Article(id=1259565966699184875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, issueId=1259565961842123095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753113600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-22, revisedDate=1766246400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778233528065, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778233528065, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778233528065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233528065, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259565961842123095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, year='2026', volume='30', issue='2', pageStart='125', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778233526907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233940379, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259567696174301345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, issueId=1259565961842123095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259567696174301346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, issueId=1259565961842123095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=183, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259565967147975405, articleId=1259565966699184875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, language=EN, title=Association between dietary diversity and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, columnId=1259565965784789759, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To examine the association between dietary diversity and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among Chinese, and to examine the possibility of exposure-response relationships.

Methods

We established a historical cohort by linking health examination records of 57 737 adults (2015-2022) with death registry data. The dietary diversity score (DDS, 0-9 scores) was assessed and divided into three groups based on the number of points (0-3 scores), moderate (4-6 scores) and sufficient (7-9 scores). We used restricted cubic splines (RCS) combined with Cox proportional hazards regression model to analyze the association between DDS and mortality, and Kaplan-Meier curves was applied to describe the survival status across DDS groups.

Results

The association between DDS and cancer mortality was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In contrast, nonlinear associations were observed for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (P < 0.01). When DDS was lower than 3, risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality increased progressively with decreasing DDS. Compared with a DDS of 9, participants with DDS scores of 4-8 had no significant increase in cardiovascular disease mortality risk. For all-cause mortality, the lowest risk was observed at a DDS of 6, with the protective effect attenuating at scores >6 (β=0.01, P < 0.001). Compared with the adequate group, individuals with moderate and inadequate dietary diversity had 26% (HR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.06-1.50) and 45% (HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.03-2.03) higher risks of cardiovascular disease mortality, respectively.

Conclusions

Inadequate dietary diversity was significantly and nonlinearly associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. The lowest risk of death was observed at a moderate DDS level, with no additional benefit at higher scores. Individuals with a DDS < 3 were at substantially higher risk of both all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HUANG Xin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhiqing ZHAO, Wenbin OUYANG, Pingting YANG, Hao WU, Ying LI, Xin HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259565970465669881, articleId=1259565966699184875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, language=CN, title=食物多样性与全因死亡、心血管病死亡及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联, columnId=1259565966174860033, journalTitle=中华疾病控制杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

评估我国人群食物多样性与全因死亡、心血管病及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联及剂量-反应关系。

方法

将2015―2022年57 737名成年人体检数据与死亡登记数据链接,构建历史队列。评估研究对象的食物多样性评分(dietary diversity score, DDS)(总分为0~9分),并将其分为食物多样性不足组(0~3分)、中等组(4~6分)及充足组(7~9分)。采用限制性立方条样函数联合Cox比例风险回归模型分析DDS与死亡间的关联,并采用Kaplan-Meier曲线描述不同组别的生存情况。

结果

DDS与恶性肿瘤死亡不存在关联(P>0.05),但与全因死亡及心血管病死亡呈非线性关联(P < 0.01)。DDS为0~3分者,全因死亡和心血管病死亡风险随DDS降低逐渐上升; DDS=4~8分与DDS=9分者的心血管病死亡风险差异无统计学意义; 全因死亡风险在DDS=6分时最低,在DDS>6分时随评分升高其保护效应减弱(β=0.01, P < 0.001)。与食物多样性充足组相比,中等组和不足组者的心血管病死亡风险分别增加26%(HR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.06~1.50)和45%(HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.03~2.03)。

结论

食物多样性不足与全因死亡及心血管病死亡存在非线性关联。DDS为4~6分时死亡风险最低,而评分较高时并无额外获益。DDS为0~3分的个体全因死亡和心血管病死亡风险增加。

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黄昕,E-mail:
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DOI:10.2174/0929867331666230706102406., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259565971023512318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259565971048678143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, companyId=1259565971023512318, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259565971082232576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, companyId=1259565971023512318, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1湖南师范大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,长沙 410013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259565971229033219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259565971237421828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, companyId=1259565971229033219, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259565971250004741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, companyId=1259565971229033219, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中南大学湘雅三医院健康管理中心,长沙 410013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259565984357204862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Association between dietary diversity score and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality, figureFileSmall=n16voabjMYJgCH232CnF/A==, figureFileBig=4vG5l3YpaZ4qESiXbHFDEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259565984692749184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=CN, label=图1, caption=食物多样性评分与全因死亡、心血管病死亡及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联

