Article(id=1281692394533929813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202510010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1760112000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783508879549, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783508879549, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783508879549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783508879549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281692318004646631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='278', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783508861304, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783509039471, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281693065375101617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281693065375101618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1281692318004646631, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=118, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281692394890445654, articleId=1281692394533929813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Cross-Modal Attention for Multi-Source Remote Sensing Crop Classification under Cloud Occlusion and Complex Field Scenarios, columnId=1281692318755427048, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Topic--Multi-source Remote Sensing Driven Digital Agriculture Innovation and Practice, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective] Accurate and timely crop mapping is fundamental for agricultural management, yield forecasting, and food security assessment. However, in mountainous and hilly regions characterized by frequent cloud cover and highly fragmented farmland, crop classification methods relying solely on optical remote sensing data are severely constrained. Persistent cloud contamination introduces data gaps and temporal inconsistencies in optical image time series, significantly degrading classification accuracy and robustness. To address these limitations, a robust and adaptive deep learning framework is developed capable of effectively integrating multi-modal remote sensing data. The primary objective is to enhance crop classification accuracy and stability under complex conditions where optical observations are scarce or unreliable, thereby supporting reliable agricultural monitoring in cloudy and fragmented landscapes. [Methods] A novel deep neural network architecture named 3D convolutional neural network based on attention mechanism (Attention-3DCNN) was proposed, designed to jointly exploit multi-temporal optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations. The model integrated Sentinel-2 multispectral time-series imagery with weather-insensitive Sentinel-1 SAR data through a dedicated cross-modal fusion strategy driven by a triple-attention mechanism. The network adopted a dual-branch feature extraction architecture. For the Sentinel-2 data, a hybrid module combining three-dimensional and two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3D-CNN and 2D-CNN) was employed to capture discriminative spatiotemporal features and crop phenological dynamics across the growing season. This design enabled effective modeling of the spectral-temporal interactions inherent in crop development. For the Sentinel-1 SAR data, depthwise separable convolutions were utilized to efficiently extract spatial and textural features related to crop structure and surface scattering characteristics while reducing computational complexity. Features extracted from both modalities were subsequently integrated using a custom-designed attention-based fusion module. This module consisted of three complementary attention mechanisms: channel attention, temporal attention, and spatial attention. Residual connections were incorporated throughout the network to facilitate stable training and effective gradient propagation. The proposed model was evaluated on two datasets to assess both its performance and generalizability. The first was the publicly available panoptic agricultural satellite time series (PASTIS) benchmark dataset from France, which contained dense time-series observations and multiple crop classes. The second was a real-world dataset constructed for Yishui county, Shandong province, China, which was characterized by high cloud frequency (approximately 33%), highly fragmented farmland (average parcel size < 0.5 hm2), and a relatively simple crop rotation system. Comparative experiments were conducted against several state-of-the-art models, including 3D-ConvSTAR, UNet++, Self-Attention 3D, CNN-LSTM dual-stream network, and TGF-Net. Ablation studies were also performed to quantify the contribution of each attention component. [Results and Discussions] Experimental results demonstrated that Attention-3DCNN consistently outperformed all baseline methods on both datasets. On the PASTIS benchmark, the model achieved an overall accuracy (OA) of 97.5%, confirming its strong classification capability under favorable observation conditions. On the more challenging Yishui county dataset, Attention-3DCNN attained an OA of 93%, outperforming the other comparison models. Ablation experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed triple-attention mechanism, as removing any attention component resulted in a clear reduction in classification performance. Under heavy cloud coverage, Attention-3DCNN exhibited the smallest accuracy degradation, with an OA drop of only 3.6 percentage points, indicating its ability to adaptively rely on SAR information when optical data quality deteriorated. In regions with highly fragmented farmland, the proposed model also maintained the highest accuracy and the smallest performance decline (2.8 percentage points), benefiting from the spatial attention mechanism. Moreover, attention visualization provided meaningful interpretability. Temporal attention peaks aligned with key crop phenological stages, while channel attention highlighted spectrally and physically informative optical bands and SAR polarizations, which was consistent with established agronomic and remote sensing knowledge. [Conclusions] This study presents the Attention-3DCNN model for accurate and robust crop classification in regions affected by persistent cloud cover and fragmented agricultural landscapes. By fusing Sentinel-2 optical and Sentinel-1 SAR time-series data through a channel-temporal-spatial triple-attention mechanism, the proposed framework enables adaptive integration of complementary multi-modal information. The model achieves outstanding performance on both benchmark and real-world datasets, demonstrates strong robustness under adverse conditions, and offers enhanced interpretability. Overall, the proposed approach provides a reliable and practical solution for crop mapping in complex agricultural environments.
