Article(id=1317882395328622917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12133/j.smartag.SA202408003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792137248117, onlineDateStr=2026-10-16, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792137248117, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792137248117, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792137248117, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1317882300113735707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, year='2026', volume='8', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='236', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792137225416, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792137292328, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1317882580817527623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, issueId=1317882300113735707, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=213, endPage=225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1317882395542532422, articleId=1317882395328622917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=EN, title=Obstacle Avoidance Control Method of Electric Skid-Steering Chassis Based on Fuzzy Logic Control, columnId=1281692414322656239, journalTitle=Smart Agriculture, columnName=Intelligent Equipment and Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance control are important components of autonomous driving chassis, but most current studies treat these two issues as two independent tasks, which will cause the chassis to stop trajectory tracking when facing an obstacle, and then implement trajectory tracking again after completing obstacle avoidance. If the distance from the reference path after obstacle avoidance is too far, the subsequent tracking performance will be affected. There are also some studies on trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance at the same time, but these studies are either not smooth enough and prone to chatter, or the control system is too complex. Therefore, a simple algorithm is proposed that can simultaneously implement trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance control of the chassis in this research. [Methods] First, the kinematic model and kinematic error model of the chassis were designed. Since skid-steering was adopted, the kinematic model of the chassis was simplified to a two-wheel differential rotation robot model when designing the mathematical model. Secondly, the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy controller of the chassis was designed. Since the error model of the chassis was designed in advance, the T-S fuzzy model of the chassis could be designed. Based on the T-S model, a T-S fuzzy controller was designed using the parallel distributed compensation (PDC) algorithm. The linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller was used as the state feedback controller of each fuzzy subsystem in the T-S fuzzy controller to form a global T-S fuzzy controller, which could realize the trajectory tracking function of the chassis when there were no obstacles. Secondly, the obstacle avoidance controller of the chassis was designed. A new LQRobs controller was designed in the global open-loop system to generate the reference trajectory to avoid obstacles. When the system detects an obstacle in the environment, the LQRobs controller starts working, and generates a new path by judging the distance between the obstacle and the chassis, so that the chassis could avoid the obstacle. When the chassis bypassed the obstacle, the LQRobs controller stopped working. In order to better realize the obstacle avoidance function, a fuzzy controller was designed to adjust the gain matrices Q and R of the LQRobs controller in real time. Then, in order to realize trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance controlled at the same time, a fuzzy fusion controller was designed to combine the two controllers to form the final chassis input, and the Mamdani fuzzy controller was selected to achieve it. Finally, the method was simulated and experimental tested. The simulation test used joint simulation test used MATLAB-Simulink and the experiments based on the self-developed electric multi-functional chassis were conducted. [Results and Discussions] The simulation results showed that when there were no obstacles, the control method could achieve stable trajectory tracking in the reference path composed of straight lines and curves. When there were obstacles, the vehicle could avoid them smoothly and quickly converge to the reference trajectory. When facing obstacles, the designed fuzzy logic LQRobs controller could adaptively change the controller gain matrix according to the vehicle's speed and the distance between the current obstacles to achieve rapid convergence. The experimental results showed that when there were no obstacles, the chassis could use the T-S fuzzy controller to achieve stable tracking of the reference trajectory, and the average errors in the lateral and longitudinal directions of the entire tracking process were 0.041 and 0.052 m, respectively. When facing obstacles, the T-S fuzzy controller and the LQRobs controller realized the obstacle avoidance and tracking control of the chassis through joint control. The fuzzy controller was used to adjust the gain matrix of the LQRobs controller in real time, and the tracking error was reduced by 33.9% compared with the controller with a fixed gain matrix. [Conclusions] The control system can simultaneously realize the trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance control of the chassis, can quickly converge the tracking error to zero, and achieve smooth obstacle avoidance control. Although the control method proposed is simple and efficient, and the tracking and obstacle avoidance effects are significantly improved, the control method can only handle static obstacles on the reference path at present, and subsequent research will focus on dynamic obstacles.

, authors=Lei LI1, 2, Xiaoming SHE1, 2, Xinglong TANG1, 2, Tao ZHANG1, 2, Jiwei DONG1, 2, Yuchuan GU1, 2, Xiaohui ZHOU1, 2, Wei FENG1, 2, Qinghui YANG1, 2, authorsList=Lei LI, Xiaoming SHE, Xinglong TANG, Tao ZHANG, Jiwei DONG, Yuchuan GU, Xiaohui ZHOU, Wei FENG, Qinghui YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoming SHE, authorNote=

LI Lei, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
SHE Xiaoming, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=copyright©2026 by the authors, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1317882399460012403, articleId=1317882395328622917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, language=CN, title=基于模糊逻辑控制的滑移转向底盘避障控制方法, columnId=1281692414507205617, journalTitle=智慧农业(中英文), columnName=智能装备与系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[目的/意义] 目前,针对同时实现自动驾驶底盘轨迹跟踪和避障控制的研究还存在跟踪性能不足、执行器易抖动和系统复杂度过高的问题,提出了一种简洁算法同时实现底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制。 [方法] 利用模糊并行分布式补偿策略设计全局Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)模糊控制器,设计线性二次型调节器(Linear Quadratic Regulator, LQR)控制器作为每个局部系统的控制器,实现底盘的轨迹跟踪。在全局开环T-S模糊系统中设计一个新的LQRobs控制器用于实时动态轨迹规划,实现避障控制,并且设计了一个模糊控制器来动态调整增益矩阵。利用模糊融合控制器将两个控制器联合起来形成最终的控制输入。 [结果和讨论] 测试表明,在没有障碍物时,轨迹跟踪的横纵向跟踪误差分别为0.041 m和0.052 m。在有障碍物时,该方法可以实时生成参考轨迹实现避障控制。设计的模糊控制器可以根据工况实时调整LQRobs控制器的增益矩阵,与增益矩阵固定的LQRobs控制器相比,其跟踪误差降低了33.9%。 [结论] 该方法利用简洁的算法结构同时实现了底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制,为底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制研究提供了一种新的参考。

