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This article focused on network-based epidemic models, exploring the transmission patterns of infectious diseases within contact and mobility networks among individuals. From a social behavior perspective, it systematically reviewed the mechanisms of interpersonal transmission driven by social contact networks and the cross-regional transmission processes influenced by population mobility networks, while also elucidating the development and research progress in network epidemic modeling. Future research should further deepen the understanding of human contact and mobility patterns and accurately analyze their relationship with the spatiotemporal spread of infectious diseases. This will provide critical scientific foundations for the targeted design, precise evaluation, and systematic optimization of epidemic prediction, early warning, and intervention strategies.

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ZHANG Juanjuan, E-mail:
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聚焦网络流行病模型,探讨传染病在个体接触与移动网络中的传播规律。从社会行为视角出发,系统梳理社会接触网络驱动的人际传播机制、人群移动网络影响的跨区域传播过程,并阐释网络流行病模型的发展脉络与研究进展。未来应进一步深化人群接触与移动模式研究,精准解析其与传染病时空扩散的关联机制,从而为疫情预测预警及干预策略的靶向制定、精准评估与系统优化提供关键科学依据。

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张娟娟,E-mail:
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余宏杰,复旦大学公共卫生学院教授,博士生导师,国家级人才,公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室主任,上海市重大传染病和生物安全研究院副院长。主要从事传染病新兴跨学科的交叉研究

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人群接触—移动网络的构建与耦合:网络流行病学的研究进展与挑战
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张娟娟 , 余宏杰
中华疾病控制杂志 | 述评 2026,30(2): 125-130
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中华疾病控制杂志 | 述评 2026, 30(2): 125-130
人群接触—移动网络的构建与耦合:网络流行病学的研究进展与挑战
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张娟娟 , 余宏杰
作者信息
  • 复旦大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室,上海 200032
  • 张娟娟,复旦大学公共卫生学院教授,博士生导师,公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室副主任,上海市重大传染病和生物安全研究院兼聘PI。主要从事传染病数学建模研究

    余宏杰,复旦大学公共卫生学院教授,博士生导师,国家级人才,公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室主任,上海市重大传染病和生物安全研究院副院长。主要从事传染病新兴跨学科的交叉研究

通讯作者:

张娟娟,E-mail:
Construction and coupling of human contact-mobility networks: advances and challenges in network epidemiology
Juanjuan ZHANG , Hongjie YU
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.001
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聚焦网络流行病模型,探讨传染病在个体接触与移动网络中的传播规律。从社会行为视角出发,系统梳理社会接触网络驱动的人际传播机制、人群移动网络影响的跨区域传播过程,并阐释网络流行病模型的发展脉络与研究进展。未来应进一步深化人群接触与移动模式研究,精准解析其与传染病时空扩散的关联机制,从而为疫情预测预警及干预策略的靶向制定、精准评估与系统优化提供关键科学依据。

人群接触  /  人群移动  /  网络科学  /  网络流行病  /  传染病建模

This article focused on network-based epidemic models, exploring the transmission patterns of infectious diseases within contact and mobility networks among individuals. From a social behavior perspective, it systematically reviewed the mechanisms of interpersonal transmission driven by social contact networks and the cross-regional transmission processes influenced by population mobility networks, while also elucidating the development and research progress in network epidemic modeling. Future research should further deepen the understanding of human contact and mobility patterns and accurately analyze their relationship with the spatiotemporal spread of infectious diseases. This will provide critical scientific foundations for the targeted design, precise evaluation, and systematic optimization of epidemic prediction, early warning, and intervention strategies.