A:全因死亡;B:心血管病死亡;C:恶性肿瘤死亡;研究以食物多样性评分=9分为参照,计算其他食物多样性评分与结局的关联,模型调整变量包括年龄、性别、体质量指数、体力活动、吸烟、饮酒、高血压史、糖尿病史和血脂异常史。

, figureFileSmall=n16voabjMYJgCH232CnF/A==, figureFileBig=4vG5l3YpaZ4qESiXbHFDEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259565985372226439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Comparison of cumulative mortality by dietary diversity groups during follow-up, figureFileSmall=iL6S03lYkoR1ozzB47wjJw==, figureFileBig=JRFr8NWIKfEPPVYcDZzaIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259565985951040394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同食物多样性组在随访过程中的累积死亡情况比较

A:全因死亡;B:心血管病死亡;C:恶性肿瘤死亡。

, figureFileSmall=iL6S03lYkoR1ozzB47wjJw==, figureFileBig=JRFr8NWIKfEPPVYcDZzaIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259565986483717007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of baseline characteristics by dietary diversity groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征
Characteristic
食物多样性不足组
Group with insufficient
food diversity(n=2 133)
食物多样性中等组
Moderate food diversity
group(n=35 341)
食物多样性充足组
Adequate food diversity
group(n=20 263)
χ2
value
P
value
年龄组/岁Age group/years152.22< 0.001
   < 30494(3.66)8 121(60.13)4 890(36.21)
  30~<45879(3.59)15 376(62.82)8 221(33.59)
  45~<60603(3.99)9 319(61.74)5 174(34.27)
  ≥60157(3.37)2 525(54.18)1 978(42.45)
性别Gender498.21< 0.001
  男性Male1 194(3.65)21 272(65.08)10 222(31.27)
  女性Female939(3.75)14 069(56.16)10 041(40.09)
体质量指数Body mass index/(kg·m-2)81.34< 0.001
   < 18.5231(4.72)3 060(62.58)1 599(32.70)
  18.5~ < 24.01 146(3.97)17 318(59.97)10 412(36.06)
  24.0~ < 28.0468(3.06)9 454(61.82)5 371(35.12)
  ≥28.0288(3.32)5 509(63.48)2 881(33.20)
吸烟Smoking845.54< 0.001
  否No1 433(3.45)24 039(57.85)16 080(38.70)
  是Yes700(4.32)11 302(69.84)4 183(25.84)
饮酒Drinking333.41< 0.001
  否No1 506(3.76)23 536(58.79)14 994(37.45)
  是Yes627(3.54)11 805(66.69)5 269(29.77)
体力活动Physical activity1 583.10< 0.001
  充足Sufficient1 286(5.64)15 572(68.34)5 929(26.02)
  不足Insufficient847(2.42)19 769(56.57)14 334(41.01)
高血压史Hypertension3.360.186
  否No2 007(3.72)33 081(61.27)18 903(35.01)
  是Yes126(3.36)2 260(60.33)1 360(36.31)
糖尿病史Diabetes0.020.992
  否No2 082(3.69)34 508(61.21)19 787(35.10)
  是Yes51(3.75)833(61.25)476(35.00)
血脂异常史Dyslipidemia23.21< 0.001
  否No2 099(3.72)34 577(61.32)19 711(34.96)
  是Yes34(2.52)764(56.59)552(40.89)
), ArticleFig(id=1259565986764735378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同食物多样性人群基线特征比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征
Characteristic
食物多样性不足组
Group with insufficient
food diversity(n=2 133)
食物多样性中等组
Moderate food diversity