, authors=李磊1, 2, 佘小明1, 2, 唐兴隆1, 2, 张涛1, 2, 董继伟1, 2, 古愉川1, 2, 周晓晖1, 2, 冯伟1, 2, 杨清慧1, 2, authorsList=李磊, 佘小明, 唐兴隆, 张涛, 董继伟, 古愉川, 周晓晖, 冯伟, 杨清慧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=佘小明, authorNote=

李 磊,硕士,工程师,研究方向为智能农机装备自动控制。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
佘小明,正高级工程师,研究方向为无人驾驶农机装备研制。E-mail:
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label=Fig. 4, caption=Diagram block of trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance system, figureFileSmall=Zw/qNvbUsnKu53Bdutwi/Q==, figureFileBig=QWXyoTDr7TRqO4KNXYpJWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882468359848135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图4, caption=轨迹跟踪和避障控制系统框图, figureFileSmall=Zw/qNvbUsnKu53Bdutwi/Q==, figureFileBig=QWXyoTDr7TRqO4KNXYpJWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882468422762696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Membership function of gain matrix of the LQRobs obstacle avoidance, figureFileSmall=iH9/HiUlJoXMJaNeA3SyRw==, figureFileBig=Pj/+8IeLIeEJqxx1/9PVQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882468485677257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图5, caption=LQRobs避障控制增益矩阵隶属度函数, figureFileSmall=iH9/HiUlJoXMJaNeA3SyRw==, figureFileBig=Pj/+8IeLIeEJqxx1/9PVQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470129844426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Membership function of the fuzzy fusion control, figureFileSmall=aYb9ofw7Gov+afzeFKWt/A==, figureFileBig=QrUQ7yAIyv2j4z3Bw6K4FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470205341900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图6, caption=模糊融合控制隶属度函数, figureFileSmall=aYb9ofw7Gov+afzeFKWt/A==, figureFileBig=QrUQ7yAIyv2j4z3Bw6K4FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470406668493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Simulation design of tracking of obstacle avoidance of chassis, figureFileSmall=DP3LJdAiiALGLIG24H3R/Q==, figureFileBig=7CpnhgeimVZUcup5K1N6jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470482165966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图7, caption=底盘跟踪避障仿真设计, figureFileSmall=DP3LJdAiiALGLIG24H3R/Q==, figureFileBig=7CpnhgeimVZUcup5K1N6jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470553469135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Design of Matlab-simulink simulation experiment, figureFileSmall=ykQqCBH6Pn+stuS6a13+gg==, figureFileBig=PLLTNTYIQxcbyYw3Jmc7NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470645743824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Matlab-simulink 仿真实验设计, figureFileSmall=ykQqCBH6Pn+stuS6a13+gg==, figureFileBig=PLLTNTYIQxcbyYw3Jmc7NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470729629905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Tracking results of chassis without obstacles (simulation), figureFileSmall=z2flCMOa0UXuoKDw1iK/8w==, figureFileBig=LAANirlZky4HWbF28AQH0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470826098898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图9, caption=底盘无障碍物时的跟踪结果(仿真), figureFileSmall=z2flCMOa0UXuoKDw1iK/8w==, figureFileBig=LAANirlZky4HWbF28AQH0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470901596371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The tracking results of chassis with obstacles (simulation), figureFileSmall=HOMsUi7foGkARKzb9vQdHw==, figureFileBig=5XVFLwUOKqUyNs1OcRRzAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882470977093844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图10, caption=底盘有障碍物时的跟踪结果(仿真), figureFileSmall=HOMsUi7foGkARKzb9vQdHw==, figureFileBig=5XVFLwUOKqUyNs1OcRRzAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471044202709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Changes of gain matrix of LQRobs obstacle avoidance controller (simulation), figureFileSmall=aZUGbNTZMRKDZA6pF9QmRA==, figureFileBig=pvrbK1bKh0bpB72hGV7oQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471123894488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图11, caption=LQRobs避障控制器增益矩阵变化情况(仿真), figureFileSmall=aZUGbNTZMRKDZA6pF9QmRA==, figureFileBig=pvrbK1bKh0bpB72hGV7oQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471241335000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Electric skid steer chassis with tracking and obstacle avoidance navigation system, figureFileSmall=iaCZGiBlXv8UNsFK+j1bjg==, figureFileBig=yL9AlN/VPwd68Yt5MDmILg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471341998297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图12, caption=部署跟踪避障导航系统的电动滑移转向底盘, figureFileSmall=iaCZGiBlXv8UNsFK+j1bjg==, figureFileBig=yL9AlN/VPwd68Yt5MDmILg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471400718554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Experiments scenario of obstacle avoidance of skid-steering chassis, figureFileSmall=QVgXVFLWQQ6otIrO4uO8OA==, figureFileBig=ruOg+f+ncDrj0/oG0+caRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471497187547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图13, caption=滑移转向底盘避障试验场景, figureFileSmall=QVgXVFLWQQ6otIrO4uO8OA==, figureFileBig=ruOg+f+ncDrj0/oG0+caRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471576879326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Reference path of skid-steering chassis obstacle avoidance experiments, figureFileSmall=EBFYrzQcscJuDlN7FokHCA==, figureFileBig=E5a9zQDZEqei7GHcpxview==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471643988191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图14, caption=滑移转向底盘避障试验参考路径, figureFileSmall=EBFYrzQcscJuDlN7FokHCA==, figureFileBig=E5a9zQDZEqei7GHcpxview==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471715291360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Tracking results of chassis without obstacles (experiments), figureFileSmall=lSC1ACysKMWeVLNutR2IpQ==, figureFileBig=Ql0dZLDUW/f31ucPqkfFSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471782400225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图15, caption=底盘无障碍物时的跟踪结果(试验), figureFileSmall=lSC1ACysKMWeVLNutR2IpQ==, figureFileBig=Ql0dZLDUW/f31ucPqkfFSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471853703394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Lateral tracking error of chassis without obstacles (experiments), figureFileSmall=PXkvpTCoPo5JDoB8DeopXA==, figureFileBig=5HrTCTDjq6UbEEd8rPyPWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882471933395171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图16, caption=底盘无障碍物时的横向跟踪误差(试验), figureFileSmall=PXkvpTCoPo5JDoB8DeopXA==, figureFileBig=5HrTCTDjq6UbEEd8rPyPWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472080195812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Longitudinal tracking error of chassis without obstacles (experiments), figureFileSmall=iteCmtP1+G2CDu8U7OeX/w==, figureFileBig=96lllr+V55VMoAZGb7uLig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472159887589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图17, caption=底盘无障碍物时的纵向跟踪误差(试验), figureFileSmall=iteCmtP1+G2CDu8U7OeX/w==, figureFileBig=96lllr+V55VMoAZGb7uLig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472218607846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Obstacle avoidance and tracking results of chassis with fuzzy obstacle avoidance controller (experiments), figureFileSmall=0TDr8ZKwKpPx/OkWkquM0A==, figureFileBig=p2w0I/uu66IuLphZyHOBfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472499626215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图18, caption=搭载模糊避障控制器的底盘避障跟踪结果(试验), figureFileSmall=0TDr8ZKwKpPx/OkWkquM0A==, figureFileBig=p2w0I/uu66IuLphZyHOBfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472575123688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Obstacle avoidance and tracking results of chassis without fuzzy obstacle avoidance controller (experiments), figureFileSmall=G45eRgk3RdIvbJVzrGJpRg==, figureFileBig=THvDhAwzIMFfHBLrx5YqDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472659009769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图19, caption=未搭载模糊避障控制器的底盘避障跟踪结果(试验), figureFileSmall=G45eRgk3RdIvbJVzrGJpRg==, figureFileBig=THvDhAwzIMFfHBLrx5YqDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472738701546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Change circumstances of gain matrix of LQRobs of obstacle avoidance (experiments), figureFileSmall=UwgWilbaWVF4KnuRCh1DEQ==, figureFileBig=f3V+Y6ZcxDwogL/BIItQFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472810004715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图20, caption=LQRobs避障控制器增益矩阵变化情况(试验), figureFileSmall=UwgWilbaWVF4KnuRCh1DEQ==, figureFileBig=f3V+Y6ZcxDwogL/BIItQFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472868724973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=Obstacle avoidance and tracking results of chassis under a single obstacle (experimental), figureFileSmall=FdwMYx7EZE3oyAwJWOKC1g==, figureFileBig=MJp/azYmCo15bj4mt6ySMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882472935833839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图21, caption=底盘面对单个障碍物时的避障跟踪结果(试验), figureFileSmall=FdwMYx7EZE3oyAwJWOKC1g==, figureFileBig=MJp/azYmCo15bj4mt6ySMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882474584195312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Fig. 22, caption=Lateral and longitudinal tracking errors of chassis under a single obstacle (experiments), figureFileSmall=eByrK9+VECDZsNZY8GpuIw==, figureFileBig=NRHFO84sjJpUKx0h7AxOqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882474651304177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=图22, caption=底盘面对单个障碍物时的横纵向跟踪误差(试验), figureFileSmall=eByrK9+VECDZsNZY8GpuIw==, figureFileBig=NRHFO84sjJpUKx0h7AxOqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1317882474730995954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters setting of gain matrix of the LQRobs obstacle avoidance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称类别基本论域量化等级
Dob输入[0 m, 0.5 m]{0 m, 0.25 m, 0.5 m} = {PS, PM, PB}
vT输入[0 m/s, 1.4 m/s]{0 m/s, 0.4 m/s, 1.4 m/s} = {PS, PM, PB}
q1输出[0, 3]{0, 0.4, 1, 3} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
q2输出[0, 3]{0, 0.4, 1, 3} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
q3输出[0, 3]{0, 0.5, 0.8, 3} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
r1输出[0, 0.014]{0, 0.004, 0.006, 0.014} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
r2输出[0, 0.014]{0, 0.004, 0.006, 0.014} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
), ArticleFig(id=1317882474819076341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LQRobs避障控制增益矩阵参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称类别基本论域量化等级
Dob输入[0 m, 0.5 m]{0 m, 0.25 m, 0.5 m} = {PS, PM, PB}
vT输入[0 m/s, 1.4 m/s]{0 m/s, 0.4 m/s, 1.4 m/s} = {PS, PM, PB}
q1输出[0, 3]{0, 0.4, 1, 3} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
q2输出[0, 3]{0, 0.4, 1, 3} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
q3输出[0, 3]{0, 0.5, 0.8, 3} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
r1输出[0, 0.014]{0, 0.004, 0.006, 0.014} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
r2输出[0, 0.014]{0, 0.004, 0.006, 0.014} = {ZE, PS, PM, PB}
), ArticleFig(id=1317882474894573814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fuzzy rule of gain matrix of the LQRobs obstacle avoidance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规则数输入输出
DobvTq1q2q3r1r2
1PSPSPBPBPBZEZE
2PSPSPBPBPBPSPS
3PSPSPBPBPBPBPB
4PMPMPSPSPSPMPM
5PMPMPMPMPMPMPM
6PMPMPBPBPBPBPB
7PBPBZEZEZEPBPB
8PBPBZEZEZEPBPB
9PBPBZEZEZEPBPB
), ArticleFig(id=1317882474970071287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LQRobs避障控制增益矩阵模糊控制规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规则数输入输出
DobvTq1q2q3r1r2
1PSPSPBPBPBZEZE
2PSPSPBPBPBPSPS
3PSPSPBPBPBPBPB
4PMPMPSPSPSPMPM
5PMPMPMPMPMPMPM
6PMPMPBPBPBPBPB
7PBPBZEZEZEPBPB
8PBPBZEZEZEPBPB
9PBPBZEZEZEPBPB
), ArticleFig(id=1317882475041374456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The fuzzy rules of the fuzzy fusion control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
θobsDobs
PSPB
NBPBPS
PSPMPS
PBPBPS
), ArticleFig(id=1317882475116871929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模糊融合控制的模糊规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
θobsDobs
PSPB
NBPBPS
PSPMPS
PBPBPS
), ArticleFig(id=1317882475183980794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of the skid-steering chassis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称单位数值
整机形式/轮式
外形尺寸mm1 500×1 200×800
装备质量kg200
载重kg100
平均最高车速km/h5
轴距mm800
轮距mm1 100
虚拟轴距mm1 250
LQR增益矩阵 Q/diag(1,1,1)
LQR增益矩阵 R/diag(0.005,0.005)
), ArticleFig(id=1317882475259478267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

滑移转向底盘参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称单位数值
整机形式/轮式
外形尺寸mm1 500×1 200×800
装备质量kg200
载重kg100
平均最高车速km/h5
轴距mm800
轮距mm1 100
虚拟轴距mm1 250
LQR增益矩阵 Q/diag(1,1,1)
LQR增益矩阵 R/diag(0.005,0.005)
), ArticleFig(id=1317882475314004220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of simulation results under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况横向平均跟踪误差/m纵向平均跟踪误差/m直线平均横向跟踪误差/m直线平均纵向跟踪误差/m曲线平均横向跟踪误差/m曲线平均纵向跟踪误差/m
无障碍物0.036 50.048 20.0210.0300.0650.078
有障碍物0.1890.2230.0230.0280.5320.489
), ArticleFig(id=1317882475498553597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212937352253451, articleId=1317882395328622917, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同工况下的仿真结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况横向平均跟踪误差/m纵向平均跟踪误差/m直线平均横向跟踪误差/m直线平均纵向跟踪误差/m曲线平均横向跟踪误差/m曲线平均纵向跟踪误差/m