Human contact  /  Human mobility  /  Network science  /  Network epidemic  /  Infectious disease modeling
张娟娟, 余宏杰. 人群接触—移动网络的构建与耦合:网络流行病学的研究进展与挑战. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2026 , 30 (2) : 125 -130 . DOI: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.001
Juanjuan ZHANG, Hongjie YU. Construction and coupling of human contact-mobility networks: advances and challenges in network epidemiology[J]. Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, 2026 , 30 (2) : 125 -130 . DOI: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.001
新发突发传染病可致全球大流行,危害严重。新型冠状病毒感染(简称新冠)疫情的暴发凸显了全球传染病威胁的严峻性,也提示迫切需要建立严谨的科学理论体系,以更准确地理解、量化并预测病原体对人类健康构成的各类风险。数学模型在传染病防控中的作用日益凸显,可揭示传播机制、预测疫情趋势、评估防控效果。其精确性和适用性依赖于合理的结构设计和参数设定。传染病传播过程复杂,受多尺度因素驱动,既包含宿主内生物学机制,也涵盖宿主间社会因素。新冠大流行带来的一项重要启示是:决定疾病传播动态与负担在区域乃至全球层面呈现差异的核心驱动力是社会性因素,而非单纯的生物学因素[1]。其中,既包括不均衡的社会经济水平、持续调整的防控政策与公众对其作出的差异化响应,也涵盖疾病在全球贫困与边缘化群体中所造成的不成比例的健康冲击[2-4]。尽管病原体传播的生物学特性尚存不确定性,可能增加建模的复杂程度,然而更具挑战性的是对社会因素的精准把握——这不仅影响模型结构与参数设定的合理性,更直接关系到流行病学数据的可获取性及解读的有效性。这些社会维度的问题,恰恰是理解疾病传播动态核心机制的关键难题[5-7]
现有数学模型普遍“尺度割裂”。在生物学尺度上,模型常忽略感染者的接触与移动网络。在人群尺度上,简化个体间的生物学差异。这种割裂削弱了从机制上理解个体病程如何影响群体传播能力,也限制了对生物学和社会因素驱动作用的区分。因此,亟需构建人群接触—移动网络的多尺度耦合模型,提升风险预测与干预评估的精度。
人类社会是全部社会关系的总和,而传染病的传播过程则深刻反映出这种社会结构。其始于家庭内部的亲密接触,通过社会活动延伸到学校、工作场所与社区,并最终体现为区县、城市乃至国家层级的物理空间布局。社会活动中,人与人的接触决定了病原体跨越物种屏障、实现人际传播,并通过人口流动引起暴发甚至大流行[1, 8-9]
所有传染病传播机制模型框架均需对人群暴露于疾病的频率做出关键假设。通常涉及2个核心参数:易感人群与感染者因密切接触(即接触率)而产生的暴露频率,以及单次暴露事件中的感染概率。传统基于微分方程的仓室模型凭借其“均匀混合”假设所实现的数学简洁性而被长期广泛应用[10],但该假设难以真实刻画现实世界中接触网络的结构性、异质性与时空动态性。这一局限导致此类模型在预测超级传播事件、评估针对特定人群或场景的干预措施效果时,常出现偏差。
接触日志研究为此提供了重要实证:他们揭示了与年龄高度相关的混合模式[11-15]。然而,这些接触率不仅会随时间或重大事件的发生而变化[8, 16-19],还会在不同地域与文化背景下呈现出全球性差异[20-21]。除了传统的基于问卷的接触日志记录方式,近期新兴技术(如蓝牙和全球定位系统)为接触研究提供了新的数据源[22-24]。该方法通过持续记录设备间的相对位置与时空共现关系,系统性地收集个体间的接触数据,可用于构建高时空分辨率的动态接触网络及个体行为动力学模型。相较于依赖主观回忆的日志法,此类技术能够实现更为客观的接触行为监测,并支持对接触动态的实时连续追踪。然而,该方法也存在一定局限:(1)数据仅来源于安装并启用相关应用程序的设备使用者,存在用户群体代表性偏差;(2)设备信号交互可能产生非实际接触的“假阳性”记录[24-26],需通过算法优化与数据清洗予以校正。