, authors=Chenxu WU, Haolong ZUO, Gang LI, authorsList=Chenxu WU, Haolong ZUO, Gang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gang LI, authorNote=
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【目的/意义】 本研究旨在突破传统光学遥感在云遮天气与耕地破碎地形下的局限性,通过构建一种具备优秀跨模态融合能力与泛化性能的深度网络模型来提升农业遥感分类精度。 【方法】 提出一种基于注意力机制的3D卷积神经网络(3D Convolutional Neural Network Based on Attention Mechanism, Attention-3DCNN)模型:其通过3D卷积+2D卷积结构处理时序哨兵二号多光谱影像,在空间与时间维度上提取丰富特征;同时以深度可分离卷积形式处理来自哨兵一号的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)数据,实现对全天候可获取信息的高效抽取;进一步,模型引入“通道-时间-空间”三重注意力机制与残差连接策略,对两个模态的特征进行动态加权与深度融合,使得在光学数据缺失或遮挡严重的情形下,SAR数据能够有效补偿并维持分类性能。 【结果和讨论】 为全面评价模型性能,选取法国全景农业卫星时序数据集,以及山东省沂水县实测数据集进行对比实验:在法国数据上模型达到97.5%的整体准确率,在沂水县数据上获得93%的准确率,均显著优于对照基线模型;同时,通过对注意力分布的可视化分析可见,模型聚焦的关键物候期与当地农业实地记录高度一致,其高权重光谱波段亦符合农学机理,这体现出模型在判别机制层面的可解释性。 【结论】 综上,Attention-3DCNN模型在耕地破碎、云遮影响严重的山区条件下显著提升了作物分类精度,具有良好的推广前景与应用价值。
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14(11): 2621., articleTitle=Machine learning classification of fused Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 image data towards mapping fruit plantations in highly heterogenous landscapes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1282336266385605070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, awardId=LJGXCG 2025-P18, language=EN, fundingSource=Heilongjiang Province Double First-Class Discipline Coordinated Innovation Achievement Project(LJGXCG 2025-P18), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1282336260417110402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1282336260425499011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, companyId=1282336260417110402, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Geomatics Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin 150050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1282336260433887620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, companyId=1282336260417110402, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=黑龙江工程学院测绘工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150050,中国)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1282336262648480160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Location map of the study area in Yishui county, Shandong province, figureFileSmall=qXXuYSsJN4agvJn7bOXh+Q==, figureFileBig=jTxClIcz/j675E+UPV8LOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336262707200417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
山东省沂水县研究区域示意图注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2019)3333号标准地图制作,底图无修改。
, figureFileSmall=qXXuYSsJN4agvJn7bOXh+Q==, figureFileBig=jTxClIcz/j675E+UPV8LOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336262812058018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
PASTIS dataset, figureFileSmall=r/OPzkreUtKnAPjgQySdcQ==, figureFileBig=fZLk+Xl/MoeDW9jk65wHIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336262883361187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
PASTIS数据集a. 光学影像 b. SAR数据 c. 分类标签
, figureFileSmall=r/OPzkreUtKnAPjgQySdcQ==, figureFileBig=fZLk+Xl/MoeDW9jk65wHIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336262937887140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
The dataset of main crops in Yishui county, figureFileSmall=f187Gjiuudc3W+ORiakzeQ==, figureFileBig=2FV35Snezif6lMtpfNK0VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263021773221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
