Article(id=1268884571333497617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1780455256540, onlineDateStr=2026-06-03, pubDate=1772294400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1780455256540, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1780455256540, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455256540, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1268884383122494171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, year='2026', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='255', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1780455211667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1780455310713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1268884798719300557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1268884798723494862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, issueId=1268884383122494171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1268884573086716691, articleId=1268884571333497617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, language=EN, title=Mechanism and Parameter Influence of Failure Evolution of Inclined Bolt Segment Joints, columnId=null, journalTitle=China Railway Science, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the stress characteristics and failure mechanism of inclined bolt joints in subway shield tunnel segments, firstly, full-scale tests were designed and carried out on 2 adjacent segment standard blocks based on the supporting engineering. The stress-strain development law of concrete in each part of the inclined bolt segment joint during bearing was analyzed, and the failure process of the segment joint was studied in stages. Then, a numerical model was established to compare the failure process and characteristic change laws of segment joints under 2

methods

numerical simulation and full-scale testing. The rationality of the established model was verified, and the characteristic load values reflecting the bearing capacity of each stage were determined. Finally, influence laws of concrete strength, joint voids, and bolt strength on bearing performance were investigated. The results show that the failure process of the inclined bolt joint of the segment presents a four-stage characteristic. In the cracking stage, the bolt is the main load-bearing component, and the change in stiffness curve corresponds to the failure stage. However, there is a significant spatial attenuation characteristic in the constraint effect of the bolt. The bearing capacity of the joint decreases after cracking and recovers after contacting with the outer arc surface. The compressive zone of the joint concrete gradually moves upward with the opening angle of the inner arc surface, and the inclined bolt is subjected to the greatest force and significant deformation on the joint surface, where concrete cracks first appear. The influence on the change of joint stiffness is the most significant when the concrete grade of the segment is between C50 and C60, and the improvement effect of joint stiffness is the best when the joint void is between 3 and 4 mm. At this point, selecting bolts of grade 6.8-8.8 can balance economy and bearing performance.

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为明确地铁盾构隧道管片斜螺栓接头受力特性及失效机理,首先,针对依托工程2块相邻管片标准块设计并开展足尺试验,分析斜螺栓管片接头各部分混凝土在承载时的应力应变发展规律,分阶段研究管片接头的破坏过程;然后,建立数值模型,对比数值模拟和足尺试验2种方法下的管片接头破坏过程及特征变化规律,验证所建模型合理性并确定反映各阶段承载力的特征荷载值;最后,分析混凝土强度、接头空隙及螺栓强度对承载性能的影响规律。结果表明:管片斜螺栓接头破坏过程呈现4阶段特征,开裂阶段螺栓为主要承力部件,刚度曲线变化与破坏阶段对应,但螺栓约束作用存在显著的空间衰减特性;接头承载性能在开裂后下降,在外弧面接触后回升,接缝混凝土受压区随内弧面张开角逐渐上移,且斜螺栓在接缝面受力最大、变形显著,混凝土裂缝最先出现在接缝面部位;管片混凝土等级在C50~C60时对接头刚度变化的影响最为显著,接头空隙在3~4 mm时对接头刚度的提升效果最好,此时选取6.8~8.8级螺栓可兼顾经济与承载性能。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李鹏飞(1983—),河南开封人,教授,博士。E-mail:
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李少华(1989—)河南郑州人,高级工程师,博士。E-mail:

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fc,r/(N · mm-²) εc,r/10-6 αc εcu/εc,r
251 5601.062.6
301 6401.362.3
351 7201.652.1
401 7901.942.0
451 8502.211.9
501 9202.481.9
551 9802.741.8
602 0303.001.8
652 0803.251.7
702 1303.501.7
752 1903.751.7
), ArticleFig(id=1268884593328427936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884571333497617, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混凝土单轴受压应力-应变曲线参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
fc,r/(N · mm-²) εc,r/10-6 αc εcu/εc,r
251 5601.062.6
301 6401.362.3
351 7201.652.1
401 7901.942.0
451 8502.211.9
501 9202.481.9
551 9802.741.8
602 0303.001.8
652 0803.251.7
702 1303.501.7
752 1903.751.7
), ArticleFig(id=1268884593387148193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884571333497617, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ft,r/(N · mm-²) εt,r/10-6 αt
