Article(id=1317882323434058409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202505037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792137230976, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792137230976, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792137230976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792137230976, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317882300113735707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792137225416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792137292328, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=203, endPage=212, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317882323786379946, articleId=1317882323434058409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Online Detection System for Freshness of Fruits and Vegetables Based on Temporal Multi-source Information Fusion, columnId=1281692414322656239, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Intelligent Equipment and Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective] Real-time and accurate quality monitoring of fruits and vegetables during cold chain logistics is of great importance for ensuring supply chain quality and reducing economic losses. However, traditional detection methods generally suffer from several core deficiencies, such as being offline, relying on unimodal information, and being unable to capture dynamic evolution. To overcome these challenges, an online freshness detection system is proposed and implemented for fruits and vegetables based on temporal multi-source information fusion. The system was designed to achieve precise online detection of fruit and vegetable freshness, providing an effective technical solution for the refined management and early spoilage warning within the cold chain supply chain, thereby significantly reducing economic losses. [Methods] A complete system was constructed, consisting of a lower-computer data acquisition node, an IoT cloud platform, and an upper-computer Qt client. The lower-computer synchronously collected environmental temporal sensing data (temperature, humidity, CO2, ethylene) and visual temporal images of indicator tags via a self-designed portable acquisition node. A novel co-attention-based convolutional recurrent network (Co-ACRN) deep learning model was proposed for deeply mining the complex correlations between the two heterogeneous time-series data streams. This model innovatively employed a "co-attention + self-attention" dual mechanism. Firstly, in the early fusion stage, a co-attention module intelligently aligned and deeply integrated visual and sensor feature sequences by constructing a cross-modal affinity matrix. Subsequently, the fused sequence was fed into a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to encode temporal cumulative effects. Finally, a self-attention module performed a global contextual review on the LSTM output to capture long-range temporal dependencies. In the specific implementation, visual features were extracted by a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) with two convolutional-pooling layers; the co-attention calculated weights by generating context-aware intermediate features; and the self-attention adopted the standard scaled dot-product attention mechanism. For application deployment, the model was efficiently deployed to the Qt client in the open neural network exchange (ONNX) format, achieving real-time, edge-side inference. [Results and Discussions] Experimental results showed that the proposed Co-ACRN model achieved an overall accuracy of 96.93% on the test set in the three-class mango freshness detection task, with its performance significantly surpassing that of various mainstream baselines and advanced temporal multimodal fusion models, such as modality-invariant and specific-representations for multimodal sentiment analysis (MISA), recurrent attended variation embedding network (RAVEN), multimodal transformer (MulT), and heterogeneous hierarchical message passing network (HHMPN). To verify the rationale of the model design, two sets of ablation experiments were conducted. The input-based ablation study decisively proved that the combination of "time-series information + multimodal information" is a necessary prerequisite for accurate detection, as any model relying on unimodal or static information exhibited significant performance bottlenecks. The architecture-based ablation study further confirmed the superiority of the proposed "dual-attention" system; compared to a backbone network without any attention mechanism, its accuracy was improved by more than five percentage points, and the recall rate for the critical "spoiled" category was as high as 99.16%. An in-depth analysis of the confusion matrix revealed that the vast majority of the model's errors occurred between adjacent categories with the most similar physical states, with no serious cross-category misclassifications, demonstrating its strong robustness. After being deployed on the client side, the system's single diagnosis time was less than 2 s, verifying the solution's combination of high accuracy and real-time performance. [Conclusions] The developed online detection system and Co-ACRN model successfully enabled the real-time, accurate, and non-destructive intelligent detection of fruit and vegetable freshness. The research findings indicate that by combining advanced co-attention and self-attention mechanisms, the fusion challenges of complex multimodal temporal data can be effectively solved. In summary, this study provides a complete solution that combines theoretical innovation with engineering practicality for the online and intelligent detection of distributed fruit and vegetable freshness, and paves new paths for the development of this field in both theory and practice.
