Article(id=1281692318604432103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202512027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783508861447, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783508861447, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783508861447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783508861447, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281692318004646631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783508861304, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783509039471, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281693065375101617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281693065375101618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281692318818341609, articleId=1281692318604432103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Earth Observation-Driven Digital (Smart) Agriculture: Research Frontiers and Application Cases, columnId=1281692318755427048, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Topic--Multi-source Remote Sensing Driven Digital Agriculture Innovation and Practice, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Significance] Digital agriculture is unequivocally the core driving force for modern agricultural transformation, fundamentally aiming to achieve full-process digital mapping and intelligent management of production through the deep integration of advanced information technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and remote sensing, with earth observation (EO) technology serving as the essential data engine providing indispensable spatial information support for this systemic shift. However, the current landscape of digital agriculture development remains unbalanced, exhibiting a tendency to be "heavy on transactions and light on production", where the core production links suffer from low digitalization penetration rates; furthermore, the profound knowledge embedded within the vast corpus of EO data has yet to be fully extracted and interpreted, leading to a situation where many established algorithms demonstrate insufficient robustness and universality when confronted with the complexity and diversity of global cropping systems, thereby limiting their practical efficacy. Crucially, an over-reliance on technology to optimize production efficiency alone, without ecological guidance, can induce secondary environmental risks, such as exacerbating regional groundwater depletion or contributing to a decline in biodiversity through agricultural landscape simplification, thus necessitating an approach that promotes the deep coupling of EO technology with agronomic principles and local ecological practices to construct a resilient smart agricultural system that achieves a holistic balance between productivity, resource efficiency, and ecological integrity. [Progress] The current research frontiers of EO-driven digital agriculture primarily converge on three critical domains: intelligent crop condition monitoring, digital twin farming systems, and the enhancement of agricultural system resilience. Intelligent monitoring utilizes the fusion of high-resolution remote sensing imagery and machine learning frameworks to enable large-scale, comprehensive crop mapping and the fine-grained identification of crop types at the field scale, with next-generation yield prediction models integrating advanced deep learning techniques to significantly improve accuracy, while remote sensing is also effectively employed for agricultural disaster monitoring. The digital twin farming system represents an advanced stage of precision agriculture, centered on digitally modeling all agricultural production elements to construct a highly consistent virtual replica of the physical environment, operating through a real-time closed-loop mechanism of perception, simulation and analysis, and decision-making support to guide optimal interventions; successful applications include intelligent water resource scheduling in Chinese irrigation districts and the use of AI vision algorithms to manage complex biological processes like crab farming, although the field must overcome the issue of "pseudo-twins" that focuses on mere visualization rather than driving concrete operational decisions. The focus on agricultural system resilience is supported by digital agriculture providing crucial spatial data on global crop yields, cultivated land distribution, and practices like terracing. To illustrate the practical efficacy of these technologies, this paper analyzes two representative application cases. First, the CropWatch system represents a paradigm shift in agricultural monitoring by constructing a "Cloud-Edge" collaborative ecosystem. It integrates machine learning with a "Pre-training, Prompting, and Fine-tuning" large language