1.0650.31
1.5810.70
2.0951.25
2.51071.95
3.01182.87
3.51283.82
4.01375.00
), ArticleFig(id=1268884593450062754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884571333497617, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混凝土单轴受拉应力-应变曲线参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ft,r/(N · mm-²) εt,r/10-6 αt
1.0650.31
1.5810.70
2.0951.25
2.51071.95
3.01182.87
3.51283.82
4.01375.00
), ArticleFig(id=1268884593508783011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884571333497617, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段特征荷载值/kN误差比/%
数值模拟结果足尺试验结果
混凝土开裂阶段65.5642.30
接头整体破坏阶段145.01422.10
接头极限破坏阶段266.72650.64
), ArticleFig(id=1268884595157144484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1268266580820377661, articleId=1268884571333497617, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2种方法下特征荷载值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段特征荷载值/kN误差比/%
数值模拟结果足尺试验结果
混凝土开裂阶段65.5642.30
接头整体破坏阶段145.01422.10
接头极限破坏阶段266.72650.64
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斜螺栓管片接头破坏演化机理及参数影响
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李少华 1, 3 , 刘帅磊 2 , 张玉龙 3 , 杨涛 3 , 冯武 2 , 李鹏飞 2 , 姚铁军 1
中国铁道科学 | 2026,47(2): 134-146
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中国铁道科学 | 2026, 47(2): 134-146
斜螺栓管片接头破坏演化机理及参数影响
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李少华1, 3 , 刘帅磊2, 张玉龙3, 杨涛3, 冯武2, 李鹏飞2 , 姚铁军1
作者信息
  • 1.中铁十五局集团有限公司,上海200070
  • 2.北京工业大学 城市与工程安全减灾省部共建教育部重点实验室,北京100124
  • 3.中铁十五局集团有限公司 地下工程有限公司,江苏扬州225101
  • 李少华(1989—)河南郑州人,高级工程师,博士。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李鹏飞(1983—),河南开封人,教授,博士。E-mail:
Mechanism and Parameter Influence of Failure Evolution of Inclined Bolt Segment Joints
Shaohua LI1, 3 , Shuailei LIU2, Yulong ZHANG3, Tao YANG3, Wu FENG2, Pengfei LI2 , Tiejun YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Railway 15th Bureau Group Corporation Limited, Shanghai200070, China
  • 2.Key Lab of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100124, China
  • 3.China Railway 15th Bureau Group Underground Engineering Co., Ltd., YangzhouJiangsu225101, China
出版时间: 2026-03-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.12
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为明确地铁盾构隧道管片斜螺栓接头受力特性及失效机理,首先,针对依托工程2块相邻管片标准块设计并开展足尺试验,分析斜螺栓管片接头各部分混凝土在承载时的应力应变发展规律,分阶段研究管片接头的破坏过程;然后,建立数值模型,对比数值模拟和足尺试验2种方法下的管片接头破坏过程及特征变化规律,验证所建模型合理性并确定反映各阶段承载力的特征荷载值;最后,分析混凝土强度、接头空隙及螺栓强度对承载性能的影响规律。结果表明:管片斜螺栓接头破坏过程呈现4阶段特征,开裂阶段螺栓为主要承力部件,刚度曲线变化与破坏阶段对应,但螺栓约束作用存在显著的空间衰减特性;接头承载性能在开裂后下降,在外弧面接触后回升,接缝混凝土受压区随内弧面张开角逐渐上移,且斜螺栓在接缝面受力最大、变形显著,混凝土裂缝最先出现在接缝面部位;管片混凝土等级在C50~C60时对接头刚度变化的影响最为显著,接头空隙在3~4 mm时对接头刚度的提升效果最好,此时选取6.8~8.8级螺栓可兼顾经济与承载性能。

盾构隧道  /  管片接头  /  足尺试验  /  数值模拟  /  破坏机理  /  参数影响

To clarify the stress characteristics and failure mechanism of inclined bolt joints in subway shield tunnel segments, firstly, full-scale tests were designed and carried out on 2 adjacent segment standard blocks based on the supporting engineering. The stress-strain development law of concrete in each part of the inclined bolt segment joint during bearing was analyzed, and the failure process of the segment joint was studied in stages. Then, a numerical model was established to compare the failure process and characteristic change laws of segment joints under 2

methods

numerical simulation and full-scale testing. The rationality of the established model was verified, and the characteristic load values reflecting the bearing capacity of each stage were determined. Finally, influence laws of concrete strength, joint voids, and bolt strength on bearing performance were investigated. The results show that the failure process of the inclined bolt joint of the segment presents a four-stage characteristic. In the cracking stage, the bolt is the main load-bearing component, and the change in stiffness curve corresponds to the failure stage. However, there is a significant spatial attenuation characteristic in the constraint effect of the bolt. The bearing capacity of the joint decreases after cracking and recovers after contacting with the outer arc surface. The compressive zone of the joint concrete gradually moves upward with the opening angle of the inner arc surface, and the inclined bolt is subjected to the greatest force and significant deformation on the joint surface, where concrete cracks first appear. The influence on the change of joint stiffness is the most significant when the concrete grade of the segment is between C50 and C60, and the improvement effect of joint stiffness is the best when the joint void is between 3 and 4 mm. At this point, selecting bolts of grade 6.8-8.8 can balance economy and bearing performance.