无障碍物0.036 50.048 20.0210.0300.0650.078
有障碍物0.1890.2230.0230.0280.5320.489
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基于模糊逻辑控制的滑移转向底盘避障控制方法
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李磊 1, 2 , 佘小明 1, 2 , 唐兴隆 1, 2 , 张涛 1, 2 , 董继伟 1, 2 , 古愉川 1, 2 , 周晓晖 1, 2 , 冯伟 1, 2 , 杨清慧 1, 2
智慧农业(中英文) | 智能装备与系统 2026,8(1): 213-225
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智慧农业(中英文) |智能装备与系统 2026 , 8 (1) : 213 -225
基于模糊逻辑控制的滑移转向底盘避障控制方法
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李磊1, 2 , 佘小明1, 2 , 唐兴隆1, 2, 张涛1, 2, 董继伟1, 2, 古愉川1, 2, 周晓晖1, 2, 冯伟1, 2, 杨清慧1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆市农业科学院农业机械研究所,重庆 401329,中国
  • 2.农业农村部西南山地智慧农业重点实验室(部省共建),重庆 401329,中国
通讯作者:
佘小明,正高级工程师,研究方向为无人驾驶农机装备研制。E-mail:
作者简介:

李 磊,硕士,工程师,研究方向为智能农机装备自动控制。E-mail:

Obstacle Avoidance Control Method of Electric Skid-Steering Chassis Based on Fuzzy Logic Control
Lei LI1, 2 , Xiaoming SHE1, 2 , Xinglong TANG1, 2, Tao ZHANG1, 2, Jiwei DONG1, 2, Yuchuan GU1, 2, Xiaohui ZHOU1, 2, Wei FENG1, 2, Qinghui YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Machinery Research, Chongqing 401329, China
  • 2.Southwest Mountain Smart Agricultural Key Laboratory, (Co-construction by the Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing 401329, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHE Xiaoming, E-mail:

    LI Lei, E-mail:

出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202408003
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[目的/意义] 目前,针对同时实现自动驾驶底盘轨迹跟踪和避障控制的研究还存在跟踪性能不足、执行器易抖动和系统复杂度过高的问题,提出了一种简洁算法同时实现底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制。 [方法] 利用模糊并行分布式补偿策略设计全局Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)模糊控制器,设计线性二次型调节器(Linear Quadratic Regulator, LQR)控制器作为每个局部系统的控制器,实现底盘的轨迹跟踪。在全局开环T-S模糊系统中设计一个新的LQRobs控制器用于实时动态轨迹规划,实现避障控制,并且设计了一个模糊控制器来动态调整增益矩阵。利用模糊融合控制器将两个控制器联合起来形成最终的控制输入。 [结果和讨论] 测试表明,在没有障碍物时,轨迹跟踪的横纵向跟踪误差分别为0.041 m和0.052 m。在有障碍物时,该方法可以实时生成参考轨迹实现避障控制。设计的模糊控制器可以根据工况实时调整LQRobs控制器的增益矩阵,与增益矩阵固定的LQRobs控制器相比,其跟踪误差降低了33.9%。 [结论] 该方法利用简洁的算法结构同时实现了底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制,为底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制研究提供了一种新的参考。

滑移转向  /  轨迹跟踪  /  避障控制  /  LQR  /  模糊逻辑控制

[Objective] Trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance control are important components of autonomous driving chassis, but most current studies treat these two issues as two independent tasks, which will cause the chassis to stop trajectory tracking when facing an obstacle, and then implement trajectory tracking again after completing obstacle avoidance. If the distance from the reference path after obstacle avoidance is too far, the subsequent tracking performance will be affected. There are also some studies on trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance at the same time, but these studies are either not smooth enough and prone to chatter, or the control system is too complex. Therefore, a simple algorithm is proposed that can simultaneously implement trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance control of the chassis in this research. [Methods] First, the kinematic model and kinematic error model of the chassis were designed. Since skid-steering was adopted, the kinematic model of the chassis was simplified to a two-wheel differential rotation robot model when designing the mathematical model. Secondly, the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy controller of the chassis was designed. Since the error model of the chassis was designed in advance, the T-S fuzzy model of the chassis could be designed. Based on the T-S model, a T-S fuzzy controller was designed using the parallel distributed compensation (PDC) algorithm. The linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller was used as the state feedback controller of each fuzzy subsystem in the T-S fuzzy controller to form a global T-S fuzzy controller, which could realize the trajectory tracking function of the chassis when there were no obstacles. Secondly, the obstacle avoidance controller of the chassis was designed. A new LQRobs controller was designed in the global open-loop system to generate the reference trajectory to avoid obstacles. When the system detects an obstacle in the environment, the LQRobs controller starts working, and generates a new path by judging the distance between the obstacle and the chassis, so that the chassis could avoid the obstacle. When the chassis bypassed the obstacle, the LQRobs controller stopped working. In order to better realize the obstacle avoidance function, a fuzzy controller was designed to adjust the gain matrices Q and R of the LQRobs controller in real time. Then, in order to realize trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance controlled at the same time, a fuzzy fusion controller was designed to combine the two controllers to form the final chassis input, and the Mamdani fuzzy controller was selected to achieve it. Finally, the method was simulated and experimental tested. The simulation test used joint simulation test used MATLAB-Simulink and the experiments based on the self-developed electric multi-functional chassis were conducted. [Results and Discussions] The simulation results showed that when there were no obstacles, the control method could achieve stable trajectory tracking in the reference path composed of straight lines and curves. When there were obstacles, the vehicle could avoid them smoothly and quickly converge to the reference trajectory. When facing obstacles, the designed fuzzy logic LQRobs controller could adaptively change the controller gain matrix according to the vehicle's speed and the distance between the current obstacles to achieve rapid convergence. The experimental results showed that when there were no obstacles, the chassis could use the T-S fuzzy controller to achieve stable tracking of the reference trajectory, and the average errors in the lateral and longitudinal directions of the entire tracking process were 0.041 and 0.052 m, respectively. When facing obstacles, the T-S fuzzy controller and the LQRobs controller realized the obstacle avoidance and tracking control of the chassis through joint control. The fuzzy controller was used to adjust the gain matrix of the LQRobs controller in real time, and the tracking error was reduced by 33.9% compared with the controller with a fixed gain matrix. [Conclusions] The control system can simultaneously realize the trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance control of the chassis, can quickly converge the tracking error to zero, and achieve smooth obstacle avoidance control. Although the control method proposed is simple and efficient, and the tracking and obstacle avoidance effects are significantly improved, the control method can only handle static obstacles on the reference path at present, and subsequent research will focus on dynamic obstacles.

