Article(id=1259565966598463841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, issueId=1259565961842123095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=1764086400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778233528041, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778233528041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778233528041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233528041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259565961842123095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, year='2026', volume='30', issue='2', pageStart='125', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778233526907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233940379, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259567696174301345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, issueId=1259565961842123095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259567696174301346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, issueId=1259565961842123095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=153, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259565969014382962, articleId=1259565966598463841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, language=EN, title=Qualitative study on influencing factors in the surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology, columnId=1259565965784789759, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the current perceptions, challenges, and recommendations of clinical physicians, hospital administrators, and centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) staff regarding the surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE).

Methods

In July 2024 and January 2025, one-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with clinicians, administrators, and CDC staff from various medical institutions in Chongqing Municipality and Jingzhou City, Hubei Province. The interview outline was designed based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, with interview content was coded, categorized and analyzed using Nvivo 15.0.

Results

Forty participants were included: 17 clinicians, 13 hospital administrators, and 10 CDC staff. Across PUE surveillance and reporting practices, facilitators and barriers were identified at the levels of characteristics of individuals, intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting and process. The top three facilitators were familiarity with monitoring protocols and systems, sufficient resource support, and a well-established implementation environment. The top three barriers were the need to improve the specificity of case definitions, complex reporting procedures, and a lack of information technology and incentive mechanisms.

Conclusions

This study indicate that PUE surveillance and reporting are influenced by factors including characteristics of individuals, intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting and implementation processes. These findings suggest that optimization of PUE surveillance and reporting requires establishing effective incentive mechanisms, strengthening informatization, and expanding surveillance pathways, with the aim of enhancing the efficiency and quality of surveillance and reporting.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LONG Jiang, E-mail:
FENG Luzhao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Boer QI, Qing WANG, Tingting LI, Hairu YU, Yanlin CAO, Binshan JIANG, Yuxi LIU, Li QI, Tian LIU, Jiang LONG, Luzhao FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259565971572908421, articleId=1259565966598463841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, language=CN, title=不明原因肺炎病例监测和报告影响因素的定性研究, columnId=1259565966174860033, journalTitle=中华疾病控制杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解当前临床医生、医院管理人员和疾病预防控制中心(简称疾控中心)工作人员对不明原因肺炎(pneumonia of unknown etiology, PUE)病例监测和报告现状的认识及建议。

方法

2024年7月和2025年1月,选取重庆市、湖北省荆州市疾控中心相关人员、各级各类医疗机构临床医生和管理人员进行一对一深度访谈,访谈提纲基于实施性研究综合框架设计,采用Nvivo 15.0软件对访谈内容进行编码归类和分析。

结果

共纳入40名访谈对象,临床医生、医院管理人员、疾控中心人员分别为17名、13名和10名。PUE监测报告中,临床医生、医院管理人员、疾控中心人员的个人特征、干预方案特征、外部环境、内部环境和实施过程均存在相关促进和阻碍因素。前3个促进因素是熟悉监测方案和系统、可用资源支持、实施环境完善; 前3个阻碍因素是病例定义特异度有待提高、报告流程复杂、缺少信息化和激励机制。