沂水县主要农作物分类数据集, figureFileSmall=f187Gjiuudc3W+ORiakzeQ==, figureFileBig=2FV35Snezif6lMtpfNK0VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263072104870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Overall architecture diagram of the attention-3DCNN model, figureFileSmall=dcyN+d6UL2pFqP+bydxg5A==, figureFileBig=jro1yFWBBE+8MJTAynZW6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263135019431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Attention-3DCNN模型总架构图注:DSConv为深度可分离卷积层;3D-CNN、2D-CNN分别是3D卷积层和2D卷积层;Ad-Pooling为自适应池化。
, figureFileSmall=dcyN+d6UL2pFqP+bydxg5A==, figureFileBig=jro1yFWBBE+8MJTAynZW6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263206322600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Multispectral branch model diagram., figureFileSmall=gL693IpzBeQA2YbgZtSy/w==, figureFileBig=0A5NqXVqYVk8FAVWfc9hUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263281820073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
多光谱分支模型图注:Conv3D(3×3×3,s=1,p=1,C_out=64),Conv2D(3×3,s=1,p=1,C_out=128),Ad-Pooling(1×1,s=1,p=0,C_out= 128);s为步长,p为填充,C_out为输出大小;spectral、time、spatial分别代表通道、时间、空间注意力机制。
, figureFileSmall=gL693IpzBeQA2YbgZtSy/w==, figureFileBig=0A5NqXVqYVk8FAVWfc9hUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263365706154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
SAR branch model architecture diagram., figureFileSmall=KWiOJy1RQNuK7Ww1hUDETQ==, figureFileBig=VVfdgOqkU5dkqzjb2KV1kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263445397931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
SAR分支模型架构图注:BN为批量归一化;LeakyReLu为LeakyReLU激活函数DSConv(3×3,s=1,p=1,C_out=C_in);Ad-Pooling(1×1,s=1,p=0,C_out=128);s为步长;p为填充;C_out为输出大小;C_in为输入大小。
, figureFileSmall=KWiOJy1RQNuK7Ww1hUDETQ==, figureFileBig=VVfdgOqkU5dkqzjb2KV1kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263525089708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Attention mechanism diagram, figureFileSmall=nY6VlcfrjRefJNIrPpAZ4g==, figureFileBig=CkCGCRw/JcI8Hliq7ZhZQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263592198573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
注意力机制流程图, figureFileSmall=nY6VlcfrjRefJNIrPpAZ4g==, figureFileBig=CkCGCRw/JcI8Hliq7ZhZQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263650918830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Channel attention mechanism diagram, figureFileSmall=8w9EnIDKCIohw6d/aMIZig==, figureFileBig=jIXliGWDJx7rB94FJb9xPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263734804911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
通道注意力机制模型图, figureFileSmall=8w9EnIDKCIohw6d/aMIZig==, figureFileBig=jIXliGWDJx7rB94FJb9xPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263801913776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Results of the Attention-3DCNN and other models in the ablation study on the Yishui county dataset, figureFileSmall=2/9KDDowVIBURdow/MvQNg==, figureFileBig=nbLSqNB7Zs12Yz62SVl26Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263898382769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
在消融实验中Attention-3DCNN与其他模型在沂水县数据集上的结果, figureFileSmall=2/9KDDowVIBURdow/MvQNg==, figureFileBig=nbLSqNB7Zs12Yz62SVl26Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336263973880242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