skid steering  /  trajectory tracking  /  obstacle avoidance control  /  LQR  /  fuzzy logic control
李磊, 佘小明, 唐兴隆, 张涛, 董继伟, 古愉川, 周晓晖, 冯伟, 杨清慧. 基于模糊逻辑控制的滑移转向底盘避障控制方法. 智慧农业(中英文), 2026 , 8 (1) : 213 -225 . DOI: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202408003
Lei LI, Xiaoming SHE, Xinglong TANG, Tao ZHANG, Jiwei DONG, Yuchuan GU, Xiaohui ZHOU, Wei FENG, Qinghui YANG. Obstacle Avoidance Control Method of Electric Skid-Steering Chassis Based on Fuzzy Logic Control[J]. Smart Agriculture, 2026 , 8 (1) : 213 -225 . DOI: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202408003
随着信息化和智能化的不断普及,无人驾驶农机得到广泛应用,在缓解人口老龄化,乡镇空心化等现象时效果显著[1]。无人驾驶农机可以降低30%~60%的用工成本,作业效率提升20%~60%,显著降低驾驶人员的工作强度。并且无人驾驶农机还可以利用先进的传感器技术、定位技术实现精准作业,提高作业精度[2]。农机自动驾驶技术分为环境感知技术、路径决策与规划技术、路径跟踪控制技术[3, 4]。路径跟踪控制作为关键技术之一,良好的控制技术可以提高农机作业的准确性和稳定性[5]。因此,本研究将针对路径跟踪控制技术进行研究。
目前,针对农机装备的跟踪控制方法主要有基于数学模型的方法和基于控制理论的方法[6, 7]。其中,数学模型的方法通过农机与参考路径的几何模型计算出农机的期望前轮转角与横摆角速度实现控制,其中以Pure Pursuit算法[8-10]和Stanley算法[11-13]运用较为广泛;基于控制理论的方法主要有线性二次型调节器(Linear Quadratic Regulator, LQR)[14-16]、Proportion Integral Differential(PID)[17-19]、模型预测控制(Model Predictive Control, MPC)[20-22]、模糊逻辑控制(Fuzzy Logic Control)[23]等。
以上控制算法没有考虑路径中有障碍物的情况,这与实际作业工况不符。目前也有一些考虑避障的跟踪控制研究,但大都是将避障和跟踪作为两个独立的模块进行设计,增加了系统的冗余度,降低了控制效率。GUTIÉRREZ等[24]采用了模块化且可扩展的航路点跟踪控制器,实现底盘的避障和跟踪控制。但该底盘的横向控制器缺少约束,计算结果容易超过执行器的最大允许值。DANG等[25]基于Backstepping技术提出了一种用于轨迹跟踪和避障的自适应控制器,采用协作方法开发,但该方法存在设计过程复杂、实施困难的问题。
选取无人驾驶滑移转向底盘作为研究对象,与普通的前轮转向底盘相比,采用滑移转向的底盘可以实现小角度的转弯半径,甚至是原地转向和掉头,在丘陵山地等狭窄的作业场景中应用广泛[26]。考虑到底盘在作业场景中会有作业操作人员和其他农业机械存在,容易与底盘产生碰撞,这些外界因素对于底盘来说都是障碍物。为了使底盘能够顺利完成作业,必须在轨迹跟踪的过程中实时躲避参考路径中的障碍物,并顺利回到参考轨迹上。
因此,针对无人驾驶滑移转向底盘提出了一种同时实现轨迹跟踪和避障的控制方法。首先,设计了底盘的运动学误差模型。其次,利用T-S(Takagi-Sugeno)模糊模型和并行分布式补偿(Parallel Distributed Compensation, PDC)算法设计了T-S模糊控制器,并对T-S模糊控制器中的每个局部系统都使用了LQR反馈控制器来实现底盘的轨迹跟踪功能。当底盘面对障碍物时,在全局开环T-S模糊系统中设计了LQRobs控制器来进行动态轨迹规划,实现避障控制,并设计了模糊控制器来实时调整其增益矩阵( Q, R )。为了使底盘既能躲避障碍物又不丢失轨迹跟踪的能力,设计了模糊融合控制器将跟踪速度和避障速度联合起来。最后,对该方法进行仿真测试和试验测试。
图1为前轮转向底盘的运动学模型。x,y表示纵向位置和横向位置(m),θ为航向角(rad),ω为横摆角速度(rad/s),v为底盘的速度(m/s),d为底盘的轴距(m),δ为前轮转角(°)。
在惯性坐标系XOY下,通过运动的合成与分解可得运动学模型,如公式(1)所示。
x˙y˙θ˙=cosθsinθtanδ/dv
选取[v,ω]作为轨迹跟踪的控制量,利用公式(2)。将公式(1)转换为公式(3)的形式。
ω=vtanδ/d
x˙y˙θ˙=cosθ0sinθ001vω
滑移转向底盘与差速转动类似,将其简化为两轮差速转动机器人,如图2所示。
该等效模型以质心和曲率中心为横轴,假设虚拟左右轮的位置位于L点和R点。根据文献[27]中关于滑移转向底盘运动学模型设计的内容,可以得到公式(4)的等式:
r=vω=(vL+vR)s22(vR-vL)
式中:s2为虚拟轴距,m;vL和vR为虚拟左右轮的速度,m/s;r为曲率半径,m。
等效运动学模型是基于底盘的虚拟左右轮进行设计的,其质心处的速度和横摆角速度可以由虚拟左右轮的速度进行计算,如公式(5)所示。
vω=vR+vL2vR-vLs2=12121s2-1s2vRvL
其逆运动方程为公式(6):
vRvL=v+s22ωv-s22ω=1s221-s22vω
将公式(5)代入公式(3)可以得到基于左右轮速的运动学模型,如公式(7)所示。
x˙y˙θ˙=cosθ2cosθ2sinθ2sinθ21s2-1s2vRvL