在新冠大流行期间,许多建模研究者尝试将人群流动性数据作为接触率的替代指标进行建模分析。例如,Badr等[27]基于手机信令构建的聚合流动性指标显示,2020年3月中旬美国各地普遍出现流动性显著下降,且该变化与全国范围的新冠增长率下降呈现高度相关性。类似地,在我国疫情暴发初期,Zhang等[8]也观察到人群接触率的下降与流动性指数之间存在关联。然而,这种替代关系并非始终成立。Zhang等[18]在后续研究中进一步指出,在疫情流行趋于结束时,人群流动性的快速恢复并未同步伴随接触率的同等回升,二者出现了时间脱钩现象。这一发现提示,在疫情不同阶段流动性指标的代表性与解释力可能存在差异,需结合具体传播情境谨慎使用。
这些研究强调了准确刻画本土化社会参数的重要性。在模型设计中,简洁性与真实性之间的权衡取决于模型的尺度与目的。捕捉群体层面的动态可能无需个体层面的社会接触细节,但若要理解局域传播的驱动机制,则可能需要此类细节。即使模型的社会维度已得到精细刻画,但流行病学与行为数据的质量、分辨率或严重不足仍可能制约其预测能力,由此引发的挑战不容忽视。未来重要的研究方向包括(1)对多源数据进行交叉验证与校正,尤其需关注家庭、学校、工作场所、社区等不同接触场景中数据采集方式与精度的差异;(2)应聚焦于不同社会经济水平、人口密度、地理气候条件等典型区域,开展接触参数估计研究,形成具有代表性的本土化参数集;(3)针对不同地区在人口密度、空间结构及数据可及性等方面的差异,构建融合迁移学习与测试时自适应机制的泛化框架,从而重建具备泛化与外推能力的接触参数体系。
移动网络反映了人口在不同时空单元间的流动关系,其结构直接塑造了人群接触的范围与强度,并对传染病传播的路径、速度与空间格局产生关键影响。见图 1。在传统建模中,常采用理论驱动的重力模型与辐射模型(无需具体流动数据)作为固定参数来描述种群间的移动网络。
随着高精度、多源时空数据与建模方法的进步,手机信令、交通出行、社交媒体等数据已广泛应用于流动网络的构建与验证,也使重力模型与辐射模型在不同场景下的适用性得以系统评估。研究显示,重力模型在高度互联的现代社会中会系统性低估长途旅行规模,且在农村地区的表现欠佳[28-30]。此外,这些模型在不同年龄、性别群体中,以及疫情发展的不同阶段,其拟合效果也存在差异[31]。因此,基于手机数据等真实流动信息构建的移动网络,为深入理解人群流动模式及其在疾病传播中的作用提供了更贴近现实的数据基础,有助于提高模型在复杂社会情境下的解释与预测能力。
手机数据在应用中也存在若干局限性:其样本代表性存在固有偏差,例如通常无法涵盖儿童及不使用手机的群体;同时,数据本身往往缺乏用户的人口学属性与出行目的等关键背景信息。随着此类数据在传染病建模与防控中日益普及,系统评估其代表性与偏差程度显得至关重要。此外,如何在充分发挥数据价值的同时,妥善平衡隐私保护与数据共享之间的关系,亦是当前亟待解决的重要课题。
与“均匀混合”假设相似,群体间的出行行为也并非随机分布,然而多数模型仍默认采用随机移动网络假设,且通常未按年龄、性别等人口属性进行细分。Zhang等[32]研究发现,相较于男性,女性的日常活动范围更为局限、出行频率更低;而在年龄维度上,30~59岁成年群体相比其他年龄段表现出更广的活动范围与更高的出行强度,这些差异均与新冠感染风险及传播空间格局相关。这一发现对构建更稳健的传播模型具有重要参考价值,尤其在具备相应年龄、性别分层的流行病学数据时,可提升模型的结构真实性与预测效能。
未来重要的研究方向包括将手机信令等新型数据流与重力模型、辐射模型等理论框架深度融合,并借助问卷调查、访谈等社会科学方法进行交叉验证,从而系统重构不同时空尺度下更贴近现实的人群移动网络。
网络流行病学主要研究传染病如何在个体形成的网络结构中传播,并解析网络结构特征如何塑造疾病传播动力学。其核心在于网络科学与传染病流行病学间的紧密关联:个体间的接触行为构成了传播路径的网络拓扑,而这一拓扑结构又反过来成为研究传播动力学的基础载体[33]。相较于经典传染病模型所依赖的“均匀混合”假设,网络模型强调人群混合的结构性与异质性——疾病的暴发规模与演化规律不仅取决于病原体的生物学参数,还与网络整体结构及感染个体在网络中所处的特定位置密切相关[34]