group(n=35 341)
食物多样性充足组
Adequate food diversity
group(n=20 263)
χ2
value
P
value
年龄组/岁Age group/years152.22< 0.001
   < 30494(3.66)8 121(60.13)4 890(36.21)
  30~<45879(3.59)15 376(62.82)8 221(33.59)
  45~<60603(3.99)9 319(61.74)5 174(34.27)
  ≥60157(3.37)2 525(54.18)1 978(42.45)
性别Gender498.21< 0.001
  男性Male1 194(3.65)21 272(65.08)10 222(31.27)
  女性Female939(3.75)14 069(56.16)10 041(40.09)
体质量指数Body mass index/(kg·m-2)81.34< 0.001
   < 18.5231(4.72)3 060(62.58)1 599(32.70)
  18.5~ < 24.01 146(3.97)17 318(59.97)10 412(36.06)
  24.0~ < 28.0468(3.06)9 454(61.82)5 371(35.12)
  ≥28.0288(3.32)5 509(63.48)2 881(33.20)
吸烟Smoking845.54< 0.001
  否No1 433(3.45)24 039(57.85)16 080(38.70)
  是Yes700(4.32)11 302(69.84)4 183(25.84)
饮酒Drinking333.41< 0.001
  否No1 506(3.76)23 536(58.79)14 994(37.45)
  是Yes627(3.54)11 805(66.69)5 269(29.77)
体力活动Physical activity1 583.10< 0.001
  充足Sufficient1 286(5.64)15 572(68.34)5 929(26.02)
  不足Insufficient847(2.42)19 769(56.57)14 334(41.01)
高血压史Hypertension3.360.186
  否No2 007(3.72)33 081(61.27)18 903(35.01)
  是Yes126(3.36)2 260(60.33)1 360(36.31)
糖尿病史Diabetes0.020.992
  否No2 082(3.69)34 508(61.21)19 787(35.10)
  是Yes51(3.75)833(61.25)476(35.00)
血脂异常史Dyslipidemia23.21< 0.001
  否No2 099(3.72)34 577(61.32)19 711(34.96)
  是Yes34(2.52)764(56.59)552(40.89)
), ArticleFig(id=1259565986911536021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Associations of inadequate and moderate dietary diversity groups with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露
Exposure
死亡数
Number
of deaths
观察人年数
Person-years
死亡密度/千人年
Mortality density
/1 000 person-years
(95% CI)
HR值value
(95% CI)
HR调整
HRadj value
(95% CI)
全因死亡All-cause mortality
  食物多样性充足Adequate diversity53152 383.8710.14(9.30~11.03)1.001.00
  食物多样性中等Moderate diversity1 07492 840.0211.57(10.89~12.28)1.12(1.01~1.25)1.16(1.04~1.29)
  食物多样性不足Inadequate diversity875 504.1015.81(12.68~19.46)1.38(1.10~1.74)1.15(0.91~1.45)
心血管病死亡Cardiovascular disease mortality
  食物多样性充足Adequate diversity20552 383.873.91(3.40~4.49)1.001.00
  食物多样性中等Moderate diversity44892 840.024.83(4.39~5.29)1.20(1.02~1.42)1.26(1.06~1.50)
  食物多样性不足Inadequate diversity425 504.107.63(5.50~10.12)1.66(1.19~2.32)1.45(1.03~2.03)
恶性肿瘤死亡Cancer mortality
  食物多样性充足Adequate diversity18152 383.873.45(2.97~4.00)1.001.00
  食物多样性中等Moderate diversity34392 840.023.69(3.31~4.11)1.07(0.89~1.28)1.08(0.90~1.29)
  食物多样性不足Inadequate diversity275 504.104.91(3.24~7.13)1.33(0.89~1.99)1.08(0.71~1.62)
), ArticleFig(id=1259565987175777176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966699184875, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