结论

研究发现PUE病例监测报告受个人特征、干预方案特征、外部环境、内部环境及实施过程等因素影响,提示优化PUE病例监测报告需从建立有效激励机制、加强信息化建设及拓展监测路径等方面着手,以提升监测报告的效率和质量。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
龙江,E-mail:
冯录召,E-mail:
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journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966598463841, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Facilitators for the surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素
Factor
临床医生
Clinicians
医院管理人员
Hospital administrators
疾病预防控制中心人员
Centers for disease control and prevention staff
个人特征
Characteristics of individuals
1.较了解肺炎监测方案
Familiar with the PUE surveillance
1.较了解肺炎监测方案和报告系统
Familiar with the PUE surveillance
1.非常了解肺炎监测方案和报告系统
Very familiar with the PUE surveillance
2.认可病例定义
Accept the case definition
2.认可病例定义
Accept the case definition
2.认可病例定义
Accept the case definition
3.对监测系统发现肺炎有信心
Confident in the system to detect PUE
3.对监测系统发现肺炎有信心
Confident in the system to detect PUE
3.对监测系统发现肺炎有信心
Confident in the system to detect PUE
干预方案特征
Intervention characteristics
监测报告未影响日常工作
Unaffected routine work
监测报告未影响日常工作
Unaffected routine work
1.操作流程未影响日常工作
Unaffected routine work
2.监测方案成熟,监测准确性更高
Higher accuracy, mature surveillance
外部环境
Outer setting
1.与相关部门协调合作融洽
Smooth coordination and collaboration with relevant departments
与疾病控制中心、卫生健康委员会等部门合作顺畅
Smooth coordination and collaboration with centers for disease control
1.与社区、教育委员会、民政局等协调配合无障碍
Smooth coordination with education bureau、community
2.政治环境对临床医生影响小
Minimal influence of the political environment
2.政策对肺炎监测有效
Policies effectively support PUE surveillance
内部环境
Inner setting
1.奖励措施鼓励报告
Incentive methods to encourage reporting
1.提供足够人力、物力、资金支持
Sufficient human, material, financial resources
1.设有专门的监测方案和流程
Dedicated monitoring protocols and procedures
2.惩罚措施避免漏报
Punitive methods to prevent underreporting
2.设置奖励惩罚机制
Incentive and punitive mechanisms
2.内部沟通协调健全
Effective internal communication
3.院内沟通协调机制健全
Effective internal communication
3.院内沟通协调机制健全
Effective internal communication
3.设有惩罚机制
Punitive mechanisms
4.同事和管理层态度积极
Positive attitudes among colleagues and management
4.同事和管理层态度积极
Positive attitudes among colleagues and management
4.提供足够的人力、物力、资金支持
Sufficient human, material, financial resources
实施过程
Implementation process
1.监测流程和分工合理
Reasonable workflow and responsibilities
1.实时定期反馈结果
Real-time and periodic feedback
1.监测数据反馈机制健全
Effective data feedback mechanism
2.监测数据反馈机制健全
Effective data feedback mechanism
2.监测流程和分工合理
Reasonable workflow and responsibilities
2.培训疾病控制中心人员、医生
Train for centers for disease control and clinicians
3.积极参加培训
Active participation in training
3.积极参加培训
Active participation in training
), ArticleFig(id=1259565997363684013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966598463841, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不明原因肺炎(简称肺炎)病例监测报告的促进因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素
Factor
临床医生
Clinicians
医院管理人员
Hospital administrators
疾病预防控制中心人员
Centers for disease control and prevention staff
个人特征
Characteristics of individuals
1.较了解肺炎监测方案
Familiar with the PUE surveillance
1.较了解肺炎监测方案和报告系统
Familiar with the PUE surveillance
1.非常了解肺炎监测方案和报告系统
Very familiar with the PUE surveillance
2.认可病例定义
Accept the case definition
2.认可病例定义
Accept the case definition
2.认可病例定义
Accept the case definition
3.对监测系统发现肺炎有信心
Confident in the system to detect PUE
3.对监测系统发现肺炎有信心
Confident in the system to detect PUE
3.对监测系统发现肺炎有信心
Confident in the system to detect PUE
干预方案特征
Intervention characteristics
监测报告未影响日常工作
Unaffected routine work
监测报告未影响日常工作
Unaffected routine work
1.操作流程未影响日常工作
Unaffected routine work
2.监测方案成熟,监测准确性更高
Higher accuracy, mature surveillance
外部环境
Outer setting
1.与相关部门协调合作融洽
Smooth coordination and collaboration with relevant departments
与疾病控制中心、卫生健康委员会等部门合作顺畅
Smooth coordination and collaboration with centers for disease control
1.与社区、教育委员会、民政局等协调配合无障碍
Smooth coordination with education bureau、community
2.政治环境对临床医生影响小
Minimal influence of the political environment
2.政策对肺炎监测有效
Policies effectively support PUE surveillance
内部环境
Inner setting
1.奖励措施鼓励报告
Incentive methods to encourage reporting
1.提供足够人力、物力、资金支持
Sufficient human, material, financial resources
1.设有专门的监测方案和流程
