障碍物密度动态调节:在障碍物密集区域,适当提高kr以增强避障响应;在开阔区域则降低kr,减少对路径的干扰。此外,指数n用于调节斥力随距离变化的敏感度,通常取n=2,以平衡斥力作用的范围与强度。当系统检测到目标不可达的异常状态时,采用动态斥力场修正策略,其斥力表达式如公式(10)~公式(12)所示。
Frepp=-Urepp=Frep1nOR+Frep2nRG
Frep1=kr1ρp,pobs-1ρ0ρnp,pgoalρ2p,pobs
Frep2=n2kr1ρp,pobs-1ρ02ρn-1p,pgoal
式中:nORqnear到障碍物的方向的单位向量;nRGqnear为到目标点的反方向的单位向量。Frepp为在位置p处所受的总斥力向量;Urepp为斥力势场函数;Urepp表示斥力势场的梯度;Frep1Frep2分别为沿两个特定方向的斥力分量大小。
在动态斥力场修正策略中,kr的自适应机制尤为关键:当节点陷入局部极小区域(即FrepFatt)时,系统自动触发kr的衰减机制,逐步降低斥力权重,帮助节点逃离局部最优。该自适应过程基于实时监测的合力方向与路径曲率变化,确保系数调整既响应环境变化,又维持算法的稳定性与收敛性。在接近目标时开启斥力衰减,动态调节排斥势场强度系数,保证机器人可以安全到达。
在算法的迭代过程中逐步进行势场分析,在求解qnew时,首先根据势场方程分别计算qnearqrandqgoal的引力,然后计算qnear上障碍物的斥力。将其合力Ftotal得到两个互相独立的变量值FxFy,分别沿x轴和y轴方向线性表示,这样分解后的各分量间相互垂直、互不相关。假设qnear的坐标为(xcyc),则扩张步长取决于qnearxy两轴上的合力分量,如公式(13)~公式(15)所示。
k=1Fmax=lxFx=lyFy
xn=xc+lx
yn=yc+ly
式中:k为比例因子;Fmax为设定的最大合力幅值;FxFy分别为合力在xy方向的分量;lxly为沿坐标轴方向的扩展步长分量;(xc,yc)表示当前节点(父节点)的坐标,(xn,yn)为新生成节点的坐标。
基于无穷范数准则来决定主导缩放系数,把步长缩放扩大如公式(13),确保每个方向步长按合力分量进行比例缩放,新节点坐标计算如公式(14)公式(15),依照缩放后的步长lxly更新节点坐标,通过目标偏置函数选取随机抽样点qrand,按概率m接采样目标点,势场扩展并动态调整,当斥力到达临界值时,用改良的斥力函数可有效防止陷入局部最小值状况,合力方向引导新节点生长,减少不必要的扩展,改良斥力场,保证接近目标时斥力减小,倾向于目标点,防止路径停滞,解决局部极小值,斥力场动态改变节点扩展方向,增强路径安全性。
贪婪算法(Greedy Algorithm)的基本思想即在每个决策阶段,通过一系列的局部最优策略获得最优解。实际应用中,把贪婪算法同回溯机制结合起来已被证实能很大改善路径规划的质量30,特别是碰到复杂障碍物的环境状况时,如公式(16)公式(17)所示,回溯能协助贪婪算法再次评判路径的选择,进而寻找到可行最佳路线,即不与障碍物碰撞31,以及路径长度尽可能短,如公式(18)公式(19)所示。
Ux,y=Uattx,y+i=1nUrepix,y
Ux,y=Ux,yx,Ux,yy
Ux,yx=Fattx+Frepx
Ux,yy=Fatty+Frepy
式中:U(x,y)为在位置x,y处所受的综合势场;引力势场为Uattx,y;斥力势场为i=1nUrepi(x,y)Urepix,y为与第i个障碍物之间的斥力势场; n为环境中障碍物的总数;Ux,y为综合势场Ux,y梯度向量。Ux,yxUx,yy分别为综合势场在x方向和y方向的偏导数;FattxFatty分别为引力在xy方向的分量;FrepxFrepy分别为所有障碍物产生的总斥力在xy方向的分量。
利用贪婪算法结合回溯机制的思想,使得在路径规划过程中,树的扩展方向总是倾向于朝着目标点避开障碍物的方向,以快速地找到可行的路径规划方案。
为全面评估改进BI-RRT*算法在二维与三维空间下的性能,本研究在Matlab平台上设计了3类典型障碍物环境,并与RRT*、APF-RRT*和BI-RRT*算法进行对比仿真实验。通过选取路径长度、执行时间、节点个数等关键性能指标对算法性能进行综合评估。