食物多样性不足组和中等组与全因死亡、心血管病死亡及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露
Exposure
死亡数
Number
of deaths
观察人年数
Person-years
死亡密度/千人年
Mortality density
/1 000 person-years
(95% CI)
HR值value
(95% CI)
HR调整
HRadj value
(95% CI)
全因死亡All-cause mortality
  食物多样性充足Adequate diversity53152 383.8710.14(9.30~11.03)1.001.00
  食物多样性中等Moderate diversity1 07492 840.0211.57(10.89~12.28)1.12(1.01~1.25)1.16(1.04~1.29)
  食物多样性不足Inadequate diversity875 504.1015.81(12.68~19.46)1.38(1.10~1.74)1.15(0.91~1.45)
心血管病死亡Cardiovascular disease mortality
  食物多样性充足Adequate diversity20552 383.873.91(3.40~4.49)1.001.00
  食物多样性中等Moderate diversity44892 840.024.83(4.39~5.29)1.20(1.02~1.42)1.26(1.06~1.50)
  食物多样性不足Inadequate diversity425 504.107.63(5.50~10.12)1.66(1.19~2.32)1.45(1.03~2.03)
恶性肿瘤死亡Cancer mortality
  食物多样性充足Adequate diversity18152 383.873.45(2.97~4.00)1.001.00
  食物多样性中等Moderate diversity34392 840.023.69(3.31~4.11)1.07(0.89~1.28)1.08(0.90~1.29)
  食物多样性不足Inadequate diversity275 504.104.91(3.24~7.13)1.33(0.89~1.99)1.08(0.71~1.62)
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食物多样性与全因死亡、心血管病死亡及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联
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赵芷青 1 , 欧阳文彬 1 , 杨娉婷 2 , 吴浩 2 , 李莹 2 , 黄昕 1
中华疾病控制杂志 | 论著 2026,30(2): 183-188
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中华疾病控制杂志 | 论著 2026, 30(2): 183-188
食物多样性与全因死亡、心血管病死亡及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联
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赵芷青1, 欧阳文彬1, 杨娉婷2, 吴浩2, 李莹2, 黄昕1
作者信息
  • 1湖南师范大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,长沙 410013
  • 2中南大学湘雅三医院健康管理中心,长沙 410013

通讯作者:

黄昕,E-mail:
Association between dietary diversity and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer
Zhiqing ZHAO1, Wenbin OUYANG1, Pingting YANG2, Hao WU2, Ying LI2, Xin HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
  • 2Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.008
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目的

评估我国人群食物多样性与全因死亡、心血管病及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联及剂量-反应关系。

方法

将2015―2022年57 737名成年人体检数据与死亡登记数据链接,构建历史队列。评估研究对象的食物多样性评分(dietary diversity score, DDS)(总分为0~9分),并将其分为食物多样性不足组(0~3分)、中等组(4~6分)及充足组(7~9分)。采用限制性立方条样函数联合Cox比例风险回归模型分析DDS与死亡间的关联,并采用Kaplan-Meier曲线描述不同组别的生存情况。

结果

DDS与恶性肿瘤死亡不存在关联(P>0.05),但与全因死亡及心血管病死亡呈非线性关联(P < 0.01)。DDS为0~3分者,全因死亡和心血管病死亡风险随DDS降低逐渐上升; DDS=4~8分与DDS=9分者的心血管病死亡风险差异无统计学意义; 全因死亡风险在DDS=6分时最低,在DDS>6分时随评分升高其保护效应减弱(β=0.01, P < 0.001)。与食物多样性充足组相比,中等组和不足组者的心血管病死亡风险分别增加26%(HR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.06~1.50)和45%(HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.03~2.03)。

结论

食物多样性不足与全因死亡及心血管病死亡存在非线性关联。DDS为4~6分时死亡风险最低,而评分较高时并无额外获益。DDS为0~3分的个体全因死亡和心血管病死亡风险增加。

食物多样性  /  死亡风险  /  心血管病  /  恶性肿瘤
Objective

To examine the association between dietary diversity and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among Chinese, and to examine the possibility of exposure-response relationships.

Methods

We established a historical cohort by linking health examination records of 57 737 adults (2015-2022) with death registry data. The dietary diversity score (DDS, 0-9 scores) was assessed and divided into three groups based on the number of points (0-3 scores), moderate (4-6 scores) and sufficient (7-9 scores). We used restricted cubic splines (RCS) combined with Cox proportional hazards regression model to analyze the association between DDS and mortality, and Kaplan-Meier curves was applied to describe the survival status across DDS groups.