Results of Attention-3DCNN and other models in the ablation study on the PASTIS dataset, figureFileSmall=wwykrM8PIeRw2X83y8/wdw==, figureFileBig=fZvV0z74/fT5dGjt+CJy9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264045183411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
在消融实验中Attention-3DCNN模型与其他模型在PASTIS数据集上的结果, figureFileSmall=wwykrM8PIeRw2X83y8/wdw==, figureFileBig=fZvV0z74/fT5dGjt+CJy9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264129069492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=
Results of the Attention-3DCNN and other models in the comparative experiments on the Yishui county dataset, figureFileSmall=Xy9bHfUlb0UEj0xtXbhkkw==, figureFileBig=r0IAOgYmaYVvuPG/1f3e7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264204566965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
在对比实验中Attention-3DCNN模型与其他模型在沂水县数据集上的对比结果, figureFileSmall=Xy9bHfUlb0UEj0xtXbhkkw==, figureFileBig=r0IAOgYmaYVvuPG/1f3e7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264263287222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=
Results of Attention and other models on the Yishui county dataset under conditions of high cloud coverage, figureFileSmall=PkF/b4WviN05LkEPs/3mjA==, figureFileBig=D86DtgwNIwWmqH3SoFeQNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264347173303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
在高云量的条件下Attention-3DCNN与其他模型在沂水县数据集的结果图, figureFileSmall=PkF/b4WviN05LkEPs/3mjA==, figureFileBig=D86DtgwNIwWmqH3SoFeQNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264426865080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=
Results of Attention-3DCNN and other models on the Yishui county dataset under fragmented land conditions, figureFileSmall=MPeXwJ94QWtlaGF8+swgHA==, figureFileBig=RfWhO7VANfxlSMfJy2vDFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264506556857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
在地块破碎的条件下Attention-3DCNN模型与其他模型在沂水县数据集的结果图, figureFileSmall=MPeXwJ94QWtlaGF8+swgHA==, figureFileBig=RfWhO7VANfxlSMfJy2vDFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1282336264573665722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of band correspondences and resolutions between PASTIS dataset and Sentinel-2
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PASTIS 波段 | Sentinel-2 波段 | 原始分辨率/m | 重采样后分辨率/m |
|---|
| 1—4 | B2—B4, B8 | 10 | 10 |
| 5—7 | B5—B7 | 20 | 10 |
| 8 | B8A | 20 | 10 |
| 9—10 | B11—B12 | 20 | 10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336264661746107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
PASTIS数据集与Sentinel-2波段对应关系及分辨率对比表
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PASTIS 波段 | Sentinel-2 波段 | 原始分辨率/m | 重采样后分辨率/m |
|---|
| 1—4 | B2—B4, B8 | 10 | 10 |
| 5—7 | B5—B7 | 20 | 10 |
| 8 | B8A | 20 | 10 |
| 9—10 | B11—B12 | 20 | 10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336264737243580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of core parameters between PASTIS and the Yishui county dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | PASTIS(法国) | 沂水县(中国) | 对迁移的潜在影响 |
|---|
| 云覆盖率/% | 28 | 33 | 沂水县需更强的抗云干扰能力 |
| 时相数量(4—9月) | 32个时相 | 23个时相 | 沂水县时序信息更稀疏,考验时间注意力 |
| 平均地块面积/hm2 | 1.2 | <0.5 | 沂水县需更高的空间细节捕捉能力 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336264800158141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
PASTIS与沂水县数据集核心参数的对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数 | PASTIS(法国) | 沂水县(中国) | 对迁移的潜在影响 |
|---|
| 云覆盖率/% | 28 | 33 | 沂水县需更强的抗云干扰能力 |
| 时相数量(4—9月) | 32个时相 | 23个时相 | 沂水县时序信息更稀疏,考验时间注意力 |