此技术的核心突破源于复杂网络科学的兴起。Watts等[35]提出的小世界网络模型,揭示了现实网络同时具有高聚类与短路径的特性;Barabási等[36]提出的无标度网络模型,则阐明了许多现实网络中度分布的幂律特征。在此理论基础上,Pastor-Satorras等[37]证明,在无标度网络中,传统流行病学中的传播阈值消失,即使传染性极低的病原体也能在网络中持续存在并流行。这为“超级传播者”现象提供了坚实的数理解释。该研究揭示了网络拓扑结构对流行病传播的决定性作用,突破了经典均匀混合模型的局限,为理解真实世界中疫情的持续性、防控策略的设计提供了理论基础。
不同的网络结构特征塑造了疾病传播动态[38]。Ajelli等[39]构建耦合个体接触网络的埃博拉传播模型,整合接触者追踪等信息,解释了特定年龄的感染风险和个体间传播的异质性,评估了几内亚埃博拉的流行动态,并模拟各类干预措施的实施效果。在新冠大流行期间,Chang等[40]利用手机数据,构建耦合移动网络的动力学模型,揭示新冠传播的不均衡性;Firth等[41]基于高精度全球定位系统定位数据,构建真实世界接触网络模型,模拟并比较了不同新冠防控措施效果;Liu等[42]基于接触调查数据,重建家庭、学校、社区等不同场景接触网络,评估了基于症状监测的班级关闭政策对于新冠传播的控制效果。
为提升网络传播模型的准确性,精确刻画由人类活动形成的接触与移动网络结构至关重要。同时,理解这些网络随时间演变的动态规律也很重要。人类行为会随着对疾病认知的更新或政策调控强度而发生动态调整,进而形成复杂的反馈机制:个体基于真实感染风险(如官方报告)或感知风险,会影响其后续防护行为(如降低接触频率或采用防护措施),而这些行为变化又会改变疫情的发展趋势,形成社会-流行病学反馈回路[43]。见图 1。此类反馈机制所引发的传播动态,比基于静态行为假设的模型所预测的更为复杂:公众对疾病的担忧促使人们降低接触率和出行强度,从而延缓疫情峰值,并随着感知风险和真实风险的波动,可能引发多轮感染浪潮。
以上为新冠疫情期间全球范围内被广泛关注的现象,各国对社交隔离等干预措施的社会响应差异,直接影响了严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2感染率的时空演化轨迹[44]。虽然简单模型在短时间尺度上可能取得与复杂模型相当的预测效果,但要对疫情的中长期发展趋势进行机制性研判,或构建适用于不同情境的干预策略模型,仍需更深入地理解风险感知与决策行为背后的社会心理学机制。
未来需持续推进新发突发传染病建模技术的发展。在数据层面,应构建能够代表我国不同地区人群特点的接触与移动网络,覆盖不同社会经济水平、地理气候条件、文化生活习惯等典型区域,为我国传染病传播模型提供全面且多样化的关键社会行为参数。在建模技术上,应开发适应多元社会情境的网络流行病模型,提升模型的预测精度与现实适用性;在能力建设上,需在地方及区域层面完善建模体系构建,加强模型的验证与示范应用,促进其向政策转化,确保模型能够在政策制定过程中切实发挥作用。为此,应持续深化学术界、研究机构与公共卫生部门及政府的协作,并在地方流行病背景下健全培训机制,从而提高应对突发公共卫生事件的快速建模能力。
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doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.001
  • 接收时间:2026-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-06
  • 修回日期:2026-01-25
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    复旦大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室,公共卫生安全教育部重点实验室,上海 200032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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