Results

The association between DDS and cancer mortality was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In contrast, nonlinear associations were observed for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (P < 0.01). When DDS was lower than 3, risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality increased progressively with decreasing DDS. Compared with a DDS of 9, participants with DDS scores of 4-8 had no significant increase in cardiovascular disease mortality risk. For all-cause mortality, the lowest risk was observed at a DDS of 6, with the protective effect attenuating at scores >6 (β=0.01, P < 0.001). Compared with the adequate group, individuals with moderate and inadequate dietary diversity had 26% (HR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.06-1.50) and 45% (HR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.03-2.03) higher risks of cardiovascular disease mortality, respectively.

Conclusions

Inadequate dietary diversity was significantly and nonlinearly associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. The lowest risk of death was observed at a moderate DDS level, with no additional benefit at higher scores. Individuals with a DDS < 3 were at substantially higher risk of both all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.

Dietary diversity  /  Mortality  /  Cardiovascular disease  /  Cancer
赵芷青, 欧阳文彬, 杨娉婷, 吴浩, 李莹, 黄昕. 食物多样性与全因死亡、心血管病死亡及恶性肿瘤死亡的关联. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2026 , 30 (2) : 183 -188 . DOI: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.008
Zhiqing ZHAO, Wenbin OUYANG, Pingting YANG, Hao WU, Ying LI, Xin HUANG. Association between dietary diversity and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, 2026 , 30 (2) : 183 -188 . DOI: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.008
营养素的缺乏已被证实可以影响健康[1]。然而人体膳食营养素摄入是一个复杂的综合过程,食物并非以单一营养成分的形式被人体吸收利用[2]。近5年来,越来越多的研究者开始关注食物整体营养功能的系统探究,聚焦于食物中各类营养素的协同作用及其对健康的综合影响[3-4]。在此背景下,食物多样性作为衡量膳食结构丰富度与均衡性的核心指标,与健康的关联是公共卫生与预防医学领域的重要研究方向。
既往在发达国家进行的研究表明食物多样性不足与死亡相关,如美国和新加坡的队列均发现食物多样性不足会增加成人全因死亡的风险[5-6]。我国居民的饮食习惯与西方发达国家人群存在差异,因此国际研究的结论难以外推至我国人群。同时,近10年来我国居民的生活水平逐步提升、食品种类日益丰富,饮食习惯和结构也在不断演变,需开展大规模队列研究以揭示我国居民食物多样性的状况及其与死亡的关联。食物多样性评分(dietary diversity score, DDS)是评估食物多样性的指标之一[7],通过调查个体是否摄入特定种类的食物组,来评估食物总体质量、充足性、适度性和均衡性[8-9]。由于该指标的测量不涉及食物的具体摄入量,具有良好的人群适用性,适用于大型流行病学现场调查。因此,本研究利用该工具在湖南省开展了一项队列研究,以探索我国人群中食物多样性与死亡的关联。