| 平均地块面积/hm2 | 1.2 | <0.5 | 沂水县需更高的空间细节捕捉能力 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336264938570174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Performance of the Attention-3DCNN and other models on different datasets
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型名称 | OA(PASTIS)/% | 宏平均F1分数(PASTIS) | Kappa(PASTIS) | OA(沂水县)/% | 宏平均F1分数(沂水县) | Kappa(沂水县) |
|---|
| 标准3D-CNN | 94.2 | 0.932 | 0.915 | 87.2 | 0.845 | 0.822 |
| 光学-SAR简单融合模型 | 95.3 | 0.945 | 0.928 | 89.5 | 0.876 | 0.858 |
| 仅SAR 3D-CNN模型 | 91.6 | 0.902 | 0.889 | 88.3 | 0.861 | 0.842 |
| 注意力双分支融合模型 | 95.1 | 0.938 | 0.935 | 89.9 | 0.882 | 0.870 |
| 通道注意力双分支融合模型 | 96.5 | 0.953 | 0.942 | 90.0 | 0.898 | 0.890 |
| 时间注意力双分支融合模型 | 95.8 | 0.945 | 0.942 | 89.5 | 0.894 | 0.887 |
| 空间注意力双分支融合模型 | 96.9 | 0.959 | 0.956 | 91.0 | 0.906 | 0.900 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 97.5 | 0.970 | 0.965 | 93.0 | 0.920 | 0.910 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336265043427775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
Attention-3DCNN模型与其他模型在不同数据集上的表现
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型名称 | OA(PASTIS)/% | 宏平均F1分数(PASTIS) | Kappa(PASTIS) | OA(沂水县)/% | 宏平均F1分数(沂水县) | Kappa(沂水县) |
|---|
| 标准3D-CNN | 94.2 | 0.932 | 0.915 | 87.2 | 0.845 | 0.822 |
| 光学-SAR简单融合模型 | 95.3 | 0.945 | 0.928 | 89.5 | 0.876 | 0.858 |
| 仅SAR 3D-CNN模型 | 91.6 | 0.902 | 0.889 | 88.3 | 0.861 | 0.842 |
| 注意力双分支融合模型 | 95.1 | 0.938 | 0.935 | 89.9 | 0.882 | 0.870 |
| 通道注意力双分支融合模型 | 96.5 | 0.953 | 0.942 | 90.0 | 0.898 | 0.890 |
| 时间注意力双分支融合模型 | 95.8 | 0.945 | 0.942 | 89.5 | 0.894 | 0.887 |
| 空间注意力双分支融合模型 | 96.9 | 0.959 | 0.956 | 91.0 | 0.906 | 0.900 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 97.5 | 0.970 | 0.965 | 93.0 | 0.920 | 0.910 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336265127313856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of Attention-3DCNN with other models
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| 模型名称 | 核心方法简述 | OA(沂水县)/% | Kappa(沂水县) | 参数量/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | 推理时间/(ms/景) |
|---|
| 3D-ConvSTAR | 3DCNN多源融合(固定权重) | 89.5 | 0.858 | 45.2 | 128.3 | 156 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 自注意力机制+3DCNN | 90.5 | 0.872 | 52.7 | 145.6 | 183 |
| UNet++ | 编码器-解码器结构,多尺度特征融合 | 88.0 | 0.835 | 68.9 | 212.4 | 245 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 光学影像时序+纹理特征融合 | 86.5 | 0.815 | 43.0 | 98.7 | 132 |
| TGF-Net | 基于Transformer与卷积(CNN)架构 | 90.5 | 0.900 | 105.3 | 285.1 | 312 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 跨模态三重注意力(通道-时间-空间) | 93.5 | 0.910 | 41.3 | 97.2 | 133 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336265215394241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
Attention-3DCNN模型与其他模型的对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型名称 | 核心方法简述 | OA(沂水县)/% | Kappa(沂水县) | 参数量/M | 计算量/GFLOPs | 推理时间/(ms/景) |
|---|
| 3D-ConvSTAR | 3DCNN多源融合(固定权重) | 89.5 | 0.858 | 45.2 | 128.3 | 156 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 自注意力机制+3DCNN | 90.5 | 0.872 | 52.7 | 145.6 | 183 |
| UNet++ | 编码器-解码器结构,多尺度特征融合 | 88.0 | 0.835 | 68.9 | 212.4 | 245 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 光学影像时序+纹理特征融合 | 86.5 | 0.815 | 43.0 | 98.7 | 132 |
| TGF-Net | 基于Transformer与卷积(CNN)架构 | 90.5 | 0.900 | 105.3 | 285.1 | 312 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 跨模态三重注意力(通道-时间-空间) | 93.5 | 0.910 | 41.3 | 97.2 | 133 |