Dedicated monitoring protocols and procedures
2.惩罚措施避免漏报
Punitive methods to prevent underreporting
2.设置奖励惩罚机制
Incentive and punitive mechanisms
2.内部沟通协调健全
Effective internal communication
3.院内沟通协调机制健全
Effective internal communication
3.院内沟通协调机制健全
Effective internal communication
3.设有惩罚机制
Punitive mechanisms
4.同事和管理层态度积极
Positive attitudes among colleagues and management
4.同事和管理层态度积极
Positive attitudes among colleagues and management
4.提供足够的人力、物力、资金支持
Sufficient human, material, financial resources
实施过程
Implementation process
1.监测流程和分工合理
Reasonable workflow and responsibilities
1.实时定期反馈结果
Real-time and periodic feedback
1.监测数据反馈机制健全
Effective data feedback mechanism
2.监测数据反馈机制健全
Effective data feedback mechanism
2.监测流程和分工合理
Reasonable workflow and responsibilities
2.培训疾病控制中心人员、医生
Train for centers for disease control and clinicians
3.积极参加培训
Active participation in training
3.积极参加培训
Active participation in training
), ArticleFig(id=1259565997506290351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966598463841, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Obstacles to surveillance reports of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素
Factor
临床医生
Clinicians
医院管理人员
Hospital administrators
疾病预防控制中心人员
Centers for disease control and prevention staff
个人特征
Characteristics of individuals
不了解肺炎监测系统和报告流程
Limited awareness of PUE surveillance
不负责填报而不了解
Unfamiliar reporting process
病例定义特异度不足
Insufficient specificity of the case definition
干预方案特征
Intervention characteristics
1.手工填报,流程复杂
Manual reporting, the process is complicated
1.监测准确性受技术水平限制
Technical constraints on accuracy
1.传染病系统较多
Multiple infectious disease reporting systems
2.不明原因病例较少
Few cases of unknown cause
2.操作流程耗时较多
Time-consuming procedures
2.数据来源单一
Iimited data sources
3.进行性加重的病例自行转诊
Self-referred deteriorating patients
3.肺炎诊断复杂,难以持久长期地出现病例
Complex diagnosis limiting detection
3.缺乏信息化手段
Lack of informatized tools
4.信息来源单一,只能获取本地信息
Limit information sources:only local data
4.人工填报易出错
Error-prone manual reporting
4.肺炎病例数量少
Few PUE cases
干预方案特征
Intervention characteristics
5.信息报告偏差且碎片化
Information reports are biased and fragmented
外部环境
Outer setting
1.社会环境(舆论)影响监测和报告
Social environment influences monitoring and reporting (public opinion)
1.缺乏行政导向性任务,存在不配合现象
Absence of administrative directives leads to noncooperation
1.外部单位因不了解影响协调配合
Limited understanding hindering cooperation
2.缺乏足够经费及专项资金支持
Insufficient funding、lack of designated financial support
2.不属于法定报告工作,增加医生压力
Not a part of statutory reporting increases physicians' pressure
2.舆论、行政压力影响监测
Administrative pressure, public opinion affect monitoring
3.监测报告不在医疗质量管理体系内
Excluded surveillance in the quality management system
3.社会和政治环境导致报告层级信息衰减
Social and political factors causing information loss
4.未做到患者知情同意
Missing informed consent
4.病例发现就诊意识延后
Delayed care-seeking awareness
5.容易引发社会公众恐慌
Trigger public panic
5.缺乏经费支撑
Insufficient funding support
6.经济预算影响监测报告,增加财政负荷
Budget constraints increasing financial burden
6.信息共享不畅,与外部单位协调一般
Poor information sharing、weak coordination
内部环境
Inner setting
1.基层缺乏技术人才、资金支持
Insufficient primary-level technical personnel and funding
1.基层医院缺乏人员、资金支持
Insufficient primary-level technical personnel and funding
1.基层疾病控制中心缺乏人力资金,实验室建设水平不足
Insufficient laboratory, financial, human resources
2.缺乏信息化手段支持
Insufficient informatization support
2.基层检测分析水平不足
Limited testing、analytical capabilities
2.缺乏奖惩机制
Lack of incentive and punishment mechanisms
3.未明确肺炎报告规范要求
Unclearly defined PUE reporting standards
3.人员结构老化,后备力量不足
Aging workforce with inadequate personnel
实施过程
Implementation process
1.仅培训重点科室且次数少
Only train for key departments and occur infrequently
1.缺乏与疾病控制中心部门的协作机制
Less collaboration mechanism with centers for disease control
1.医生培训力度、专病报告意识不足
Insufficient training、weak awareness of reporting specific diseases
2.缺乏反馈机制,上报后未反馈结果
Missing reporting feedback
2.数据收集缺乏信息化手段
Data collection lacks informatized tools
2.改进评估机制不完善
Inadequate improvement and evaluation mechanisms
3.监测质量无法保证
Uncertain surveillance quality
3.缺少患者基础信息数据
Insufficient basic patient information data
4.缺乏监测反馈机制,绩效评估不完善
Insufficient performance evaluation, absence of feedback
4.样本运送不科学,检测技术不足
Unscientific sample transport、inadequate testing capacity
5.公卫科缺乏自查漏报情况