2015―2021年湖南省中南大学湘雅三医院体检中心共完成健康体检超35.1万人次,其中完成≥2次体检者约5.7万人。如前期研究所述[10],本研究从中选取接受了≥2次体检的个体作为研究对象,并通过身份证号码与2015―2022年湖南省疾病预防控制中心死亡登记数据链接,构建成队列。以首次接受体检的日期作为基线时间,2022年底前发生死亡的研究对象其随访时长为死亡日期减去首次体检日期;对于未匹配到死亡结局的研究对象,其随访时长为在本中心进行的最后1次体检日期减去首次体检日期。最终纳入57 737名研究对象。本研究使用经去标识化的既往体检数据,经中南大学湘雅三医院伦理委员会审核,免予另获取知情同意(伦理审批号:2020-S498)。
除既往研究所述纳入与排除标准外[10],符合以下标准者纳入最终基线分析:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)具有膳食数据可计算DDS;(3)发生死亡的研究对象需有完整的死亡时间和根本死因资料;(4)在本中心具有≥2次体检记录以确认其随访状态和时长;(5)基线资料中具有年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、高血压和糖尿病病史及血脂异常史信息。
采用标准化问卷收集研究对象的社会人口学特征与生活行为数据,包括年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动及膳食摄入情况。由专业的医师对研究对象进行体格检查,内容包括体重、身高、收缩压和舒张压。采集研究对象的空腹静脉全血检测总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和空腹血糖水平,具体问卷内容及操作流程详见既往文献[10-13]。研究对象具体的死因通过死亡证明中的根本死因进行判断,该内容由湖南省疾病预防控制中心的专业人员依据《疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类(第10次修订本)》(The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, ICD-10)进行编码登记。其中,根本死因记录为I00~I99,除I84的归类为心血管病死亡;C00~C97归类为恶性肿瘤死亡。
DDS量表是由联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)创建用于评估食物质量的工具,该量表将食物分为12组[14]。但根据我国居民饮食习惯,《中国居民膳食指南》[15]将食物分为9组。因此,本研究参考该指南[15],利用自填结构化问卷收集研究对象过去7 d 9组内食物的食用情况,包括谷物、蔬菜、水果、畜肉、鱼虾类、蛋类、乳及乳制品、豆类、油脂。若某组食物被摄入则计1分,未摄入则计0分,最后将9组食物的评分相加。本研究DDS总分为0~9分,评分越高表明食物多样性越好。
采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计分析。根据DDS将研究对象分为:食物多样性不足组(0~3分)、食物多样性中等组(4~6分)及食物多样性充足组(7~9分) 3个等级。比较不同DDS组的基线特征,分类变量使用频数(百分比)描述,组间比较采用χ2检验或非参数检验。本研究的结局包括全因死亡、心血管病死亡和恶性肿瘤死亡。首先,使用限制性立方条样函数(restricted cubic spline, RCS)联合Cox比例风险回归模型分析DDS与死亡间的关联,以及是否存在线性或非线性的剂量-反应关系。然后,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线描述不同DDS组在随访期间的生存情况,并以食物多样性充足组作为对照组,分别计算不足组和中等组的HR值及95% CI。模型调整变量包括年龄、性别、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动(充足指≥3次/周且≥30 min/次的运动)、高血压史、糖尿病史及血脂异常史。检验水准α=0.05。
共招募57 737名研究对象,共随访150 728.00人年,研究期间共发生1 692例死亡,总死亡密度为11.23/千人年(95% CI: 10.70/千人年~11.77/千人年),其中心血管病死亡和恶性肿瘤死亡分别占总死亡数的41.08%(695例) 和32.57%(551例)。仅35.10%的研究对象食物多样性充足,食物多样性不足者占3.69%。不同特征人群的食物多样性分布存在差异(均P < 0.001)。≥60岁、具有血脂异常史者其食物多样性充足比例更高;BMI<18.5 kg/m2、吸烟和体力活动充足者其食物多样性不足的比例更高;而女性和饮酒者食物多样性不足和充足的比例均较高。见表 1。高血压史和糖尿病史与食物多样性的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。
DDS与恶性肿瘤死亡间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.176),但DDS与全因死亡、心血管病死亡间均存在关联(均P < 0.01),见图 1。当DDS为0~3分时,其全因死亡风险随DDS降低逐渐增加;当DDS=6分时,研究对象发生全因死亡的风险最低;随着DDS增加,其预防全因死亡的效果减弱。而DDS与心血管病死亡则呈“L”型关联,与DDS=9分相比,DDS为0~3分者发生心血管病死亡的风险增加,且与评分呈负相关;但DDS>3分后,评分增加未使心血管病死亡的风险进一步降低。