model (LLM) framework to automate remote sensing-based crop monitoring, report generation and enhance decision-support intelligence. Through open application programming interfaces (APIs) and multi-scale capabilities, CropWatch provides cross-scale information and decision support from macro-level policy support to micro-level farm management, serving as a global public good that bridges the digital divide in developing nations. Second, in the domain of agricultural water management, the ETWatch technical system demonstrates a robust solution for the precise governance of water resources. By achieving high-resolution evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring from basin to field scales, it enables the accurate assessment of water productivity and the optimization of irrigation schedules. Crucially, this technology is successfully embedded into institutional mechanisms, such as water rights allocation and tiered pricing based on actual consumption, thereby realizing a transformation from empirical water use to data-driven, precise regulation. [Conclusions and Prospects] In sum, digital (smart) agriculture is rapidly transcending its role as a mere extension of agricultural informatization to become the "new-quality productivity" driving high-quality agricultural development, achieving this by fundamentally restructuring production factors, enhancing resource efficiency, strengthening risk response capabilities, and promoting value chain upgrading, thereby offering critical momentum for constructing a more efficient, greener, and sustainable modern agricultural system. Given China's pronounced global advantages in the digital economy, information technology, remote sensing, and intelligent equipment, the nation is well-positioned to integrate these strengths to construct comprehensive, full-chain smart agricultural solutions whose mature systemic models and business paradigms can ultimately form a "China Card" in the global agricultural revolution, contributing Chinese wisdom and solutions towards the realization of global food security and the zero-hunger goal.

, authors=Bingfang WU1, Hui MA1, 2, Miao ZHANG1, 2, Qingcheng PAN1, 2, Xiang ZHANG3, 4, Shuisen CHEN5, Bingwen QIU6, Xingang XU7, Jianhong LIU8, Jinlong FAN9, Jianxi HUANG10, 11, Jiale JIANG12, Changchui HE13, authorsList=Bingfang WU, Hui MA, Miao ZHANG, Qingcheng PAN, Xiang ZHANG, Shuisen CHEN, Bingwen QIU, Xingang XU, Jianhong LIU, Jinlong FAN, Jianxi HUANG, Jiale JIANG, Changchui HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bingfang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WU Bingfang, E-mail:
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【目的/意义】 数字农业的本质在于通过物联网、大数据、人工智能及遥感等信息技术,实现农业生产全过程的数字化映射与智能化管控。对地观测技术作为关键的数据引擎与推动力,为农业特别是种植业的数字化转型提供了不可或缺的空间信息支撑。本文从对地观测的视角出发,剖析其驱动的数字(智慧)农业研究前沿与典型案例。 【进展】 当前,研究前沿聚焦于三个领域。一是农情智慧监测,整合高分辨率遥感数据和机器学习技术,实现全口径作物制图、精准产量预测和灾害监测、评估与预警等。二是数字孪生农场,将农业生产全要素数字化建模,动态科学指导精准农业生产,提高生产效率与效益,减少对环境的影响。三是农业系统韧性,通过量化韧性措施的贡献,帮助农业系统应对气候变化挑战。在此基础上,本文结合农情遥感智能监测系统与农业水管理系统两个典型案例,展示了数字(智慧)农业在宏观政策支持和农业生产赋能的云端服务能力。进而分析了影响数字(智慧)农业商业化和业务化进程的多重阻力。 【结论/展望】 数字农业不仅是提升生产效率、保障粮食安全的关键路径,更是推动农业智慧转型、增强农业韧性的一种新型生产要素与系统性能力,即农业领域的“新质生产力”,其系统解决方案与商业模式有望在全球农业变革中形成“中国名片”,助力零饥饿目标的实现。

, authors=吴炳方1, 马慧1, 2, 张淼1, 2, 潘庆成1, 2, 张翔3, 4, 陈水森5, 邱炳文6, 徐新刚7, 刘建红8, 范锦龙9, 黄健熙10, 11, 江佳乐12, 何昌垂13, authorsList=吴炳方, 马慧, 张淼, 潘庆成, 张翔, 陈水森, 邱炳文, 徐新刚, 刘建红, 范锦龙, 黄健熙, 江佳乐, 何昌垂, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴炳方, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴炳方,博士,研究员,研究方向为农业遥感。E-mail:
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注: 此图版权属于2025 Elsevier。

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注:此图中a.b.子图版权为2023 Oxford University Press。

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Core information on agricultural AI development

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家核心定位关键政策/计划重点应用场景
中国顶层规划-部委行动-专项落实《新一代人工智能发展规划》《数字乡村发展战略纲要》《“十四五”全国农业农村信息化发展规划》《“十四五”数字农业建设规划》《全国智慧农业行动计划(2024—2028年)》《关于大力发展智慧农业的指导意见》《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》AI育种、智能农机、农业无人机、农业机器人、农业生产管理、风险防范17-19
美国政策引导+市场驱动《美国人工智能倡议》、美国农业部国家食品与农业研究所(National Institute of Food and Agriculture,NIFA)精准农业项目精准种植、表型组学、智能农机、监测预报2021
日本数据基建驱动国家AI战略、农业数据协作平台(Agricultural Data Collaboration Platform,WAGRI)定制化AI模型、农场精准管理22
澳大利亚项目补贴主导国家AI能力发展计划、气候智慧农业计划精准施肥、AI 除草机器人、产量预测23
加拿大联邦-省协同补贴可持续加拿大农业伙伴关系、British Columbia(BC)省农场技术计划自动化种植、智能包装存储、畜牧AI24
以色列研发+出口导向农业AI国家旗舰计划、国家级AI 计算中心智能灌溉、航拍AI 分析、昆虫监测25
韩国系统规划推进《智能农业培育支持法》、2025—2029五年规划智能农场、开源AI模型、垂直农业2627
巴西战略新兴探索《巴西人工智能计划》(2025版)智能农机、农业物联网、墒情监测28
欧盟绿色+数字双重转型“数字欧洲”“地平线欧洲”《人工智能法案》农业机器人、数字孪生、可持续育种29
), ArticleFig(id=1282336234546639057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692318604432103, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

推动AI在农业领域加速布局的相关政策文件与科学研究计划

