Article(id=1317882386365395153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202509015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792137245980, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792137245980, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792137245980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792137245980, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317882300113735707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792137225416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792137292328, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=156, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317882386558333138, articleId=1317882386365395153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Point Cloud Data-driven Methods for Estimating Maize Leaf Biomass, columnId=1281692351299039265, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Information Processing and Decision Making, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective] Maize leaf dry biomass is a key trait that reflects plant morphology, growth vigor, and physiological processes including photosynthetic production. Its dynamic changes can effectively characterize the growth status of maize. Accurate estimation of maize leaf dry biomass is crucial for accurately predicting maize yield and informing production management decisions. Extensive research on crop dry biomass estimation indicates that 3D point cloud data characterizing crop morphological structure, along with features derived therefrom, exhibit an extremely high correlation with crop dry biomass. However, traditional dry biomass prediction studies focus primarily on the population canopy scale, and lack effective prediction methods for dry biomass at the plant and organ scales. Research on non-destructive measurement methods for maize leaf dry biomass, based on 3D point clouds and machine learning, the demand is conducted to address for rapid acquisition of organ-level dry biomass information in maize cultivation and management research. [Methods] Maize leaf point cloud data were acquired using three techniques: Multi-view stereo (MVS), LiDAR scanning, and 3D digitalization (DT). The leaf point clouds underwent preprocessing steps that included plant segmentation, denoising, mesh refinement, and uniform subsampling. Subsequently, morphological traits were extracted from the processed data, including leaf length, leaf area, bounding box dimensions, and the number of points contained within the leaf point clouds. Three machine learning methods: random forest (RF), gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT), and support vector regression (SVR), as well as two deep learning methods: convolutional neural network (CNN) and fully connected neural network (FCNN), were employed for predicting maize leaf dry weight. A point cloud-based maize leaf dry biomass prediction model was subsequently developed. This study utilized the mean squared error reduction method inherent to RF and the cumulative improvement method based on decision tree splits in GBRT to rank and visualize feature importance for optimal models. The resulting rankings were then visualized. Simultaneously, Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations of the features from the fused dataset (integrating data from the three devices) as well as those from the DT data with maize leaf dry biomass. [Results and Discussions] The results demonstrated that, among the dry biomass prediction models developed in this study, the model based on Laser point cloud data and the FCNN method achieved the highest accuracy, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.08 g, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 4.60%, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.10 g, and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98. In the correlation analysis, the leaf area exhibited the strongest correlation with dry biomass (r = 0.92), followed by the number of points (r = 0.88), leaf width (r = 0.86), and leaf length (r = 0.77). In the feature importance ranking, the leaf area trait consistently ranked within the top two positions, whereas the number of points ranked among the top three in most cases. However, features such as the height of the leaf base above the ground, the horizontal distances from the leaf tip and apex to the stem, and the azimuth angle demonstrated low correlations with dry biomass and low feature importance. [Conclusions] Among all the maize leaf features investigated in this study, size-related traits (such as leaf area, point count, leaf length, and leaf width) had the greatest impact on the accuracy of dry biomass estimation. The utilization of high-resolution 3D point clouds of maize leaves, combined with machine learning methods, enabled a high-accuracy estimation of leaf dry weight and provided a novel approach for the non-destructive measurement of dry biomass in crop organs.
, authors=Zhangbin WU
1, 2, 3, Ning HE
3, Yandong WU
3, Xinyu GUO
1, 3, Weiliang WEN
1, 2, 3, authorsList=Zhangbin WU, Ning HE, Yandong WU, Xinyu GUO, Weiliang WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiliang WEN, authorNote=