Missing self-check for underreporting
), ArticleFig(id=1259565997602759344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198908832956435, articleId=1259565966598463841, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不明原因肺炎(简称肺炎)病例监测报告的阻碍因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素
Factor
临床医生
Clinicians
医院管理人员
Hospital administrators
疾病预防控制中心人员
Centers for disease control and prevention staff
个人特征
Characteristics of individuals
不了解肺炎监测系统和报告流程
Limited awareness of PUE surveillance
不负责填报而不了解
Unfamiliar reporting process
病例定义特异度不足
Insufficient specificity of the case definition
干预方案特征
Intervention characteristics
1.手工填报,流程复杂
Manual reporting, the process is complicated
1.监测准确性受技术水平限制
Technical constraints on accuracy
1.传染病系统较多
Multiple infectious disease reporting systems
2.不明原因病例较少
Few cases of unknown cause
2.操作流程耗时较多
Time-consuming procedures
2.数据来源单一
Iimited data sources
3.进行性加重的病例自行转诊
Self-referred deteriorating patients
3.肺炎诊断复杂,难以持久长期地出现病例
Complex diagnosis limiting detection
3.缺乏信息化手段
Lack of informatized tools
4.信息来源单一,只能获取本地信息
Limit information sources:only local data
4.人工填报易出错
Error-prone manual reporting
4.肺炎病例数量少
Few PUE cases
干预方案特征
Intervention characteristics
5.信息报告偏差且碎片化
Information reports are biased and fragmented
外部环境
Outer setting
1.社会环境(舆论)影响监测和报告
Social environment influences monitoring and reporting (public opinion)
1.缺乏行政导向性任务,存在不配合现象
Absence of administrative directives leads to noncooperation
1.外部单位因不了解影响协调配合
Limited understanding hindering cooperation
2.缺乏足够经费及专项资金支持
Insufficient funding、lack of designated financial support
2.不属于法定报告工作,增加医生压力
Not a part of statutory reporting increases physicians' pressure
2.舆论、行政压力影响监测
Administrative pressure, public opinion affect monitoring
3.监测报告不在医疗质量管理体系内
Excluded surveillance in the quality management system
3.社会和政治环境导致报告层级信息衰减
Social and political factors causing information loss
4.未做到患者知情同意
Missing informed consent
4.病例发现就诊意识延后
Delayed care-seeking awareness
5.容易引发社会公众恐慌
Trigger public panic
5.缺乏经费支撑
Insufficient funding support
6.经济预算影响监测报告,增加财政负荷
Budget constraints increasing financial burden
6.信息共享不畅,与外部单位协调一般
Poor information sharing、weak coordination
内部环境
Inner setting
1.基层缺乏技术人才、资金支持
Insufficient primary-level technical personnel and funding
1.基层医院缺乏人员、资金支持
Insufficient primary-level technical personnel and funding
1.基层疾病控制中心缺乏人力资金,实验室建设水平不足
Insufficient laboratory, financial, human resources
2.缺乏信息化手段支持
Insufficient informatization support
2.基层检测分析水平不足
Limited testing、analytical capabilities
2.缺乏奖惩机制
Lack of incentive and punishment mechanisms
3.未明确肺炎报告规范要求
Unclearly defined PUE reporting standards
3.人员结构老化,后备力量不足
Aging workforce with inadequate personnel
实施过程
Implementation process
1.仅培训重点科室且次数少
Only train for key departments and occur infrequently
1.缺乏与疾病控制中心部门的协作机制
Less collaboration mechanism with centers for disease control
1.医生培训力度、专病报告意识不足
Insufficient training、weak awareness of reporting specific diseases
2.缺乏反馈机制,上报后未反馈结果
Missing reporting feedback
2.数据收集缺乏信息化手段
Data collection lacks informatized tools
2.改进评估机制不完善
Inadequate improvement and evaluation mechanisms
3.监测质量无法保证
Uncertain surveillance quality
3.缺少患者基础信息数据
Insufficient basic patient information data
4.缺乏监测反馈机制,绩效评估不完善
Insufficient performance evaluation, absence of feedback
4.样本运送不科学,检测技术不足
Unscientific sample transport、inadequate testing capacity
5.公卫科缺乏自查漏报情况
Missing self-check for underreporting
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不明原因肺炎病例监测和报告影响因素的定性研究
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琦波尔 1, 2, 3, 4 , 王晴 1, 2, 3, 4 , 李婷婷 5 , 余海茹 1, 2, 3, 4 , 曹琰琳 1, 2, 3, 4 , 姜玢杉 1, 2, 3, 4 , 刘雨曦 1, 2, 3, 4 , 漆莉 5 , 刘天 6 , 龙江 5 , 冯录召 1, 2, 3, 4
中华疾病控制杂志 | 论著 2026,30(2): 153-160
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中华疾病控制杂志 | 论著 2026, 30(2): 153-160
不明原因肺炎病例监测和报告影响因素的定性研究
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琦波尔1, 2, 3, 4, 王晴1, 2, 3, 4, 李婷婷5, 余海茹1, 2, 3, 4, 曹琰琳1, 2, 3, 4, 姜玢杉1, 2, 3, 4, 刘雨曦1, 2, 3, 4, 漆莉5, 刘天6, 龙江5 , 冯录召1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100730
  • 2呼吸与共病全国重点实验室,北京 100005
  • 3北京协和医学院病原体感染防控教育部重点实验室,北京 100005
  • 4北京高等学校哲学社会科学创新中心公共卫生应急管理创新中心,北京 100005
  • 5重庆市疾病预防控制中心(重庆市预防医学科学院),重庆 400707
  • 6荆州市疾病预防控制中心,荆州 434000