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家核心定位关键政策/计划重点应用场景
中国顶层规划-部委行动-专项落实《新一代人工智能发展规划》《数字乡村发展战略纲要》《“十四五”全国农业农村信息化发展规划》《“十四五”数字农业建设规划》《全国智慧农业行动计划(2024—2028年)》《关于大力发展智慧农业的指导意见》《关于深入实施“人工智能+”行动的意见》AI育种、智能农机、农业无人机、农业机器人、农业生产管理、风险防范17-19
美国政策引导+市场驱动《美国人工智能倡议》、美国农业部国家食品与农业研究所(National Institute of Food and Agriculture,NIFA)精准农业项目精准种植、表型组学、智能农机、监测预报2021
日本数据基建驱动国家AI战略、农业数据协作平台(Agricultural Data Collaboration Platform,WAGRI)定制化AI模型、农场精准管理22
澳大利亚项目补贴主导国家AI能力发展计划、气候智慧农业计划精准施肥、AI 除草机器人、产量预测23
加拿大联邦-省协同补贴可持续加拿大农业伙伴关系、British Columbia(BC)省农场技术计划自动化种植、智能包装存储、畜牧AI24
以色列研发+出口导向农业AI国家旗舰计划、国家级AI 计算中心智能灌溉、航拍AI 分析、昆虫监测25
韩国系统规划推进《智能农业培育支持法》、2025—2029五年规划智能农场、开源AI模型、垂直农业2627
巴西战略新兴探索《巴西人工智能计划》(2025版)智能农机、农业物联网、墒情监测28
欧盟绿色+数字双重转型“数字欧洲”“地平线欧洲”《人工智能法案》农业机器人、数字孪生、可持续育种29
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对地观测驱动的数字(智慧)农业研究前沿与应用案例
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吴炳方 1 , 马慧 1, 2 , 张淼 1, 2 , 潘庆成 1, 2 , 张翔 3, 4 , 陈水森 5 , 邱炳文 6 , 徐新刚 7 , 刘建红 8 , 范锦龙 9 , 黄健熙 10, 11 , 江佳乐 12 , 何昌垂 13
智慧农业(中英文) | 专题--多源遥感驱动数字农业创新与实践 2026,8(2): 1-17
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智慧农业(中英文) |专题--多源遥感驱动数字农业创新与实践 2026 , 8 (2) : 1 -17
对地观测驱动的数字(智慧)农业研究前沿与应用案例
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吴炳方1 , 马慧1, 2, 张淼1, 2, 潘庆成1, 2, 张翔3, 4, 陈水森5, 邱炳文6, 徐新刚7, 刘建红8, 范锦龙9, 黄健熙10, 11, 江佳乐12, 何昌垂13
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院遥感与数字地球全国重点实验室,北京 100101,中国
  • 2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 101408,中国
  • 3.中国地质大学(武汉) 国家地理信息系统工程技术研究中心/地理与信息工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074,中国
  • 4.湖北珞珈实验室,湖北 武汉 430079,中国
  • 5.广东省科学院广州地理研究所/广东省遥感大数据应用工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510070,中国
  • 6.福州大学数字中国研究院(福建)空间数据挖掘与信息共享教育部重点实验室,福建 福州 350108,中国
  • 7.北京市农科学院信息技术研究中心/农业农村部农业遥感机理与定量遥感重点实验室,北京 100097,中国
  • 8.西北大学城市与环境学院,陕西 西安 710127,中国
  • 9.北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京 100875,中国
  • 10.西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院,四川 成都 611756,中国
  • 11.中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院,北京 100083,中国
  • 12.中山大学大气科学学院/广东省陆地-海洋生态系统碳中和科学数据中心,广东 珠海 519082,中国
  • 13.原联合国粮食及农业组织,罗马 00153,意大利
通讯作者:
吴炳方,博士,研究员,研究方向为农业遥感。E-mail:
Earth Observation-Driven Digital (Smart) Agriculture: Research Frontiers and Application Cases
Bingfang WU1 , Hui MA1, 2, Miao ZHANG1, 2, Qingcheng PAN1, 2, Xiang ZHANG3, 4, Shuisen CHEN5, Bingwen QIU6, Xingang XU7, Jianhong LIU8, Jinlong FAN9, Jianxi HUANG10, 11, Jiale JIANG12, Changchui HE13
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2.College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 4.Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China
  • 5.GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Remote Sensing Big Data Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
  • 6.Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining & Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, Academy of Digital China (Fujian), Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
  • 7.Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing in Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Information Technology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
  • 8.College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
  • 9.Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
  • 10.Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
  • 11.College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 12.Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 13.Former Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome 00153, Italy
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202512027
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【目的/意义】 数字农业的本质在于通过物联网、大数据、人工智能及遥感等信息技术,实现农业生产全过程的数字化映射与智能化管控。对地观测技术作为关键的数据引擎与推动力,为农业特别是种植业的数字化转型提供了不可或缺的空间信息支撑。本文从对地观测的视角出发,剖析其驱动的数字(智慧)农业研究前沿与典型案例。 【进展】 当前,研究前沿聚焦于三个领域。一是农情智慧监测,整合高分辨率遥感数据和机器学习技术,实现全口径作物制图、精准产量预测和灾害监测、评估与预警等。二是数字孪生农场,将农业生产全要素数字化建模,动态科学指导精准农业生产,提高生产效率与效益,减少对环境的影响。三是农业系统韧性,通过量化韧性措施的贡献,帮助农业系统应对气候变化挑战。在此基础上,本文结合农情遥感智能监测系统与农业水管理系统两个典型案例,展示了数字(智慧)农业在宏观政策支持和农业生产赋能的云端服务能力。进而分析了影响数字(智慧)农业商业化和业务化进程的多重阻力。 【结论/展望】 数字农业不仅是提升生产效率、保障粮食安全的关键路径,更是推动农业智慧转型、增强农业韧性的一种新型生产要素与系统性能力,即农业领域的“新质生产力”,其系统解决方案与商业模式有望在全球农业变革中形成“中国名片”,助力零饥饿目标的实现。

数字农业  /  对地观测  /  数字孪生  /  可持续发展  /  粮食安全  /  农业韧性