, authors=Xianguo HUANG, Qibing ZHU, Min HUANG, authorsList=Xianguo HUANG, Qibing ZHU, Min HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qibing ZHU, authorNote=
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[目的/意义] 为实现果蔬在储运过程中的实时、精准品质监控,提出并实现了一种基于时序多源信息融合的在线检测系统。该系统旨在克服传统检测方法存在的离线性、单一模态及无法捕捉动态演变等缺陷,为冷链供应链的精细化管理与早期腐败预警提供新的技术途径。 [方法] 该系统通过自主设计的便携式采集节点,同步采集时序的环境传感数据与视觉指示标签图像。为深度挖掘两种异构时序数据间的复杂关联,本研究提出了一种新颖的协同注意力卷积循环网络(Co-Attention-Based Convolutional Recurrent Network, Co-ACRN)深度学习模型。该模型独创性地采用“协同注意力+自注意力”双重机制,前端通过协同注意力对时序多模态数据进行智能对齐,后端利用自注意力对时序信息进行全局上下文复盘。最终将模型高效部署于Qt端,实现了对果蔬新鲜度的边缘侧在线检测。 [结果和讨论] Co-ACRN模型在芒果新鲜度检测任务中准确率达到了96.93%,显著优于多种先进的时序多模态融合模型;消融实验进一步证实了研究提出的“时序信息+多模态信息”输入的必要性,以及“双重注意力”架构的优越性,其中模型的各类别召回率最高可达99.16%。部署于客户端后,系统单次诊断耗时小于2 s,验证了该方案的高精度与实时性。 [结论] 开发的系统为分布式果蔬品质的在线、智能监控提供了一套兼具创新性与实用性的完整解决方案。
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Overall block diagram of online freshness detection system for fruits and vegetables, figureFileSmall=jsHc+sttAKUkUEP6DZjQcg==, figureFileBig=uX5coMIq6Rj6Zj0MlDMeZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882597720572848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
果蔬新鲜度在线检测系统总体框图, figureFileSmall=jsHc+sttAKUkUEP6DZjQcg==, figureFileBig=uX5coMIq6Rj6Zj0MlDMeZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882597817041841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Schematic diagram of core components of lower computer device, figureFileSmall=0qwI/tvUSNYjrZHFSy4PlA==, figureFileBig=3VRaqps85TBPL+PPLI7kiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882597888345010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
下位机装置核心组件示意图注:1.盒体底板;2.乙烯传感器;3.温湿度传感器;4.CO2传感器;5.装置盒体;6.透明玻璃;7.指示剂标签;8.无线通信模块;9.摄像头模块;10.微处理器;11.电源模块。
, figureFileSmall=0qwI/tvUSNYjrZHFSy4PlA==, figureFileBig=3VRaqps85TBPL+PPLI7kiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882597947065267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Qt display interface, figureFileSmall=el2AXvEYyPMsoqAI0ssz8Q==, figureFileBig=z0T6Ym2NvwTSBh2rd4yHKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598009979829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
Qt显示界面, figureFileSmall=el2AXvEYyPMsoqAI0ssz8Q==, figureFileBig=z0T6Ym2NvwTSBh2rd4yHKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598077088694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Co-ACRN model architecture, figureFileSmall=WJTRyOnpaOMf6+rn44VlqA==, figureFileBig=IYbnGKQQVZa4l3B7KwE7yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598144197559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Co-ACRN模型架构, figureFileSmall=WJTRyOnpaOMf6+rn44VlqA==, figureFileBig=IYbnGKQQVZa4l3B7KwE7yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598328746936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Color changes of indicator labels at different pH levels, figureFileSmall=6tfwQRcj+VjXM/Z0TyiqJg==, figureFileBig=n7DN8g71eKjsrNtgN4Qb2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598416827321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同pH下指示剂标签颜色变化, figureFileSmall=6tfwQRcj+VjXM/Z0TyiqJg==, figureFileBig=n7DN8g71eKjsrNtgN4Qb2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598752371642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Confusion matrix of the Co-ACRN model on the test set, figureFileSmall=kdLgaLYJuxiYt+fKHFDcgg==, figureFileBig=ZeIyYqFm03QS0uNnwQo3sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598815286203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
Co-ACRN模型测试集混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=kdLgaLYJuxiYt+fKHFDcgg==, figureFileBig=ZeIyYqFm03QS0uNnwQo3sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882598874006460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Sensory evaluation criteria for mango
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| 评分 | 感官评价 |
|---|
| 9 | 色泽鲜亮,颜色均匀;无任何瑕疵;果形饱满坚实 |