Shield tunnel  /  Segment joint  /  Full-scale test  /  Numerical simulation  /  Failure mechanism  /  Parameter influence
李少华, 刘帅磊, 张玉龙, 杨涛, 冯武, 李鹏飞, 姚铁军. 斜螺栓管片接头破坏演化机理及参数影响. 中国铁道科学, 2026 , 47 (2) : 134 -146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.12
Shaohua LI, Shuailei LIU, Yulong ZHANG, Tao YANG, Wu FENG, Pengfei LI, Tiejun YAO. Mechanism and Parameter Influence of Failure Evolution of Inclined Bolt Segment Joints[J]. China Railway Science, 2026 , 47 (2) : 134 -146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.12
随着城市地下空间的持续拓展,盾构法凭借其快速、安全、环保等技术优势,已在城市地下交通建设中得到广泛的应用1-2。盾构隧道衬砌结构通常由钢筋混凝土预制管片通过螺栓连接而成,管片接头作为结构中受力最薄弱的部分,其力学性能直接决定了整条隧道的承载能力及全寿命周期内的安全性能3。因此,深入研究盾构隧道管片接头的承载性能及其失效机理,对于提升隧道结构设计水平、保障运营安全等具有重要的理论价值和工程意义。近年来,国内外学者从数值计算和足尺试验等方面对盾构隧道管片接头的承载性能进行了相应研究,并根据相互验证的试验结果和数值模拟结果,总结管片接头受力变化规律4-5。在管片接头试验方面,吴永照等6、周龙等7和张冬梅等8根据具体工程案例开展了相应的足尺模型试验,总结了不同衬砌环的破坏特征并归纳了整体变形、接缝位移及不同位置处应变随荷载变化的发展规律,研究发现盾构管片接头处抗拉刚度较低,试件最终破坏形式以受拉端破坏为标志,同时发现螺栓应变呈现先增加、再逐渐变缓、最后出现屈服平台的变化过程,逆剪螺栓接头的抗剪效果弱于顺剪接头的,并提出了错台量控制指标。尽管如此,由于螺栓连接方式及形式存在不同,现有管片接头试验相关研究仍有需要补充完善之处,同时对于试验破坏过程以及各阶段的破坏状态、破坏荷载判定仍需要进行充分研究。
针对管片接头的破坏过程展开数值模拟,可以更加直接地揭示用材料属性及尺寸在接头损伤演化过程中的作用机制,实现多因素探究管片接头承载性能9-10。张稳军等11通过三维数值模拟对盾构隧道封顶块区域进行局部精细化建模,分析混凝土损伤、连接螺栓受力和错台量的变化规律分析,总结螺栓应力及混凝土受拉损伤的变化趋势。何历超12、吴悦等13、崔庆龙14、曾东洋15和徐培凯等16均以不同城市的实际工程为背景,利用数值模拟建立了管片接头三维精细化数值模型,研究了轴力、螺栓角度以及预紧力作用下接头抗弯刚度和极限承载力的变化规律,得到了接头转角与抗弯刚度的变化关系,总结直螺栓连接形式对接头刚度的影响规律。然而,现有的研究内容对于斜螺栓接头形式的建模与分析仍较为有限,且在管片接头所用材料属性方面存在一定研究空白,未阐明管片接头所用材料之间、各外荷载之间的最佳适配关系和适用范围。
鉴于此,本研究针对地铁盾构斜螺栓管片接头,通过足尺试验和数值模拟分析各部分混凝土在承载时的应力应变发展规律,研究斜螺栓管片接头的破坏特征以及失效机理,通过对比数值模拟与试验的结果验证数值模拟合理性,并开展混凝土强度、接头空隙及螺栓强度对承载性能的影响规律研究,为盾构管片接头连接设计提供依据。
以某地铁盾构隧道2块相邻的管片标准块为研究对象,盾构管片外径为8 800 mm,内径为7 900 mm;管片厚度为450 mm,幅宽为1 600 mm;衬砌标准块的圆心角为49.5°。接头通过2根强度等级为8.8级的M30斜螺栓进行交叉连接,其构造如图1所示。