[Significance] Digital agriculture is unequivocally the core driving force for modern agricultural transformation, fundamentally aiming to achieve full-process digital mapping and intelligent management of production through the deep integration of advanced information technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and remote sensing, with earth observation (EO) technology serving as the essential data engine providing indispensable spatial information support for this systemic shift. However, the current landscape of digital agriculture development remains unbalanced, exhibiting a tendency to be "heavy on transactions and light on production", where the core production links suffer from low digitalization penetration rates; furthermore, the profound knowledge embedded within the vast corpus of EO data has yet to be fully extracted and interpreted, leading to a situation where many established algorithms demonstrate insufficient robustness and universality when confronted with the complexity and diversity of global cropping systems, thereby limiting their practical efficacy. Crucially, an over-reliance on technology to optimize production efficiency alone, without ecological guidance, can induce secondary environmental risks, such as exacerbating regional groundwater depletion or contributing to a decline in biodiversity through agricultural landscape simplification, thus necessitating an approach that promotes the deep coupling of EO technology with agronomic principles and local ecological practices to construct a resilient smart agricultural system that achieves a holistic balance between productivity, resource efficiency, and ecological integrity. [Progress] The current research frontiers of EO-driven digital agriculture primarily converge on three critical domains: intelligent crop condition monitoring, digital twin farming systems, and the enhancement of agricultural system resilience. Intelligent monitoring utilizes the fusion of high-resolution remote sensing imagery and machine learning frameworks to enable large-scale, comprehensive crop mapping and the fine-grained identification of crop types at the field scale, with next-generation yield prediction models integrating advanced deep learning techniques to significantly improve accuracy, while remote sensing is also effectively employed for agricultural disaster monitoring. The digital twin farming system represents an advanced stage of precision agriculture, centered on digitally modeling all agricultural production elements to construct a highly consistent virtual replica of the physical environment, operating through a real-time closed-loop mechanism of perception, simulation and analysis, and decision-making support to guide optimal interventions; successful applications include intelligent water resource scheduling in Chinese irrigation districts and the use of AI vision algorithms to manage complex biological processes like crab farming, although the field must overcome the issue of "pseudo-twins" that focuses on mere visualization rather than driving concrete operational decisions. The focus on agricultural system resilience is supported by digital agriculture providing crucial spatial data on global crop yields, cultivated land distribution, and practices like terracing. To illustrate the practical efficacy of these technologies, this paper analyzes two representative application cases. First, the CropWatch system represents a paradigm shift in agricultural monitoring by constructing a "Cloud-Edge" collaborative ecosystem. It integrates machine learning with a "Pre-training, Prompting, and Fine-tuning" large language model (LLM) framework to automate remote sensing-based crop monitoring, report generation and enhance decision-support intelligence. Through open application programming interfaces (APIs) and multi-scale capabilities, CropWatch provides cross-scale information and decision support from macro-level policy support to micro-level farm management, serving as a global public good that bridges the digital divide in developing nations. Second, in the domain of agricultural water management, the ETWatch technical system demonstrates a robust solution for the precise governance of water resources. By achieving high-resolution evapotranspiration (ET) monitoring from basin to field scales, it enables the accurate assessment of water productivity and the optimization of irrigation schedules. Crucially, this technology is successfully embedded into institutional mechanisms, such as water rights allocation and tiered pricing based on actual consumption, thereby realizing a transformation from empirical water use to data-driven, precise regulation. [Conclusions and Prospects] In sum, digital (smart) agriculture is rapidly transcending its role as a mere extension of agricultural informatization to become the "new-quality productivity" driving high-quality agricultural development, achieving this by fundamentally restructuring production factors, enhancing resource efficiency, strengthening risk response capabilities, and promoting value chain upgrading, thereby offering critical momentum for constructing a more efficient, greener, and sustainable modern agricultural system. Given China's pronounced global advantages in the digital economy, information technology, remote sensing, and intelligent equipment, the nation is well-positioned to integrate these strengths to construct comprehensive, full-chain smart agricultural solutions whose mature systemic models and business paradigms can ultimately form a "China Card" in the global agricultural revolution, contributing Chinese wisdom and solutions towards the realization of global food security and the zero-hunger goal.