为设计控制器,需要将运动学模型中的状态变量设计为底盘与参考路径之间的位置、方向误差。将参考路径中的参考点同样看成一辆底盘,那么这个误差为当前位置底盘与参考路径上底盘之间的误差,如图3所示。
从图3可以得到滑移转向底盘的误差表达式如公式(8)所示。
exeyeθ=cosθsinθ0-sinθcosθ0001xr-xyr-yθr-θ
式中:xr(m),yr(m),θr(rad)为参考位置和航向;ex(m),ey(m),eθ(rad)为位置误差和航向角误差。联合公式(3)可以得到运动学误差模型,如公式(9)所示:
e˙xe˙ye˙θ=coseθ0sineθ00   1vrωr+-1ey0-ex0-1u
式中:vr为参考点的速度,m/s;ωr为参考点的横摆角速度,rad/s; u 为控制输入,如公式(10)所示。
u=uF+uB=vrcoseθωr+vω
式中:uF为系统的前馈控制输入,由参考路径生成;uB为反馈控制输入。
联合公式(5)、公式(9)和公式(10)可得公式(11)所示的滑移转向底盘运动学误差模型表达式。
e˙xe˙ye˙θ=0(vR_r-vL_r)/s20-(vR_r-vL_r)/s200000exeyeθ+x0sineθ/20(vR_r+vL_r)+-12-120     0-1s21s2vRvL
式中:vR_r和vL_r分别为参考点的左右轮速度,m/s,由轨迹规划模块提前给出。
对公式(11)进行线性化操作(ex=ey=eθ=0),可得公式(12)所示的滑移转向底盘运动学误差模型表达式。
e˙xe˙ye˙θ=0(vR_r-vL_r)/s20-(vR_r-vL_r)/s200000exeyeθ+   -1/2-1/20      0-1/s21/s2vRvL
公式(12)的状态空间形式为公式(13)。
e˙=Ae+Bu
式中: e 为底盘状态量的误差矩阵; A 和 B 为系数矩阵。当vL或vR非零时该系统是可控的。vL和vR在其范围内的不同值可以生成不同的线性误差模型,这些模型可以用来设计T-S模糊模型。
底盘控制系统设计的主要目的是实现底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制。首先设计T-S模糊模型,然后利用PDC算法设计底盘的轨迹跟踪控制器,并且利用LQR控制器获取每个子模块的优化增益。再次,设计LQRobs避障控制器,并且该控制器的增益矩阵由一个模糊控制器进行实时调节。最后,通过一个模糊融合控制器将这两个控制器的输出联合起来,形成最终的控制输入。图4为底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障系统控制框图。
在实际工况中,由于系统的复杂性、变量多和外部干扰等因素导致难以正确描述系统的动态。此时可以通过简化系统动态达到控制目的,但会损失控制性能。由于模糊逻辑控制对系统模型依赖度低的原因,利用模糊控制的T-S模型逼近原始系统是一个有效和灵活的方法[28, 29]。利用T-S模糊模型来近似逼近公式(12)所示的系统模型,则它的第i条模糊规则由公式(14)给出:
Ri: if w1t=Fi1, … wgt=Fig,then:
e˙(t)=Aie(t)+Biu(t)
式中:w1t,w2t, …,wgt为前置变量;Fig为模糊集;i =1,2,3,…,L;L表示模糊集的序号;Ai∈Rn×n,Bi∈Rn×m,为状态矩阵和输入矩阵。
全局T-S模糊系统模型如公式(15)所示。
e˙(t)=∑i=1Lμi(w(t))Aie(t)+Biu(t)∑i=1Lμi(w(t))
式中:w(t)=[w1(t),w2(t),…,wg(t)];μi(w(t))如公式(16)所示。
μi(w(t))=∏j=1gFij(wj(t))
式中:Fij为wj(t)隶属度函数的级数。
令hi=μi/∑μi作为第i次模糊规则的激活方程,公式(15)可以写为公式(17)。
e˙(t)=∑i=1Lhi(w(t))Aie(t)+Biu(t)
对于i=1,2,3,…,L,μi(w(t))≥0,并且该激活函数有公式(18)所示的凸函数属性。
∑i=1Lhi(w(t))=1
PDC算法的本质是将整个T-S模糊系统分成若干个模糊子系统,并单独为每个模糊子系统设计一个控制器,然后通过局部控制器的模糊加权组合得到全局控制器[30]。这种方法不仅可以提高系统性能,还可以避免试错法中涉及的收敛问题和复杂的模糊隶属度函数[31]。因此,若将模糊控制器的模糊规则的前件部分与T-S模糊模型保持一致,那么就可以为局部控制器的设计提供很大的便利[29]。由此产生的全局控制器是线性控制器的模糊融合,其目的是稳定公式(15)中的模糊系统。T-S模糊控制器的第i条规则由公式(19)给出。
Ri: if w1t=Fi1, … wgt=Fig,then
u(t)=-Kie(t)
式中:Ki为反馈控制的增益,i=1,2,3,…,L。
通过匹配全局模糊系统,全局T-S模糊控制器可以表示为公式(20)的形式:
u(t)=-∑i=1Lhi(w(t))Kie(t)
将公式(20)代入公式(17)可以得到闭环系统,如公式(21)所示。
e˙(t)=∑i=1L∑j=1Lhi(w(t))hj(w(t)){Ai-BiKj}e(t)
该模糊系统需要满足文献[31]中的稳定性定理,因此,利用MATLAB中的线性矩阵不等式工具箱进行求解(LMI toolbox),计算每个子系统中满足稳定性要求的最优控制律。
LQR是一种应用广泛的最优控制方法,用于求解给定性能指标的反馈控制系统的最优解,具有最优性、鲁棒性和简单性的特点,目前被广泛应用于自动控制、航空航天、机械工程等领域[32]。根据PDC算法,本节将设计LQR控制器用于计算T-S模糊控制器中的每个子系统的最优解。
由于本研究使用了误差状态空间模型,控制问题表述如下。
控制输入计算如公式(22):
u(t)=-Ke(t)
目标函数计算如公式(23):
J=∫t0∞(eTQe+uTRu)dt
式中:J为目标函数; Q 和 R 为系数矩阵。
线性系统计算如公式(24):
e˙(t)=Ae(t)+Bu(t)
其中K的组成如公式(25)所示:
K=R-1BTP