此次试验加载系统主要由分配梁、千斤顶、加载装置以及支座构成,具体构造如图2所示。加载时,竖向荷载由加载装置施加,通过分配梁结构实现荷载均匀传递,为确保荷载传递过程中接触应力的均匀分布,在分配梁底部设置橡胶垫,规避局部应力集中现象;水平方向通过千斤顶施加100 kN的轴向力,以模拟实际工程中管片接头承受的轴力作用。在边界约束方面,试验采用一端固定铰支座约束转动位移、另一端滑动支座释放水平位移的约束体系,更真实地模拟实际工况中管片的受力状态。加载过程中采用位移控制法,确保对管片变形行为的精准监测17;当混凝土出现明显脱落或内弧面张开量超过预设限值时,判定管片失去承载能力,停止加载。
试验监测的内容包括管片接头部位的竖向挠度、接头下部的张开量以及混凝土的应变。在管片的内、外弧面及侧面对称布置混凝土应变监测点,用以分析管片的破坏特性,并通过W,N和C区分外弧面、内弧面和侧弧面的监测点位;编号命名中,下标“1”和“2”分别表示接头的左侧和右侧;侧弧面编号中间位数字用以区分管片两侧不同面,但试验时考虑到两侧规律一致,未在另一侧布设测点。在管片内弧面设置竖向位移计M1,M2,G1和G2,分别监测接头部位的张开量以及竖向挠度。通过上述布置,系统地捕捉到管片在受力过程中的变形特征18。具体监测点的布置如图3所示。
1)荷载-挠度
图4为管片内弧面接头荷载-挠度变化曲线,对应的螺栓拉力变化曲线如图5所示。可以发现测点M2与G2的变形规律基本一致,据此可将接头失效演化过程大致划分为4个阶段。考虑到M2位于接缝影响区,其位移响应能更好地反映接缝开合、螺栓变形及混凝土受力的协同变化,更精准地捕捉接头力学行为的阶段特征,因此以其荷载-挠度变化曲线形态特征(斜率变化、转折点)为依据,结合混凝土裂缝发展、螺栓应变及外弧面接触状态等物理现象,分析各阶段荷载-挠度变化规律。
(1)混凝土弹性阶段(阶段Ⅰ)。荷载0~64 kN的加载初期,荷载-挠度变化曲线呈现明显的线性相关,挠度增长速率较为平缓,无明显拐点。在此阶段,随着荷载增加,轴向力引发的弯矩效应逐渐被抵消,接缝界面张开量持续增加;混凝土未出现裂缝,结构处于弹性工作状态。
(2)开裂阶段(阶段Ⅱ)。荷载达到64 kN时出现第1个显著拐点,曲线斜率下降。螺栓孔周边混凝土进入承压状态,出现裂纹并沿环向主筋方向向外弧面扩展,结构转入带缝工作阶段。随着荷载增大,钢筋与混凝土协同机制逐渐建立,裂缝进一步发展,导致荷载-挠度变化曲线斜率较阶段Ⅰ衰减明显,表明结构刚度发生退化。由于外弧面混凝土未发生接触,且2块管片通过斜螺栓连接,此阶段混凝土和螺栓共同为承力构件,螺栓中间部位受力逐渐增大,如图5所示。管片一端水平滑动,内弧面张开角不断增大,故手孔部位混凝土产生的破坏影响较小,未出现裂缝。
(3)接头整体破坏阶段(阶段Ⅲ)。荷载达到142 kN时出现第2个拐点,曲线斜率回升,对应管片外弧面接触面完全闭合,接缝区域混凝土应变值骤增,基于此试验结果,将该临界荷载定义为破坏荷载。在外弧面接触形成后,相邻管片间会产生显著的接触压力,此时外弧面相互挤压并伴随着出现表面裂缝,如图6所示;同时,螺栓拉力增速趋缓,表明结构传力机制发生转换,混凝土承压区逐渐替代螺栓承担主要荷载,标志着接头进入塑性变形主导的失效模式。
(4)接头完全失效阶段(阶段Ⅳ)。荷载达到265 kN时曲线斜率再次下降。接缝面混凝土被压碎,出现局部的贯穿裂缝,如图7所示。可以看出:外弧面混凝土随荷载增大逐渐出现裂缝,外弧面混凝土被压碎,出现大面积开裂和脱落,管片侧面靠近外弧面部位裂缝扩展明显,由于螺栓和混凝土相互挤压,螺栓孔附近混凝土开裂并掉落,且由于螺栓连接时处于相互交叉空间位置关系,螺栓孔部位呈现的破坏位置相异;螺栓孔周缘裂缝沿环向方向扩展,与外弧面接触界面的压碎区域形成贯通性损伤带,正是由于外弧面接触区混凝土发生局部压溃,导致结构刚度衰减,进而造成荷载-挠度曲线斜率显著降低,此时结构承载力趋近于极限状态。该阶段的破坏形态表现为“螺栓孔周边混凝土剥落、外弧面接触区骨料脱落以及侧面斜裂缝扩展”,出现上述破坏特征时,将进入该阶段的初始荷载定义为极限荷载,标志着接头进入完全失效模式。