digital agriculture  /  earth observation  /  digital twin  /  sustainable development  /  food security  /  agricultural resilience
吴炳方, 马慧, 张淼, 潘庆成, 张翔, 陈水森, 邱炳文, 徐新刚, 刘建红, 范锦龙, 黄健熙, 江佳乐, 何昌垂. 对地观测驱动的数字(智慧)农业研究前沿与应用案例. 智慧农业(中英文), 2026 , 8 (2) : 1 -17 . DOI: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202512027
Bingfang WU, Hui MA, Miao ZHANG, Qingcheng PAN, Xiang ZHANG, Shuisen CHEN, Bingwen QIU, Xingang XU, Jianhong LIU, Jinlong FAN, Jianxi HUANG, Jiale JIANG, Changchui HE. Earth Observation-Driven Digital (Smart) Agriculture: Research Frontiers and Application Cases[J]. Smart Agriculture, 2026 , 8 (2) : 1 -17 . DOI: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202512027
数字农业贯穿育种、种植、加工到消费全流程,通过数字化手段实现信息流通与高效管理。产业链上游依托基因数据库1, 2和智能工厂提供育种保障3, 4;种植与收获环节利用农情监测、自动驾驶农机5、智能灌溉6、成熟度监测7及无人收割8实现精准作业;流通环节通过智能分选9、仓储10与冷链物流优化11确保质效,消费端则借助需求预测与无人配送12实现精准服务,构建高效互联的全产业链体系。此外,数字农业技术还覆盖生产追溯13、碳足迹核算14、真实性鉴别15及功能化包装16等领域。国内外均在加速布局人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)等前沿技术推进农业现代化,在国内,《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》进一步提出了“深入推进数字中国建设”的战略要求,为AI在农业领域的应用与发展提供了政策保障;国际上,农业大国及部分发达国家已针对数字农业制定了核心政策与发展计划(表1),其他发展中国家也在积极跟进,逐步形成全球协同推进的数字农业新格局,总体上加速了数字(智慧)农业的快速发展。
然而,数字农业的产业链条发展并不均衡。中国数字农业具有鲜明的特色,在农产品电商、流通等交易环节相当成熟,而生产环节的数字化渗透率相对较低,形成了“重交易、轻生产”的局面,阻碍了整个数字农业产业链的协同发展。对地观测技术为农业生产环节提供大范围、高频次的地表信息,已成为推动农田精准管理、灾害监测和产量预估的重要手段30, 31,但其在农业领域的深度融合与广泛应用仍面临许多挑战。一方面,海量对地观测数据所蕴含的深层知识尚未被充分挖掘和解译,数据价值未完全转化为农艺决策;另一方面,许多在特定区域或理想条件下研发的算法与模型,在应对全球多样化的种植制度、农田环境和作物类型时,常出现“水土不服”的问题,导致其普适性、稳健性和实际应用效能大打折扣。更值得关注的是,若缺乏科学的引导与协同管理,单纯依赖技术优化生产效率可能引发次生生态风险。例如,基于高精度水分监测的灌溉系统若仅以增产为导向,可能加剧区域地下水超采32;而过度追求连片单一作物高产,或侵蚀自然栖息地,可能导致农业景观简化与生物多样性下降33。因此,推动对地观测技术与农学知识、生态原则及本地实践深度耦合,构建兼顾生产力、资源效率与生态韧性的智慧农业体系,是实现农业可持续发展的关键。
为此,本文聚焦农业生产核心环节,系统梳理对地观测技术驱动下数字农业的发展动态,重点关注农情智慧监测、数字孪生农场和农业韧性赋能方面的国际前沿方向,厘清其在数据、模型与机制层面面临的关键挑战。在实践方面,本文结合农情遥感智能监测系统(CropWatch)与农业水管理系统(ETWatch)两个典型案例,展示了数字(智慧)农业在宏观政策支持和农业生产赋能的云端服务能力。这种深度融合数据、知识与装备的数字农业新范式,正催生农业领域的新质生产力,不仅能为保障国家粮食安全与乡村振兴提供核心动能,其成熟的系统解决方案与商业模式还能在全球农业转型中形成“中国名片”,助力零饥饿目标的实现。
对地观测驱动的数字农业研究百舸争流,正处于快速演进与深度变革期,其核心前沿主要集中在农情智慧监测、数字孪生和农业韧性赋能等几个领域。
卫星和无人机遥感作为对地观测的核心,已成为支撑农业生产环节信息获取的关键手段。与人工智能技术融合后,其在农情监测中发挥着日益重要的作用。
与大宗作物识别或单一作物识别34-36相对成熟相比,大范围、全口径的作物类型精细制图仍然是当前的主要研究热点,也是农业统计与作物精准管理的基础数据。欧洲利用哨兵1号(Sentinel-1)和哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)数据,采用机器学习模型开展了10 m分辨率的全口径作物制图,涵盖19种作物类型,有效支持环境监测和农业政策实施37。西班牙的案例则进一步印证了该技术的潜力,其制图体系可识别多达50种作物,且实现年度更新,整体分类精度达到80%以上38。在田块尺度作物识别方面,通过挖掘Sentinel-1双极化时间序列数据与作物物候信息,构建了融合时空维度典型物候特征的分类方法,实现了香蕉、甘蔗等热带/亚热带作物的精准识别与面积精细提取测算39。通过集成边界-地块交互网络(Boundary-Field Interaction Network, BFINet)、红边玉米-棉花指数(Red Edge Maize-Cotton Index, RMCI)和随机森林分类器,构建了一种分层地块级分类框架,有效抑制遥感噪声干扰,提升多作物分类的精度40图1)。但全口径作物类型精细制图的最大挑战仍然是精度问题,特别是小品种作物的精度仍有待提高。
随着有机农业认证需求的增加,传统人工核查因成本高、效率低而面临挑战,遥感监测成为保障农产品质量与监管的重要手段。在多光谱卫星遥感应用层面,结合无人机低空摄影测量进行地块均一性验证,发现不同耕作体系下的作物在分蘖至完熟期间表现出独特的生长发育动态,这些差异能够通过卫星影像的光谱特征追踪,为遥感识别有机农业管理模式提供方法学依据41。在高光谱应用层面,针对种植环境更为复杂的蔬菜作物(如茄子、红苋菜),有机与常规种植模式的精准区分总体准确率高达85%~95%,表明采用合适的机器学习方法结合高光谱遥感,开展小范围的有机作物制图是切实可行的42。但总的来说,有机与常规作物在生理生化方面的差异并不显著,仅当病虫害暴发的时候,光谱响应会有显著差异,因此尚需探索新的监测方法。
传统的作物单产预测系统在面对复杂环境变化时具有局限性,例如传统模型未能预测2016年法国小麦剧烈减产的事件43,表明其尚未完全捕捉影响作物单产的关键变量,对于罕见的生产条件对单产影响的刻画能力严重不足。为了应对这一挑战,新型产量预测模型需要有所突破,可通过融合高分辨率遥感数据和前沿机器学习技术来提升预测的准确性44, 45。通过构建基于梯度提升算法(eXtreme Gradient Boosting, XGBoost)和多物候特征工程的高精度预测框架,可在每年的大豆结荚期就能提前预测美国中西部地区的大豆单产46。此外,收割时机的精准把控亦是稳定产量的关键要素47,如西班牙卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂农业技术研究所(Institute of Agricultural Technology of Castile and León, ITACyL)通过监测与预估作物成熟期以优化收割窗口,规避过早收割导致的单产损失。针对地面观测数据匮乏这一制约模型参数标定和精度提升的核心瓶颈,CropWatch团队开发的面向农户农情服务与数据采集终端应用程序(CropWatch Farmer),利用人工智能技术在田块尺度上实现了小麦、水稻和玉米单产的无损观测48,提供了简便有效的单产测量工具。针对无人机遥感与多学科数据挖掘面临的技术壁垒,有研究构建了面向小麦育种的多模态大语言模型(Multimodal Large Language Model for Wheat Breeding, WBLM),该模型基于InternVL2-8B(书生·万象)基座,综合运用监督微调(Supervised Fine-Tuning, SFT)、检索增强生成(Retrieval-Augmented Generation, RAG)及人类反馈强化学习(Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, RLHF)技术注入跨领域知识。实验表明,通过融合遥感、表型、气象及种质等多源异构数据,WBLM在小麦产量预测任务中达到了较高的精度(R2=0.821),并成功实现了表型估算、环境胁迫评估、目标种质筛选及栽培技术推荐等专业化任务的智能交互49
尽管农业灾害监测与评估技术已取得长足进步,但灾损精准量化仍是当前面临的严峻挑战。基于两阶段处理框架与多分辨率遥感影像的语义分割方法,可实现农田洪水灾害监测50;采用多时相合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)数据可实现农田洪水淹没范围、淹没时长的多维度刻画,进一步可对受灾农田作物生长状况的动态追踪实现作物绝收、歉收等不同灾损等级的划分51;在作物倒伏监测方面,通过构建作物倒伏识别的决策树模型,可获得水稻倒伏区的准确分布,监测精度达到93.18%,为后续融合雷达数据的灾后评价及保险理赔提供了决策依据52。CropWatch Farmer应用程序已集成病虫害自动识别功能,并辅以大语言模型提供防治措施建议。然而,上述研究多侧重于灾害发生状态的“监测”,而非灾害损失的“定量评估”。究其原因,一是受限于灾害发生、持续及消退关键期的卫星观测频次,导致完整灾害过程和作物状况信息缺失;二是现有模型难以构建能够精准映射灾害强度因子、作物特异性与生长期差异的非线性产量损失函数;三是缺乏高时空动态一致性的损失标定样本库,制约了评估模型的泛化与反演精度。