实验设置了3类具有不同障碍物特征的二维仿真环境(图4),分别为:障碍物少且无狭窄通道的简单环境、较多离散障碍物的复杂环境以及需穿越狭窄通道的受限环境,旨在全面评估4种算法在面对不同障碍分布时的规划性能。
3种仿真环境的地图尺寸相同,均为100 mm×100 mm,起始点位置均为绿色点(0,0),目标点位置均为红色点(100,100),搜索步长为20 mm,最大迭代次数设定为2 000次,让所有算法都得到充分执行,防止因迭代周期短出现规划任务失败。蓝色点为单向扩展的节点,蓝色和玫红色扩展点为双向扩展节点,且引入APF算法的路径连接线为绿色。为应对不确定性的影响,每种算法在3种不同环境下各自独立运行50次,数据结果取平均值,仿真结果如表1所示。仿真试验配置环境为Intel(R)Iris(R)XeGraphics的GPU,13th Gen Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-13700H的CPU,内存16 GB,64位Windows 11系统。
图4所示,与RRT*、APF-RRT*和BI-RRT*3种传统算法相比,改进BI-RRT*算法能生成更安全、更平滑的路径,应对狭窄通道等复杂场景时表现出更高的效率,有效减少无效节点的扩展。如表1所示,本研究从平均路径长度、平均运行时间及节点数量3个方面对4种算法在3种不同障碍环境下的路径规划性能进行对比分析。
表1可知,改进BI-RRT*算法在3种不同障碍物环境下的平均路径长度相较于其他3种算法提升幅度较小,但在平均运行时间和节点数量方面表现出显著优势。
在平均运行时间方面,本研究算法相较RRT*、APF-RRT和BI-RRT*传统算法在简单环境中分别缩短了93.28%、55.13%和46.15%;在复杂环境中分别减少了91.90%、89.76%和55.65%;在狭窄通道环境中则分别降低了75.37%、69.44%和12.39%。结果显示,改进BI-RRT*在计算效率方面具有明显优势,尤其在复杂与狭窄场景中表现更为突出。
此外,在平均节点数量方面,改进BI-RRT*同样展现出优异性能。在简单环境中,节点数分别减少了81.16%、75.80%和53.02%;在复杂环境中分别下降了78.16%、72.49%和41.30%;在狭窄环境中也分别减少了59.51%、48.06%和20.43%。上述结果表明,本研究算法在搜索过程中能够有效减少无效扩展,提高采样效率。
实验结果表明,改进BI-RRT*在保持路径质量的同时,显著提升了路径规划的效率与搜索引导能力,验证了其在多种障碍环境下的高效性与适应性。
为验证本研究改进BI-RRT*的全面性与三维空间适应能力,在Matlab平台上构建3类具有代表性的三维障碍环境,并对所提算法进行仿真实验验证。实验环境包括:障碍物较少且无狭窄通道的简单环境、含多个离散障碍物的复杂环境,以及狭窄通道的受限环境。考虑到本研究算法在二维空间中已展现良好可行性,本研究进一步评估其在三维空间中的表现。
实验采用三维仿真,地图尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×100 mm,步长为5 mm,最大迭代次数设定为2 000次,以确保所有算法能够充分执行,避免因迭代不足导致规划失败。实验过程中对其余相关参数进行适当调整与优化,每种算法在相同环境下独立运行50次,最终结果取整体平均值以减少随机因素的影响。
图5所示,改进的BI-RRT*算法在三维环境中仍能有效完成路径搜索任务,生成的路径清晰且连贯。由表2可知,本研究算法在三维空间下的路径规划性能依然保持优势,无论是在路径长度、运行时间还是节点数量方面均优于传统RRT*、APF-RRT*和BI-RRT*算法,表明其在三维环境中也有着很高的实用性与高效性。
表2为改进BI-RRT*算法与传统RRT*、APF-RRT*和BI-RRT*算法在3种不同三维障碍环境下的性能对比。实验结果显示,在平均路径长度方面,改进BI-RRT*较其他3种算法优势较小,但在平均运行时间方面,表现出显著优势。在简单环境中,运行时间分别比RRT*、APF-RRT*和 BI-RRT*缩短了84.91%、87.50%和70.37%;在复杂环境中分别减少了86.59%、82.26%和38.89%;在狭窄通道环境中也分别降低了86.38%、69.52%和41.82%。