2)管片接头刚度
在盾构管片接头的承载性能研究中,弯矩作用下的接头张开角演化规律是表征其刚度特性的关键指标19。此次试验中弯矩-转角(M-Ɵ)曲线斜率对应的接头转动刚度如图8所示。这一刚度变化过程同样可划分为4个特征阶段。
(1)弹性阶段(M≤105 kN · m):加载初期,轴力与摩擦共同作用形成初始约束,使得内弧面接头转角Ɵ随弯矩增长呈现平缓线性变化,表明接头处于线弹性工作状态。
(2)刚度退化阶段(105 kN · m<M≤233 kN · m):当弯矩突破临界值105 kN · m时,接缝混凝土受压区上移,外弧面接触界面未完全闭合,导致转动刚度骤降,M-Ɵ曲线呈现非线性特征。
(3)接触硬化阶段(233 kN · m<M≤435 kN · m):外弧面接触界面完全闭合引发刚度突变,曲线斜率回升。由于混凝土承压面积扩大,转角增长率较前阶段降低,呈现明显的硬化效应。
(4)极限失效阶段(M>435 kN · m):当弯矩达到435 kN · m后,接头刚度曲线进入极限破坏阶段,螺栓孔周缘混凝土剥落导致刚度急剧衰减,曲线斜率最终趋近于零。此时结构表现为接缝界面完全分离、混凝土骨料大面积脱落,标志着接头承载能力完全丧失。
图9为管片外、内弧面应变-荷载关系曲线,取混凝土受压时的应变为负,受拉时的应变为正。
结合斜螺栓管片接头的失效模式,图9(a)外弧面近接缝位置的应变-荷载曲线呈现4阶段演化特征:当竖向荷载处于阶段Ⅰ时,接头张开角与混凝土接触力较小,对外弧面产生的应变几乎为0;随着荷载增大,混凝土受压区上移,接头管片接缝上半区的混凝土应变出现小幅度波动变化;在荷载达到233 kN时,外弧面接触界面完全闭合,压应变幅值骤增;至荷载达到435 kN后,接触区混凝土发生局部压溃,骨料脱落导致有效接触面积减少,压应变增速减缓,结构进入完全失效状态。
图9(b)为内弧面斜螺栓连接导致手孔区域呈现差异化的应变响应。可以看出:当竖向荷载处于初始阶段时,由于管片自重及系统预紧力作用,螺栓孔周缘混凝土承受压应变并形成相应的接触压力区;随着荷载增大,接缝张开量增加,此时螺栓处于接缝部位,倾斜变形受力明显,管片一端为滑动约束,在水平位移增大时螺栓会对手孔部位产生拉力约束;在荷载达到特征极限荷载前,测点(N2-1,N2-2)处压应变一直处于上升趋势;测点(N2-3,N2-4)远离管片接缝部位,螺栓在接缝部位处和管片混凝土相互作用发生向下形变,发生形变后对手孔部位所传递的影响较小,所受拉应变值小于其余2个测点,表明螺栓约束作用存在显著的空间衰减特性。
图10为管片侧弧面近接缝位置的混凝土应变-荷载关系曲线,由图10可知:在弹性阶段,管片端头轴力与螺栓预紧力的共同作用,此时接缝界面处于完全闭合状态;荷载进入开裂阶段,管片下部张开量增大,接缝部位相互作用力提高,曲线变化幅度有所增加,且该阶段螺栓为主要承力部件;荷载达到142 kN时外弧面接触界面闭合,之后荷载传递效率提升,混凝土压应变骤增,曲线斜率达到峰值,标志着混凝土承压体系的形成,且这一增长趋势一直保持到外弧面混凝土受到严重破坏。
为进一步研究管片接头部位的力学特性,利用ABAQUS软件建立三维数值模型,如图11所示。其中,管片混凝土等级为C50,螺栓强度等级为8.8级。考虑到施加荷载的加载板在刚度上远大于管片结构,因此其变形忽略不计,采用刚形体建模并与管片外弧面为绑定约束20。对接头管片施加竖向荷载加载,约束设置为左侧为铰支座,右侧为只约束其水平方向的支座;对2块管片接头接触面及螺栓和管片内部螺栓孔壁分别设置面面接触,摩擦系数为0.15和0.3;分别定义切向罚摩擦和法向硬接触,设置螺栓和螺帽为Tie约束21。整体模型均采用C3D8R六面体网格单元,为更准确地反映管片接头破坏时混凝土的破坏变化情况,混凝土材料采用塑性损伤本构模型,且其单轴受压和受拉的应力-应变关系根据GB 50010—2010《混凝土结构设计标准》(2024年版)中的混凝土本构关系确定,具体如图12所示。相应参数见表1表2