对地观测技术为作物生长需用水提供了精细化监测方案。例如,通过融合多频段、多传感器的遥感数据与先进的AI算法,可以提高土壤湿度估算精度53, 54。欧洲航天局(简称:欧空局)支持发起的非洲地球观测研究创新、社区与应用框架项目(African Framework for Research Innovation, Communities and Applications in Earth Observation, EO Africa)等通过整合遥感、水文模型及地面观测,能够提供实时精准的水分生产力、灌溉效率和资源分配数据。这些平台融合了高光谱和热红外遥感数据,形成了动态的农业用水分析平台,能够监测蒸散发、水分损耗、作物水分胁迫等指标。通过这些信息,可以实现对水分胁迫与水分损耗的监测,为农民提供最佳灌溉方案建议,从而显著提高水资源利用效率。欧空局面向营养的对地观测项目(Earth Observation for estimating and predicting crop nutrients, EO4Nutri)通过整合多源地球观测数据(如卫星、地面光谱),结合机器学习方法,开发出精准预测土壤、作物冠层和谷物中多种营养元素含量的模型,为精准施肥提供科学依据55
数字孪生农场是数字农业技术发展的重要前沿,其核心是将农业生产全要素(土壤、气象、作物、设备等)数字化建模,构建与现实生产环境高度一致的数字虚拟空间56,用以指导并提高农业生产的效率与效益。数字孪生农场旨在挖掘数据价值,构建涵盖种植、畜牧及水产养殖等多元系统的跨尺度虚拟副本。其核心不仅聚焦于作物长势监测与产量模拟,还致力于畜禽健康预警、水产动态投喂及牧场资源优化等,从而在多重压力和胁迫因素下,为提升农业系统的综合韧性与可持续性提供全方位决策支持57。数字孪生农场不仅是实现农业资源利用效率最大化与环境影响最小化目标的核心技术,更是推动农业生产模式从传统经验驱动向数据智能驱动革命性转型的关键基础设施,代表了精准农业与智慧农场的未来高阶形态。
数字孪生农场的实现依托感知、模拟预测、决策三个核心环节:通过传感器、无人机、卫星遥感等多源方式感知土壤、水体、气象、作物及养殖对象等实时数据58, 59;利用人工智能、过程模型和机器学习模型对种植或养殖过程进行模拟,预测产量、病虫害风险和生长趋势等60, 61;将模拟结果整合进决策支持系统,为农民或管理者提供灌溉、施肥、投喂、收割、病害防控等建议,实现从数字洞察到实际操作的闭环。例如,在种植领域,系统可嵌入复杂生物物理模型,通过同化实时气象与土壤数据,构建作物、土壤和管理措施的动态孪生体,定量化推演不同施肥方案下的氮素平衡与淋失风险,从而生成最优变量施肥处方,在提升氮肥利用效率的同时,从源头削减农业面源污染,降低环境负担62。在果园管理中,通过融合激光雷达与热红外成像重建果树冠层及果实的三维热力点云,并在单果尺度构建果实水分胁迫指数,能够动态监测果实表面温度与水分状态变化,精准识别果实发育过程中及昼夜尺度上的水分胁迫特征,从而为精细化灌溉管理、提升果实品质一致性和提高水分利用效率提供新的技术支撑。63。在水产养殖中,通过布置水下摄像装置与多参数水质传感器,实时采集螃蟹行为影像与水体环境数据,AI视觉算法通过分析螃蟹行为特征、活动频率、甲壳大小等微观特征,结合其生长阶段与水温、溶氧量等环境时序数据,构建摄食等行为预测模型,将传统依赖经验的判断转化为可量化的精准时间窗口。养殖者可据此提前规划并自动化执行投喂、捕捞、分级等作业,从而提升单位产量64-66。这些案例体现了AI技术将作物种植与水产养殖中难以标准化的生物过程转化为可预测、可干预的精准管理体系,是实现农业“新质生产力”的生动例证。
对地观测技术的发展,特别是高分辨率遥感数据和无人机遥感为数字孪生技术落地应用提供了数据保障。欧盟启动的“数字孪生地球计划”67,逐步上线极端气候事件和气候适应性模型,通过卫星遥感、气象与地理数据构建全球环境虚拟平台,助力政策预测与灾害应对。欧空局的数字孪生农业项目(Earth Observation based Digital Twin for Resilient Agriculture under Multiple Stressors, EOAgriTwin)旨在创建农业系统的虚拟副本,以便监测各种胁迫因素下的作物状况和生产情况,为支持可持续粮食生产和粮食安全提供决策信息。数字孪生技术已在中国智慧灌区治理中得到广泛应用,通过供需水预报与闸群优化调度模型等,实现了水资源配置的精细化运维68,并在多个灌区应用示范。商汤“稷睿”大模型融合了超过10亿词元(token)的农业专业语料及1亿条高精度的遥感影像标注样本,是一个参数量级超200亿的多模态行业大模型,可以服务农业种植的耕地播种、精准灌溉、精准施肥、精准打药、精准收割等全流程5个关键环节。
无人农场作为数字孪生技术的实体交互界面与执行终端,构成了从“虚拟推演”到“物理作业”的关键闭环,正在成为应对劳动力结构性短缺的战略选择。在技术实现上,无人农场依托多源感知与综合管理平台,通过AI模型实现农机作业的自动派单、路径规划和状态监控69, 70,并基于实时环境数据自动调节播种71、施肥参数72,实现差异化和精准作业,有效提高资源利用率并降低人工管理成本。这一模式在实践中已取得突破:中国的伏羲农场作为智慧农业的试点项目,将大数据、人工智能等信息技术转化为农业生产力,在提高生产效率的同时,更好地保障粮食安全73;新疆尉犁的“超级棉田”实现了2人管理2 km2棉田,空气温度、土壤湿度、土壤温度、土壤电导率等数据都在极飞农场App实时更新,系统根据传感器数据和气象预报自动生成精准方案,水肥直接送到棉苗根部。在城市化进程加速、农业劳动力结构性减少的背景下,无人农场因其高效、集约的技术特征,展现出巨大的发展潜力与战略价值。它不仅是农业领域新质生产力的重要体现,也为中国制造业转型升级提供了新的增长点,通过研发智能农机装备、构建自主技术体系、引领行业标准制定,能够有效带动高端制造、传感器、人工智能及系统集成等相关产业链的发展,从而为制造业迈向智能化、服务化开辟更广阔的空间。
当前数字孪生的问题在于过度追求三维渲染的视觉冲击力,但忽视了底层数据治理、真实世界模拟预测及驱动实际决策的能力,使得数字孪生体沦为无法解决生产问题的“数字展厅”。真正有价值的孪生应从解决业务问题入手,确保实时数据流与决策信息流的高效贯通,驱动农业管理调度等业务流程的优化,将数字孪生体从展示品转变为日常运营的常态化工具。
农业韧性是指农业系统在面对气候变化、市场波动等挑战时保持稳定发展的能力。面对全球饥饿人口不降反增的严峻形势,对农业系统进行深刻变革以提升其韧性已成为实现“零饥饿”目标的关键74。对地观测技术凭借其全天候、大范围的监测优势,为作物产量、耕地类型75、梯田耕作76、农田防护林77、灌溉78, 79、复种80和作物多样化等韧性农业实践的监测提供了数据支撑,但定量评价这些实践在提高农业韧性方面的作用和贡献仍然是当前的研究热点与难点。
强化农业基础设施建设已成为应对极端气候事件及其衍生挑战的关键途径81,特别是在缓解旱灾方面的效果显著82。复种与灌溉作为两个主要措施,在保障全球粮食安全和提升农业韧性方面发挥着关键作用。灌溉能够利用人工手段满足作物水分需求,有效减轻干旱带来的不利影响,复种则通过提高单位耕地年内的种植次数,挖掘耕地的生产潜力80, 83。数据显示,复种耕地面积虽然只占全球耕地总面积的14.8%,但其粮食产量却占总产量的19.8%;而灌溉耕地面积占耕地总面积的23.4%,却贡献了全球41.4%的粮食产量,彰显了二者对粮食总产增产的巨大作用,尤其是在印度和中国,复种和灌溉的努力有效提升了粮食产量并降低了年际波动84。同时,通过发展气候智能型农业实践,如免耕和作物茬还田等,可以有效调控土壤水分,从而更好地应对短期干旱85。研究显示,在不同情景下,采取农业适应措施有潜力将灾害损失减少高达20%86。然而,精确量化这些措施对粮食总产增长的贡献率和作用机制,特别是在复杂多变的全球环境下,仍是一项持续的挑战。
农田生物多样性是农业韧性的重要基础,它涵盖了作物品种多样性、作物物种多样性和农业景观多样性。相较于单一作物集约化种植,农田生物多样性能够在田块、农场和景观等多个尺度上提升农田生态系统的多项服务功能。研究表明,作物多样性对粮食产量的稳定作用可与灌溉措施相媲美,并且在幅员更为辽阔的国家,这种稳产效应可能更为显著87, 88。此外,作物多样性也能够提升生态系统服务功能,与单一作物种植模式相比,间作系统平均能够实现总产量产出提升38%、总收入增加33%,并节约23%的土地资源89。对地观测技术通过对地块作物种类及其变化趋势进行时序分析,可以为农业生态多样性研究、轮作制度评估提供高空间分辨率的数据支撑90。对地观测技术还可监测农田生态系统中的小木质要素,研究表明小木质要素(如地块边界的林木)对于生物多样性具有积极影响,种植林木最多可将栖息地连通性提升至11.7%,有助于农田生物多样性91
对地观测技术正在推动农业从传统的“经验管理”向“数据资产化”与“服务普惠化”转型,增强了系统的经济与社会韧性。在资产量化与绿色转型方面,对地观测技术正在将农田质量与农户利用等属性量化为具有时空参考信息的农田数据要素资产,为农业保险和农田绿色转型等应用场景提供全过程服务。传统的农业保险高度依赖人工勘察,存在成本高、时效差等弊端。依托高频次卫星观测,指数化保险服务成为解决这一困境的关键案例,有效解决了传统保险定损难、道德风险高的问题,通过时空连续的监测数据为保险理赔与信贷风控提供客观证据。例如,通过集成遥感归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)与降水观测,能够构建客观的气候风险模型,在非洲及东南亚的实践证明,该模式能实现灾后自动定损与快速赔付92。此外,利用长时间序列遥感数据构建的农户信贷评分模型,正成为解决农村金融机构“信息不对称”的重要工具。例如总部位于肯尼亚的阿波罗农业(Apollo Agriculture)金融科技公司采用了一种融合“地面实况”与“天基观测”的创新信贷评分机制。该模式首先依托线下代理人通过智能手机采集农户地块的边界与基础信息,随后调用历史卫星影像回溯该地块的长期产量表现与生长周期,将这些客观的“生物物理数据”输入机器学习模型生成信用评分93
在绿色低碳转型方面,对地观测技术已成为监测土壤有机碳动态与农业面源污染扩散的核心手段。研究人员能够定量评估农田碳汇潜能及温室气体排放强度,为农业参与碳贸易提供标准化的度量基准。如,利用Sentinel-2等多光谱影像结合机器学习算法,可实现大面积耕地土壤碳储量的动态制图94。在农业面源污染监测方面,有研究应用基于遥感的分布式面源污染估算模型并结合敏感性分析,利用多源数据成功预测2021年河南省农业面源污染(氮、磷及化学需氧量)的空间分布与关键驱动因子95
