Article(id=1317882385874670289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202504004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743696000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792137245862, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792137245862, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792137245862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792137245862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317882300113735707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792137225416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792137292328, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=178, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317882386084385490, articleId=1317882385874670289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Intelligent Inspection Path Planning Algorithm for Large-Scale Cattle Farms, columnId=1281692351299039265, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Information Processing and Decision Making, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective] Timely detection and early warning of livestock health issues are critical for green and efficient management within large-scale cattle farms. Traditional manual inspections are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to missed or erroneous detections. Robotic inspections offer significant advantages including all-weather operation, high precision, high efficiency, and low cost. However, existing path planning approaches predominantly focus on dynamic obstacle avoidance and fixed target point inspection path, often failing to address two key challenges in dynamic large-scale farm environments: global traversal of individual large livestock (e.g., beef cattle, dairy cows) and accessibility of local areas compromised by dynamic obstacles. This study aims to overcome the limitations of existing robotic inspection systems in large-scale cattle farms, specifically addressing the lack of comprehensive inspection capability for dynamic individuals, excessive path redundancy, and insufficient proactive obstacle avoidance capability. [Methods] A global-local optimization algorithm was proposed for large-scale cattle farm intelligent inspection path planning, which integrated the traveling salesman problem (TSP), A* and dynamic window approach (DWA), and solved the problems of global multi-objective individual traversal, path redundancy and local passability with proactive obstacle avoidance in dynamic cattle farm scenarios. For global traversal optimization, a global path planning algorithm was introduced which combined improved TSP and optimized A*. Specifically, the inspection status list tracking breeding sheds and individual cattle was maintained to enhance the TSP's Nearest Neighbor Algorithm, dynamically updating targets to avoid re-visits. A dynamic priority mechanism optimized multi-objective inspection, determining the optimal visitation sequence across barns and dynamic paths within barns. The data structure of the A* algorithm was optimized, a diagonal distance heuristic function was introduced to replace Manhattan distance, which more accurately reflected the movement cost in eight directions. The path obtained by the A* algorithm through greedy strategy was simplified, and Bresenham's line algorithm was used to check whether there were obstacles in the straight line field of view. If there were no obstacles, redundant inflection points were removed to construct an efficient moving path between sheds. For local passability optimization, an enhanced DWA-based local path was proposed for planning algorithm. The dynamic safety threshold of obstacle size was introduced to improve the DWA. When the inspection robot judged that the size of the obstacle in the local accessible area was too large and the robot was difficult to pass, it would actively avoid or detour in advance to ensure the safe avoidance of large obstacles in narrow passages. The improved DWA also increased the task progress potential field, drived the robot to move to the breeding shed to be visited with the attractive force field model, balanced the local obstacle avoidance and global inspection efficiency, and realized the real-time judgment of local area passability caused by dynamic obstacles and proactive obstacle avoidance in advance. [Results and Discussions] The optimized A* algorithm's data structures significantly improved search efficiency. The diagonal distance heuristic and greedy strategy substantially enhanced path smoothness. Compared to the traditional A*, the improved A* achieved average reductions of 90.06% in planning time, 85.13% in path turns, and 1.83% in path length. The global inspection algorithm combining improved TSP and optimized A* achieved 100% average coverage of individual cattle. Inspection path length and time were reduced by 17.99% and 20.85%, respectively, compared to the classic ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, demonstrating superior efficiency in dynamic multi-objective inspection scenarios. The improved DWA successfully enabled proactive judgment of local path passability based on obstacle size. By adjusting the robot's linear velocity, angular velocity, and attitude angle in real time, the algorithm achieved robust proactive obstacle avoidance. The inspection robot would reduce the linear velocity in advance when encountering obstacles, and realize proactive obstacle avoidance by adjusting the attitude angle. Simulation experiments confirmed that robots equipped with the improved DWA effectively navigated around unknown static and dynamic obstacles while maintaining global path-tracking capability. [Conclusions] The global inspection algorithm combining improved TSP and optimized A*, utilizing dynamic inspection status lists and path optimization techniques, achieved global inspection coverage of individual cattle and could significantly improve inspection quality and efficiency. The local inspection algorithm based on improved DWA, incorporating obstacle size dynamic safety threshold and task progress, achieved real-time judgment of local passability and proactive obstacle avoidance, ensuring safe robot navigation in complex environments. The global-local co-optimization framework demonstrated adaptability to the dynamic farm environment, enabling the timely completion of individual traversal tasks, and providing a robust solution for intelligent inspection in large-scale cattle operations. Future work involves integrating the proposed path planning algorithm with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), cattle identification, distance detection systems on inspection robot platforms, and conducting extensive field tests within operational cattle farms. Exploring multi-robot collaborative inspection frameworks and incorporating the Vision-and-Language Navigation model to enhance environmental perception and anomaly-handling capabilities are promising directions for adapting to the complexities of even larger-scale farming scenarios.