图12中:σ为应力;ε为应变;εc,rεt,r分别为混凝土单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度对应的峰值压应变;εcu为应力应变曲线下降段应力等于0.5fc,r时的混凝土压应变;fc,rft,r分别为混凝土单轴抗压、抗拉强度代表值;εsεeεu分别为螺栓的应变、屈服应变和峰值应变;fsfyfu分别为螺栓的强度、屈服强度和峰值极限强度;η为材料的硬化段斜率。表1表2中:αcαt分别为混凝土单轴受压、受拉的应力-应变曲线下降段数值;dt为单轴受拉损伤演化参数。
图12(a)所示混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系模型的表达式为
σ=1-dcEcε
dc=1-ρcnn-1+xn                  x11-ρcαc(x-1)2+x         x>1
ρc=fc,rEcεc,rn=Ecεc,rEcεc,r-fc,rx=εεc,r
式中:dc为混凝土材料受压塑性损伤因子;Ec为混凝土材料的弹性模量;ρcnx均为参数计算的过程量。
图12(b)所示混凝土单轴受拉应力-应变关系模型的表达式为
σ=1-dtEcε
dt=1-ρt(1.2-0.2x5)           x11-ρtαt(x-1)1.7+x         x>1
ρt=ft,rEcεt,rx=εεt,r
式中:ρt为参数计算的过程量。
图12(c)所示螺栓选择双折线本构模型用于描述螺栓的力学行为,取屈服强度为640 MPa,弹性模量为206 GPa,具体表达式为
fs=Esεsεsεefy+η(εs-εe)εe<εsεu
其中,
η=fu-fyεu-εe
式中:Es为螺栓材料的弹性模量。
图13为数值模拟和现场试验的最终破坏效果对比,可看出2种方法下裂缝的发展趋势及混凝土破坏情况有着较高的相似度:管片接头外弧面混凝土出现明显的受压应力集中;在接缝面处,由于斜螺栓和2块管片为交叉连接,故加载过程中螺栓孔部位呈现“左下受力集中、右上受力集中”的破坏形态;在荷载作用下,斜螺栓主要通过接缝部位处承担荷载,处于受剪状态,即应力云图上的应力沿着螺栓孔向外弧面延伸;接缝面上部出现大面积应力集中,在外弧面受压以及螺栓约束的共同作用下,管片侧面上部也产生了应力集中现象。综上,该数值模拟的结果能够较好反映现场足尺试验管片接头的破坏形态。
图14为数值模拟和足尺试验的管片接头刚度曲线对比。由图14可以发现:阶段Ⅰ的接头转角随弯矩的增加而缓慢增大,随着外荷载不断增大,管片逐渐开始出现裂缝;进入阶段Ⅱ后,接头转角随弯矩变化幅度明显加快,之后外弧面混凝土发生接触,接头承载能力有所提升,但曲线变化幅度有所减小;当外弧面混凝土发生破坏之后,阶段Ⅲ的接头承载能力下降,接头转角相较前一阶段有所增大;整个承载期间,接头转角随弯矩呈现“先缓慢增加、再骤增后又缓慢增加、最后加快张开”的变化趋势过程,并且有限元数值模型结果能够很好地和现场足尺试验数据进行拟对,各阶段误差值均较小且吻合度均较高。综上所述,所用模拟方法及所建数值模型能够合理、可靠地反映管片接头破坏过程及特征变化规律。
考虑到管片接头破坏过程被划分为4个阶段,将进入各阶段的初始荷载定义为该阶段的特征荷载。
(1)开裂荷载。随着荷载不断增大,螺栓与混凝土相互作用,螺栓孔部位的混凝土率先出现裂缝,标志着管片接头进入开裂阶段,此时的临界荷载即开裂荷载。为辨别管片接头是否进入开裂阶段,采用混凝土等效塑性拉应变作为开裂特征的判定指标。数值模型中采用强度等级为C50的混凝土进行计算,其极限拉伸应变为7.6×10-5,当模型中等效塑性应变值大于该值时,可认为混凝土开裂,对应的管片接头达到该阶段的临界荷载,数值模拟和足尺试验中的开裂特征如图15所示。
(2)破坏荷载。随着荷载不断增大,管片接头张开量也逐渐增加,当外弧面混凝土发生挤压接触时,标志着模型进入接头整体破坏阶段,此临界荷载即为破坏荷载。根据现场试验,此阶段初始接头空隙为4 mm;可通过管片接头外弧面压缩量的变化来识别外弧面接触发生的时刻,该时刻所对应的荷载即为接头达到整体破坏阶段的临界荷载——破坏荷载,如图16所示。图中接头空隙取负表示发生挤压。