通讯作者:

龙江,E-mail:
冯录召,E-mail:
Qualitative study on influencing factors in the surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology
Boer QI1, 2, 3, 4, Qing WANG1, 2, 3, 4, Tingting LI5, Hairu YU1, 2, 3, 4, Yanlin CAO1, 2, 3, 4, Binshan JIANG1, 2, 3, 4, Yuxi LIU1, 2, 3, 4, Li QI5, Tian LIU6, Jiang LONG5 , Luzhao FENG1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Beijing 100005, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control, Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100005, China
  • 4Public Health Emergency Management Innovation Center of Beijing Higher Education Innovation Center for Philosophy and Social Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
  • 5Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chongqing Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chongqing 400707, China
  • 6Jingzhou Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Jingzhou 434000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.004
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目的

了解当前临床医生、医院管理人员和疾病预防控制中心(简称疾控中心)工作人员对不明原因肺炎(pneumonia of unknown etiology, PUE)病例监测和报告现状的认识及建议。

方法

2024年7月和2025年1月,选取重庆市、湖北省荆州市疾控中心相关人员、各级各类医疗机构临床医生和管理人员进行一对一深度访谈,访谈提纲基于实施性研究综合框架设计,采用Nvivo 15.0软件对访谈内容进行编码归类和分析。

结果

共纳入40名访谈对象,临床医生、医院管理人员、疾控中心人员分别为17名、13名和10名。PUE监测报告中,临床医生、医院管理人员、疾控中心人员的个人特征、干预方案特征、外部环境、内部环境和实施过程均存在相关促进和阻碍因素。前3个促进因素是熟悉监测方案和系统、可用资源支持、实施环境完善; 前3个阻碍因素是病例定义特异度有待提高、报告流程复杂、缺少信息化和激励机制。

结论

研究发现PUE病例监测报告受个人特征、干预方案特征、外部环境、内部环境及实施过程等因素影响,提示优化PUE病例监测报告需从建立有效激励机制、加强信息化建设及拓展监测路径等方面着手,以提升监测报告的效率和质量。

肺炎  /  不明原因肺炎  /  监测  /  报告  /  定性研究
Objective

To explore the current perceptions, challenges, and recommendations of clinical physicians, hospital administrators, and centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) staff regarding the surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE).

Methods

In July 2024 and January 2025, one-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with clinicians, administrators, and CDC staff from various medical institutions in Chongqing Municipality and Jingzhou City, Hubei Province. The interview outline was designed based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, with interview content was coded, categorized and analyzed using Nvivo 15.0.

Results

Forty participants were included: 17 clinicians, 13 hospital administrators, and 10 CDC staff. Across PUE surveillance and reporting practices, facilitators and barriers were identified at the levels of characteristics of individuals, intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting and process. The top three facilitators were familiarity with monitoring protocols and systems, sufficient resource support, and a well-established implementation environment. The top three barriers were the need to improve the specificity of case definitions, complex reporting procedures, and a lack of information technology and incentive mechanisms.

Conclusions

This study indicate that PUE surveillance and reporting are influenced by factors including characteristics of individuals, intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting and implementation processes. These findings suggest that optimization of PUE surveillance and reporting requires establishing effective incentive mechanisms, strengthening informatization, and expanding surveillance pathways, with the aim of enhancing the efficiency and quality of surveillance and reporting.