, authors=Ruotong CHEN
1, 2, Jifang LIU
1, Zhiyong ZHANG
3, Nan MA
1, 3, Peigang WEI
1, 2, Yi WANG
1, 2, Yantao YANG
4, 5, authorsList=Ruotong CHEN, Jifang LIU, Zhiyong ZHANG, Nan MA, Peigang WEI, Yi WANG, Yantao YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jifang LIU, authorNote=
, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=copyright©2026 by the authors, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317882390048002811, articleId=1317882385874670289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=CN, title=规模化牛场智能巡检路径规划算法, columnId=1281692353010315299, journalTitle=智慧农业(中英文), columnName=信息处理与决策, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[目的/意义] 畜禽健康问题的及时发现和早期预警对绿色高效养殖至关重要,传统人工巡检耗时耗力且易漏检错检。机器人巡检具有全天候、高精度、高效率和低成本等优势,但现有巡检路径规划较少考虑规模养殖场内肉牛、奶牛等大型畜种个体的全局遍历和动态障碍物导致的局部可通行性优化问题。 [方法] 本研究提出了一种融合旅行商问题(Traveling Salesman Problem, TSP)、A*(A-Star)和动态窗口法(Dynamic Window Approach, DWA)的全局-局部优化的规模化牛场智能巡检路径规划算法,解决了牛场动态场景下的全局多目标个体遍历、路径冗余与局部通行避障的问题。在全局遍历优化上,提出了融合改进TSP和A*算法的全局巡检路径规划算法;在局部通行优化上,改进DWA实现动态障碍物引起的局部区域可通行性实时判别与提前主动避障。融合全局和局部算法并在Matlab中搭建动态环境验证。 [结果和讨论] 改进A*算法在规划时间、路径平滑性、路径长度和搜索效率上均优于传统A*算法;融合TSP和A*的全局巡检算法的平均巡检覆盖率达100%,巡检距离和时间较经典蚁群算法分别缩短了17.99%和20.85%;改进DWA可根据障碍物的尺寸提前判断巡检通道的局部可通行性,实时调整机器人线速度、角速度和姿态角度,提前主动避障。 [结论] 本研究提出的智能巡检算法能够在规模化牛场中实现一定时间内的牛只个体遍历和实时主动避障,有效提升了巡检效率和质量。
, authors=陈若彤
1, 2, 刘继芳
1, 张志勇
3, 马楠
1, 3, 卫培刚
1, 2, 王亿
1, 2, 杨艳涛
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陈若彤,硕士,研究方向为农业信息技术。E-mail:CRT_1001@163.com
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3.College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1317882854533611627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, authorId=1317882854357450856, language=CN, stringName=张志勇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3.新疆农业大学 计算机与信息工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052,中国, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1317882849915682898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317882849928265811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, companyId=1317882849915682898, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1.Agricultural Information Institute of CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
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1.中国农业科学院农业信息研究所,北京 100081,中国
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1.Agricultural Information Institute of CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
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5.National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya) of CAAS, Sanya 572024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1317882850104426586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, companyId=1317882850091843672, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
5.三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院,海南 三亚 572024,中国)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1317882858065215632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Large-scale cattle farm inspection scene, figureFileSmall=c/MUNwszOi3kPhjPxBq2fw==, figureFileBig=XpxT8eVKAhSB9QIJqtAL+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858136518801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
规模化牛场巡检场景, figureFileSmall=c/MUNwszOi3kPhjPxBq2fw==, figureFileBig=XpxT8eVKAhSB9QIJqtAL+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858224599186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Research framework diagram of intelligent inspection path planning algorithm for cattle farm, figureFileSmall=ZKzeZ3nu0+DG2DHIrFuyIw==, figureFileBig=nCfUqhKfpDPCoOiJ+mv/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858287513747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
牛场智能巡检路径规划算法研究框架图, figureFileSmall=ZKzeZ3nu0+DG2DHIrFuyIw==, figureFileBig=nCfUqhKfpDPCoOiJ+mv/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858342039700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Flow chart of intelligent inspection path planning algorithm for large-scale cattle farm, figureFileSmall=H59kaZjooFiiF6RFfNrKkw==, figureFileBig=yIjqLq7FssVn509btrebnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858404954261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