在普惠服务与社会化赋能方面,数字农业致力于让技术惠及所有参与者,通过开放遥感数据、智能服务和政策工具,提升农民参与数字农业、智慧服务的能力,促进农业增收和农村振兴。例如,通过提供卫星和无人机影像,可以辅助农民进行田间管理,如病虫害预警和土壤墒情监测96。同时,推广精准农业工具,例如低成本传感器97、智能灌溉设备98和病虫害监测App99等能够有效减少资源浪费,提升作物产量,从而直接增加农民收入。以CropWatch Farmer为例,该应用利用人工智能技术在田间尺度获取病虫害信息,为农民提供了一种简单、高效的信息获取方式,进一步提升了数字技术在农业中的可及性与实用价值。此外,区块链技术保障农产品质量安全,提升附加值100, 101;产销智能对接通过大数据驱动农产品电商升级102, 103。数字乡村则通过基础设施数字化(5 G、物联网覆盖乡村)、治理能力现代化(“互联网+政务”进村)和服务普惠化(远程医疗、教育进农家)等手段,全面提升乡村的数字化水平,让数字红利惠及广大农村居民104
提升农业韧性是一项复杂的系统工程,涉及高效节水灌溉系统、逆境抗性品种选育推广、保护性耕作技术及种植结构的优化调整等多维度要素的协同投入和技术保障。当前的研究核心应转向如何实现上述多元措施的系统性耦合与范式集成,以寻求经济效益、生态效应与资源消耗的最优平衡。例如,在干旱情景下,实施综合管理措施,即结合节水灌溉技术和调整作物种植模式,作物产量比干旱情景提高了6%,地下水位恢复了0.48 m,且能耗比仅采用节水灌溉的情景减少了3%105
对地观测驱动的数字农业已演进为贯穿全价值链的技术体系,涵盖了农情监测与多尺度决策、精准农业与无人农场、金融风控与绿色转型,以及小农户赋能等场景。本文将重点剖析两个具有代表性的应用案例,以展示对地观测驱动的数字农业的落地实践与成效。
尽管对地观测技术发展迅猛,但在支撑农业行业业务运行方面依然面临诸多瓶颈。以欧盟共同农业政策(Common Agricultural Policy, CAP)为例,虽然卫星遥感技术已被强制应用于补贴核查等环节,但在其绩效监测与评估框架中,对地观测技术目前主要定位为辅助验证与空间细化的手段。在现有的120余个绩效评价指标中,缺乏直接基于对地观测数据构建的指标。这与对地观测技术以生产时空数据为核心不匹配,导致对地观测领域处于高投入低产出的尴尬局面。中国统计年鉴数据的农业统计指标中,仅有水稻、小麦、玉米等大宗主粮作物数据采用了遥感监测成果,对遥感制图数据产品直接采用率低。上述状况凸显了对地观测技术从数据产品向决策业务转化的过程仍然漫长。
常规的国家农业统计依赖于人工普查和抽样调查。数字农业和对地观测技术的融合,正在推动农业统计向地块级、实时化、空间化和智能化转型。例如,欧盟正在通过整合地理空间数据和农场普查数据,对910万个农场进行统一报告,并利用30多项CAP指标,如经济规模、农场类型、生产方式、作物、家畜密度等,对欧洲农业进行全新的分析,为未来欧盟农食系统的演进提供数据驱动力106
CropWatch团队构建了一个高效的农情遥感智能监测系统,以农情遥感监测云服务平台(CropWatch Cloud)和智能手机应用程序(CropWatch App)为核心,提供了数据、功能、计算、信息于一体的云服务模式(图2),基于微服务架构封装了多样化、标准化的农情监测应用程序接口(Application Programming Interface, API),支持“模块化选择、插件式集成”,任何人都可以在CropWatch云上注册API,分享成熟的农情监测算法,也可以通过调用API定制任意区域的农情监测系统,使用户能以低门槛方式搭建自主农情监测系统,推动了农情监测从技术密集型到知识密集型的范式转变107。当前,平台以阿里云为中心进行镜像与程序包的统一管理与分发,既支持云端镜像部署也支持本地边缘节点模型分发部署与授权;同时,系统支持云端资源与用户自备计算与存储资源的灵活切换,并支持与谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine, GEE)及GPU服务器深度联动,在避免资源集中化高成本的同时,实现低成本下的快速部署与高效扩展。
CropWatch Cloud将机器学习模型应用于农情遥感监测,实现了监测业务的全链条自动化与一体化。构建了涵盖耕地地块、灌溉状况、复种指数及梯田/防护林的多维遥感监测技术体系,借助深度学习实现了大规模耕地分割、梯田提取与灌溉地识别,生成了全球10至30 m高分辨率的农田数据底座;利用人工智能与多模态遥感数据集成分析技术,推动了水稻、玉米、大豆等大宗作物高分辨率种植面积与单产遥感监测的关键突破,实现中国、美国、巴西、阿根廷等20个主产国10 m分辨率业务监测(图3109。系统不仅具备农情监测指标的一键生成能力,还引入了预训练、提示、调优范式,成功集成了DeepSeek、ChatGPT等大语言模型支撑农情分析,基于实时指标自动生成最新的监测分析报告,在显著提升监测指标分析智能化水平与时效性的同时,结合“人机耦合”的专家审核机制,确保了监测报告的科学性与严谨性,为全球农业政策制定、农产品进出口预测,以及农民生产指导提供科学依据,保障全球粮食安全。未来,系统将进一步研发面积、单产、长势等核心农情监测功能的智能体,打造监测模型自主优选、数据自动处理、精度验证、可视化展示到智能报告全链条的综合业务平台,以全方位满足不同层级业务部门的监测需求。
依托上述先进的技术架构与灵活的服务模式,CropWatch已在全球范围内开展了广泛的本地化定制与深入的国际合作,将“授人以渔”的技术理念转化为发展中国家的农情监测能力。在莫桑比克,为该国农业部定制的监测系统已成功嵌入其业务流程,成为雨季农情月度监测报告中长势信息的重要来源,该成果更凭借其卓越的适用性入选了国际农业发展基金(International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD)最佳农村解决方案及联合国南南合作优秀案例110, 111。在泰国,CropWatch为泰国国家电子和计算机技术中心(National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, NECTEC)提供了API接口,实现气象和遥感数据的共享,包括农气、农情指标,有效支撑了其利用AI模型进行甘蔗产量预测。在尼日利亚,基于与11个利益相关机构的需求研讨,开发了覆盖该国各省及775个地方管理单元的定制化功能,并通过持续的系统培训赋能,成功助力尼日利亚政府独立开展2022—2025年连续多年的农情监测工作112-114。这些成功实践生动诠释了CropWatch作为全球公共产品,在消除数字鸿沟、提升全球农业监测水平方面的贡献。
中国在农业水管理方面把水资源作为最大刚性约束,坚持以水定地、以水定产,推行农业用水总量控制和定额管理,这就要求在三个层面同步推进115:一是在流域、灌区、地块多尺度上准确掌握实际用水耗水过程,为水量平衡核算和红线管理提供基础;二是在作物和地块尺度精细描述灌溉行为和水分生产率时空差异,为优化灌溉制度和种植结构提供依据;三是在工程设施与制度层面,将用水耗水信息真正嵌入水权配置、水价与水费征收等管理机制之中。围绕这些需求,基于遥感蒸散(Evapotranspiration, ET)的ETWatch技术体系构建了从高分辨率ET监测到管理落地的一体化解决方案:在流域-灌区尺度,ETWatch通过融合多源遥感数据并采用时空融合方法,反演得到30 m~1 km分辨率的实际蒸散产品,并在华北海河平原利用通量观测站和多类型下垫面实测资料系统验证,日尺度 RMSE 约0.6~0.8 mm/d、相对误差控制在10%以内,为流域水量平衡分析和农业耗水评估提供了可靠基础116-118。在地块尺度,利用Sentinel-2多光谱影像耦合水-碳过程模型,可在10 m分辨率上精细估算玉米等作物的日蒸散发过程,刻画生长季内ET的时空变化特征,为田间耗水监测和精准灌溉管理提供支撑119。在此基础上,构建了“以水定地”的流域耗水管理框架,通过流域耗水平衡分析确定农业目标耗水量,并在农业、工业和生态用水之间进行权衡,量化给出可持续耗水上限和农业需压减规模,为“耗水总量控制”和水资源红线政策提供了可操作的技术路径120, 121
在提高用水效率和优化灌溉配置方面,管理者关心的关键问题是“同样的水能产出多少粮食”和“何时、在哪些地块完成了灌溉”。基于ETWatch产品,海河平原冬小麦主产区多数区县冬小麦水分生产率在1.0~1.5 kg/m3,通过优化灌溉制度与调整种植结构,局地具备10%以上的提升潜力122, 123;在新疆吐鲁番地区,全区农业水分生产率平均约2.39 kg/m3,县域范围为0.72~3.15 kg/m3,农业投入因素对产量变化和耗水变化的贡献率分别达到86.3%和93.3%,说明在极端干旱区种植结构调整和高效节水灌溉是显著提升水分生产率的关键途径124。在灌溉过程监测方面,结合Red-NIR光谱特征空间土壤线和垂直干旱指数(Perpendicular Drought Index, PDI),可利用多期Sentinel-2影像自动分割“已灌溉/未灌溉”地块并重建灌溉进度曲线125, 126。例如在典型灌区的冬小麦返青-拔节阶段,监测表明灌溉主要集中在3月中下旬,在20天内灌溉面积可由4×104 hm2快速扩展到1.2×105 hm2左右,定量揭示了关键生育期的补灌节奏,为闸门放水计划优化和“雨-灌互补”分析提供了时空一体化信息支撑。
在灌区基础设施与制度管理层面,农业水管理还需要掌握小型蓄水工程的调蓄能力,并将耗水信息落实到水权和水费管理单元。以内蒙古河套灌区为例,结合多光谱无人机影像与高分辨率数字表面模型,提出了农户蓄水池库容反演方法,库容估算与实测值的R2达到0.99,总体精度约95.2%,可清晰刻画灌溉关键期前后约50%的库容波动,为渠系调度和灌区抗旱能力评估提供精细数据基础127。在制度层面,ETWatch相关理论与技术被嵌入世界银行支持的新疆吐鲁番水管理改革实践中:在基于ET的水资源控制红线约束下,对吐鲁番盆地及11条子流域设定可耗水总量,并逐级分解到区县和乡镇,进一步细化到村级用水者协会(Water Users' Association, WUA),以WUA为载体,将指标到户、水权到户与基于遥感ET的年度考核和阶梯水价、超耗惩罚机制相结合。试点结果表明,在覆盖约5 000 hm2灌溉面积的20个WUA中,每年可减少地下水超采约6.55×106 m3,实现了从“按取水量或灌溉面积收费”向“按实际耗水收费”的制度转型,为干旱区农业用水定额管理、水权分配和水费收取提供了可复制、可推广的技术路径128, 129
上述所有功能与方法均集成于ETWatch Cloud一体化平台。与姊妹平台CropWatch一脉相承,ETWatch Cloud同样支持高度的定制化服务:用户可根据实际管理需求,灵活定制从流域到灌区或不同行政层级的农业水管理系统。该平台的核心在于,能够基于复杂的ET监测技术,精准量化农业实际耗水量,从而将前沿的遥感监测能力与具体的农业节水管理、水资源调配决策紧密结合起来,实现数据驱动的精准农业水管理。