P 为公式(26)所示的代数Riccati方程的解:
PA+ATP+Q-PBR-1BTP=0
在全局开环系统中设计一个新的LQRobs控制器用于实现障碍物的躲避,其实现方法为当系统检测到环境中的障碍物时LQRobs控制器开始工作。检测的依据为障碍物与底盘之间的距离,由底盘上的距离传感器获取。若距离低于某个阈值时,LQRobs控制器开始工作,实时动态规划出一条无障碍物的局部路径。当底盘上的距离传感器检测到与障碍物之间的距离高于某个阈值时,判定底盘已经成功躲避障碍物,LQRobs控制器停止工作。
LQRobs控制器有两个增益矩阵 Q 、 R 的选取决定了LQRobs控制器的控制性能。通常这两个参数都是基于设计人员在不断试错中总结出来的固定参数,但往往只适合某些固定的行驶工况,很难适应路径中突然出现障碍物的场景。因此,为了更好地实现避障功能,设计了一个模糊控制器,用来实时调节LQRobs控制器的增益矩阵 Q 、 R。将获取的距离和底盘的速度作为模糊控制器的输入,模糊控制器的输出为LQRobs控制器的增益矩阵( Q, R )的值,从而优化LQRobs控制器的输出值,实现更加平滑的避障控制。
本研究利用一个Mandani模糊控制器来对这两个矩阵参数进行实时调节。该模糊控制器有2个输入,其中一个为当前底盘与参考路径中障碍物之间的距离(Dob,m);另一个为底盘的速度(vT,m/s)。有5个输出,分别为增益矩阵 Q 的对角元素(q1,q2,q3)和 R 的对角元素(r1,r2)。输入(出)变量的基本论域和量化等级如表1所示,其中ZE、PS、PM、PB为用来描述变量的一个区域,分别表示零(Zero, ZE)、正小(Positive Small, PS)、正中(Positive Medium, PM)和正大(Positive Big, PB)。图5为输入(出)变量的隶属度函数,表2为模糊控制规则,描述了利用逻辑语言来选取增益矩阵的规则。例如,如果障碍物很近(PS),则矩阵 Q 中的q1设置为高(PB)实现底盘的快速响应。同时,为了避免快速响应导致底盘失去跟踪稳定性,还需要对矩阵 R 中的r1进行调整。如果障碍物很远(PB),则q1,r1分别设置为0(ZE)和高(PB)让底盘跟踪参考轨迹。
如果在参考轨迹上存在障碍物,底盘必须在跟踪参考轨迹的同时避开这些障碍物。因此,底盘将同时受跟踪速度(vr_T,vl_T)和避障速度(vr_obs,vl_obs)的控制,此时需要设计融合控制器将这两种速度进行融合。本研究选取Mamdani模糊控制器来实现,将输入设置为底盘与障碍物之间的距离Dob和底盘与障碍物之间的角度θob,其中θob的论域为[-4 rad,4 rad],量化等级为{-4 rad,0 rad,4 rad}={NB,PS,PB},其中NB为用来描述变量的一个区域,表示负大(Negative Big, NB)。输出为融合增益F,论域为[0,1],量化等级为{0,0.5,1}={PS,PM,PB}。输入(出)隶属度函数如图6所示,融合增益的模糊规则如表3所示,描述了利用逻辑语言来选取融合增益的规则。例如,如果障碍物很近(PS),障碍物与底盘之间的角度偏大(PB),则F设置为高(PB),增加最终输入值中避障速度的比重,让底盘快速躲避障碍物。如果障碍物很远(PB),则F设置为低(PS),让底盘跟踪参考路径。
由上述模糊融合控制器可以得到底盘最终的控制输入如公式(25)所示。
vr=(1-F)vr_T+Fvr_obsvl=(1-F)vl_T+Fvl_obs
为了验证本研究所提避障控制方法的有效性和正确性,在MATLAB-Simulink中进行联合仿真测试。
仿真所采用的硬件设备为Intel Xeon E-2244 G 3.80 GHz,32 GB RAM。MATALB版本为2020a。选取自主研制的底盘作为仿真对象[33],相关参数见表4。
选取直线和曲线组成的路径为参考路径,如图7a所示。在弯道处设置一处障碍物,障碍物用一个底圆直径380 mm、顶圆直径340 mm、高度500 mm的圆台表示,如图7b所示。
设计了如图8所示的Matlab-simulink联合仿真实验。
图9和图10分别为底盘在有、无障碍物时的跟踪结果。图11a~图11e为有障碍物时模糊LQRobs控制器的增益矩阵变化情况。表5为模糊逻辑控制算法在有/没有障碍物时的跟踪结果对比。
从图9和表5可以看出,没有障碍物时全局模糊控制器可以实现稳定跟踪,横纵向的直线和曲线平均跟踪误差均控制在0.1 m以下。从图10和表5可以看出,有障碍物时控制系统将激活LQRobs控制器实现障碍物躲避。从图11可以看出,为LQRobs控制器设计的模糊控制器可以根据障碍物的位置和底盘的速度动态调整增益矩阵,控制底盘避障后快速收敛到参考轨迹上。
为了验证该方法的有效性,将该方法部署在自主研制的农用电动滑移转向底盘上进行试验测试,如图12所示。底盘的驱动方式为滑移转向驱动,由两个伺服直流电机带动链条进行驱动。配备了英伟达Jeston Nano 控制主板,5个倍加福超声波传感器(分别位于正前、左前、右前、左后、右后),全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS),惯性导航系统(Inertial Navigation System, INS)等设备。其中伺服电机的额定功率1 000 w、额定转速3 000 r/min、额定转矩3 200 N·m,同时直流伺服电机自带双驱伺服控制器,支持电机数据的读取。
采用机器人操作系统(Robot Operating System, ROS)进行试验验证。利用5个倍加福(Pepperl-Fuchs)超声波传感器检测障碍物的位置,可以实现毫米精度的检测。利用超声波传感器自带的同步输入功能可以实现5个传感器之间以内轮循同步的方式发射超声脉冲,实现5个传感器的并行操作。利用GNSS/INS惯导系统获取底盘的位置信息和横(纵)向的加速度信息。利用直流伺服电机自带的反馈元件获取电机的转速和底盘的速度信息。
底盘可以用于农业作业中的播种、除草、施药、覆膜等一系列作业,选取图13所示的试验场景,用于模拟播种和覆膜作业场景。该作业场景中包括了直行、掉头、转弯等常见农业作业路径。