规模化牛场智能巡检路径规划算法流程图, figureFileSmall=H59kaZjooFiiF6RFfNrKkw==, figureFileBig=yIjqLq7FssVn509btrebnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858467868822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Flowchart of the improved A* algorithm with greedy strategy, diagonal heuristic function and efficient data structure, figureFileSmall=TuwrmWmtwpSzfw/8fQXelg==, figureFileBig=XD+DNIlZgUS3oEISVx1koQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858522394775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
引入贪婪策略、对角线启发式函数及高效数据结构的改进A*算法流程图, figureFileSmall=TuwrmWmtwpSzfw/8fQXelg==, figureFileBig=XD+DNIlZgUS3oEISVx1koQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858581115032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Traditional priority queue (binary heap) data structure view, figureFileSmall=iP6HT/vXrP8IEzF1z5kMNw==, figureFileBig=MG8WSrNfP4bFsD7W1rJ72g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858656612505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
传统优先队列(二叉堆)数据结构视图, figureFileSmall=iP6HT/vXrP8IEzF1z5kMNw==, figureFileBig=MG8WSrNfP4bFsD7W1rJ72g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858719527066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Schematic movement of node in 8 directions, figureFileSmall=QT1n10jpKBCOfOZ+SPC+6A==, figureFileBig=a7S8UaTtLdsOiqAC5jlKbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858782441627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
节点的八方向移动示意, figureFileSmall=QT1n10jpKBCOfOZ+SPC+6A==, figureFileBig=a7S8UaTtLdsOiqAC5jlKbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858841161884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Manhattan distance heuristic function path, figureFileSmall=Tr4v5l+aTncca2SBOPrvCQ==, figureFileBig=e2pHsA2g8e4vz8jpobz9JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858899882141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
曼哈顿距离启发式函数路径, figureFileSmall=Tr4v5l+aTncca2SBOPrvCQ==, figureFileBig=e2pHsA2g8e4vz8jpobz9JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882858971185310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Diagonal distance heuristic function path, figureFileSmall=mZm7vxubg6gc1yWb7zKB9g==, figureFileBig=Gs5EvEfYnOshMIjj0UL/0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859042488479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
对角线距离启发式函数路径, figureFileSmall=mZm7vxubg6gc1yWb7zKB9g==, figureFileBig=Gs5EvEfYnOshMIjj0UL/0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859101208736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Greedy strategy simplified path flow chart, figureFileSmall=wFvHDwSj6VqTFFYyh7I4/A==, figureFileBig=R5jRhY4F2DOiZQrX1QJDRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859164123297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
贪婪策略简化路径流程图, figureFileSmall=wFvHDwSj6VqTFFYyh7I4/A==, figureFileBig=R5jRhY4F2DOiZQrX1QJDRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859243815074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
Example of greedy strategy simplified path, figureFileSmall=DjqaN2L475+/jeAuLwTkuw==, figureFileBig=ME/VzrUZc7CI3ryh9J7LMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859319312547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
贪婪策略简化路径示例优化前 优化后
, figureFileSmall=DjqaN2L475+/jeAuLwTkuw==, figureFileBig=ME/VzrUZc7CI3ryh9J7LMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859382227108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=
Path comparison between the improved A* algorithm with greedy strategy, diagonal heuristic function and efficient data structure and the traditional A* algorithm, figureFileSmall=3QY4yPT4SUIo0qgeVDsaFA==, figureFileBig=itwxbWdwuDiBbG+CXE+KGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859470307493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
引入贪婪策略、对角线启发式函数及高效数据结构改进的A*与传统A*算法路径对比, figureFileSmall=3QY4yPT4SUIo0qgeVDsaFA==, figureFileBig=itwxbWdwuDiBbG+CXE+KGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859533222054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=
Search space visualization of the improved A* algorithm with greedy strategy, diagonal heuristic function and efficient data structure, figureFileSmall=PfPS9y8hf5N2V3Mm2EJjPw==, figureFileBig=NbKwrBov1ge988gW4dYeDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859604525223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
引入贪婪策略、对角线启发式函数及高效数据结构改进的A*算法搜索空间可视化, figureFileSmall=PfPS9y8hf5N2V3Mm2EJjPw==, figureFileBig=NbKwrBov1ge988gW4dYeDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859667439784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=