数字农业的概念最早可追溯至1997年,其初期内涵主要指信息化的农业。同期美国等国家推动的“地球观测系统”(Earth Observing System, EOS)计划130及其衍生的“数字地球”理念,寄托了将地球系统装入计算机进行模拟与管理的愿景。近三十年后的今天,农业数据的数字化采集已从愿景走向现实,当前的主要任务已从数字化走向如何利用数据进行智能化管理,实现精准施策。“智慧地球”已成为“数字地球”在新时代的演进方向,地球观测组织(Group on Earth Observations, GEO)也提出了以“全民地球智能”为核心的第三个十年战略规划。在此背景下,农业转型的重点也迈向以“智慧农业”为代表的新形态。然而,“智慧农业”并未完全涵盖或取代“数字农业”的完整范畴。为更准确反映这一融合演进的时代特征,“数字农业”的内涵也需与时俱进,可考虑以“数字(智慧)农业”或“数智农业”等表述,以体现数据(Data)与智能(Intelligence)双驱动的技术属性。
全球农业与粮食安全正面临着资源约束、气候变化、单边主义、地缘冲突与劳动力短缺等多重挑战。联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)等联合发布的《2023年世界粮食安全和营养状况》指出,全球消除饥饿的进程面临严峻挑战131。气候变化引发的极端天气频发、水资源时空分布不均及病虫害等问题,显著加剧了农业生产的不确定性与波动性132。在此背景下,农业生产正面临着“资源紧约束”与“要素高成本”的双重挤压。一方面,耕地非农化、土壤退化及生态红线管控使得土地资源的扩充空间逼近极限;另一方面,农村青壮年劳动力的持续外流导致农业从业人员老龄化、空心化问题日益严峻,“谁来种地”成为亟待破解的结构性难题133,迫切要求农业生产方式从传统的资源消耗型向数据驱动、技术密集的集约可持续模式转型。这为数字(智慧)农业技术创造了巨大的需求与广阔的市场空间,农业向智慧模式转型已成为必然。人工智能是应对综合挑战,实现从传统农业,到聚焦自动感知、综合分析的智慧农业再迈向智能决策的跨越式发展,实现农食体系向现代化、智能化转型的核心驱动引擎。
数字(智慧)农业作为产业链,它的发展需要走商业化模式,形成新质生产力。在数字技术成为农业核心生产要素的背景下,数字(智慧)农业已不仅是农业信息化的延伸,而是推动农业从传统生产方式向数字驱动、智能决策、精准投入的新型生产体系转变的关键力量134, 135。数字农业的技术链条横跨遥感监测135、物联网采集136、智能装备137、农业大模型138、农业管理平台139到智慧农场运营140等前沿技术,支撑数据采集、数据处理、模型推理、智能调度的全链条科学管理。在这一体系中,数据、算法、算力、智能装备等要素被重新组织并投入农业生产,构建起区别于传统农业要素配置方式的“要素重构型”新质生产力。因而,数字(智慧)农业只有通过商业化落地、规模化部署与产业化运营,才能真正形成产业生态,实现良性循环和可持续发展。
然而,以对地观测技术为核心的数字(智慧)农业要实现真正的商业化与业务化落地,往往面临两类关键约束。其一是研究与应用之间的脱节,尽管前沿研究与论文产出极为丰富,但能够对接真实业务流程、形成可持续运行产品的成果相对有限108, 141。例如,作物分类制图的论文频多,以“作物分类”为关键词在知网平台检索有483条结果,以“crop classification”为关键词在Web of Science平台检索有20 059条结果。1980年至2024年间400余篇论文的作物制图的报告精度在75%至90%之间142,且分类精度并未随分辨率提高出现质的提升143。CropWatch平台对一些具有应用潜力的方法进行了测试,这些方法均缺乏跨区域、跨年度和高时效的业务化应用能力,难以适配现实中多元复杂的农业场景,导致泛化能力不足。要解决这个问题,需将跨时空的稳定性与鲁棒性问题作为研究突破点143。为此,CropWatch正在推动此类实践,鼓励将学术研究出的算法以标准化接口封装为可调用的API,向业务侧开放,使学术创新在真实场景中迭代优化,从而推动数字农业从“研究驱动”转向“需求驱动”的可持续落地。其二是现实推广阻力,既有的生产习惯、传统管理模式,以及长期固化的利益格局,使新技术在进入农业生产组织与管理流程时必然遭遇制度与行为层面的摩擦。如ETWatch监测获得的蒸散量,是对农业用水真实消耗的直接度量。将其应用于农业水管理,可精准核算从地块、农户到整个灌区的实际耗水量。基于此数据收取水费,既能实现“耗多少水、付多少费”的公平原则,又可省去大量传统量水设施的建设与维护成本。且近年来,国家大力推进水资源刚性约束战略,明确“以水定地、以水定产”,为ETWatch这类精准水监测技术提供了极佳的应用契机。然而,受路径依赖和知识故步自封等因素制约,对基于蒸散发的精细管理工具缺乏真正的制度性采纳,导致先进技术难以真正落地144。因此,推动其商业化及业务化不仅需要技术突破,更呼唤系统性的生态重构与治理理念的创新。
数字农业的商业化和业务化进程,始终绕不开一个现实的投入与产出问题。若仅从单个农场或项目的账本看,高昂的技术成本往往使“数字农田”“无人农场”陷入入不敷出的困境,仍然需要依赖外部的持续输血,难以自我造血,真正能实现规模效益的案例凤毛麟角。然而,效益的算法,不应囿于微观的收支表里。当把尺度拉开,从国家战略与全球市场的视角重新审视,同一笔账便呈现出截然不同的意义。以CropWatch平台为例:若仅核算其自身运营,收支平衡已属不易;但它通过发布权威的全球农情通报,显著提升了国际粮食市场的透明度。研究表明,自2013年以来,这一举措助力全球粮食价格波动幅度降低了10%以上107。对于全球最大的农产品进口国中国而言,这种市场波动的平滑,所带来的供应链安全效益与节省的潜在进口成本,是天文数字。这已非单纯的商业利润,而是具有深远意义的战略性公共产品,它关乎供应链安全,关乎议价能力,更关乎亿万人的粮食保障。
考虑到中国在数字经济、信息技术、无人机产业、高分辨率遥感,以及卫星制造等领域已形成全球瞩目的优势,通过“空天地”一体化感知体系的构建,并将其与农业场景深度融合,不仅能构建起覆盖感知、决策、执行全链条的智慧农业解决方案,更可作为“新质生产力”的典型代表向全球输出中国技术体系、贡献中国方案。这不仅是技术能力的体现,更是在保障全球粮食安全的同时,塑造一张代表中国创新与可持续发展的“新名片”。
本文通过系统梳理对地观测驱动的数字农业研究前沿,并结合农情遥感与农业水管理两个典型案例,揭示了数字农业正从初期的数据采集与信息化,向以“数据+智能”双轮驱动的“数智化”新阶段迈进。对地观测技术与人工智能、大模型及物联网的深度耦合,正在重塑农业生产的感知、诊断、决策闭环,使得农情监测具备了全要素反演能力,数字孪生农场实现了从视觉展示到物理作业指导的跨越,从而显著提升了农业生产的资源利用效率与决策精准度。
面对全球气候变化加剧与资源环境约束趋紧的严峻挑战,数字农业的应用重心已逐渐从单纯的增产转向提升农业系统的整体韧性与社会公平性。通过复种与灌溉的精细化管理、生物多样性监测,以及农业资产量化等手段,对地观测技术正在有效增强农业系统应对外部冲击的能力。同时,基于低成本、便携式移动端的普惠服务模式,打破了长期存在的信息壁垒,使得小农户能够平等获取先进的技术服务与金融支持,这对于消除数字鸿沟、实现农业社会化服务的包容性增长具有重要意义。
然而,数字(智慧)农业要真正成为驱动农业现代化的核心引擎,不能仅停留在技术验证层面,必须构建可持续的商业化落地机制,形成农业领域的“新质生产力”。这意味着需要将数据、算法、算力与智能装备重构为新的核心生产要素,建立以企业为主体、市场为导向的运营体系。只有通过规模化的产业应用,才能有效破解农村劳动力老龄化与空心化带来的“谁来种地”难题,实现从传统要素驱动向创新驱动的根本性转变。
综上所述,中国在“空天地”一体化感知、高分辨率遥感及数字经济领域已形成显著的比较优势,为构建全链条智慧农业解决方案奠定了坚实基础。以CropWatch为代表的全球公共产品和以ETWatch为代表的水资源管理范式,不仅有力支撑了国家粮食安全战略,更为全球南方国家提升农业监测与服务能力提供了可复制的中国方案。未来,应进一步推动中国数字农业技术体系的全球化输出,将其打造为代表中国创新与可持续发展的“中国名片”,为实现联合国“零饥饿”目标贡献中国智慧。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42461144211)
  • 广州市科技计划重点项目(2025B03J0067)
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2026年第8卷第2期
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doi: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202512027
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-07-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42461144211)
国家自然科学基金(42461144211)
Key Project of Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan(2025B03J0067)
广州市科技计划重点项目(2025B03J0067)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院遥感与数字地球全国重点实验室,北京 100101,中国
    2.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 101408,中国
    3.中国地质大学(武汉) 国家地理信息系统工程技术研究中心/地理与信息工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074,中国
    4.湖北珞珈实验室,湖北 武汉 430079,中国
    5.广东省科学院广州地理研究所/广东省遥感大数据应用工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510070,中国
    6.福州大学数字中国研究院(福建)空间数据挖掘与信息共享教育部重点实验室,福建 福州 350108,中国
    7.北京市农科学院信息技术研究中心/农业农村部农业遥感机理与定量遥感重点实验室,北京 100097,中国
    8.西北大学城市与环境学院,陕西 西安 710127,中国
    9.北京师范大学地理科学学部,北京 100875,中国
    10.西南交通大学地球科学与工程学院,四川 成都 611756,中国
    11.中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院,北京 100083,中国
    12.中山大学大气科学学院/广东省陆地-海洋生态系统碳中和科学数据中心,广东 珠海 519082,中国
    13.原联合国粮食及农业组织,罗马 00153,意大利

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吴炳方,博士,研究员,研究方向为农业遥感。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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