| 7~8 | 色泽良好,颜色基本均匀;存在极少量自然斑点;无萎缩迹象 |
| 5~6 | 光泽度开始下降,局部出现轻微暗沉;少量斑点;轻微皱缩 |
| 4 | 果皮普遍暗沉,颜色不均;斑点增多但未连成片;出现可见皱缩 |
| 3 | 果皮大面积暗沉,发黑;斑点扩大并有连片趋势;明显皱缩 |
| 1~2 | 大面积软烂,发黑;大面积连片斑点;果实严重皱缩 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882599159219133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
芒果感官评分标准
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| 评分 | 感官评价 |
|---|
| 9 | 色泽鲜亮,颜色均匀;无任何瑕疵;果形饱满坚实 |
| 7~8 | 色泽良好,颜色基本均匀;存在极少量自然斑点;无萎缩迹象 |
| 5~6 | 光泽度开始下降,局部出现轻微暗沉;少量斑点;轻微皱缩 |
| 4 | 果皮普遍暗沉,颜色不均;斑点增多但未连成片;出现可见皱缩 |
| 3 | 果皮大面积暗沉,发黑;斑点扩大并有连片趋势;明显皱缩 |
| 1~2 | 大面积软烂,发黑;大面积连片斑点;果实严重皱缩 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882600694334398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Ablation experimental results based on model input
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| 网络模型 | 模型输入 | 新鲜召回率/% | 次新鲜召回率/% | 腐败召回率/% | 准确率/% |
|---|
| 时序 | 传感器数据 | 指示标签图像 |
|---|
| MLP | × | √ | × | 93.30 | 84.28 | 95.76 | 90.79 |
| CNN | × | × | √ | 94.41 | 84.81 | 96.64 | 91.67 |
| CNN-MLP | × | √ | √ | 87.71 | 93.04 | 98.32 | 92.32 |
| LSTM-Attn | √ | √ | × | 91.62 | 88.24 | 94.96 | 91.23 |
| CNN-LSTM-Attn | √ | × | √ | 90.50 | 98.73 | 96.64 | 94.96 |
| Co-ACRN | √ | √ | √ | 95.53 | 96.84 | 99.16 | 96.93 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882600782414783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
基于模型输入的消融实验结果
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| 网络模型 | 模型输入 | 新鲜召回率/% | 次新鲜召回率/% | 腐败召回率/% | 准确率/% |
|---|
| 时序 | 传感器数据 | 指示标签图像 |
|---|
| MLP | × | √ | × | 93.30 | 84.28 | 95.76 | 90.79 |
| CNN | × | × | √ | 94.41 | 84.81 | 96.64 | 91.67 |
| CNN-MLP | × | √ | √ | 87.71 | 93.04 | 98.32 | 92.32 |
| LSTM-Attn | √ | √ | × | 91.62 | 88.24 | 94.96 | 91.23 |
| CNN-LSTM-Attn | √ | × | √ | 90.50 | 98.73 | 96.64 | 94.96 |
| Co-ACRN | √ | √ | √ | 95.53 | 96.84 | 99.16 | 96.93 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882600883078080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Ablation experimental results based on model architecture
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| 模型架构 | 新鲜召回率/% | 次新鲜召回率/% | 腐败召回率/% | 准确率/% |
|---|
| Co-attention | Self-attention |
|---|
| × | × | 89.50 | 91.03 | 94.96 | 91.45 |
| √ | × | 93.30 | 94.94 | 96.64 | 94.73 |
| × | √ | 92.27 | 94.23 | 95.80 | 93.86 |
| √ | √ | 95.53 | 96.84 | 99.16 | 96.93 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882600958575554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
基于模型架构的消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型架构 | 新鲜召回率/% | 次新鲜召回率/% | 腐败召回率/% | 准确率/% |
|---|
| Co-attention | Self-attention |
|---|
| × | × | 89.50 | 91.03 | 94.96 | 91.45 |
| √ | × | 93.30 | 94.94 | 96.64 | 94.73 |
| × | √ | 92.27 | 94.23 | 95.80 | 93.86 |
| √ | √ | 95.53 | 96.84 | 99.16 | 96.93 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882601017295811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison results of temporal multimodal models
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| 模型 | 新鲜召回率/% | 次新鲜召回率/% | 腐败召回率/% | 准确率/% |
|---|
| MISA[26] | 93.41 | 93.63 | 97.44 | 94.52 |
| RAVEN[27] | 94.41 | 94.38 | 98.31 | 95.39 |
| MuIT[28] | 92.82 | 94.27 | 96.61 | 94.30 |
| HHMPN[29] | 94.48 | 93.67 | 98.29 | 95.18 |
| Co-ACRN | 95.53 | 96.84 | 99.16 | 96.93 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882601096987588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882323434058409, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
时序多模态模型对比结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 新鲜召回率/% | 次新鲜召回率/% | 腐败召回率/% | 准确率/% |
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| MISA[26] | 93.41 | 93.63 | 97.44 | 94.52 |
| RAVEN[27] | 94.41 | 94.38 | 98.31 | 95.39 |
| MuIT[28] | 92.82 | 94.27 | 96.61 | 94.30 |
| HHMPN[29] | 94.48 | 93.67 | 98.29 | 95.18 |
| Co-ACRN | 95.53 | 96.84 | 99.16 | 96.93 |
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