Traditional A* algorithm search space visualization, figureFileSmall=zSQ64ndZVv54bedn86BsNQ==, figureFileBig=7nOV4o3D7F+CWR6nk1Ri4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859730354345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
传统A*算法搜索空间可视化, figureFileSmall=zSQ64ndZVv54bedn86BsNQ==, figureFileBig=7nOV4o3D7F+CWR6nk1Ri4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859801657514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=
TSP + A * algorithm inspection path, figureFileSmall=nxd2QqLlC5E6a9CyKXx/Gg==, figureFileBig=Jf7ccAq0X9zO90JH/4dDMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882859906515115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
TSP+A*算法巡检路径, figureFileSmall=nxd2QqLlC5E6a9CyKXx/Gg==, figureFileBig=Jf7ccAq0X9zO90JH/4dDMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882861743620268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=
Classical ant colony algorithm inspection path of cattle farm, figureFileSmall=QAI+0H7uFEJD0fFxyOs1Ug==, figureFileBig=Dgxz5TMpWxxy9lXjN/l8jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882861840089261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图15, caption=
经典蚁群算法牛场巡检路径, figureFileSmall=QAI+0H7uFEJD0fFxyOs1Ug==, figureFileBig=Dgxz5TMpWxxy9lXjN/l8jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882861907198126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=
Local obstacle avoidance path of cattle farm inspection robot, figureFileSmall=+BtEgCI+sXIJZgQRs2am3Q==, figureFileBig=6xPNwJcDK48ypfP2ia4cVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862158856367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图16, caption=
牛场巡检机器人局部避障路径, figureFileSmall=+BtEgCI+sXIJZgQRs2am3Q==, figureFileBig=6xPNwJcDK48ypfP2ia4cVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862230159536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=
Local obstacle avoidance attitude angle of cattle farm inspection robot, figureFileSmall=HgB0ajWFKSRvB1B0CJ2WVg==, figureFileBig=mw+9G+bm1gTByJKuZhGXWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862293074097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图17, caption=
牛场巡检机器人局部避障姿态角度, figureFileSmall=HgB0ajWFKSRvB1B0CJ2WVg==, figureFileBig=mw+9G+bm1gTByJKuZhGXWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862372765874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=
Local obstacle avoidance linear velocity of cattle farm inspection robot, figureFileSmall=6jZzcUevl4ERwlleiRLUPg==, figureFileBig=0Wftt8+CiEjCc29SU30xfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862435680435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图18, caption=
牛场巡检机器人局部避障线速度, figureFileSmall=6jZzcUevl4ERwlleiRLUPg==, figureFileBig=0Wftt8+CiEjCc29SU30xfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862502789300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=
Local obstacle avoidance angular velocity of cattle farm inspection robot, figureFileSmall=gmOFpMIDbiIKaCQpUncITQ==, figureFileBig=YMgHF/ZEbWedIZAduRxtKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862574092469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图19, caption=
牛场巡检机器人局部避障角速度, figureFileSmall=gmOFpMIDbiIKaCQpUncITQ==, figureFileBig=YMgHF/ZEbWedIZAduRxtKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862637007030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=
Inspection robot platform in large-scale cattle farm, figureFileSmall=rSIpZfZUgK1+arwg/mYp7Q==, figureFileBig=1/VSgSbew77vnP8QMlwgeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862716698807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=图20, caption=
规模化牛场巡检机器人平台, figureFileSmall=rSIpZfZUgK1+arwg/mYp7Q==, figureFileBig=1/VSgSbew77vnP8QMlwgeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882862792196280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
List of cattle individuals to be inspected (example)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 牛只个体编号 | 所属养殖舍编号 | 巡检状态 |
|---|
| Cow_001 | Shed_001 | 已巡检 |
| Cow_002 | Shed_001 | 已巡检 |
| Cow_030 | Shed_002 | 已巡检 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882862867693753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
待巡检牛只个体列表(示例)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 牛只个体编号 | 所属养殖舍编号 | 巡检状态 |
|---|
| Cow_001 | Shed_001 | 已巡检 |