根据DDS将研究对象分为食物多样性不足组、中等组及充足组,比较各组随访期间的累积死亡情况,见图 2。Log-rank检验显示,食物多样性与全因死亡和心血管病死亡相关(P < 0.05),但与恶性肿瘤死亡无统计学意义(P=0.372)。利用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型控制混杂变量后,食物多样性中等组与全因死亡仅存在边界性关联(HR调整=1.16, 95% CI: 1.04~1.29),同时食物多样性不足组与全因死亡不存在关联(HR调整=1.15, 95% CI: 0.91~1.45)。但与食物多样性充足组相比,中等组和不足组发生心血管病死亡的风险仍增加,调整HR分别为1.26(95% CI: 1.06~1.50)和1.45(95% CI: 1.03~2.03)。见表 2
本研究基于中南大学湘雅三医院体检中心人群构建历史队列,评估食物多样性与心血管病、恶性肿瘤和全因死亡风险的关联,结果发现该地区仅35.10%的研究对象食物多样性充足;DDS与全因死亡及心血病管死亡风险呈非线性关联,与恶性肿瘤死亡无关。当DDS为0~3分时,全因死亡和心血管病死亡的风险随评分降低逐渐增加,而当DDS>6分后,DDS增加不随死亡风险进一步降低。与食物多样性充足组相比,中等组和不足组的心血管死亡风险增加1.26倍和1.45倍。
既往研究多证实食物多样性与全因死亡风险呈负相关[5-6, 16-17],而有关其与心血管病及恶性肿瘤死亡关联的研究相对有限。本研究结果与Shyam等[17]研究结果部分一致,即食物多样性不足会升高全因死亡及心血管病死亡风险,且该关联在控制混杂因素后有所减弱,但本研究还进一步揭示了其非线性关联。
对于全因死亡,食物多样性不足可能通过限制关键营养素及抗氧化物质的摄入,诱发机体氧化应激水平升高而导致生理功能障碍,最终增加死亡风险[18-19]。此时,增加食物种类有利于促进营养素协同作用,降低营养相关疾病及死亡风险[20]。值得注意的是,DDS不涉及摄入量,高分的同时可能伴随深加工、高热量食品的摄入增加,尤其在湖南省固有的高盐辛辣饮食文化下,整体饮食质量下降[21],从而削弱了食物多样性对全因死亡的保护作用。
DDS与心血管病死亡的“L”型关联提示,心血管健康可能对营养匮乏更敏感,且达到基本营养需求后,预防心血管病死亡不能仅靠增加食物种类,更需注重膳食质量[22],如采纳地中海饮食或防治高血压膳食模式[23-24],优化营养素组合并限制有害成分摄入。此外,多因素Cox比例风险回归模型中,食物多样性中等组和不足组的风险梯度进一步证实,追求并达到食物多样性充足水平是有效降低心血管病死亡风险的基础目标。
本研究未发现DDS与恶性肿瘤死亡的关联,这可能源于恶性肿瘤的高度异质性和较长潜伏期。单一的综合性指标和有限的随访时间难以精确捕捉其细微关联,需通过长期随访和深入分析。
本研究具有一定的优势和局限性:首先,基于体检中心人群构建的历史队列,首次分析当地居民食物多样性与全因死亡、心血管病和恶性肿瘤死亡风险的关联。但DDS主要反映饮食结构的丰富程度,并未涉及具体食物的摄入量。因此,DDS较高的人群可能同时伴随更高的总能量摄入,而研究未能收集这些信息,从而未在分析中进行能量调整以评估食物多样性的独立效应。尽管如此,DDS作为简便且易于应用的饮食质量指标,研究的结果仍可为探索饮食结构与健康结局的关系提供参考数据。此外,本研究虽对可能影响结局的社会人口学特征、环境行为等重要混杂因素进行控制,但研究未收集到的残余混杂因素影响仍无法排除。本研究的结局指标是通过湖南省疾病预防控制中心死因登记系统链接获取,避免了死因的错分带来的信息偏倚。但同时,由于该死亡登记数据仅覆盖湖南省户籍人群,对非本地户籍者,即使在研究期间死亡,也无法获得完整的死亡信息。为尽量减少因结局漏报而造成的信息偏倚,研究仅纳入能够在本中心具有随访信息或在登记系统中有死亡记录的个体来确保结局信息的真实性与随访数据的完整性,从而提高研究结论的可靠性。未来研究若能获得全国的死亡登记数据,将有助于缓解这一局限。最后,本研究仅纳入了湖南省的个体,结果是否具有普适性尚需未来在我国具有不同膳食习惯和结构的群体中进一步调查。
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doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.008
  • 接收时间:2025-07-22
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-22
  • 修回日期:2025-12-21
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    1湖南师范大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,长沙 410013
    2中南大学湘雅三医院健康管理中心,长沙 410013

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
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Number of
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Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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