此外,改进BI-RRT*的平均节点数量在3种不同障碍物环境中均有明显下降,分别减少了50.00%、64.62%、54.84%(简单障碍物环境)、59.41%、51.19%、22.86%(复杂障碍物环境)、66.67%、63.64%、31.03%(狭窄障碍物环境),说明其剪枝机制和引导策略有效提升了采样效率。
综上所述,改进BI-RRT*在三维空间中不仅保持了良好的路径质量,还大幅提升了规划效率,验证了其在复杂多维环境中的实用性与适应性。
本研究聚焦于一种复杂的自动化黄鳝养殖场景。图6为工厂化立体式黄鳝养殖仿真图,涉及一辆移动小车搭载机械臂,在两层受限空间的架子中进行精准投喂操作。在此任务中,小车需运输机械臂并准确导航至指定位置,机械臂的末端执行器要从饲料台抓取饲料,并依据精准的路径规划将饲料投喂到受限架子的每个孔位。这一任务对路径规划算法提出了严苛要求,不仅要精确避开障碍物,还需充分考虑机械臂的运动协调性,以确保整个投喂任务顺利完成。
图7所示,在ROS仿真环境中分别搭建了法奥6自由度协作机器人机械臂平台(其末端负载能力为3 kg,本体质量为14 kg),以及Solidwork对黄鳝巢及黄鳝立体架的建模,并导入到gazebo中进行碰撞检测,使其能够在仿真环境下进行避障路径规划。在ROS中建立工作空间,完成自碰撞矩阵定义、规划组设置、目标位姿设定等关键步骤配置,并生成适用于路径规划的功能包。基于ROS与OMPL插件,将改进BI-RRT*算法集成到运动规划库中,并与OMPL中已有的RRT*、APF-RRT*和BI-RRT*算法进行对比。本研究在ROS与MoveIt框架下构建了完整的机械臂避障路径规划实验平台,实现机械臂的避障路径规划。图7a为在实验室中搭建的投喂环境;图7b为在Gazebo中建立的对应的仿真环境,设定机械臂的初始姿态(136°,-146°,106°,-64°,-87°,3°)。在该投喂环境中分别对4种算法进行路径规划仿真试验,仿真对比结果如图8所示。
为验证机械臂在多规格黄鳝立体架场景下的连续投喂能力,构建了1个包含两种不同尺寸结构的复合受限环境。该环境中设有投喂孔1(小尺寸架)和投喂孔2(大尺寸架),模拟实际养殖中设备规格多样化的工况。开展机械臂投喂运动学约束仿真,规划了从初始位出发的连续路径,依次完成“抓取→投喂孔1→返回初始位→抓取→投喂孔2→返回初始位”的完整闭环任务。图8为规划结果,对应算法下机械臂的运动过程如图8路径轨迹所示。
为全面评估各算法在两种受限环境内的连续投喂路径规划性能,在ROS仿真平台中对应4种算法分别进行了50次试验,所有性能指标数据均取实验的整体平均值,用以评估算法在复杂多变环境下的综合性能与稳定性,如表3所示。
表3可知,改进BI-RRT*算法在连续投喂任务时多个关键指标展现出显著优势,其整体平均运行时间仅为2.1 s,相较传统RRT*、APF-RRT*和BI-RRT*算法分别缩短了59.6%、55.3%和41.6%,表现出更高的规划效率。同时,改进的BI-RRT*的整体平均路径长度相较于BI-RRT*降低2.3%,为1 680 mm,节点扩展数量相较于BI-RRT*减少37.9%,仅为180个,路径规划避障成功率达到96%,相较于BI-RRT*提升6%,充分体现了其在复杂受限空间下的稳定性和安全性。
本实验基于黄鳝投喂场景搭建,完整的投喂装置由法奥6自由度协作机器人实物平台、钧舵末端执行器、奥比中光Gmini2深度相机等组成(图7a)。机械臂为6自由度,深度相机采用“眼在手外”的方式进行标定,末端执行器有力控传感器与机械臂第6轴连接。投喂系统分为定位模块、控制规划模块以及末端投喂模块,为验证本研究改进BI-RRT*算法在投喂样机系统中的适用性与实用性,将仿真环境中使用的ROS节点和控制代码部署到真机上,让真机执行与仿真完全相同的连续投喂流程,从初始位置出发,依次完成“抓取→投喂孔1→返回初始位→抓取→投喂孔2→返回初始位”操作。