| Cow_002 | Shed_001 | 已巡检 |
| Cow_030 | Shed_002 | 已巡检 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882862934802618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
List of barns to be inspected (example)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 养殖舍编号 | 舍内个体总数/只 | 待巡检个体数量/只 | 巡检状态 |
|---|
| Shed_001 | 20 | 0 | 已巡检 |
| Shed_002 | 15 | 5 | 待巡检 |
| Shed_008 | 3 | 3 | 待巡检 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863022883003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
待巡检养殖舍列表(示例)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 养殖舍编号 | 舍内个体总数/只 | 待巡检个体数量/只 | 巡检状态 |
|---|
| Shed_001 | 20 | 0 | 已巡检 |
| Shed_002 | 15 | 5 | 待巡检 |
| Shed_008 | 3 | 3 | 待巡检 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863089991868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Containers.Map data structure table
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| 键(x, y) | 值[x, y, parent_x, parent_y, g(n), h(n), f (n)] |
|---|
| (1, 2) | [1, 2, 0, 0, 10, 20, 30] |
| (3, 4) | [3, 4, 1, 2, 15, 25, 40] |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863169683645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
Containers.Map数据结构表
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| 键(x, y) | 值[x, y, parent_x, parent_y, g(n), h(n), f (n)] |
|---|
| (1, 2) | [1, 2, 0, 0, 10, 20, 30] |
| (3, 4) | [3, 4, 1, 2, 15, 25, 40] |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863236792510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Performance comparison between the A* algorithm improved by introducing greedy strategy, diagonal heuristic function and efficient data structure and the traditional A* algorithm
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| 实验 | 算法类型 | 规划时间/ms | 转折次数 | 转折度数/(°) | 路径长度/cm | 遍历节点数 |
|---|
| a | 改进A*算法 | 0.032 5(SD=0.006 8) | 0.670 1 | 30.154 5 | 36.969 3 | 111 |
| 传统A*算法 | 0.378 9(SD=0.017 8) | 11.000 0 | 495.000 0 | 38.112 7 | 241 |
| b | 改进A*算法 | 0.053 1(SD=0.003 7) | 3.074 8 | 138.366 5 | 39. 605 8 | 214 |
| 传统A*算法 | 0.469 5(SD=0.028 4) | 13.000 0 | 585.000 0 | 39.870 1 | 306 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863303901375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
引入贪婪策略、对角线启发式函数及高效数据结构改进的A*与传统A*算法性能对比
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| 实验 | 算法类型 | 规划时间/ms | 转折次数 | 转折度数/(°) | 路径长度/cm | 遍历节点数 |
|---|
| a | 改进A*算法 | 0.032 5(SD=0.006 8) | 0.670 1 | 30.154 5 | 36.969 3 | 111 |
| 传统A*算法 | 0.378 9(SD=0.017 8) | 11.000 0 | 495.000 0 | 38.112 7 | 241 |
| b | 改进A*算法 | 0.053 1(SD=0.003 7) | 3.074 8 | 138.366 5 | 39. 605 8 | 214 |
| 传统A*算法 | 0.469 5(SD=0.028 4) | 13.000 0 | 585.000 0 | 39.870 1 | 306 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863387787456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Setting of livestock different activity probabilities
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| 实验组数 | 固定进食和停留总概率/% | 牛只随机游走概率/% |
|---|
| 1 | 80 | 20 |
| 2 | 50 | 50 |
| 3 | 0 | 100 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863450702017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
牛只不同活动概率设定
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| 实验组数 | 固定进食和停留总概率/% | 牛只随机游走概率/% |
|---|
| 1 | 80 | 20 |
| 2 | 50 | 50 |
| 3 | 0 | 100 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863513616578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Inspection experimental records of cattle under different activity probability
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| 牛只随机游走概率/% | 巡检算法 | 总路径长度/m | 总巡检时间/s | 牛只个体巡检覆盖率/% |
|---|
| 20 | TSP+A* | 789.98 | 270.49 | 100.00 |
| ACO | 793.27 | 281.71 | 95.27 |
| 50 | TSP+A* | 992.71 | 341.44 | 100.00 |
| ACO | 1 206.67 | 432.03 | 93.29 |
| 100 | TSP+A* | 1 125.63 | 385.56 | 100.00 |
| ACO | 1 376.95 | 486.38 | 92.42 |
), ArticleFig(id=1317882863589114051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882385874670289, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
牛只不同活动状态下巡检实验记录
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| 牛只随机游走概率/% | 巡检算法 | 总路径长度/m | 总巡检时间/s | 牛只个体巡检覆盖率/% |
|---|
| 20 | TSP+A* | 789.98 | 270.49 | 100.00 |
| ACO | 793.27 | 281.71 | 95.27 |
| 50 | TSP+A* | 992.71 | 341.44 | 100.00 |
| ACO | 1 206.67 | 432.03 | 93.29 |
| 100 | TSP+A* | 1 125.63 | 385.56 | 100.00 |
| ACO | 1 376.95 | 486.38 | 92.42 |
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