(3)极限荷载。随着荷载进一步增大,当管片接头外弧面混凝土发生如图13(b)所示的大面积裂缝及掉块现象,标志着模型进入极限破坏阶段,此时的临界荷载为极限荷载。
综上,通过数值计算与现场试验结果对比,数值模拟中各阶段对应的特征荷载值与试验各阶段特征荷载值误差均小于3%,具体见表3
调研国内既有的地铁管片设计发现,盾构管片普遍采用的混凝土强度等级在C30~C65,受工艺及成本等限制,强度等级在C65以上的混凝土管片应用极少。为进一步研究混凝土强度对管片接头承载性能的影响规律,用以描述不同强度等级下混凝土承载性能的变化,取混凝土强度等级分别为C30,C40,C50,C60和C65,对应设计5组工况,并采用破坏阶段管片接头刚度及其差值百分比,描述不同工况(不同强度等级下)混凝土承载性能的变化,如图17所示。图中:“-1”“-2”和“-3”分别对应开裂刚度、破坏刚度和极限刚度的差值百分比。
图17可知:C30~C65混凝土开裂刚度变化幅度较小,最大值与最小值相差33.9 kN · m,这是由于混凝土自身抗拉性能较低,且随着强度等级的提高,抗拉强度的增加相对较小;对比不同强度等级下混凝土开裂刚度差值百分曲线发现,强度等级从C50提升至C60时,混凝土对接头刚度的提升幅度最大,约为13.3%;强度等级从C60提升至C65时,混凝土对接头刚度的提升幅度则相对较小,仅为4.77%;当管片接头受荷载达到破坏刚度时,外弧面混凝土发生接触并相互挤压,接缝面处产生裂缝沿螺栓孔向管片外弧面延伸,由于混凝土自身的抗压性能比较好,故接头刚度及管片接头的承载性能均得到提升;破坏刚度随混凝土等级的提高而不断提升,其中混凝土强度在C30~C50和C60~C65时,管片接头刚度提升幅度缓慢,在C50~C60时的刚度提升效果最好。
受构造制约,盾构隧道衬砌各管片之间存在一定的接头空隙,这一空隙可以有效延缓外弧面混凝土的接触时间、延长螺栓受力时间。由于现有国内盾构衬砌隧道各类管片的接头空隙普遍在1~4 mm,进一步研究接头空隙间距大小对接头刚度的影响变化规律。
各计算参数保持不变,仍选用C50混凝土,取接头空隙分别为1,2,3,4和4.5 mm,对应设置5组工况,得到管片接头刚度与接头空隙关系变化如图18所示。由图18可以得出以下结论。
(1)随着接头空隙间距的增大,开裂刚度基本没有发生变化,差值百分比接近零,2条曲线近似呈直线变化趋势,这是由于混凝土强度未发生变化,故前期混凝土抗拉性能基本相同,开裂刚度也未发生变化;当管片外弧面混凝土发生相互挤压,则表明管片接头达到了破坏刚度,此时的破坏形式主要为接缝面处裂缝发展加剧,外弧面混凝土受挤压产生压应变,但由于接头空隙不同,故外弧面接触的时间均不一致。
(2)随着接头空隙的增大,管片破坏刚度不断提升,3~4 mm时空隙对破坏刚度的提升幅度最大,约为10.5%,此时破坏刚度值相差约22 kN · m;2~3 mm时对破坏刚度提升变化较小,曲线变化幅度较缓。
(3)随着外荷载的增大,接头刚度也逐渐增大一直达到极限刚度。接缝面处由于螺栓存在产生的裂缝沿螺栓孔向外弧面延伸,外弧面混凝土由于相互挤压而出现宽裂缝或混凝土掉块现象,极限刚度变化曲线在3~4 mm范围内变化幅度较大,刚度提升约18.7%,2~3 mm以及4~4.5 mm范围内曲线变化趋势缓慢,刚度提升效果基本相同,相差不超过1%。
混凝土强度等级在C50~C60、接头空隙间距在3~4 mm时,既满足制作工艺要求、又能最大限度地提升管片接头的承载性能。考虑到大部分盾构隧道中衬砌拼装一般采用螺栓连接,有必要进一步研究螺栓强度对管片接头承载性能影响的变化规律。
其余材料属性不变,取螺栓强度等级分别为5.8,6.8,8.8,9.8和10.9级,对应设置5组工况,得到接头刚度与连接螺栓强度关系曲线如图19所示。由图19中各螺栓强度下管片接头开裂刚度曲线变化趋势得到以下结论。
(1)曲线基本呈直线,意味着变化波动几乎为零,差值百分比曲线变化趋势和开裂刚度曲线基本一致。加载初期的开裂刚度以混凝土出现裂缝为标志,因此只改变螺栓强度等级、不改变其余材料属性的话,不会影响管片接头的开裂刚度。