图9展示了改进BI-RRT*算法在真实复合受限环境中执行连续投喂任务的关键过程,包括饵料抓取、投喂至孔1、返回初始位、再次抓取投喂至孔2等阶段,验证了算法在真实环境中的可行性。为进一步评估所提算法的性能优势,将其与传统RRT*、APF-RRT*和BI-RRT*算法在真机上进行对比实验,每种算法均重复执行50次完整流程。表4汇总了4种算法在平均路径长度、运行时间及避障成功率等方面的性能指标。
表3展示了4种算法在ROS仿真环境下的性能对比,而表4则汇总了相同算法在真机实验中的表现。在真机实验中,改进BI-RRT*同样表现出色,在真机上的平均路径长度为(1 720±58) mm,较BI-RRT*减少了约4%;平均运行时间为(28.9±2.5) s,较BI-RRT*缩短了约10%;避障成功率达到94%,显著高于RRT*(80%)、APF-RRT*(90%)和BI-RRT*(90%),显示出较高的安全性与鲁棒性。尽管改进BI-RRT*算法在真实环境中的避障成功率达到了94%,但仍有6%的失败案例。主要原因包括:执行器延迟:机械臂的实际运动存在约200 ms的响应延迟,这在仿真环境中被忽略;机械臂累积误差:在连续执行“抓取→投喂→返回”的闭环任务时,微小的定位误差会逐渐累积。
综上,通过仿真与真机实验的双重验证,改进BI-RRT*算法在黄鳝立体架投喂场景中展现了显著的优势,无论是在路径优化、执行效率还是避障能力方面,均优于传统算法。尽管真机实验结果受现实条件限制,未能完全达到仿真水平,但整体表现依然令人满意,证明了该算法在实际应用中的潜力与价值。未来工作将进一步优化算法参数,提升其对更复杂环境的适应性,并探索更多应用场景的可能性。
为解决黄鳝饵料自动投喂任务中机械臂在受限空间内存在的路径规划效率低、轨迹冗余度大、避障成功率不稳定等问题,本研究提出了一种在传统BI-RRT*基础上改进的方法,主要在关键环节采样、扩展方向和路径优化3个方面,尤其是改进APF如何自适应地解决局部极小值问题这一核心创新,在保证路径安全性的同时显著提升规划效率与路径质量。
实验分别在Matlab仿真平台与ROS框架下展开,并基于法奥6自由度协作机器人实物平台进行了验证。在真机实验中,改进BI-RRT*算法较BI-RRT*在平均路径长度上减少了约4%,在平均运行时间上缩短了约10%,避障成功率达到94%,显示出较高的安全性与鲁棒性。
本研究改进BI-RRT*算法有效解决了黄鳝工厂化养殖中机械臂在静态受限空间内的路径规划问题。该算法具备良好的通用性,其在高效率、多目标点遍历及狭窄通道作业方面的优势,使其可扩展应用于多层笼养禽类的捡蛋喂料、立体水产养殖系统的投喂作业,以及育苗工厂的精准喷淋等多种养殖自动化场景。然而,本研究基于静态环境的规划假设,与存在活体生物随机游动的真实养殖场景仍存在差距。因此,未来的研究将致力于突破静态规划的局限,融合实时目标检测与动态势场预测技术,使机械臂能够感知并预测黄鳝群体的游动轨迹,为高密度工厂化养殖构建智能的精准投喂解决方案。
  • 上海市农业科技创新项目(2024-02-08-00-12-F00003)
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doi: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202509020
  • 接收时间:2025-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-07
基金
Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(2024-02-08-00-12-F00003)
上海市农业科技创新项目(2024-02-08-00-12-F00003)
作者信息
    1.上海工程技术大学机械与汽车工程学院,上海 201600,中国
    2.上海市农业科学院生态环境保护研究所,上海 201403,中国

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张春燕,博士,教授,研究方向为仿生移动机器人机构创新设计。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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