Pneumonia  /  Pneumonia of unknown etiology  /  Surveillance  /  Reporting  /  Qualitative research
琦波尔, 王晴, 李婷婷, 余海茹, 曹琰琳, 姜玢杉, 刘雨曦, 漆莉, 刘天, 龙江, 冯录召. 不明原因肺炎病例监测和报告影响因素的定性研究. 中华疾病控制杂志, 2026 , 30 (2) : 153 -160 . DOI: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.004
Boer QI, Qing WANG, Tingting LI, Hairu YU, Yanlin CAO, Binshan JIANG, Yuxi LIU, Li QI, Tian LIU, Jiang LONG, Luzhao FENG. Qualitative study on influencing factors in the surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology[J]. Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, 2026 , 30 (2) : 153 -160 . DOI: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.004
为及时发现严重急性呼吸综合征、人感染禽流感病例及以聚集性和重症肺炎为主要表现的新发突发传染病,我国自2004年起在各级各类医疗机构开展不明原因肺炎(pneumonia of unknown etiology, PUE)病例监测报告[1],但其主要依赖被动报告。既往针对医院内PUE报告调查结果显示,2016年安徽省某传染病医院符合PUE诊断的病例为125例,但调查发现仅有1例上报,网报率为0.8%[2]。重庆市2006年2所医院共发现8例患者符合PUE病例定义,而传染病疫情网络信息报告系统全市、全年合计报告8例病例,且与上述调查病例不重复,提示实际符合监测定义但未报告的病例可能更多。由此可见,PUE病例报告率低,监测系统的运行质量仍有待提高,原因亟待进一步探究。
现有研究多集中于医疗机构内PUE病例监测和报告结果的回顾性调查,较少深入分析影响PUE病例监测报告的相关因素[3-5]。与既往定量研究相比,定性研究更能强调情境背景、刻画经验与行为模式,并揭示不同因素之间的关联性[6]。因此,本研究采用定性研究方法,通过一对一深度访谈,了解与PUE病例监测报告有关利益相关者的问题与建议看法等,系统分析其在个人特征、干预方案特征、外部环境、内部环境和实施过程中的促进与阻碍因素,为提出优化PUE监测和报告的建议提供支持。
2024年7月和2025年1月,采用目的抽样方法,在重庆市、湖北省荆州市选取研究对象。纳入标准:(1)疾病预防控制中心(简称疾控中心)内从事或参与PUE监测报告的相关人员;(2)临床医生(儿科、急诊科、发热门诊、呼吸科、重症监护室、感染科等PUE监测重点科室);(3)医院管理人员;(4)知情同意并自愿参加本研究。排除标准:未从事或不了解与传染病报告相关工作。样本量的估计依据信息饱和原则[7],当研究对象提供的信息出现重复或不再能提供新的观点时,认为样本量达到饱和。共纳入40名专家作为研究对象。本研究已通过中国医学科学院伦理委员会批准(伦理批件号:CAMS & PUMC-IEC-2022-019),研究对象均签署了知情同意书。
研究整体访谈提纲的设计基于实施性研究综合框架(consolidated framework for implementation research, CFIR)[8-9]。根据利益相关者的实际情况设计访谈提纲,包含个人特征、干预方案特征、外部环境、内部环境和实施过程共5个维度和要素。具体为(1)个人特征:与PUE监测相关的利益相关者,即临床医生、医院管理人员、疾控中心人员,包含其对PUE监测方案和系统的熟悉程度、发现病例的信任程度等。(2)干预方案特征:当前开展PUE监测遇到的问题与挑战,可能涉及操作流程、信息化手段及填报方式等内容。(3)外部环境:影响PUE监测的外部因素,包括部门协作、政治社会环境、外部政策和经费支持等。(4)内部环境:影响PUE监测的内部因素,包括实施氛围、组织激励、资源可用性等。(5)实施过程:实施过程主要包含计划、动员、执行、反思与评价4个基本活动,涉及PUE监测流程和职责分工、培训情况、监测数据收集分析及反馈机制的健全程度[10-11]。见图 1[12]
访谈小组由经过定性研究方法培训的研究者组成,采用面对面个人深度访谈的方式。在访谈过程中,研究者可以根据研究对象的回答灵活调整提问顺序与访谈内容[13]。每人访谈时间约为30 min,在正式访谈开始前,研究者向研究对象说明PUE监测项目的背景、研究目的及参与的潜在风险和获益,并强调为确保信息记录的准确与完整,将对访谈过程进行录音;所有资料将以编码替代个人信息并严格保密。