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, copyrightStatement=copyright©2026 by the authors, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317882387753709789, articleId=1317882386365395153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=CN, title=点云数据驱动的玉米叶片生物量估算方法, columnId=1281692353010315299, journalTitle=智慧农业(中英文), columnName=信息处理与决策, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[目的/意义] 玉米叶片干重生物量是反映植株生理过程的关键性状,可有效表征玉米生长状态。准确估算玉米叶片干重生物量,对于预测玉米产量和生产管理决策具有重要意义。传统的生物量预测研究主要集中在群体冠层尺度,缺少植株和器官尺度的干重生物量预测方法。围绕玉米栽培管理等研究对器官干重生物量信息快速获取的需求,开展基于叶片3D点云和机器学习的玉米叶片干重生物量无损测量方法研究。 [方法] 本研究使用多视角三维重建、激光雷达三维扫描和3D数字化三种方式获取玉米叶片点云数据。运用随机森林、梯度提升回归树和支持向量回归三种机器学习方法,以及卷积神经网络和全连接神经网络(Fully Connected Neural Network, FCNN)两种深度学习方法进行玉米叶片干重预测,进而构建基于点云的玉米叶片干重生物量预测模型。 [结果和讨论] 使用激光雷达点云数据结合FCNN方法构建的生物量预测模型精度最高,平均绝对误差为0.08 g,平均绝对百分比误差为4.60%,均方根误差为0.10 g,决定系数为0.98。 [结论] 利用高分辨率的玉米叶片3D点云结合机器学习方法,可实现玉米叶片干重的高精度估算,为作物器官生物量无损测算提供新途径。
, authors=武张斌
1, 2, 3, 何宁
3, 吴延东
3, 郭新宇
1, 3, 温维亮
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1.北京市农林科学院信息技术研究中心,北京 100097,中国
2.沈阳农业大学 信息与电气工程学院,沈阳 110161,中国
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1, 2, 3, address=
1.Information Technology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
2.College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
3.Beijing Key Lab of Digital Plant, National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317882430137159771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, authorId=1317882429986164822, language=CN, stringName=温维亮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1.北京市农林科学院信息技术研究中心,北京 100097,中国
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1.北京市农林科学院信息技术研究中心,北京 100097,中国)]), AuthorCompany(id=1317882427209535544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317882427217924153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, companyId=1317882427209535544, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3D and biomass data acquisition process of maize leaves, figureFileSmall=FdAb16dudGerfQDuogTpHw==, figureFileBig=5ix6qN21zLkYAMjQs6qhIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431160569959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
玉米植株叶片3D和生物量数据获取流程, figureFileSmall=FdAb16dudGerfQDuogTpHw==, figureFileBig=5ix6qN21zLkYAMjQs6qhIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431349313640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Processing of maize point cloud data, figureFileSmall=8xb7k25FTG/XvOVlcu3B9w==, figureFileBig=EFYEVEHPQJHNEp7nXdZIWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431429005417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
玉米点云数据处理, figureFileSmall=8xb7k25FTG/XvOVlcu3B9w==, figureFileBig=EFYEVEHPQJHNEp7nXdZIWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431500308586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Visualization of maize leaf point cloud data, figureFileSmall=XMTP0K+qACjIqULjONtQ6g==, figureFileBig=rPxMewyXVTovgpmPJm7KLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431592583275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
玉米叶片点云数据可视化, figureFileSmall=XMTP0K+qACjIqULjONtQ6g==, figureFileBig=rPxMewyXVTovgpmPJm7KLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431668080748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Importance of biomass characteristics of maize leaf point cloud, figureFileSmall=2AAdgv4CYBvOOvSBkiKWeQ==, figureFileBig=WaBN5xqeV1MD6rIZgjSXVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431764549741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
玉米叶片点云生物量特征重要性, figureFileSmall=2AAdgv4CYBvOOvSBkiKWeQ==, figureFileBig=WaBN5xqeV1MD6rIZgjSXVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431848435822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Correlation analysis between point cloud characteristics of maize leaves and biomass thermogram, figureFileSmall=uT4GtNUqMtrorNr3l1lzGQ==, figureFileBig=X2ZhhG+SUnyURIAEKgtL+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882431932321903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
玉米叶片点云特征与生物量的相关性分析热力图, figureFileSmall=uT4GtNUqMtrorNr3l1lzGQ==, figureFileBig=X2ZhhG+SUnyURIAEKgtL+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882432016207984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Feature extraction of maize leaves
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 特征 | 变量 | 简介 | Laser | MVS | DT |
|---|
| data source | DS | 数据来源 | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| leaf_ID | ID | 自下而上叶片的顺序 | ● | ● | ● |
| cultivar | C | 品种 | ● | ● | ● |
| leaf_growth_height | Hlg | 叶片基部距地面高度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_angle | θ | 叶倾角 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_azimuth | α | 方位角 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_length | L | 叶片长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_width | W | 叶片平均宽度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| top_is_tip | TiT | 叶顶与叶尖高度是否相等 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_top_height | Htop | 叶片顶部距地面高度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_top_level_length | Ltopl | 叶片顶部距茎水平长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_tip_height | Htip | 叶片尖部距地面高度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_tip_level_length | Ltipl | 叶片尖部距茎水平长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| Leaf_area | S | 叶面积(网格面积) | ● | ● | ● |