对该路径进行加载和预处理,可以得到图14所示的参考路径。路径中的黑点表示路径中的障碍物,共设置了4个障碍物。
为了验证LQRobs+模糊控制器的有效性,试验测试中将加入增益矩阵固定的LQRobs控制器进行对比,固定增益矩阵的值为: Q =diag(1,1,1), R =diag(0.015,0.015)。
在没有障碍物时,底盘的控制系统仅由T-S模糊控制器控制底盘进行跟踪,结果如图15所示,横、纵向的跟踪误差如图16和图17所示。
无障碍物时,底盘横纵向平均跟踪误差分别为0.041和0.052 m,弯道处的横纵向平均跟踪误差分别为0.131和0.352 m,处于可以接受范围之内(小于0.6 m)[24]。
在面对障碍物时,底盘的控制系统由T-S模糊控制器和LQRobs控制器联合控制。为了验证模糊控制器对LQRobs增益矩阵调整后的跟踪效果,加入了增益矩阵固定的LQRobs控制器进行对比,试验结果如图18和图19所示。
从图18和图19可以看出,搭载了模糊逻辑控制器和没有搭载模糊逻辑控制器两种控制方法都能在行驶的过程中躲避障碍物。其中,具有模糊控制器的LQRobs控制器在避障后能够迅速回到参考路径,整体跟踪误差较没有模糊控制器的方法降低了33.9%。增益矩阵固定的控制器由于障碍物的影响,在避障完成之后不能及时地回到参考路径上,从而影响后续的跟踪结果,整体误差较大。LQRobs控制器在跟踪过程中的增益矩阵变化情况如图20a~图20e所示。
图21展示了底盘在面对路径中其中一个障碍物时的避障及跟踪结果,从图21a~图21c分别表示底盘对障碍物的识别、底盘躲避障碍物,以及成功躲避障碍物后回到参考轨迹。图22为躲避其中一个障碍物时的横、纵向跟踪误差。
从图21和图22中可以看出,农机底盘在完成避障后可以快速地收敛到参考路径上。
以上试验结果表明,在没有障碍物时,农机底盘可以利用T-S模糊控制器实现对参考轨迹的跟踪,整个跟踪过程横纵向的平均误差分别为0.041和0.052 m。在面对障碍时,T-S模糊控制器和LQRobs控制器通过联合控制可以同时实现底盘的避障和跟踪控制。设计的模糊控制器可以对LQRobs控制器的增益矩阵进行动态调整,跟踪误差相较于固定增益矩阵的控制器降低了33.9%。
轨迹跟踪和避障控制是自动驾驶底盘的重要组成部分,但目前大多数研究将这两个问题作为两个独立的任务来完成,这将导致底盘在面对障碍物时需要先停止轨迹跟踪,完成避障之后再次实现轨迹跟踪,如果避障后距离参考路径太远则会影响后续的跟踪效果。目前也有一些轨迹跟踪和避障同时进行的研究,但这些研究要么不够平滑容易出现抖动现象,要么控制系统太过复杂。本研究则提出了一种基于模糊逻辑控制的方法来同时解决轨迹跟踪和避障控制问题。通过设计底盘的运动学模型和运动学误差模型获取T-S模糊模型。基于T-S模糊模型利用PDC算法设计了T-S模糊控制器,利用LQR作为其每个子系统的反馈控制器用于实现底盘的轨迹跟踪。在全局开环控制器中又设计了一个新的LQRobs控制器实现动态轨迹规划,实现避障,并且该控制器的增益矩阵由一个模糊控制器进行实时动态调整。设计了模糊融合控制器来将T-S模糊控制器和LQRobs控制器结合起来形成底盘最终的速度输入。利用了MATLAB-Simulink对该控制方法进行联合仿真验证,并将该方法部署到自研的农用滑移转向底盘中进行试验测试,结果表明,该方法能够在轨迹跟踪的同时实现避障控制,并且控制系统简洁高效;避障后可以快速地将跟踪误差收敛到零,实现更加平滑的避障控制。设计的模糊控制器可以动态调整LQRobs控制器的增益矩阵,相较于不采用模糊控制器的控制方法,该方法的整体控制精度提高了33.9%。
提出的基于模糊算法的跟踪避障控制方法简洁高效,能够同时实现底盘的轨迹跟踪和避障控制,跟踪和避障效果显著。但目前该控制方法还只能处理参考路径中的静态障碍物,后续将针对动态障碍物进行研究。
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doi: 10.12133/j.smartag.SA202408003
  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
基金
Chongqing Municipal Fiscal Science and Technology Innovation(cqaas2023sjczsy006)
重庆市市级财政科技创新(cqaas2023sjczsy006)
重庆市市级财政科技创新(KYLX20240500075)
重庆市市级财政科技创新(KYLX20240500039)
Chongqing Municipal Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Project(CSTB2023TIAD-GPX0037)
重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项面上项目(CSTB2023TIAD-GPX0037)
Chongqing Municipal Scientific Research Institutions Performance Incentive Guidance Special Project(cstc2022jxjl80008)
重庆市科研机构绩效激励引导专项(cstc2022jxjl80008)
作者信息
    1.重庆市农业科学院农业机械研究所,重庆 401329,中国
    2.农业农村部西南山地智慧农业重点实验室(部省共建),重庆 401329,中国

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佘小明,正高级工程师,研究方向为无人驾驶农机装备研制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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