首先,采用Nvivo 15.0软件对影响因素进行编码分析。编码采用人工方式,由访谈小组内2名成员独立完成初始编码,随后进行比对;对不一致的编码通过小组讨论达成一致意见后形成最终编码体系[14]。其次,根据研究对象将材料划分为临床医生、医院管理人员和疾控中心人员3个层面,运用归纳法总结主题及子主题。最后,形成包含主题、层面、子主题及释义的编码簿,并总结各层面的改进建议。
共访谈40名专家,其中重庆市24人,荆州市16人。研究对象中临床医生、医院管理人员、疾控中心人员分别为17名、13名和10名;来自三级医院、二级医院、一级或私立医院、疾控中心机构分别为15名、5名、10名和10名;职称高级、中级、初级分别有16名、18名和6名;年龄主要集中在30~50岁;女性15名,男性25名。
34名(85.0%)临床医生、医院管理人员、疾控中心人员表示了解PUE监测方案及报告系统,对病例定义和监测系统的有效性具有较高认可度,并对系统发现PUE病例的能力保持信心,这成为推动监测报告的重要促进因素。M01:“我们作为医疗机构配合PUE监测报告工作,对这方面是全力支持的。”
现有PUE监测方案和系统在人感染禽流感疫情早期阶段发挥了重要作用,整体已较为成熟。共有16名(40.0%)相关人员认为报告流程清晰易掌握,操作难度不大,且日常工作量不受明显影响。CD05:“PUE操作流程比较方便,每个月报一次数据,整个系统用起来我觉得是没有问题的。”CD07:“当前监测方案比较成熟,疾控中心人员掌握监测报告技术并不难。”
19名(47.5%)疾控中心及医院管理人员表示,自2020年1月―2025年1月以来,疾控中心部门与各县区民政局、养老机构、社区和各市教育委员会等部门,以及医院与市卫生健康委员会、疾控中心机构之间的合作协调较以往更加顺畅和紧密。3名疾控中心人员认为国家的政策颁布实施是影响PUE监测和报告的关键,例如,2022年出台“人感染动物源性流感防控方案”,被认为可推动重症肺炎病例的发现、响应与处置。CD06:“目前PUE大部分是动物源性的,主要是禽流感等可能导致重症和死亡的肺炎病例,国家出台的政策会对疾控中心的处置流程提供更细化的指导,是非常好的推动力量。”
27名(67.5%)临床医生及医院管理人员说到,医院内部针对PUE报告设立了奖惩机制,并具备相对充足的人力、物力与经费支持,同时院内沟通协调机制较为健全,这些因素均有利于PUE病例的及时上报。M08:“南岸区疾控中心会有一些经费支持,2020年初我处置了几例PUE病例,当时1例奖励1 000元给医院科室。”
24名(60.0%)医院管理和疾控中心人员表示,开展PUE专题培训、及时反馈病例信息并进行常规自查,能够有效提升PUE的监测和报告能力。M03:“每年都会组织2次面向全院的传染病培训,在培训中会对PUE进行单独讲解。”M08:“我们医院会实时反馈,因为医生也处于事件环境,结合具体案例可以快速发现潜在的缺漏。另一方面,我们每个月会定期开展自查,将总结发布到医院办公自动化系统;每个季度还会做反馈报告,包括哪些科室报告了多少、是否漏报、准确率、及时率等,这是院内反馈;外部反馈则由疾控中心向我们提供季度分析情况。”见表 1
当前,PUE病例定义特异度仍有待提高[15],且有9名(22.5%)临床医生表示因不负责疾病上报,对PUE相关报告流程不熟悉,这已成为阻碍监测报告的主要因素。CD02:“病例定义有一个核心问题,是以到医院就诊之后的几天时间,而对住院前,比如说一来就有PUE重症的,无法通用这个公式,所以整体适用性还是有限的。”
PUE病例报告依赖于临床医生手动填报,13名(32.5%)医院管理和疾控中心人员认为会增加工作负担,且病例信息碎片化,缺少整合信息的技术手段。CD06:“监测方式存在滞后性,我们目前还是采取医疗机构纸质填报或电子表格形式收集到区疾控中心,审核汇总以后再上报给市疾控中心,所以缺乏一个信息化手段。”
临床医生以诊疗、恢复病人健康为首要目的,16名(40.0%)临床医生指出不会优先考虑诊断为PUE,且PUE报告程序较为复杂和耗时,基层医院存在发现病例前患者已经自行转诊至三级医院的现象。DR03:“我们现在要求患者是正规的抗感染3~5 d,若体温一直不降,症状不好转,又符合其他条件的时候,往往就诊断细菌感染或病毒感染,如果套不上去才考虑PUE,但这个时候患者比较着急,觉得发热3~5 d诊断还不清楚,可能就转诊去更大医院。”M04:“程序太复杂了,中间会浪费很多时间,现在重庆市有自己的医防融合系统,相当于要先报给这个系统,系统再报给疾控中心,我们报了系统之后疾控中心来审,市级又来审,患者在确诊为PUE前就离开医院了。”
22名(55.0%)医院管理和疾控中心人员指出社会舆论、行政压力、经济预算等会直接影响PUE监测报告,如缺少行政导向性任务促进报告、监测报告未纳入医疗质量管理体系、逐级报告信息衰减等。CD02:“社会政治环境对报告影响很大,比如行政压力是我这一级不能不知道,但你要往上一级再报,会存在一层层的信息衰减;舆论压力的话就更大了,更多是影响我们各种行为,整个监测报告舆论影响不好的话,很多监测就没办法开展,而且开展的话会引起更大的舆情,所以环境和行政压力对我们整个监测工作的影响是比经济大的,他的影响不是普通经费能解决的,是社会面的问题,而且很多时候还要对舆情进行回应。”