| Leaf_top_curve_length | Ltopc | 叶片基部距叶片最高点水平长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| number | N | 点云中的点个数 | ● | ● | ● |
| obb_volume | VOBB | 紧密包裹点云且方向可旋转的最小长方体体积 | ● | ● | ● |
| obb_area | SOBB | 紧密包裹点云且方向可旋转的最小长方体表面积 | ● | ● | ● |
| AABB_volume | VAABB | 与坐标轴平行的最小长方体体积 | ● | ● | ● |
| AABB_area | SAABB | 与坐标轴平行的最小长方体表面积 | ● | ● | ● |
| MRB_length | Lmrb | 最小外包盒对角线长度 | ● | ● | ● |
| max_distance | Dmax | 点云中的点到其质心的最大距离 | ● | ● | ● |
| min_distance | Dmin | 点云中的点到其质心的最小距离 | ● | ● | ● |
| hull_volume | Vhull | 点云的最小凸多面体的体积 | ● | ● | ● |
| hull_area | Shull | 点云的最小凸多面体的表面积 | ● | ● | ● |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882432104288369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
玉米叶片特征提取
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 特征 | 变量 | 简介 | Laser | MVS | DT |
|---|
| data source | DS | 数据来源 | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| leaf_ID | ID | 自下而上叶片的顺序 | ● | ● | ● |
| cultivar | C | 品种 | ● | ● | ● |
| leaf_growth_height | Hlg | 叶片基部距地面高度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_angle | θ | 叶倾角 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_azimuth | α | 方位角 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_length | L | 叶片长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_width | W | 叶片平均宽度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| top_is_tip | TiT | 叶顶与叶尖高度是否相等 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_top_height | Htop | 叶片顶部距地面高度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_top_level_length | Ltopl | 叶片顶部距茎水平长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_tip_height | Htip | 叶片尖部距地面高度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| leaf_tip_level_length | Ltipl | 叶片尖部距茎水平长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| Leaf_area | S | 叶面积(网格面积) | ● | ● | ● |
| Leaf_top_curve_length | Ltopc | 叶片基部距叶片最高点水平长度 | ○ | ○ | ● |
| number | N | 点云中的点个数 | ● | ● | ● |
| obb_volume | VOBB | 紧密包裹点云且方向可旋转的最小长方体体积 | ● | ● | ● |
| obb_area | SOBB | 紧密包裹点云且方向可旋转的最小长方体表面积 | ● | ● | ● |
| AABB_volume | VAABB | 与坐标轴平行的最小长方体体积 | ● | ● | ● |
| AABB_area | SAABB | 与坐标轴平行的最小长方体表面积 | ● | ● | ● |
| MRB_length | Lmrb | 最小外包盒对角线长度 | ● | ● | ● |
| max_distance | Dmax | 点云中的点到其质心的最大距离 | ● | ● | ● |
| min_distance | Dmin | 点云中的点到其质心的最小距离 | ● | ● | ● |
| hull_volume | Vhull | 点云的最小凸多面体的体积 | ● | ● | ● |
| hull_area | Shull | 点云的最小凸多面体的表面积 | ● | ● | ● |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882432183980146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Prediction accuracy of maize leaf biomass
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Laser | DT |
|---|
| MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g | MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g |
|---|
| RF | 0.14 | 8.54 | 0.93 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 21.04 | 0.83 | 0.43 |
| GBRT | 0.10 | 6.21 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 17.41 | 0.86 | 0.40 |
| SVR | 0.09 | 5.45 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 18.51 | 0.86 | 0.39 |
| CNN | 0.09 | 5.17 | 0.97 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 17.04 | 0.87 | 0.38 |
| FCNN | 0.08 | 4.60 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 19.87 | 0.88 | 0.36 |
| 方法 | MVS | Mix |
| MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g | MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g |
| RF | 0.58 | 17.20 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 0.33 | 20.18 | 0.85 | 0.50 |
| GBRT | 0.55 | 13.88 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.28 | 19.45 | 0.90 | 0.41 |
| SVR | 0.40 | 10.44 | 0.87 | 0.57 | 0.25 | 17.79 | 0.91 | 0.39 |
| CNN | 0.42 | 10.41 | 0.87 | 0.56 | 0.27 | 18.11 | 0.89 | 0.42 |
| FCNN | 0.48 | 13.60 | 0.84 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 18.31 | 0.92 | 0.36 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882432272060531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882386365395153, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
玉米叶片生物量预测精度
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Laser | DT |
|---|
| MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g | MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g |
|---|
| RF | 0.14 | 8.54 | 0.93 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 21.04 | 0.83 | 0.43 |
| GBRT | 0.10 | 6.21 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 17.41 | 0.86 | 0.40 |
| SVR | 0.09 | 5.45 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 18.51 | 0.86 | 0.39 |
| CNN | 0.09 | 5.17 | 0.97 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 17.04 | 0.87 | 0.38 |
| FCNN | 0.08 | 4.60 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 19.87 | 0.88 | 0.36 |
| 方法 | MVS | Mix |
| MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g | MAE/g | MAPE/% | R2 | RMSE/g |
| RF | 0.58 | 17.20 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 0.33 | 20.18 | 0.85 | 0.50 |
| GBRT | 0.55 | 13.88 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.28 | 19.45 | 0.90 | 0.41 |
| SVR | 0.40 | 10.44 | 0.87 | 0.57 | 0.25 | 17.79 | 0.91 | 0.39 |
| CNN | 0.42 | 10.41 | 0.87 | 0.56 | 0.27 | 18.11 | 0.89 | 0.42 |
| FCNN | 0.48 | 13.60 | 0.84 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 18.31 | 0.92 | 0.36 |
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