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Comparison of Attention-3DCNN and other models under high cloud coverage conditions on the Yishui county dataset
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| 模型名称 | 主要依赖信息 | OA/% | 宏平均F1 | Kappa |
|---|
| 3D-ConvSTAR | 光学时序为主 | 83.6 | 0.802 | 0.775 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 光学 + 时序注意力 | 85.1 | 0.821 | 0.796 |
| UNet++ | 光学空间特征 | 82.4 | 0.789 | 0.761 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 光学时序 + 手工特征 | 81.9 | 0.781 | 0.754 |
| TGF-Net | Transformer + CNN融合 | 86.3 | 0.836 | 0.812 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 跨模态三重注意力(S2+S1) | 89.4 | 0.872 | 0.846 |
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在高云量的条件下Attention-3DCNN模型与其他模型在沂水县数据集的对比
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| 模型名称 | 主要依赖信息 | OA/% | 宏平均F1 | Kappa |
|---|
| 3D-ConvSTAR | 光学时序为主 | 83.6 | 0.802 | 0.775 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 光学 + 时序注意力 | 85.1 | 0.821 | 0.796 |
| UNet++ | 光学空间特征 | 82.4 | 0.789 | 0.761 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 光学时序 + 手工特征 | 81.9 | 0.781 | 0.754 |
| TGF-Net | Transformer + CNN融合 | 86.3 | 0.836 | 0.812 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 跨模态三重注意力(S2+S1) | 89.4 | 0.872 | 0.846 |
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The decline of different models under high cloud cover in multi-source remote sensing crop classification studies
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| 模型 | 常规OA/% | 高云量OA/% | 下降幅度/百分点 |
|---|
| 3D-ConvSTAR | 89.5 | 83.6 | 5.9 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 90.5 | 85.1 | 5.4 |
| UNet++ | 88.0 | 82.4 | 5.6 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 86.5 | 81.9 | 4.6 |
| TGF-Net | 90.0 | 86.3 | 3.7 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 93.0 | 89.4 | 3.6 |
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多源遥感农作物分类研究中不同模型在高云量条件下的下降幅度
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| 模型 | 常规OA/% | 高云量OA/% | 下降幅度/百分点 |
|---|
| 3D-ConvSTAR | 89.5 | 83.6 | 5.9 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 90.5 | 85.1 | 5.4 |
| UNet++ | 88.0 | 82.4 | 5.6 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 86.5 | 81.9 | 4.6 |
| TGF-Net | 90.0 | 86.3 | 3.7 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 93.0 | 89.4 | 3.6 |
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Comparison of Attention-3DCNN and other models on the Yishui county dataset under the condition of high degree of land fragmentation
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| 模型名称 | 主要结构特点 | OA/% | 宏平均F1 | Kappa |
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| 3D-ConvSTAR | 3D 卷积,局部时空建模 | 84.9 | 0.816 | 0.792 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 3DCNN + 自注意力 | 86.2 | 0.829 | 0.806 |
| UNet++ | 编码器-解码器,多尺度跳连 | 83.5 | 0.801 | 0.776 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 空间 CNN+时序LSTM | 82.7 | 0.793 | 0.768 |
| TGF-Net | Transformer + CNN 融合 | 87.1 | 0.842 | 0.818 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 跨模态三重注意力 (含空间注意力) | 90.2 | 0.881 | 0.856 |
), ArticleFig(id=1282336265819374023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1281692394533929813, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
地块破碎程度较高条件下Attention-3DCNN与其他模型在沂水县数据集的对比
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| 模型名称 | 主要结构特点 | OA/% | 宏平均F1 | Kappa |
|---|