20名(50.0%)医院管理人员认为基层医院缺乏足够的人力、物力、资金和技术支持及奖励和惩罚机制,人员结构老化且专业素质参差不齐,后备力量不足都是关键的阻碍因素。M07:“我觉得人员资质参差不齐,其实医生不一定能及时发现问题,所以有时候就会延误PUE的发现,甚至可能没有发现,病人也不愿意治疗,会存在监测失灵。”
18名(45.0%)医院管理和疾控中心人员认为当前PUE相关的培训次数较少且缺乏针对性,临床医生报告意识不强影响监测数据的收集,监测的持续改进评估机制不完善。CD08:“上级组织开展的相关培训较少,医疗机构医务人员报告意识不强,导致监测数据收集不全或不及时。改进和绩效评估机制不完善,有待进一步探索。”见表 2
本研究通过访谈发现,PUE监测报告的影响因素主要集中在病例定义、报告操作流程、培训方式等方面,印证了当前文献研究中发现的问题并拓展了新的研究视角[15]。在访谈中,除了解影响因素外,还对监测报告路径、报告形式、报告时间等方面提出具体建议,以便针对不同类型的人员提供完善的PUE监测报告指导。
从临床医生的角度看,医疗机构作为主体报告单位,医生是最早接触疑似PUE病例的人群,需要具备第一时间发现诊断并报告的能力。因此,加强临床医生培训、增强其报告意识和重视程度是完善PUE监测报告的关键。具体措施包括:培训对象不仅限于负责报告的临床医生,还应覆盖重点科室医生及院内管理人员;培训内容和形式不仅要包括PUE诊断和报告标准的解读,还可组织案例或专题培训,如针对人感染动物源性流行性感冒及其他与PUE相关传染病的操作处理流程[16]。当前,PUE监测报告主要依赖于临床医生,医院通过建立报告激励或考核机制,如通过绩效奖金或科研项目支持的形式来减少漏报,确保PUE监测报告工作的顺利开展。
从医院管理人员的角度看,当前PUE病例报告未纳入医疗质量管理环节,缺乏流程约束可能导致临床医生忽视报告。若将其纳入质量管理体系,并与医院绩效考核挂钩,可能会增强临床医生的报告意识[17]。此外,开展PUE监测报告需要足够的人力、物力、资金支持,针对基层医院资源稀缺的问题,建议由上级卫生行政部门设立监测项目的专项经费,逐级拨款用于支持实验室检测和人员培训等,并通过信息化手段弥补相关资源不足。
从疾控人员的角度看,随着国家在二级及以上医疗机构安装部署传染病前置软件,推进信息化平台建设与医防融合机制创新,实现医疗机构与疾控中心系统间信息互通与共享,有助于疾控中心部门更快掌握疫情信息。通过前置软件从电子病历系统中提取患者诊疗数据,第一时间自动抓取可能为PUE病例的关键信息,生成标准化传染病报告卡,提高报告时效性。在此基础上,建议开发新的模块专注于PUE病例,如新发传染病发现聚集性后可第一时间通过系统预警,并由国家、省、市、县级机构直接介入处置。同时,可借助人工智能和大数据技术建立预警模型,整合影像检查、患者主诉、体征及其他疾病信息,通过图像、自然语言和声音数据实现PUE病例的主动感知与早期预警[18]
在PUE监测路径方面,首先,开展社区公众自我监测报告,引导公众建立健康档案,对自身健康状况进行持续追踪,如咳嗽频率、强度或伴随症状变化,这类异常通常是自我监测最早发现的。其次,收集异常健康事件监测信息,不仅包括学校和医疗机构的聚集性事件,还包括社区、养老机构等地的异常健康状况,这类机构发现异常有时更敏感,如家庭聚集性病例、邻里间的异常健康状况等,均有利于PUE发现报告的关口前移。在疾病诊断和发现方面,要培养医务人员的流行病学调查思维,不仅要关注患者个体的患病情况,还要关注群体的流行病学特征,如患者关系网络相关人群的职业、活动轨迹、接触暴露情况、疾病传播和聚集性、严重性等情况,扩大搜索和探测能力,以获得更全面、及时的有效信息[19-20]
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2026年第30卷第2期
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doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2026.02.004
  • 接收时间:2025-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27
  • 修回日期:2025-11-26
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    1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100730
    2呼吸与共病全国重点实验室,北京 100005
    3北京协和医学院病原体感染防控教育部重点实验室,北京 100005
    4北京高等学校哲学社会科学创新中心公共卫生应急管理创新中心,北京 100005
    5重庆市疾病预防控制中心(重庆市预防医学科学院),重庆 400707
    6荆州市疾病预防控制中心,荆州 434000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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