(2)当螺栓材料强度过高、外弧面混凝土接触时,螺栓未达到屈服应变,外缘混凝土受压成为此时的主要承载形式,同时混凝土抗压性能较好,故螺栓所承受的荷载分配变小;此种情况的产生也与接头空隙间距有关,接头空隙间距越小,外弧面混凝土开始接触的时间越短,螺栓强度承力时间以强度大小也相应越少,导致螺栓强度对于管片接头的破坏刚度所产生的影响变化不明显。
(3)相较于开裂和破坏刚度变化,螺栓强度等级对管片接头的极限刚度影响更大,极限刚度随螺栓强度等级的提升而逐渐增大。其中,螺栓强度等级在8.8~9.8级时对极限刚度的提升作用最大,提升幅度约为0.62%,但螺栓强度等级太高的话,一旦外弧面混凝土相互挤压、螺栓并未屈服后,混凝土成为此时的主要受力部件,螺栓分担的荷载反而有所降低;随着荷载的继续增加,内弧面张开逐渐增大,虽然螺栓受力也有所增加,但此时外弧面混凝土分担了大部分荷载,当荷载增加至管片外弧面出现过大裂缝、掉块等现象时,则意味着螺栓的承载力未能充分发挥,故不同螺栓强度下,螺栓对管片接头的极限刚度提升幅值较小。混凝土强度在C50~C60、接头空隙间距在3~4 mm时,螺栓强度对各阶段管片接头刚度的影响较小。
(4)综合考虑,强度等级较低的螺栓抗拉性能不足、强度较高的螺栓尚未充分发挥力学性能,造成浪费,建议在实际工程可选取螺栓强度等级在6.8~8.8级,以便充分发挥螺栓性能。
(1)斜螺栓管片接头的破坏演化过程呈现4阶段特征,各阶段可通过特征荷载、螺栓应变及接头转角等指标量化界定,且数值模拟与足尺试验结果吻合度高。弹性阶段无混凝土损伤,内弧面转角随弯矩平缓线性增长;开裂阶段螺栓为主要承力部件,结构刚度退化;接头整体破坏阶段管片外弧面完全闭合,混凝土承压区扩大且主导传力,刚度回升;完全失效阶段接缝面混凝土形成贯通性损伤带,接头承载力达极限。
(2)管片接头承载性能与刚度变化存在显著关联性且受力变形分布明确。承载性能呈现“开裂后下降、外弧面接触后回升”的规律;接缝混凝土受压区随内弧面张开角逐渐上移,斜螺栓在接缝面处受力最大、变形最显著。管片外弧面近接缝位置压应变在弧面闭合后骤增,内弧面手孔区域应变呈现差异化响应;螺栓约束作用存在显著的空间衰减特性;管片侧弧面应变在弧面闭合后斜率达峰值,标志着混凝土承压体系形成。
(3)管片混凝土强度对其承载性能及接头刚度影响较大。混凝土等级在C50~C60时对管片接头刚度变化的影响最为显著;接头空隙在3~4 mm时对接头刚度的提升效果最好,提升约18.7%。螺栓强度等级对管片接头刚度的提升效果不明显,当混凝土等级在C50~C60、接头空隙在3~4 mm时,选取6.8~8.8级螺栓可兼顾经济与承载性能。
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2026年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2026.02.12
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-06-03
  • 出版时间:2026-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
  • 修回日期:2026-01-15
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    1.中铁十五局集团有限公司,上海200070
    2.北京工业大学 城市与工程安全减灾省部共建教育部重点实验室,北京100124
    3.中铁十五局集团有限公司 地下工程有限公司,江苏扬州225101

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李鹏飞(1983—),河南开封人,教授,博士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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