| 3D-ConvSTAR | 3D 卷积,局部时空建模 | 84.9 | 0.816 | 0.792 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 3DCNN + 自注意力 | 86.2 | 0.829 | 0.806 |
| UNet++ | 编码器-解码器,多尺度跳连 | 83.5 | 0.801 | 0.776 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 空间 CNN+时序LSTM | 82.7 | 0.793 | 0.768 |
| TGF-Net | Transformer + CNN 融合 | 87.1 | 0.842 | 0.818 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 跨模态三重注意力 (含空间注意力) | 90.2 | 0.881 | 0.856 |
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The performance degradation of different models on the Yishui county dataset under the condition of high degree of land fragmentation
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| 模型名称 | 常规测试OA/% | 破碎地块OA/% | 下降幅度/百分点 |
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| 3D-ConvSTAR | 89.5 | 84.9 | 4.6 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 90.5 | 86.2 | 4.3 |
| UNet++ | 88.0 | 83.5 | 4.5 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 86.5 | 82.7 | 3.8 |
| TGF-Net | 90.0 | 87.1 | 2.9 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 93.0 | 90.2 | 2.8 |
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多源遥感农作物分类研究中地块破碎程度较高条件下不同模型在沂水县数据集上的性能下降幅度
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| 模型名称 | 常规测试OA/% | 破碎地块OA/% | 下降幅度/百分点 |
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| 3D-ConvSTAR | 89.5 | 84.9 | 4.6 |
| Self-Attention 3D | 90.5 | 86.2 | 4.3 |
| UNet++ | 88.0 | 83.5 | 4.5 |
| CNN-LSTM-DS | 86.5 | 82.7 | 3.8 |
| TGF-Net | 90.0 | 87.1 | 2.9 |
| Attention-3DCNN | 93.0 | 90.2 | 2.8 |
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Comparison of key characteristics and model attention adjustment in various categories between France PASTIS and Yishui county of China
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| 分类类别 | 关键特征 | 法国PASTIS注意力权重(均值) | 沂水县注意力权重(均值) | 调整分析 |
|---|
| 小麦 | 抽穗期 | 时间: 0.76; 通道(B5): 0.21 | 时间: 0.79; 通道(B5): 0.23 | 物候提前,时间权重前移;红边波段重要性增强 |
| 大豆 | 开花结荚期 | 通道(VH): 0.35 | 通道(VH): 0.62 | 光学数据受限,SAR通道权重显著提升以补偿 |
| 背景 | 非农用地 | 空间: 0.58 | 空间: 0.71 | 地块破碎,模型更关注局部空间结构 |
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法国 PASTIS 与中国沂水县各类别关键特征及模型注意力调整对比
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| 分类类别 | 关键特征 | 法国PASTIS注意力权重(均值) | 沂水县注意力权重(均值) | 调整分析 |
|---|
| 小麦 | 抽穗期 | 时间: 0.76; 通道(B5): 0.21 | 时间: 0.79; 通道(B5): 0.23 | 物候提前,时间权重前移;红边波段重要性增强 |
| 大豆 | 开花结荚期 | 通道(VH): 0.35 | 通道(VH): 0.62 | 光学数据受限,SAR通道权重显著提升以补偿 |
| 背景 | 非农用地 | 空间: 0.58 | 空间: 0.71 | 地块破碎,模型更关注局部空间结构 |
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Comparison of key phenological periods identified by the model with the observation data from the agricultural bureau of Yishui county
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| 作物类型 | 模型识别关键物候期(第X—X天) | 对应公历时间 | 沂水县农业农村局观测记录 | 匹配度/% |
|---|
| 小麦 | 120—150天 | 4月中下旬—5月上旬 | 4月20日—5月10日抽穗 | 100 |
| 玉米 | 180—210天 | 7月上旬—8月上旬 | 7月5日—8月5日灌浆 | 100 |
| 大豆 | 160—190天 | 6月下旬—7月下旬 | 6月25日—7月25日结荚 | 100 |
| 果树 | 70—90天 | 2月下旬—3月中旬 | 2月28日—3月15日萌芽 | 100 |
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模型识别的关键物候期与沂水县农业局观测数据对比
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| 作物类型 | 模型识别关键物候期(第X—X天) | 对应公历时间 | 沂水县农业农村局观测记录 | 匹配度/% |
|---|
| 小麦 | 120—150天 | 4月中下旬—5月上旬 | 4月20日—5月10日抽穗 | 100 |
| 玉米 | 180—210天 | 7月上旬—8月上旬 | 7月5日—8月5日灌浆 | 100 |
| 大豆 | 160—190天 | 6月下旬—7月下旬 | 6月25日—7月25日结荚 | 100 |
| 果树 | 70—90天 | 2月下旬—3月中旬 | 2月28日—3月15日萌芽 | 100 |
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